Paga Crocodile Pond

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    <title>Paga Crocodile Pond</title>
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      <comment>Make sum corrections</comment>
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'''Paga Crocodile Pond''' be a sacred pond insyd [[Paga]] insyd de [[Upper East Region]] of [[Ghana]], which be inhabited by West African crocodiles. Secof de friendliness of de reptiles, e cam be popular among tourists wey de pond now be reliant on tourism to ensure de population of crocodiles remain fed den healthy. E sanso be known as Chief's pond.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond|url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/|access-date=2020-08-11|website=Visit Ghana|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Description ==
The pond dey [[:en:Paga|Paga]] for [[:en:Upper_East_Region|Upper East Region]] of Ghana, about 44 kilometres from [[:en:Bolgatanga|Bolgatanga]], wey be the regional capital. Wild [[:en:West_African_crocodile|West African crocodiles]] dey inside the pond, and some of dem don reach about 90 years old. The crocodiles dey very calm and friendly, so local pikin dem fit even swim inside the pond with dem and nothing bad no go happen.

Paga too be one old trading town wey people don dey use for business plenty years. The town dey close to the [[:en:Burkina_Faso|Burkina Faso]] border. During the slave trade period for the mid-1800s, the white people use Paga as one important route from the north go the [[:en:Gulf_of_Guinea|Gulf of Guinea]].

Even though the Paga crocodiles dey friendly and calm, sometimes dem fit mistake human being for animal. But despite that, no serious injury or death never happen because of such incidents throughout the history of the pond 
Apart from the main crocodile pond wey dey the center of Paga town, plenty other crocodile ponds too dey for the surrounding communities and outskirts of the town.

== Migration ==
Most of the dams for Paga get at least ten crocodiles inside. Plenty of these crocodiles fit move come from nearby communities. 
The crocodiles mostly dey move from one pond to another during the rainy season, especially from July to August, when the grass and vegetation grow thick. This cover helps dem hide from people so that nobody no go fit spy
dem easily.

Just like other wild crocodiles, mother crocodiles for Paga dey carry their newly hatched babies for inside their mouths from the sandy riverbanks enter the water. After that, the mother crocodiles dey protect and take care of the young ones, keeping dem safe from danger until dem grow enough and fit find food and hunt on their own.

== Threats to their existence ==
The crocodiles for Paga dey face plenty challenges wey dey affect their survival. First, climate change be big problem for dem. Many water bodies dey dry up during the dry season, so the crocodiles dey forced to move from one water source go another throughout the year. Second, as income levels dey rise and towns dey develop, plenty construction and human activities dey happen near the dams. Because of this, the crocodiles no get enough private space again. People dey encroach on their areas, which dey affect how dem dey live and breed. Third, hunger too dey be serious issue because their food dey reduce. Normally, crocodiles dey hunt for food for the wild, but the droughts wey climate change dey cause dey reduce the number and variety of animals and fish wey dem fit eat. For the Paga ponds, the crocodiles now dey compete with humans for the few fish wey remain inside the water.

For the main pond, dem dey depend mostly on chickens wey tourists bring come feed dem. However, the crocodiles wey dey rural areas no dey get the same care or support, so dem dey struggle to survive on their own

== History ==
[[File:Tapping_of_crocodile_at_Paga_crocodile_pond.jpg|thumb|225x225px|A man tapping on a crocodile at Paga crocodile pond ]]
According to the local story wey people for Paga dey tell, long time ago one crocodile help one man wey dey almost die by leading am go one pond make e drink water. After the man recover, e declare say the pond be sacred place and nobody for harm any crocodile. People believe say this story start about 600 years ago.

For the people of Paga, crocodiles be special animals and dem dey treat dem like sacred totems.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another story too talk say one man get trapped by one [[:en:Lion|lion]] near the water side. To save ein life, e beg one crocodile say if e help kill the lion, none of ein descendants go ever harm crocodiles. The crocodile help am, and since then the promise still dey stand.. The people of Paga also believe say the souls of their ancestors and loved ones dey live inside these crocodiles.&lt;ref name=&quot;joynews&quot; /&gt; Because of this belief, e be serious offence for anybody to kill a crocodile or chop [[:en:Crocodile_meat|crocodile meat]] for Paga&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourism ==
[[File:Friendly_crocodiles_at_Zenga,Paga.jpg|thumb|'''Friendly crocodiles at Zenga,Paga''']]
The crocodiles wey dey for Paga be very friendly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Visitors fit sit, touch, and take pictures with the crocodiles. The crocodiles dey move freely inside the pond, and when the guides whistle loud, dem dey come go near the shore. After the guide don feed dem chicken, tourists fit then take pictures while dem dey hold the crocodiles’ tails. There be concerns say the pond don rely too much on tourism. According to caretaker Salifu Awewozem in 2009, the old crocodiles dey need special care. But the only time dem dey give extra food to the crocodiles be when tourists pay for chickens while dem dey pose for photographs.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tourists dey use Paga as one chance to go see the preserved slave camps. Dem too dey enjoy village tours, and in the evening, dem fit watch drumming and dancing performances wey local cultural groups fit organize for dem&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourists Site in Paga ==
[[File:Pikworo_slave_camp_6.jpg|thumb|Pikworo Slave Camp]]
The [[:en:Pikworo_Slave_camp|Pikworo Slave Camp]] dey for Paga-Nania. E be place wey dem build specially to keep slaves wey dem dey bring from the northern areas.

Back then, dem dey force the slaves to walk about 150 km go south reach [[:en:Salaga|Salaga]] slave market. From there, dem dey carry dem go the coast, where dem go ship dem go outside the country.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The mysterious dam for Kayoro wey dem dey call Kukula, and the Nasaga Game Reserve dey about 8 km from Burkina Faso and Paga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gallery ==


== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Sister project/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;</text>
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'''Paga Crocodile Pond''' be a sacred pond insyd [[Paga]] insyd de [[Upper East Region]] of [[Ghana]], which be inhabited by West African crocodiles. Secof de friendliness of de reptiles, e cam be popular among tourists wey de pond now be reliant on tourism to ensure de population of crocodiles remain fed den healthy. E sanso be known as Chief's pond.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond|url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/|access-date=2020-08-11|website=Visit Ghana|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Description ==
De pond dey locate insyd [[Paga]] insyd de [[Upper East Region]] of Ghana, wey e be {{convert|44|km|mi}} outsyd [[Bolgatanga]], de regional capital. E be inhabited by wild West African crocodiles, wey sam up to 90 years old.&lt;ref name=&quot;joynews2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Anane |first=Benedicta |date=6 August 2011 |title=The Paga crocodile pond |url=http://edition.myjoyonline.com/pages/tourism/201112/77757.php |accessdate=22 May 2014 |publisher=My Joy Online}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; De crocodiles be so tame say local kiddies fi swim insyd de pond alongside dem widout dem be harmed.&lt;ref name=&quot;pulse&quot; /&gt; Paga be known to be a trade center for centuries den closer to de [[Burkina Faso]] border. During de period of de slave traders insyd de mid-1800s, de Westerners use Paga as a gateway to de [[Gulf of Guinea]] wich dey point from de north.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt;

Though de Paga crocodiles be affable, der be instances wer dem mistaken humans for animals. Nonetheless, such accidents no result in casualties insyd history. Apart from de main crocodile pond wey dey locate insyd de heartland of de Paga town, der be numerous odas insyd de suburbs.

== Migration ==
Most of the dams for Paga get at least ten crocodiles inside. Plenty of these crocodiles fit move come from nearby communities. 
The crocodiles mostly dey move from one pond to another during the rainy season, especially from July to August, when the grass and vegetation grow thick. This cover helps dem hide from people so that nobody no go fit spy
dem easily.

Just like other wild crocodiles, mother crocodiles for Paga dey carry their newly hatched babies for inside their mouths from the sandy riverbanks enter the water. After that, the mother crocodiles dey protect and take care of the young ones, keeping dem safe from danger until dem grow enough and fit find food and hunt on their own.

== Threats to their existence ==
The crocodiles for Paga dey face plenty challenges wey dey affect their survival. First, climate change be big problem for dem. Many water bodies dey dry up during the dry season, so the crocodiles dey forced to move from one water source go another throughout the year. Second, as income levels dey rise and towns dey develop, plenty construction and human activities dey happen near the dams. Because of this, the crocodiles no get enough private space again. People dey encroach on their areas, which dey affect how dem dey live and breed. Third, hunger too dey be serious issue because their food dey reduce. Normally, crocodiles dey hunt for food for the wild, but the droughts wey climate change dey cause dey reduce the number and variety of animals and fish wey dem fit eat. For the Paga ponds, the crocodiles now dey compete with humans for the few fish wey remain inside the water.

For the main pond, dem dey depend mostly on chickens wey tourists bring come feed dem. However, the crocodiles wey dey rural areas no dey get the same care or support, so dem dey struggle to survive on their own

== History ==
[[File:Tapping_of_crocodile_at_Paga_crocodile_pond.jpg|thumb|225x225px|A man tapping on a crocodile at Paga crocodile pond ]]
According to the local story wey people for Paga dey tell, long time ago one crocodile help one man wey dey almost die by leading am go one pond make e drink water. After the man recover, e declare say the pond be sacred place and nobody for harm any crocodile. People believe say this story start about 600 years ago.

For the people of Paga, crocodiles be special animals and dem dey treat dem like sacred totems.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another story too talk say one man get trapped by one [[:en:Lion|lion]] near the water side. To save ein life, e beg one crocodile say if e help kill the lion, none of ein descendants go ever harm crocodiles. The crocodile help am, and since then the promise still dey stand.. The people of Paga also believe say the souls of their ancestors and loved ones dey live inside these crocodiles.&lt;ref name=&quot;joynews&quot; /&gt; Because of this belief, e be serious offence for anybody to kill a crocodile or chop [[:en:Crocodile_meat|crocodile meat]] for Paga&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourism ==
[[File:Friendly_crocodiles_at_Zenga,Paga.jpg|thumb|'''Friendly crocodiles at Zenga,Paga''']]
The crocodiles wey dey for Paga be very friendly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Visitors fit sit, touch, and take pictures with the crocodiles. The crocodiles dey move freely inside the pond, and when the guides whistle loud, dem dey come go near the shore. After the guide don feed dem chicken, tourists fit then take pictures while dem dey hold the crocodiles’ tails. There be concerns say the pond don rely too much on tourism. According to caretaker Salifu Awewozem in 2009, the old crocodiles dey need special care. But the only time dem dey give extra food to the crocodiles be when tourists pay for chickens while dem dey pose for photographs.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tourists dey use Paga as one chance to go see the preserved slave camps. Dem too dey enjoy village tours, and in the evening, dem fit watch drumming and dancing performances wey local cultural groups fit organize for dem&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourists Site in Paga ==
[[File:Pikworo_slave_camp_6.jpg|thumb|Pikworo Slave Camp]]
The [[:en:Pikworo_Slave_camp|Pikworo Slave Camp]] dey for Paga-Nania. E be place wey dem build specially to keep slaves wey dem dey bring from the northern areas.

Back then, dem dey force the slaves to walk about 150 km go south reach [[:en:Salaga|Salaga]] slave market. From there, dem dey carry dem go the coast, where dem go ship dem go outside the country.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The mysterious dam for Kayoro wey dem dey call Kukula, and the Nasaga Game Reserve dey about 8 km from Burkina Faso and Paga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gallery ==


== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Sister project/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;</text>
      <sha1>1hgnr1q6gmun62dzdpfzj0j63k90l08</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>102078</id>
      <parentid>102077</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T16:34:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Make sum corrections</comment>
      <origin>102078</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7947" sha1="px5sgijblqbnrwedbmuacy66a7tcuzd" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Paga Crocodile Pond''' be a sacred pond insyd [[Paga]] insyd de [[Upper East Region]] of [[Ghana]], which be inhabited by West African crocodiles. Secof de friendliness of de reptiles, e cam be popular among tourists wey de pond now be reliant on tourism to ensure de population of crocodiles remain fed den healthy. E sanso be known as Chief's pond.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond|url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/|access-date=2020-08-11|website=Visit Ghana|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Description ==
De pond dey locate insyd [[Paga]] insyd de [[Upper East Region]] of Ghana, wey e be {{convert|44|km|mi}} outsyd [[Bolgatanga]], de regional capital. E be inhabited by wild West African crocodiles, wey sam up to 90 years old.&lt;ref name=&quot;joynews2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Anane |first=Benedicta |date=6 August 2011 |title=The Paga crocodile pond |url=http://edition.myjoyonline.com/pages/tourism/201112/77757.php |accessdate=22 May 2014 |publisher=My Joy Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; De crocodiles be so tame say local kiddies fi swim insyd de pond alongside dem widout dem be harmed.&lt;ref name=&quot;pulse2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=In Ghana's Paga Ponds, kids swim alongside &quot;friendly&quot; crocodiles|url=http://pulse.com.gh/lifestyle/feature-in-ghana-s-paga-ponds-kids-swim-alongside-friendly-crocodiles-id4508860.html|accessdate=1 November 2016|work=Pulse.com.gh|date=30 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Paga be known to be a trade center for centuries den closer to de [[Burkina Faso]] border. During de period of de slave traders insyd de mid-1800s, de Westerners use Paga as a gateway to de [[Gulf of Guinea]] wich dey point from de north.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;

Though de Paga crocodiles be affable, der be instances wer dem mistaken humans for animals. Nonetheless, such accidents no result in casualties insyd history. Apart from de main crocodile pond wey dey locate insyd de heartland of de Paga town, der be numerous odas insyd de suburbs.

== Migration ==
De majority of de dams within Paga dey house at least ten crocodiles, chaw of wich fi migrate from de adjoining communities. 
De migration usually dey occur insyd de night wen de crocs sneak thru de bushes into de closest water bodies. Frequently, de crocodiles move between ponds during de vegetation growth—from July to August— wey dey provide dem plus cover to elude make dem dey see dem by humans.

Like de feral crocodiles, mother crocodiles dey carry dema newly hatched offspring insyd dema mouths from de sand banks to de water. De mother crocodiles then provide security to de young ones til dem fi hunt give demaselves.

== Threats to their existence ==
The crocodiles for Paga dey face plenty challenges wey dey affect their survival. First, climate change be big problem for dem. Many water bodies dey dry up during the dry season, so the crocodiles dey forced to move from one water source go another throughout the year. Second, as income levels dey rise and towns dey develop, plenty construction and human activities dey happen near the dams. Because of this, the crocodiles no get enough private space again. People dey encroach on their areas, which dey affect how dem dey live and breed. Third, hunger too dey be serious issue because their food dey reduce. Normally, crocodiles dey hunt for food for the wild, but the droughts wey climate change dey cause dey reduce the number and variety of animals and fish wey dem fit eat. For the Paga ponds, the crocodiles now dey compete with humans for the few fish wey remain inside the water.

For the main pond, dem dey depend mostly on chickens wey tourists bring come feed dem. However, the crocodiles wey dey rural areas no dey get the same care or support, so dem dey struggle to survive on their own

== History ==
[[File:Tapping_of_crocodile_at_Paga_crocodile_pond.jpg|thumb|225x225px|A man tapping on a crocodile at Paga crocodile pond ]]
According to the local story wey people for Paga dey tell, long time ago one crocodile help one man wey dey almost die by leading am go one pond make e drink water. After the man recover, e declare say the pond be sacred place and nobody for harm any crocodile. People believe say this story start about 600 years ago.

For the people of Paga, crocodiles be special animals and dem dey treat dem like sacred totems.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another story too talk say one man get trapped by one [[:en:Lion|lion]] near the water side. To save ein life, e beg one crocodile say if e help kill the lion, none of ein descendants go ever harm crocodiles. The crocodile help am, and since then the promise still dey stand.. The people of Paga also believe say the souls of their ancestors and loved ones dey live inside these crocodiles. Because of this belief, e be serious offence for anybody to kill a crocodile or chop [[:en:Crocodile_meat|crocodile meat]] for Paga&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourism ==
[[File:Friendly_crocodiles_at_Zenga,Paga.jpg|thumb|'''Friendly crocodiles at Zenga,Paga''']]
The crocodiles wey dey for Paga be very friendly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Visitors fit sit, touch, and take pictures with the crocodiles. The crocodiles dey move freely inside the pond, and when the guides whistle loud, dem dey come go near the shore. After the guide don feed dem chicken, tourists fit then take pictures while dem dey hold the crocodiles’ tails. There be concerns say the pond don rely too much on tourism. According to caretaker Salifu Awewozem in 2009, the old crocodiles dey need special care. But the only time dem dey give extra food to the crocodiles be when tourists pay for chickens while dem dey pose for photographs.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tourists dey use Paga as one chance to go see the preserved slave camps. Dem too dey enjoy village tours, and in the evening, dem fit watch drumming and dancing performances wey local cultural groups fit organize for dem&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourists Site in Paga ==
[[File:Pikworo_slave_camp_6.jpg|thumb|Pikworo Slave Camp]]
The [[:en:Pikworo_Slave_camp|Pikworo Slave Camp]] dey for Paga-Nania. E be place wey dem build specially to keep slaves wey dem dey bring from the northern areas.

Back then, dem dey force the slaves to walk about 150 km go south reach [[:en:Salaga|Salaga]] slave market. From there, dem dey carry dem go the coast, where dem go ship dem go outside the country.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The mysterious dam for Kayoro wey dem dey call Kukula, and the Nasaga Game Reserve dey about 8 km from Burkina Faso and Paga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gallery ==
== References ==</text>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
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      <comment>/* Threats to dema existence */ Make sum corrections</comment>
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      <text bytes="7874" sha1="5o6l8we5s6zjikt6m24vks02pttozej" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Paga Crocodile Pond''' be a sacred pond insyd [[Paga]] insyd de [[Upper East Region]] of [[Ghana]], which be inhabited by West African crocodiles. Secof de friendliness of de reptiles, e cam be popular among tourists wey de pond now be reliant on tourism to ensure de population of crocodiles remain fed den healthy. E sanso be known as Chief's pond.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond|url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/|access-date=2020-08-11|website=Visit Ghana|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Description ==
De pond dey locate insyd [[Paga]] insyd de [[Upper East Region]] of Ghana, wey e be {{convert|44|km|mi}} outsyd [[Bolgatanga]], de regional capital. E be inhabited by wild West African crocodiles, wey sam up to 90 years old.&lt;ref name=&quot;joynews2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Anane |first=Benedicta |date=6 August 2011 |title=The Paga crocodile pond |url=http://edition.myjoyonline.com/pages/tourism/201112/77757.php |accessdate=22 May 2014 |publisher=My Joy Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; De crocodiles be so tame say local kiddies fi swim insyd de pond alongside dem widout dem be harmed.&lt;ref name=&quot;pulse2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=In Ghana's Paga Ponds, kids swim alongside &quot;friendly&quot; crocodiles|url=http://pulse.com.gh/lifestyle/feature-in-ghana-s-paga-ponds-kids-swim-alongside-friendly-crocodiles-id4508860.html|accessdate=1 November 2016|work=Pulse.com.gh|date=30 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Paga be known to be a trade center for centuries den closer to de [[Burkina Faso]] border. During de period of de slave traders insyd de mid-1800s, de Westerners use Paga as a gateway to de [[Gulf of Guinea]] wich dey point from de north.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;

Though de Paga crocodiles be affable, der be instances wer dem mistaken humans for animals. Nonetheless, such accidents no result in casualties insyd history. Apart from de main crocodile pond wey dey locate insyd de heartland of de Paga town, der be numerous odas insyd de suburbs.

== Migration ==
De majority of de dams within Paga dey house at least ten crocodiles, chaw of wich fi migrate from de adjoining communities. 
De migration usually dey occur insyd de night wen de crocs sneak thru de bushes into de closest water bodies. Frequently, de crocodiles move between ponds during de vegetation growth—from July to August— wey dey provide dem plus cover to elude make dem dey see dem by humans.

Like de feral crocodiles, mother crocodiles dey carry dema newly hatched offspring insyd dema mouths from de sand banks to de water. De mother crocodiles then provide security to de young ones til dem fi hunt give demaselves.

== Threats to dema existence ==
De crocodiles at Paga dey face an increasing number of challenges wey dey undermine dema existence. First, climate change dey pose a severe predicament to dema existence. A growing number of de water bodies dey dry up insyd de dry season, wey dey leave de crocs to travel between water bodies all year round. Second, plus increasing income levels, urbanization den infrastructural development along de dams, de crocs now get few private spaces. Encroachment of de surrounding dams dey place a limit on de crocodiles dema existence in relation to breeding. Third, hunger dey pose a menace secof de food sources dey dwindle. Crocodiles naturally dey hunt for chow insyd de wild. However, de climate change-induced droughts dey mean dema food diversity dey reduce. De crocodiles at de Paga Ponds dey compete plus humans for de remaining fish insyd de water. Insyd de main pond, dem dey rely mainly on chicken wey tourists bring. Moreover, de crocodiles at de countryside no dey get de same treatment, thereby e dey lef dem to dema fate.
== History ==
[[File:Tapping_of_crocodile_at_Paga_crocodile_pond.jpg|thumb|225x225px|A man tapping on a crocodile at Paga crocodile pond ]]
According to the local story wey people for Paga dey tell, long time ago one crocodile help one man wey dey almost die by leading am go one pond make e drink water. After the man recover, e declare say the pond be sacred place and nobody for harm any crocodile. People believe say this story start about 600 years ago.

For the people of Paga, crocodiles be special animals and dem dey treat dem like sacred totems.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another story too talk say one man get trapped by one [[:en:Lion|lion]] near the water side. To save ein life, e beg one crocodile say if e help kill the lion, none of ein descendants go ever harm crocodiles. The crocodile help am, and since then the promise still dey stand.. The people of Paga also believe say the souls of their ancestors and loved ones dey live inside these crocodiles. Because of this belief, e be serious offence for anybody to kill a crocodile or chop [[:en:Crocodile_meat|crocodile meat]] for Paga&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourism ==
[[File:Friendly_crocodiles_at_Zenga,Paga.jpg|thumb|'''Friendly crocodiles at Zenga,Paga''']]
The crocodiles wey dey for Paga be very friendly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Visitors fit sit, touch, and take pictures with the crocodiles. The crocodiles dey move freely inside the pond, and when the guides whistle loud, dem dey come go near the shore. After the guide don feed dem chicken, tourists fit then take pictures while dem dey hold the crocodiles’ tails. There be concerns say the pond don rely too much on tourism. According to caretaker Salifu Awewozem in 2009, the old crocodiles dey need special care. But the only time dem dey give extra food to the crocodiles be when tourists pay for chickens while dem dey pose for photographs.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tourists dey use Paga as one chance to go see the preserved slave camps. Dem too dey enjoy village tours, and in the evening, dem fit watch drumming and dancing performances wey local cultural groups fit organize for dem&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourists Site in Paga ==
[[File:Pikworo_slave_camp_6.jpg|thumb|Pikworo Slave Camp]]
The [[:en:Pikworo_Slave_camp|Pikworo Slave Camp]] dey for Paga-Nania. E be place wey dem build specially to keep slaves wey dem dey bring from the northern areas.

Back then, dem dey force the slaves to walk about 150 km go south reach [[:en:Salaga|Salaga]] slave market. From there, dem dey carry dem go the coast, where dem go ship dem go outside the country.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The mysterious dam for Kayoro wey dem dey call Kukula, and the Nasaga Game Reserve dey about 8 km from Burkina Faso and Paga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gallery ==
== References ==</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>102080</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-12T16:47:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
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      <text bytes="7475" sha1="pthc4aob24hsbcmo9kmbs4d7891zk99" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Paga Crocodile Pond''' be a sacred pond insyd [[Paga]] insyd de [[Upper East Region]] of [[Ghana]], which be inhabited by West African crocodiles. Secof de friendliness of de reptiles, e cam be popular among tourists wey de pond now be reliant on tourism to ensure de population of crocodiles remain fed den healthy. E sanso be known as Chief's pond.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond|url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/|access-date=2020-08-11|website=Visit Ghana|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Description ==
De pond dey locate insyd [[Paga]] insyd de [[Upper East Region]] of Ghana, wey e be {{convert|44|km|mi}} outsyd [[Bolgatanga]], de regional capital. E be inhabited by wild West African crocodiles, wey sam up to 90 years old.&lt;ref name=&quot;joynews2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Anane |first=Benedicta |date=6 August 2011 |title=The Paga crocodile pond |url=http://edition.myjoyonline.com/pages/tourism/201112/77757.php |accessdate=22 May 2014 |publisher=My Joy Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; De crocodiles be so tame say local kiddies fi swim insyd de pond alongside dem widout dem be harmed.&lt;ref name=&quot;pulse2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=In Ghana's Paga Ponds, kids swim alongside &quot;friendly&quot; crocodiles|url=http://pulse.com.gh/lifestyle/feature-in-ghana-s-paga-ponds-kids-swim-alongside-friendly-crocodiles-id4508860.html|accessdate=1 November 2016|work=Pulse.com.gh|date=30 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Paga be known to be a trade center for centuries den closer to de [[Burkina Faso]] border. During de period of de slave traders insyd de mid-1800s, de Westerners use Paga as a gateway to de [[Gulf of Guinea]] wich dey point from de north.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;

Though de Paga crocodiles be affable, der be instances wer dem mistaken humans for animals. Nonetheless, such accidents no result in casualties insyd history. Apart from de main crocodile pond wey dey locate insyd de heartland of de Paga town, der be numerous odas insyd de suburbs.

== Migration ==
De majority of de dams within Paga dey house at least ten crocodiles, chaw of wich fi migrate from de adjoining communities. 
De migration usually dey occur insyd de night wen de crocs sneak thru de bushes into de closest water bodies. Frequently, de crocodiles move between ponds during de vegetation growth—from July to August— wey dey provide dem plus cover to elude make dem dey see dem by humans.

Like de feral crocodiles, mother crocodiles dey carry dema newly hatched offspring insyd dema mouths from de sand banks to de water. De mother crocodiles then provide security to de young ones til dem fi hunt give demaselves.

== Threats to dema existence ==
De crocodiles at Paga dey face an increasing number of challenges wey dey undermine dema existence. First, climate change dey pose a severe predicament to dema existence. A growing number of de water bodies dey dry up insyd de dry season, wey dey leave de crocs to travel between water bodies all year round. Second, plus increasing income levels, urbanization den infrastructural development along de dams, de crocs now get few private spaces. Encroachment of de surrounding dams dey place a limit on de crocodiles dema existence in relation to breeding. Third, hunger dey pose a menace secof de food sources dey dwindle. Crocodiles naturally dey hunt for chow insyd de wild. However, de climate change-induced droughts dey mean dema food diversity dey reduce. De crocodiles at de Paga Ponds dey compete plus humans for de remaining fish insyd de water. Insyd de main pond, dem dey rely mainly on chicken wey tourists bring. Moreover, de crocodiles at de countryside no dey get de same treatment, thereby e dey lef dem to dema fate.
== History ==
[[File:Tapping_of_crocodile_at_Paga_crocodile_pond.jpg|thumb|225x225px|A man wey dey tap for a crocodile ein top at Paga crocodile pond ]]
De locally-told origin of de pond be say a crocodile bring a dying man to de pond make he drink, wey, after surviving, he declare de pond to be sacred den dat make no harm cam to de crocodiles. Dis legend of de crocodiles dem claim to date back to about 600 years. De crocodiles be considered to be totems give dese local people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;joynews2&quot; /&gt; Anoda story dey state say na a man be trapped against de water ein edge by a lion, wen na he bargain plus a crocodile say none of ein kiddies go harm ein kind if he go kill de lion.&lt;ref name=&quot;pulse2&quot; /&gt; E be believed say de souls of de people of Paga dey reside insyd dese crocodiles.&lt;ref name=&quot;joynews2&quot; /&gt; E be an offence to kill crocodiles insyd Paga, anaa chop crocodile meat.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335|publisher=GhanaWeb|accessdate=1 November 2016|date=9 September 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourism ==
[[File:Friendly_crocodiles_at_Zenga,Paga.jpg|thumb|'''Friendly crocodiles at Zenga,Paga''']]
The crocodiles wey dey for Paga be very friendly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Visitors fit sit, touch, and take pictures with the crocodiles. The crocodiles dey move freely inside the pond, and when the guides whistle loud, dem dey come go near the shore. After the guide don feed dem chicken, tourists fit then take pictures while dem dey hold the crocodiles’ tails. There be concerns say the pond don rely too much on tourism. According to caretaker Salifu Awewozem in 2009, the old crocodiles dey need special care. But the only time dem dey give extra food to the crocodiles be when tourists pay for chickens while dem dey pose for photographs.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tourists dey use Paga as one chance to go see the preserved slave camps. Dem too dey enjoy village tours, and in the evening, dem fit watch drumming and dancing performances wey local cultural groups fit organize for dem&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourists Site in Paga ==
[[File:Pikworo_slave_camp_6.jpg|thumb|Pikworo Slave Camp]]
The [[:en:Pikworo_Slave_camp|Pikworo Slave Camp]] dey for Paga-Nania. E be place wey dem build specially to keep slaves wey dem dey bring from the northern areas.

Back then, dem dey force the slaves to walk about 150 km go south reach [[:en:Salaga|Salaga]] slave market. From there, dem dey carry dem go the coast, where dem go ship dem go outside the country.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The mysterious dam for Kayoro wey dem dey call Kukula, and the Nasaga Game Reserve dey about 8 km from Burkina Faso and Paga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gallery ==
== References ==</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>102081</id>
      <parentid>102080</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T16:54:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Tourism */ Make sum corrections</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7255" sha1="2jjik104813tvjnldauxacuv342n086" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Paga Crocodile Pond''' be a sacred pond insyd [[Paga]] insyd de [[Upper East Region]] of [[Ghana]], which be inhabited by West African crocodiles. Secof de friendliness of de reptiles, e cam be popular among tourists wey de pond now be reliant on tourism to ensure de population of crocodiles remain fed den healthy. E sanso be known as Chief's pond.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond|url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/|access-date=2020-08-11|website=Visit Ghana|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Description ==
De pond dey locate insyd [[Paga]] insyd de [[Upper East Region]] of Ghana, wey e be {{convert|44|km|mi}} outsyd [[Bolgatanga]], de regional capital. E be inhabited by wild West African crocodiles, wey sam up to 90 years old.&lt;ref name=&quot;joynews2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Anane |first=Benedicta |date=6 August 2011 |title=The Paga crocodile pond |url=http://edition.myjoyonline.com/pages/tourism/201112/77757.php |accessdate=22 May 2014 |publisher=My Joy Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; De crocodiles be so tame say local kiddies fi swim insyd de pond alongside dem widout dem be harmed.&lt;ref name=&quot;pulse2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=In Ghana's Paga Ponds, kids swim alongside &quot;friendly&quot; crocodiles|url=http://pulse.com.gh/lifestyle/feature-in-ghana-s-paga-ponds-kids-swim-alongside-friendly-crocodiles-id4508860.html|accessdate=1 November 2016|work=Pulse.com.gh|date=30 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Paga be known to be a trade center for centuries den closer to de [[Burkina Faso]] border. During de period of de slave traders insyd de mid-1800s, de Westerners use Paga as a gateway to de [[Gulf of Guinea]] wich dey point from de north.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;

Though de Paga crocodiles be affable, der be instances wer dem mistaken humans for animals. Nonetheless, such accidents no result in casualties insyd history. Apart from de main crocodile pond wey dey locate insyd de heartland of de Paga town, der be numerous odas insyd de suburbs.

== Migration ==
De majority of de dams within Paga dey house at least ten crocodiles, chaw of wich fi migrate from de adjoining communities. 
De migration usually dey occur insyd de night wen de crocs sneak thru de bushes into de closest water bodies. Frequently, de crocodiles move between ponds during de vegetation growth—from July to August— wey dey provide dem plus cover to elude make dem dey see dem by humans.

Like de feral crocodiles, mother crocodiles dey carry dema newly hatched offspring insyd dema mouths from de sand banks to de water. De mother crocodiles then provide security to de young ones til dem fi hunt give demaselves.

== Threats to dema existence ==
De crocodiles at Paga dey face an increasing number of challenges wey dey undermine dema existence. First, climate change dey pose a severe predicament to dema existence. A growing number of de water bodies dey dry up insyd de dry season, wey dey leave de crocs to travel between water bodies all year round. Second, plus increasing income levels, urbanization den infrastructural development along de dams, de crocs now get few private spaces. Encroachment of de surrounding dams dey place a limit on de crocodiles dema existence in relation to breeding. Third, hunger dey pose a menace secof de food sources dey dwindle. Crocodiles naturally dey hunt for chow insyd de wild. However, de climate change-induced droughts dey mean dema food diversity dey reduce. De crocodiles at de Paga Ponds dey compete plus humans for de remaining fish insyd de water. Insyd de main pond, dem dey rely mainly on chicken wey tourists bring. Moreover, de crocodiles at de countryside no dey get de same treatment, thereby e dey lef dem to dema fate.
== History ==
[[File:Tapping_of_crocodile_at_Paga_crocodile_pond.jpg|thumb|225x225px|A man wey dey tap for a crocodile ein top at Paga crocodile pond ]]
De locally-told origin of de pond be say a crocodile bring a dying man to de pond make he drink, wey, after surviving, he declare de pond to be sacred den dat make no harm cam to de crocodiles. Dis legend of de crocodiles dem claim to date back to about 600 years. De crocodiles be considered to be totems give dese local people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;joynews2&quot; /&gt; Anoda story dey state say na a man be trapped against de water ein edge by a lion, wen na he bargain plus a crocodile say none of ein kiddies go harm ein kind if he go kill de lion.&lt;ref name=&quot;pulse2&quot; /&gt; E be believed say de souls of de people of Paga dey reside insyd dese crocodiles.&lt;ref name=&quot;joynews2&quot; /&gt; E be an offence to kill crocodiles insyd Paga, anaa chop crocodile meat.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335|publisher=GhanaWeb|accessdate=1 November 2016|date=9 September 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourism ==
[[File:Friendly_crocodiles_at_Zenga,Paga.jpg|thumb|Friendly crocodiles at Zenga, Paga]]
De crocodiles at Paga be very friendly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016-03-21|title=Paga Crocodile Pond|url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/|access-date=2020-08-11|website=touringghana.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Visitors fi sit, touch den take photographs plus de crocodiles. De crocodiles dey roam freely thru out de pond, wey dem dey bring dem to de shore wen de guides whistle loudly. Tourists then fi take photographs while holding de crocodile ein tails, after de guide feed dem a chicken.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Robb|first1=Simon|title=Is this the most dangerous holiday snap ever?|url=http://metro.co.uk/2016/05/19/is-this-the-most-dangerous-holiday-snap-ever-5891722/|accessdate=1 November 2016|work=The Metro|date=19 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Der be concerns say de pond now be too reliant on tourism, wey caretaker Salifu Awewozem dey talk say insyd 2009 de elderly crocodiles dey require specialist care, wey de only time additional chow be provided to de reptiles be wen tourists bia for de chickens wen dem pose for photographs.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;/&gt; Tourists dey use Paga as an opportunity to see preserved slave camps. Dem sanso enjoy village tours den evening drumming den dancing by any local cultural group wey dem fi be arranged give dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;

== Tourists Site in Paga ==
[[File:Pikworo_slave_camp_6.jpg|thumb|Pikworo Slave Camp]]
The [[:en:Pikworo_Slave_camp|Pikworo Slave Camp]] dey for Paga-Nania. E be place wey dem build specially to keep slaves wey dem dey bring from the northern areas.

Back then, dem dey force the slaves to walk about 150 km go south reach [[:en:Salaga|Salaga]] slave market. From there, dem dey carry dem go the coast, where dem go ship dem go outside the country.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The mysterious dam for Kayoro wey dem dey call Kukula, and the Nasaga Game Reserve dey about 8 km from Burkina Faso and Paga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gallery ==
== References ==</text>
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'''Paga Crocodile Pond''' be a sacred pond insyd [[Paga]] insyd de [[Upper East Region]] of [[Ghana]], which be inhabited by West African crocodiles. Secof de friendliness of de reptiles, e cam be popular among tourists wey de pond now be reliant on tourism to ensure de population of crocodiles remain fed den healthy. E sanso be known as Chief's pond.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond|url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/|access-date=2020-08-11|website=Visit Ghana|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Description ==
De pond dey locate insyd [[Paga]] insyd de [[Upper East Region]] of Ghana, wey e be {{convert|44|km|mi}} outsyd [[Bolgatanga]], de regional capital. E be inhabited by wild West African crocodiles, wey sam up to 90 years old.&lt;ref name=&quot;joynews2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Anane |first=Benedicta |date=6 August 2011 |title=The Paga crocodile pond |url=http://edition.myjoyonline.com/pages/tourism/201112/77757.php |accessdate=22 May 2014 |publisher=My Joy Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; De crocodiles be so tame say local kiddies fi swim insyd de pond alongside dem widout dem be harmed.&lt;ref name=&quot;pulse2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=In Ghana's Paga Ponds, kids swim alongside &quot;friendly&quot; crocodiles|url=http://pulse.com.gh/lifestyle/feature-in-ghana-s-paga-ponds-kids-swim-alongside-friendly-crocodiles-id4508860.html|accessdate=1 November 2016|work=Pulse.com.gh|date=30 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Paga be known to be a trade center for centuries den closer to de [[Burkina Faso]] border. During de period of de slave traders insyd de mid-1800s, de Westerners use Paga as a gateway to de [[Gulf of Guinea]] wich dey point from de north.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;

Though de Paga crocodiles be affable, der be instances wer dem mistaken humans for animals. Nonetheless, such accidents no result in casualties insyd history. Apart from de main crocodile pond wey dey locate insyd de heartland of de Paga town, der be numerous odas insyd de suburbs.

== Migration ==
De majority of de dams within Paga dey house at least ten crocodiles, chaw of wich fi migrate from de adjoining communities. 
De migration usually dey occur insyd de night wen de crocs sneak thru de bushes into de closest water bodies. Frequently, de crocodiles move between ponds during de vegetation growth—from July to August— wey dey provide dem plus cover to elude make dem dey see dem by humans.

Like de feral crocodiles, mother crocodiles dey carry dema newly hatched offspring insyd dema mouths from de sand banks to de water. De mother crocodiles then provide security to de young ones til dem fi hunt give demaselves.

== Threats to dema existence ==
De crocodiles at Paga dey face an increasing number of challenges wey dey undermine dema existence. First, climate change dey pose a severe predicament to dema existence. A growing number of de water bodies dey dry up insyd de dry season, wey dey leave de crocs to travel between water bodies all year round. Second, plus increasing income levels, urbanization den infrastructural development along de dams, de crocs now get few private spaces. Encroachment of de surrounding dams dey place a limit on de crocodiles dema existence in relation to breeding. Third, hunger dey pose a menace secof de food sources dey dwindle. Crocodiles naturally dey hunt for chow insyd de wild. However, de climate change-induced droughts dey mean dema food diversity dey reduce. De crocodiles at de Paga Ponds dey compete plus humans for de remaining fish insyd de water. Insyd de main pond, dem dey rely mainly on chicken wey tourists bring. Moreover, de crocodiles at de countryside no dey get de same treatment, thereby e dey lef dem to dema fate.
== History ==
[[File:Tapping_of_crocodile_at_Paga_crocodile_pond.jpg|thumb|225x225px|A man wey dey tap for a crocodile ein top at Paga crocodile pond ]]
De locally-told origin of de pond be say a crocodile bring a dying man to de pond make he drink, wey, after surviving, he declare de pond to be sacred den dat make no harm cam to de crocodiles. Dis legend of de crocodiles dem claim to date back to about 600 years. De crocodiles be considered to be totems give dese local people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;joynews2&quot; /&gt; Anoda story dey state say na a man be trapped against de water ein edge by a lion, wen na he bargain plus a crocodile say none of ein kiddies go harm ein kind if he go kill de lion.&lt;ref name=&quot;pulse2&quot; /&gt; E be believed say de souls of de people of Paga dey reside insyd dese crocodiles.&lt;ref name=&quot;joynews2&quot; /&gt; E be an offence to kill crocodiles insyd Paga, anaa chop crocodile meat.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335|publisher=GhanaWeb|accessdate=1 November 2016|date=9 September 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourism ==
[[File:Friendly_crocodiles_at_Zenga,Paga.jpg|thumb|Friendly crocodiles at Zenga, Paga]]
De crocodiles at Paga be very friendly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016-03-21|title=Paga Crocodile Pond|url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/|access-date=2020-08-11|website=touringghana.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Visitors fi sit, touch den take photographs plus de crocodiles. De crocodiles dey roam freely thru out de pond, wey dem dey bring dem to de shore wen de guides whistle loudly. Tourists then fi take photographs while holding de crocodile ein tails, after de guide feed dem a chicken.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Robb|first1=Simon|title=Is this the most dangerous holiday snap ever?|url=http://metro.co.uk/2016/05/19/is-this-the-most-dangerous-holiday-snap-ever-5891722/|accessdate=1 November 2016|work=The Metro|date=19 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Der be concerns say de pond now be too reliant on tourism, wey caretaker Salifu Awewozem dey talk say insyd 2009 de elderly crocodiles dey require specialist care, wey de only time additional chow be provided to de reptiles be wen tourists bia for de chickens wen dem pose for photographs.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;/&gt; Tourists dey use Paga as an opportunity to see preserved slave camps. Dem sanso enjoy village tours den evening drumming den dancing by any local cultural group wey dem fi be arranged give dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;

== Tourists Site insyd Paga ==
[[File:Pikworo slave camp 6.jpg|thumb|Pikworo Slave Camp]]
De [[Pikworo Slave camp|Pikworo Slave Camp]] dey locate insyd Paga-Nania. Na e be created purposely for holding slaves wey dem bring down from de north. Na slaves be forced to walk about 150&amp;nbsp;km to de south to de slave market at Salaga. Dem then dey take dem to de coast for shipment.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;

Dem dey call de mystery dam of Kayoro Kukula den de Nasaga Game Reserve about 8&amp;nbsp;km from Burkina Faso den Paga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
== Gallery ==
== References ==</text>
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'''Paga Crocodile Pond''' be a sacred pond insyd [[Paga]] insyd de [[Upper East Region]] of [[Ghana]], which be inhabited by West African crocodiles. Secof de friendliness of de reptiles, e cam be popular among tourists wey de pond now be reliant on tourism to ensure de population of crocodiles remain fed den healthy. E sanso be known as Chief's pond.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond|url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/|access-date=2020-08-11|website=Visit Ghana|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Description ==
De pond dey locate insyd [[Paga]] insyd de [[Upper East Region]] of Ghana, wey e be {{convert|44|km|mi}} outsyd [[Bolgatanga]], de regional capital. E be inhabited by wild West African crocodiles, wey sam up to 90 years old.&lt;ref name=&quot;joynews2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Anane |first=Benedicta |date=6 August 2011 |title=The Paga crocodile pond |url=http://edition.myjoyonline.com/pages/tourism/201112/77757.php |accessdate=22 May 2014 |publisher=My Joy Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; De crocodiles be so tame say local kiddies fi swim insyd de pond alongside dem widout dem be harmed.&lt;ref name=&quot;pulse2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=In Ghana's Paga Ponds, kids swim alongside &quot;friendly&quot; crocodiles|url=http://pulse.com.gh/lifestyle/feature-in-ghana-s-paga-ponds-kids-swim-alongside-friendly-crocodiles-id4508860.html|accessdate=1 November 2016|work=Pulse.com.gh|date=30 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Paga be known to be a trade center for centuries den closer to de [[Burkina Faso]] border. During de period of de slave traders insyd de mid-1800s, de Westerners use Paga as a gateway to de [[Gulf of Guinea]] wich dey point from de north.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;

Though de Paga crocodiles be affable, der be instances wer dem mistaken humans for animals. Nonetheless, such accidents no result in casualties insyd history. Apart from de main crocodile pond wey dey locate insyd de heartland of de Paga town, der be numerous odas insyd de suburbs.

== Migration ==
De majority of de dams within Paga dey house at least ten crocodiles, chaw of wich fi migrate from de adjoining communities. 
De migration usually dey occur insyd de night wen de crocs sneak thru de bushes into de closest water bodies. Frequently, de crocodiles move between ponds during de vegetation growth—from July to August— wey dey provide dem plus cover to elude make dem dey see dem by humans.

Like de feral crocodiles, mother crocodiles dey carry dema newly hatched offspring insyd dema mouths from de sand banks to de water. De mother crocodiles then provide security to de young ones til dem fi hunt give demaselves.

== Threats to dema existence ==
De crocodiles at Paga dey face an increasing number of challenges wey dey undermine dema existence. First, climate change dey pose a severe predicament to dema existence. A growing number of de water bodies dey dry up insyd de dry season, wey dey leave de crocs to travel between water bodies all year round. Second, plus increasing income levels, urbanization den infrastructural development along de dams, de crocs now get few private spaces. Encroachment of de surrounding dams dey place a limit on de crocodiles dema existence in relation to breeding. Third, hunger dey pose a menace secof de food sources dey dwindle. Crocodiles naturally dey hunt for chow insyd de wild. However, de climate change-induced droughts dey mean dema food diversity dey reduce. De crocodiles at de Paga Ponds dey compete plus humans for de remaining fish insyd de water. Insyd de main pond, dem dey rely mainly on chicken wey tourists bring. Moreover, de crocodiles at de countryside no dey get de same treatment, thereby e dey lef dem to dema fate.
== History ==
[[File:Tapping_of_crocodile_at_Paga_crocodile_pond.jpg|thumb|225x225px|A man wey dey tap for a crocodile ein top at Paga crocodile pond ]]
De locally-told origin of de pond be say a crocodile bring a dying man to de pond make he drink, wey, after surviving, he declare de pond to be sacred den dat make no harm cam to de crocodiles. Dis legend of de crocodiles dem claim to date back to about 600 years. De crocodiles be considered to be totems give dese local people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;joynews2&quot; /&gt; Anoda story dey state say na a man be trapped against de water ein edge by a lion, wen na he bargain plus a crocodile say none of ein kiddies go harm ein kind if he go kill de lion.&lt;ref name=&quot;pulse2&quot; /&gt; E be believed say de souls of de people of Paga dey reside insyd dese crocodiles.&lt;ref name=&quot;joynews2&quot; /&gt; E be an offence to kill crocodiles insyd Paga, anaa chop crocodile meat.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335|publisher=GhanaWeb|accessdate=1 November 2016|date=9 September 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourism ==
[[File:Friendly_crocodiles_at_Zenga,Paga.jpg|thumb|Friendly crocodiles at Zenga, Paga]]
De crocodiles at Paga be very friendly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016-03-21|title=Paga Crocodile Pond|url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/|access-date=2020-08-11|website=touringghana.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Visitors fi sit, touch den take photographs plus de crocodiles. De crocodiles dey roam freely thru out de pond, wey dem dey bring dem to de shore wen de guides whistle loudly. Tourists then fi take photographs while holding de crocodile ein tails, after de guide feed dem a chicken.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Robb|first1=Simon|title=Is this the most dangerous holiday snap ever?|url=http://metro.co.uk/2016/05/19/is-this-the-most-dangerous-holiday-snap-ever-5891722/|accessdate=1 November 2016|work=The Metro|date=19 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Der be concerns say de pond now be too reliant on tourism, wey caretaker Salifu Awewozem dey talk say insyd 2009 de elderly crocodiles dey require specialist care, wey de only time additional chow be provided to de reptiles be wen tourists bia for de chickens wen dem pose for photographs.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;/&gt; Tourists dey use Paga as an opportunity to see preserved slave camps. Dem sanso enjoy village tours den evening drumming den dancing by any local cultural group wey dem fi be arranged give dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;

== Tourists Site insyd Paga ==
[[File:Pikworo slave camp 6.jpg|thumb|Pikworo Slave Camp]]
De [[Pikworo Slave camp|Pikworo Slave Camp]] dey locate insyd Paga-Nania. Na e be created purposely for holding slaves wey dem bring down from de north. Na slaves be forced to walk about 150&amp;nbsp;km to de south to de slave market at Salaga. Dem then dey take dem to de coast for shipment.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;

Dem dey call de mystery dam of Kayoro Kukula den de Nasaga Game Reserve about 8&amp;nbsp;km from Burkina Faso den Paga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
== Gallery ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Crocodile at Paga crocodile pond.webm|Crocodiles at de shore of de pond
File:Crocodile feeding at Paga crocodile pond.webm|Feeding a crocodile outsyd de pond plus a live chicken
File:A Crocodile found at Paga.jpg|Crocodile by de pond
File:Tapping of crocodile at Paga crocodile pond.jpg|Peaceful human relations plus de crocodiles 
&lt;/gallery&gt;
== References ==</text>
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'''Paga Crocodile Pond''' be a sacred pond insyd [[Paga]] insyd de [[Upper East Region]] of [[Ghana]], which be inhabited by West African crocodiles. Secof de friendliness of de reptiles, e cam be popular among tourists wey de pond now be reliant on tourism to ensure de population of crocodiles remain fed den healthy. E sanso be known as Chief's pond.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond|url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/|access-date=2020-08-11|website=Visit Ghana|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Description ==
De pond dey locate insyd [[Paga]] insyd de [[Upper East Region]] of Ghana, wey e be {{convert|44|km|mi}} outsyd [[Bolgatanga]], de regional capital. E be inhabited by wild West African crocodiles, wey sam up to 90 years old.&lt;ref name=&quot;joynews2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Anane |first=Benedicta |date=6 August 2011 |title=The Paga crocodile pond |url=http://edition.myjoyonline.com/pages/tourism/201112/77757.php |accessdate=22 May 2014 |publisher=My Joy Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; De crocodiles be so tame say local kiddies fi swim insyd de pond alongside dem widout dem be harmed.&lt;ref name=&quot;pulse2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=In Ghana's Paga Ponds, kids swim alongside &quot;friendly&quot; crocodiles|url=http://pulse.com.gh/lifestyle/feature-in-ghana-s-paga-ponds-kids-swim-alongside-friendly-crocodiles-id4508860.html|accessdate=1 November 2016|work=Pulse.com.gh|date=30 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Paga be known to be a trade center for centuries den closer to de [[Burkina Faso]] border. During de period of de slave traders insyd de mid-1800s, de Westerners use Paga as a gateway to de [[Gulf of Guinea]] wich dey point from de north.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;

Though de Paga crocodiles be affable, der be instances wer dem mistaken humans for animals. Nonetheless, such accidents no result in casualties insyd history. Apart from de main crocodile pond wey dey locate insyd de heartland of de Paga town, der be numerous odas insyd de suburbs.

== Migration ==
De majority of de dams within Paga dey house at least ten crocodiles, chaw of wich fi migrate from de adjoining communities. 
De migration usually dey occur insyd de night wen de crocs sneak thru de bushes into de closest water bodies. Frequently, de crocodiles move between ponds during de vegetation growth—from July to August— wey dey provide dem plus cover to elude make dem dey see dem by humans.

Like de feral crocodiles, mother crocodiles dey carry dema newly hatched offspring insyd dema mouths from de sand banks to de water. De mother crocodiles then provide security to de young ones til dem fi hunt give demaselves.

== Threats to dema existence ==
De crocodiles at Paga dey face an increasing number of challenges wey dey undermine dema existence. First, climate change dey pose a severe predicament to dema existence. A growing number of de water bodies dey dry up insyd de dry season, wey dey leave de crocs to travel between water bodies all year round. Second, plus increasing income levels, urbanization den infrastructural development along de dams, de crocs now get few private spaces. Encroachment of de surrounding dams dey place a limit on de crocodiles dema existence in relation to breeding. Third, hunger dey pose a menace secof de food sources dey dwindle. Crocodiles naturally dey hunt for chow insyd de wild. However, de climate change-induced droughts dey mean dema food diversity dey reduce. De crocodiles at de Paga Ponds dey compete plus humans for de remaining fish insyd de water. Insyd de main pond, dem dey rely mainly on chicken wey tourists bring. Moreover, de crocodiles at de countryside no dey get de same treatment, thereby e dey lef dem to dema fate.
== History ==
[[File:Tapping_of_crocodile_at_Paga_crocodile_pond.jpg|thumb|225x225px|A man wey dey tap for a crocodile ein top at Paga crocodile pond ]]
De locally-told origin of de pond be say a crocodile bring a dying man to de pond make he drink, wey, after surviving, he declare de pond to be sacred den dat make no harm cam to de crocodiles. Dis legend of de crocodiles dem claim to date back to about 600 years. De crocodiles be considered to be totems give dese local people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;joynews2&quot; /&gt; Anoda story dey state say na a man be trapped against de water ein edge by a lion, wen na he bargain plus a crocodile say none of ein kiddies go harm ein kind if he go kill de lion.&lt;ref name=&quot;pulse2&quot; /&gt; E be believed say de souls of de people of Paga dey reside insyd dese crocodiles.&lt;ref name=&quot;joynews2&quot; /&gt; E be an offence to kill crocodiles insyd Paga, anaa chop crocodile meat.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335|publisher=GhanaWeb|accessdate=1 November 2016|date=9 September 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourism ==
[[File:Friendly_crocodiles_at_Zenga,Paga.jpg|thumb|Friendly crocodiles at Zenga, Paga]]
De crocodiles at Paga be very friendly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016-03-21|title=Paga Crocodile Pond|url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/|access-date=2020-08-11|website=touringghana.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Visitors fi sit, touch den take photographs plus de crocodiles. De crocodiles dey roam freely thru out de pond, wey dem dey bring dem to de shore wen de guides whistle loudly. Tourists then fi take photographs while holding de crocodile ein tails, after de guide feed dem a chicken.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Robb|first1=Simon|title=Is this the most dangerous holiday snap ever?|url=http://metro.co.uk/2016/05/19/is-this-the-most-dangerous-holiday-snap-ever-5891722/|accessdate=1 November 2016|work=The Metro|date=19 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Der be concerns say de pond now be too reliant on tourism, wey caretaker Salifu Awewozem dey talk say insyd 2009 de elderly crocodiles dey require specialist care, wey de only time additional chow be provided to de reptiles be wen tourists bia for de chickens wen dem pose for photographs.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;/&gt; Tourists dey use Paga as an opportunity to see preserved slave camps. Dem sanso enjoy village tours den evening drumming den dancing by any local cultural group wey dem fi be arranged give dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;

== Tourists Site insyd Paga ==
[[File:Pikworo slave camp 6.jpg|thumb|Pikworo Slave Camp]]
De [[Pikworo Slave camp|Pikworo Slave Camp]] dey locate insyd Paga-Nania. Na e be created purposely for holding slaves wey dem bring down from de north. Na slaves be forced to walk about 150&amp;nbsp;km to de south to de slave market at Salaga. Dem then dey take dem to de coast for shipment.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;

Dem dey call de mystery dam of Kayoro Kukula den de Nasaga Game Reserve about 8&amp;nbsp;km from Burkina Faso den Paga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
== Gallery ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Crocodile at Paga crocodile pond.webm|Crocodiles at de shore of de pond
File:Crocodile feeding at Paga crocodile pond.webm|Feeding a crocodile outsyd de pond plus a live chicken
File:A Crocodile found at Paga.jpg|Crocodile by de pond
File:Tapping of crocodile at Paga crocodile pond.jpg|Peaceful human relations plus de crocodiles 
&lt;/gallery&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{commons}}

[[Category:Crocodilians of Africa]]
[[Category:Lakes of Ghana]]
[[Category:Upper East Region]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions for Ghana insyd]]
[[Category:Sacred waters]]
[[Category:IUCN Category IV]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Voi River</title>
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De '''Voi River'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Query: GeoNames (ID: 0) |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/geon-ags/rest/services/RESEARCH/GIS_OUTPUT/MapServer/0/query?outfields=*&amp;where=full_name=+%27Voi%27 |access-date=2026-06-12 |website=geonames.nga.mil}}&lt;/ref&gt; ('''Goshi River'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Query: GeoNames (ID: 0) |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/geon-ags/rest/services/RESEARCH/GIS_OUTPUT/MapServer/0/query?outfields=*&amp;where=full_name=+%27Goshi%27 |access-date=2026-06-12 |website=geonames.nga.mil}}&lt;/ref&gt;) be a river insyd Coast Province, Kenya, East Africa. E dey originate insyd de Taita Hills den dey flow past de town of Voi den thru de Tsavo East National Park before emptying into de sea at Kilifi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Muslim, F.|chapter=Kenya National Report|title=Legal aspects of protecting and managing the marine and coastal environment of the East African region: National Reports|series=UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies No. 49|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)|pages=31&amp;ndash;57, page 52|url=http://iwlearn.net/publications/regional-seas-reports/unep-regional-seas-reports-and-studies-no-49/view}} [http://iwlearn.net/publications/regional-seas-reports/unep-regional-seas-reports-and-studies-no-49/at_download/file download rsrs049.pdf]&lt;/ref&gt; Ein total length be about {{Convert|210|km|mi|0}}. However, insyd de dry season de last (lower) eighty kilometres per wey get water insyd am.

==Aruba Dam==
[[File:Lake of the Aruba Dam next to the Ashnil Aruba Lodge from the east during the evening in the Tsavo East National Park, Kenya 7.jpg|thumb|De reservoir of de Aruba Dam]]
Na dem build de Aruba Dam insyd 1952 across de Voi River. Dem create de reservoir by de dam wey attract chaw animals den water birds.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Caputo, Philip|chapter=Among the Man-Eaters (from ''National Geographic Adventure'')|year=2002|title=The Best American Travel Writing 2001|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|location=Boston, Massachusetts|pages=47&amp;ndash;74, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6Vzo5glJNgC&amp;pg=PA54 page 54]|isbn=0-618-11877-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ayeni |first=J. S. O. |date=July 1977 |title=Some Aspects of Evolution and Management of Waterholes in Tsavo National Park (East), Kenya |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00128325.1977.11662879 |journal=East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal |language=en |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=45–69 |doi=10.1080/00128325.1977.11662879 |issn=0012-8325|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Mouth==
At de mouth of de Voi, de river dey flow into de Goshi Estuary. De Goshi Estuary dey flow into a narrow neck wer der be a bridge between de Shauri Moyo beach den Kilifi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Weiss |first1=Robert |last2=Bahlburg |first2=Heinrich |year=2006 |title=The Coast of Kenya Field Survey after the December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami |journal=Earthquake Spectra |volume=22 |number=S3 |pages=238 |doi=10.1193/1.2201970|bibcode=2006EarSp..22..235W |s2cid=110486072 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1236210 }}&lt;/ref&gt; De neck be known as Kilifi Creek wey e be about {{Convert|3|km|mi|2}} long between de estuary den de sea.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==</text>
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De '''Voi River'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Query: GeoNames (ID: 0) |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/geon-ags/rest/services/RESEARCH/GIS_OUTPUT/MapServer/0/query?outfields=*&amp;where=full_name=+%27Voi%27 |access-date=2026-06-12 |website=geonames.nga.mil}}&lt;/ref&gt; ('''Goshi River'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Query: GeoNames (ID: 0) |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/geon-ags/rest/services/RESEARCH/GIS_OUTPUT/MapServer/0/query?outfields=*&amp;where=full_name=+%27Goshi%27 |access-date=2026-06-12 |website=geonames.nga.mil}}&lt;/ref&gt;) be a river insyd Coast Province, Kenya, East Africa. E dey originate insyd de Taita Hills den dey flow past de town of Voi den thru de Tsavo East National Park before emptying into de sea at Kilifi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Muslim, F.|chapter=Kenya National Report|title=Legal aspects of protecting and managing the marine and coastal environment of the East African region: National Reports|series=UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies No. 49|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)|pages=31&amp;ndash;57, page 52|url=http://iwlearn.net/publications/regional-seas-reports/unep-regional-seas-reports-and-studies-no-49/view}} [http://iwlearn.net/publications/regional-seas-reports/unep-regional-seas-reports-and-studies-no-49/at_download/file download rsrs049.pdf]&lt;/ref&gt; Ein total length be about {{Convert|210|km|mi|0}}. However, insyd de dry season de last (lower) eighty kilometres per wey get water insyd am.

==Aruba Dam==
[[File:Lake of the Aruba Dam next to the Ashnil Aruba Lodge from the east during the evening in the Tsavo East National Park, Kenya 7.jpg|thumb|De reservoir of de Aruba Dam]]
Na dem build de Aruba Dam insyd 1952 across de Voi River. Dem create de reservoir by de dam wey attract chaw animals den water birds.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Caputo, Philip|chapter=Among the Man-Eaters (from ''National Geographic Adventure'')|year=2002|title=The Best American Travel Writing 2001|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|location=Boston, Massachusetts|pages=47&amp;ndash;74, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6Vzo5glJNgC&amp;pg=PA54 page 54]|isbn=0-618-11877-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ayeni |first=J. S. O. |date=July 1977 |title=Some Aspects of Evolution and Management of Waterholes in Tsavo National Park (East), Kenya |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00128325.1977.11662879 |journal=East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal |language=en |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=45–69 |doi=10.1080/00128325.1977.11662879 |issn=0012-8325|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Mouth==
At de mouth of de Voi, de river dey flow into de Goshi Estuary. De Goshi Estuary dey flow into a narrow neck wer der be a bridge between de Shauri Moyo beach den Kilifi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Weiss |first1=Robert |last2=Bahlburg |first2=Heinrich |year=2006 |title=The Coast of Kenya Field Survey after the December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami |journal=Earthquake Spectra |volume=22 |number=S3 |pages=238 |doi=10.1193/1.2201970|bibcode=2006EarSp..22..235W |s2cid=110486072 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1236210 }}&lt;/ref&gt; De neck be known as Kilifi Creek wey e be about {{Convert|3|km|mi|2}} long between de estuary den de sea.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rivers of Kenya]]
[[Category:Coast Province]]</text>
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    <title>Kouilou-Niari River</title>
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De '''Kouilou-Niari River'''—sanso be like '''Kwilu''', '''Kwila''', anaa '''Kwil'''—be de most important river wey dey flow to de [[Atlantic Ocean]] for de [[Republic of the Congo]] coast. Moreover, ein entire drainage area dey complete for Republic of the Congo.

==Geography den environment==
De river be called de Kouilou River while e dey flow insyd de coastal region of de Kouilou from de Sounda gorges. Upstream from de gorges, ein name be de Niari River wey e dey flow thru de Niari Valley. De river dey combine plus de Louessé, de Loudima den de Bouenza River den eventually dey flow into de [[Atlantic Ocean]]. E dey cover about 560&amp;nbsp;km from ein origin insyd de Batéké Plateau of de Congo to ein mouth at de coast. De lower Kouilou basin be designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International secof e dey support significant populations of chaw bird species.&lt;ref name=bli&gt;{{cite web |url= https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/lower-kouilou-basin-iba-congo |title= Lower Kouilou basin|author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=2024|website= BirdLife Data Zone|publisher= BirdLife International|access-date= 2024-12-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
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De '''Kouilou-Niari River'''—sanso be like '''Kwilu''', '''Kwila''', anaa '''Kwil'''—be de most important river wey dey flow to de [[Atlantic Ocean]] for de [[Republic of the Congo]] coast. Moreover, ein entire drainage area dey complete for Republic of the Congo.

==Geography den environment==
De river be called de Kouilou River while e dey flow insyd de coastal region of de Kouilou from de Sounda gorges. Upstream from de gorges, ein name be de Niari River wey e dey flow thru de Niari Valley. De river dey combine plus de Louessé, de Loudima den de Bouenza River den eventually dey flow into de [[Atlantic Ocean]]. E dey cover about 560&amp;nbsp;km from ein origin insyd de Batéké Plateau of de Congo to ein mouth at de coast. De lower Kouilou basin be designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International secof e dey support significant populations of chaw bird species.&lt;ref name=bli&gt;{{cite web |url= https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/lower-kouilou-basin-iba-congo |title= Lower Kouilou basin|author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=2024|website= BirdLife Data Zone|publisher= BirdLife International|access-date= 2024-12-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Waterfalls===
*Zrinski chutes: dey honor Nikola Zrinski den Petar Zrinski, Croatian nobles of de Zrinski family; &quot;discover&quot; den name am insyd 1882 by Dragutin Lerman, a Croatian member of Henry Morton Stanley ein expedition. Local names, den local knowledge in general, be unfortunately ignored insyd such naming.
* Sounda gorges. De gorges be remarkable plus a small waterdrop of two metres den mountain around 120 metres high. An old iron bridge still be usable insyd 2012 to cross de river insyd Sounda. A road dey cam from de village of Mandzi south of Sounda while de road dey continue on north west toward Kakamoéka, sous-prefecture. An abandoned track on de southern bank of de river dey reach Kakamoéka wich na dem create during de exploration for de train. Na de mission Jacob&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=French national library|url=http://Www.gallica.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; be conducted insyd 1896. Na dem reopen de track insyd 1954 for de evaluation of de hydro potential of de Sounda dam.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Institut de recherche et de developpement|url=http://www.ird.com/|access-date=2013-07-13|archive-date=2021-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422194952/https://www.ird.com/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
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De '''Kouilou-Niari River'''—sanso be like '''Kwilu''', '''Kwila''', anaa '''Kwil'''—be de most important river wey dey flow to de [[Atlantic Ocean]] for de [[Republic of the Congo]] coast. Moreover, ein entire drainage area dey complete for Republic of the Congo.

==Geography den environment==
De river be called de Kouilou River while e dey flow insyd de coastal region of de Kouilou from de Sounda gorges. Upstream from de gorges, ein name be de Niari River wey e dey flow thru de Niari Valley. De river dey combine plus de Louessé, de Loudima den de Bouenza River den eventually dey flow into de [[Atlantic Ocean]]. E dey cover about 560&amp;nbsp;km from ein origin insyd de Batéké Plateau of de Congo to ein mouth at de coast. De lower Kouilou basin be designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International secof e dey support significant populations of chaw bird species.&lt;ref name=bli&gt;{{cite web |url= https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/lower-kouilou-basin-iba-congo |title= Lower Kouilou basin|author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=2024|website= BirdLife Data Zone|publisher= BirdLife International|access-date= 2024-12-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Waterfalls===
*Zrinski chutes: dey honor Nikola Zrinski den Petar Zrinski, Croatian nobles of de Zrinski family; &quot;discover&quot; den name am insyd 1882 by Dragutin Lerman, a Croatian member of Henry Morton Stanley ein expedition. Local names, den local knowledge in general, be unfortunately ignored insyd such naming.
* Sounda gorges. De gorges be remarkable plus a small waterdrop of two metres den mountain around 120 metres high. An old iron bridge still be usable insyd 2012 to cross de river insyd Sounda. A road dey cam from de village of Mandzi south of Sounda while de road dey continue on north west toward Kakamoéka, sous-prefecture. An abandoned track on de southern bank of de river dey reach Kakamoéka wich na dem create during de exploration for de train. Na de mission Jacob&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=French national library|url=http://Www.gallica.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; be conducted insyd 1896. Na dem reopen de track insyd 1954 for de evaluation of de hydro potential of de Sounda dam.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Institut de recherche et de developpement|url=http://www.ird.com/|access-date=2013-07-13|archive-date=2021-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422194952/https://www.ird.com/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* [http://congoinfos.skyrock.com/431748286-La-construction-d-un-barrage-sur-le-Kouilou-Niari-constitue-une.html Le projet de construction d'un barrage sur le Kouilou-Niari] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192359/http://congoinfos.skyrock.com/431748286-La-construction-d-un-barrage-sur-le-Kouilou-Niari-constitue-une.html |date=2016-03-03 }}
*[http://www.africanpowercorporation.com African Power Corporation Website]
*[http://www.ird.com Institut de Recherche et Développement Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422194952/https://www.ird.com/ |date=2021-04-22 }}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Important Bird Areas of de Republic of the Congo]]
[[Category:Rivers of de Republic of the Congo]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sacred waters</title>
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'''Sacred waters''' be sacred natural sites wey be characterized by tangible topographical land formations such as rivers, lakes, springs, reservoirs, den oceans, as opposed to holy water wich be water dem elevate plus de sacramental blessing of a cleric. Dese organic bodies of water attain religious significance no be from de modern alteration anaa blessing, buh na dem be sanctified thru mythological anaa historical figures. Sacred waters be exploited for cleansing, healing, initiations, den death rites.

Ubiquitous den perpetual fixations plus water dey occur across religious traditions. E dey tend to be a central element insyd de creations accounts of almost every culture plus mythological, cosmological, den theological myths. Insyd dis way, chaw groups dey characterize water as &quot;living water&quot;, anaa de &quot;water of life&quot;. Dis dey mean say e dey give life wey e be de fundamental element from wich life dey arise. Each religious anaa cultural group wey dey feature waters as sacred substances dey tend to favor certain categorizations of sam waters more dan odas, usually those wey be most accessible to dem den dat best integrate into dema rituals.</text>
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'''Sacred waters''' be sacred natural sites wey be characterized by tangible topographical land formations such as rivers, lakes, springs, reservoirs, den oceans, as opposed to holy water wich be water dem elevate plus de sacramental blessing of a cleric. Dese organic bodies of water attain religious significance no be from de modern alteration anaa blessing, buh na dem be sanctified thru mythological anaa historical figures. Sacred waters be exploited for cleansing, healing, initiations, den death rites.

Ubiquitous den perpetual fixations plus water dey occur across religious traditions. E dey tend to be a central element insyd de creations accounts of almost every culture plus mythological, cosmological, den theological myths. Insyd dis way, chaw groups dey characterize water as &quot;living water&quot;, anaa de &quot;water of life&quot;. Dis dey mean say e dey give life wey e be de fundamental element from wich life dey arise. Each religious anaa cultural group wey dey feature waters as sacred substances dey tend to favor certain categorizations of sam waters more dan odas, usually those wey be most accessible to dem den dat best integrate into dema rituals.

== Rivers ==

=== Ganges River ===

== Lakes den underground water ==

=== Lake Titicaca ===

=== Chichen Itza ===

=== Black Mesa ===

== Further examples ==

* Godavari River – River insyd south-central [[India]]
* Holy Brook – Stream, probably partly artificial, insyd de [[United Kingdom]]
* Jordan River – River wey dey flow to de Dead Sea
* Krishna River – River insyd southern India
* Gosaikunda – Lake insyd Nepal ein Langtang National Park
* Lake Guatavita – Lake insyd Cundinamarca Department, Colombia
* Narmada River – River insyd central India
* Nile – Major river insyd northeast Africa
* Silwan – Palestinian neighborhood insyd East [[Jerusalem]], site of a sacred spring (''Ayn Silwan'')
* [[Zamzam Well]] – Well insyd de [[Masjid al-Haram]] insyd [[Mecca]]</text>
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'''Sacred waters''' be sacred natural sites wey be characterized by tangible topographical land formations such as rivers, lakes, springs, reservoirs, den oceans, as opposed to holy water wich be water dem elevate plus de sacramental blessing of a cleric. Dese organic bodies of water attain religious significance no be from de modern alteration anaa blessing, buh na dem be sanctified thru mythological anaa historical figures. Sacred waters be exploited for cleansing, healing, initiations, den death rites.

Ubiquitous den perpetual fixations plus water dey occur across religious traditions. E dey tend to be a central element insyd de creations accounts of almost every culture plus mythological, cosmological, den theological myths. Insyd dis way, chaw groups dey characterize water as &quot;living water&quot;, anaa de &quot;water of life&quot;. Dis dey mean say e dey give life wey e be de fundamental element from wich life dey arise. Each religious anaa cultural group wey dey feature waters as sacred substances dey tend to favor certain categorizations of sam waters more dan odas, usually those wey be most accessible to dem den dat best integrate into dema rituals.

== Rivers ==

=== Ganges River ===

== Lakes den underground water ==

=== Lake Titicaca ===

=== Chichen Itza ===

=== Black Mesa ===

== Further examples ==

* Godavari River – River insyd south-central [[India]]
* Holy Brook – Stream, probably partly artificial, insyd de [[United Kingdom]]
* Jordan River – River wey dey flow to de Dead Sea
* Krishna River – River insyd southern India
* Gosaikunda – Lake insyd Nepal ein Langtang National Park
* Lake Guatavita – Lake insyd Cundinamarca Department, Colombia
* Narmada River – River insyd central India
* Nile – Major river insyd northeast Africa
* Silwan – Palestinian neighborhood insyd East [[Jerusalem]], site of a sacred spring (''Ayn Silwan'')
* [[Zamzam Well]] – Well insyd de [[Masjid al-Haram]] insyd [[Mecca]]

== Bibliography ==

* {{Cite book |last=Altman |first=Nathaniel |title=Sacred Water: The Spiritual Source of Life |publisher=HiddenSpring |year=2002 |location=New Jersey}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Alley |first=Kelly D. |year=2008 |title=Images of Waste and Purification on the Banks of the Ganga |journal=City &amp; Society |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=167–182 |doi=10.1525/city.1998.10.1.167}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Bauer |first1=Brian |last2=Seddon |first2=Matthew T. |year=1998 |title=The Sanctuary of Titicaca: Where the Sun Returns to Earth |journal=Latin American Antiquity |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=240–258 |doi=10.2307/971730 |jstor=971730 |s2cid=163867549}}
* {{cite book |last1=Brothwell |first1=D. |title=Human Mummies |date=1996 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-7091-7352-7 |series=The Man in the Ice |volume=3 |pages=161–172 |language=en |chapter=European bog bodies: Current state of research and preservation |doi=10.1007/978-3-7091-6565-2_16 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7091-6565-2_16}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Bruhns |first1=Karen |title=Women in Ancient America |last2=Stothert |first2=Karen E. |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |year=1999 |location=Oklahoma}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Eriksen |first1=Listen Original Articles Don’t all mothers love their children? Deposited infants as animate objects in the Scandinavian Iron Age Marianne Hem |date=2017 |title=Don't all mothers love their children? Deposited infants as animate objects in the Scandinavian Iron Age |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00438243.2017.1340189?needAccess=true |journal=World Archaeology |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=338–356 |doi=10.1080/00438243.2017.1340189 |hdl=10852/65628 |s2cid=197856941 |hdl-access=free}}
* {{Cite book |last=Haberman |first=David L. |title=River of Lover in an Age of Pollution: The Yamuna River of Northern India |publisher=University of California Press |year=2006 |location=Berkeley}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Hammer |first=Joshua |year=2007 |title=A Prayer for the Ganges |journal=Smithsonian Magazine |volume=38 |issue=8 |pages=74–82}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Holston |first=M. |year=2008 |title=Joint Action Protects Lake Titicaca |journal=Americas |volume=60 |issue=6 |pages=42–43}}
* {{cite book |last1=Looijenga |first1=Tineke |title=Texts &amp; Contexts of the Oldest Runic Inscriptions |date=1 January 2003 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004123960 |pages=78–104 |language=en |chapter=On the Origin of Runes |doi=10.1163/9789047401285_006 |chapter-url=https://brill.com/display/book/9789047401285/B9789047401285_s006.xml |s2cid=161898526}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lamb |first=Ramdas |title=Studying Hinduism: Key Concepts and Methods |publisher=Routledge |year=2008 |editor-last=Mittal |editor-first=Sushil |location=London |chapter=Sacred |editor-last2=Thursby |editor-first2=Gene}}
* {{Cite news|last=Lee|first=Tanya|year=2002|title=Hopi and Navajo People Confront Peabody Energy on Sacred Water Destruction|work=The Native Voice: The Women’s Voice}}
* {{cite book |last=Lund |first=Julie |title=Signals of Belief in Early England: Anglo-Saxon Paganism Revisited |date=2010 |publisher=Oxbow Books |isbn=978-1-84217-395-4 |chapter=Chapter 3, At the Water's Edge |jstor=j.ctt1cd0nf9.9 |chapter-url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1cd0nf9.9}}
* {{Cite book |last=McClaymond |first=Kathryn |title=Studying Hinduism: Key Concepts and Methods |publisher=Routledge |year=2008 |editor-last=Mittal |editor-first=Sushil |location=London |chapter=Ritual |editor-last2=Gene |editor-first2=Thursby}}
* {{Cite book |last=Michaels |first=Axel |title=Hinduism: Past and Present |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2004 |editor-last=Harshaw |editor-first=Barbara |location=Princeton}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Narayanan |first=Vasudha |year=2001 |title=Water, Wood, and Wisdom: Ecological Perspectives from the Hindu Traditions |journal=Daedalus |volume=130 |issue=4 |pages=179–206 |issn=0011-5266 |jstor=20027723}}
* {{cite thesis |last1=Monikander |first1=Anne |title=Våld och vatten : Våtmarkskult vid Skedemosse under järnåldern |date=2010 |publisher=Stockholm University |url=https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A309712&amp;dswid=1350 |language=Swedish}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nelson |first=Lance E. |title=Studying Hinduism: Key Concepts and Methods |publisher=Routledge |year=2008 |editor-last=Mittal |editor-first=Sushil |location=London |chapter=Ecology |editor-last2=Thursby |editor-first2=Gene}}
* {{cite thesis |last1=Pevan |first1=Erin Kristine |title=With the wagon-guider, a word do I seek: Examining gender, myth, ceremony, and interment in the social history of wagons in the Viking Age |date=2019 |publisher=Universitet i Oslo |url=https://www.duo.uio.no/handle/10852/70123}}
* {{cite book |last=Semple |first=Sarah |title=Signals of Belief in Early England: Anglo-Saxon Paganism Revisited |date=2010 |publisher=Oxbow Books |isbn=978-1-84217-395-4 |chapter=Chapter 2, In the Open Air |jstor=j.ctt1cd0nf9.8 |chapter-url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1cd0nf9.8}}
* {{cite book |last1=Simek |first1=Rudolf |author-link=Rudolf Simek |title=A Dictionary of Northern Mythology |date=2008 |publisher=BOYE6 |isbn=9780859915137 |translator1-last=Hall |translator-first=Angela}}
* {{Cite book |last=Strang |first=Veronica |author-link=Veronica Strang |title=The Meaning of Water |publisher=Berg Publishers |year=2004 |location=New York}}
* {{Cite book |last=Varner |first=Gary R. |title=Water of Life Water of Death: The Folklore and Mythology of Sacred Waters |publisher=PublishAmerica |year=2004 |location=Baltimore}}
* {{cite web |title=Gundestrupkedlen, Gundestrup |url=https://samlinger.natmus.dk/do/asset/13955 |access-date=14 June 2023 |website=Nationalmuseets Samlinger Online |ref={{SfnRef|Gundestrupkedlen}}}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>102099</id>
      <parentid>102098</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T18:51:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add categories</comment>
      <origin>102099</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7903" sha1="pfvfmqj8v4phe4f1fduqt9jepen6x3e" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Sacred waters''' be sacred natural sites wey be characterized by tangible topographical land formations such as rivers, lakes, springs, reservoirs, den oceans, as opposed to holy water wich be water dem elevate plus de sacramental blessing of a cleric. Dese organic bodies of water attain religious significance no be from de modern alteration anaa blessing, buh na dem be sanctified thru mythological anaa historical figures. Sacred waters be exploited for cleansing, healing, initiations, den death rites.

Ubiquitous den perpetual fixations plus water dey occur across religious traditions. E dey tend to be a central element insyd de creations accounts of almost every culture plus mythological, cosmological, den theological myths. Insyd dis way, chaw groups dey characterize water as &quot;living water&quot;, anaa de &quot;water of life&quot;. Dis dey mean say e dey give life wey e be de fundamental element from wich life dey arise. Each religious anaa cultural group wey dey feature waters as sacred substances dey tend to favor certain categorizations of sam waters more dan odas, usually those wey be most accessible to dem den dat best integrate into dema rituals.

== Rivers ==

=== Ganges River ===

== Lakes den underground water ==

=== Lake Titicaca ===

=== Chichen Itza ===

=== Black Mesa ===

== Further examples ==

* Godavari River – River insyd south-central [[India]]
* Holy Brook – Stream, probably partly artificial, insyd de [[United Kingdom]]
* Jordan River – River wey dey flow to de Dead Sea
* Krishna River – River insyd southern India
* Gosaikunda – Lake insyd Nepal ein Langtang National Park
* Lake Guatavita – Lake insyd Cundinamarca Department, Colombia
* Narmada River – River insyd central India
* Nile – Major river insyd northeast Africa
* Silwan – Palestinian neighborhood insyd East [[Jerusalem]], site of a sacred spring (''Ayn Silwan'')
* [[Zamzam Well]] – Well insyd de [[Masjid al-Haram]] insyd [[Mecca]]

== Bibliography ==

* {{Cite book |last=Altman |first=Nathaniel |title=Sacred Water: The Spiritual Source of Life |publisher=HiddenSpring |year=2002 |location=New Jersey}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Alley |first=Kelly D. |year=2008 |title=Images of Waste and Purification on the Banks of the Ganga |journal=City &amp; Society |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=167–182 |doi=10.1525/city.1998.10.1.167}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Bauer |first1=Brian |last2=Seddon |first2=Matthew T. |year=1998 |title=The Sanctuary of Titicaca: Where the Sun Returns to Earth |journal=Latin American Antiquity |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=240–258 |doi=10.2307/971730 |jstor=971730 |s2cid=163867549}}
* {{cite book |last1=Brothwell |first1=D. |title=Human Mummies |date=1996 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-7091-7352-7 |series=The Man in the Ice |volume=3 |pages=161–172 |language=en |chapter=European bog bodies: Current state of research and preservation |doi=10.1007/978-3-7091-6565-2_16 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7091-6565-2_16}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Bruhns |first1=Karen |title=Women in Ancient America |last2=Stothert |first2=Karen E. |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |year=1999 |location=Oklahoma}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Eriksen |first1=Listen Original Articles Don’t all mothers love their children? Deposited infants as animate objects in the Scandinavian Iron Age Marianne Hem |date=2017 |title=Don't all mothers love their children? Deposited infants as animate objects in the Scandinavian Iron Age |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00438243.2017.1340189?needAccess=true |journal=World Archaeology |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=338–356 |doi=10.1080/00438243.2017.1340189 |hdl=10852/65628 |s2cid=197856941 |hdl-access=free}}
* {{Cite book |last=Haberman |first=David L. |title=River of Lover in an Age of Pollution: The Yamuna River of Northern India |publisher=University of California Press |year=2006 |location=Berkeley}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Hammer |first=Joshua |year=2007 |title=A Prayer for the Ganges |journal=Smithsonian Magazine |volume=38 |issue=8 |pages=74–82}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Holston |first=M. |year=2008 |title=Joint Action Protects Lake Titicaca |journal=Americas |volume=60 |issue=6 |pages=42–43}}
* {{cite book |last1=Looijenga |first1=Tineke |title=Texts &amp; Contexts of the Oldest Runic Inscriptions |date=1 January 2003 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004123960 |pages=78–104 |language=en |chapter=On the Origin of Runes |doi=10.1163/9789047401285_006 |chapter-url=https://brill.com/display/book/9789047401285/B9789047401285_s006.xml |s2cid=161898526}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lamb |first=Ramdas |title=Studying Hinduism: Key Concepts and Methods |publisher=Routledge |year=2008 |editor-last=Mittal |editor-first=Sushil |location=London |chapter=Sacred |editor-last2=Thursby |editor-first2=Gene}}
* {{Cite news|last=Lee|first=Tanya|year=2002|title=Hopi and Navajo People Confront Peabody Energy on Sacred Water Destruction|work=The Native Voice: The Women’s Voice}}
* {{cite book |last=Lund |first=Julie |title=Signals of Belief in Early England: Anglo-Saxon Paganism Revisited |date=2010 |publisher=Oxbow Books |isbn=978-1-84217-395-4 |chapter=Chapter 3, At the Water's Edge |jstor=j.ctt1cd0nf9.9 |chapter-url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1cd0nf9.9}}
* {{Cite book |last=McClaymond |first=Kathryn |title=Studying Hinduism: Key Concepts and Methods |publisher=Routledge |year=2008 |editor-last=Mittal |editor-first=Sushil |location=London |chapter=Ritual |editor-last2=Gene |editor-first2=Thursby}}
* {{Cite book |last=Michaels |first=Axel |title=Hinduism: Past and Present |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2004 |editor-last=Harshaw |editor-first=Barbara |location=Princeton}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Narayanan |first=Vasudha |year=2001 |title=Water, Wood, and Wisdom: Ecological Perspectives from the Hindu Traditions |journal=Daedalus |volume=130 |issue=4 |pages=179–206 |issn=0011-5266 |jstor=20027723}}
* {{cite thesis |last1=Monikander |first1=Anne |title=Våld och vatten : Våtmarkskult vid Skedemosse under järnåldern |date=2010 |publisher=Stockholm University |url=https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A309712&amp;dswid=1350 |language=Swedish}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nelson |first=Lance E. |title=Studying Hinduism: Key Concepts and Methods |publisher=Routledge |year=2008 |editor-last=Mittal |editor-first=Sushil |location=London |chapter=Ecology |editor-last2=Thursby |editor-first2=Gene}}
* {{cite thesis |last1=Pevan |first1=Erin Kristine |title=With the wagon-guider, a word do I seek: Examining gender, myth, ceremony, and interment in the social history of wagons in the Viking Age |date=2019 |publisher=Universitet i Oslo |url=https://www.duo.uio.no/handle/10852/70123}}
* {{cite book |last=Semple |first=Sarah |title=Signals of Belief in Early England: Anglo-Saxon Paganism Revisited |date=2010 |publisher=Oxbow Books |isbn=978-1-84217-395-4 |chapter=Chapter 2, In the Open Air |jstor=j.ctt1cd0nf9.8 |chapter-url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1cd0nf9.8}}
* {{cite book |last1=Simek |first1=Rudolf |author-link=Rudolf Simek |title=A Dictionary of Northern Mythology |date=2008 |publisher=BOYE6 |isbn=9780859915137 |translator1-last=Hall |translator-first=Angela}}
* {{Cite book |last=Strang |first=Veronica |author-link=Veronica Strang |title=The Meaning of Water |publisher=Berg Publishers |year=2004 |location=New York}}
* {{Cite book |last=Varner |first=Gary R. |title=Water of Life Water of Death: The Folklore and Mythology of Sacred Waters |publisher=PublishAmerica |year=2004 |location=Baltimore}}
* {{cite web |title=Gundestrupkedlen, Gundestrup |url=https://samlinger.natmus.dk/do/asset/13955 |access-date=14 June 2023 |website=Nationalmuseets Samlinger Online |ref={{SfnRef|Gundestrupkedlen}}}}
[[Category:Sacred waters| ]]
[[Category:Water den religion]]
[[Category:Holiness]]
[[Category:Religious places]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cocody Flood Canal</title>
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      <id>102103</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-12T19:10:16Z</timestamp>
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        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Make sum corrections</comment>
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De '''Cocody Flood Canal''' (French: ''Canal de drainage de Cocody'') be a stormwater drainage infrastructure wey locate insyd de Cocody commune of Abidjan, [[Ivory Coast]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-12-06 |title=Côte d'Ivoire {{!}} AFD - Agence Française de Développement |url=https://www.afd.fr/en/countries-regions/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.afd.fr |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; E dey form part of de city ein broader flood management system dem design to mitigate recurrent flooding insyd low-lying urban areas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P167877 |url=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P167877 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}{{dead link|date=June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Background ==

Cocody be one of di biggest and most populated communes for Abidjan, and e dey north side of Ébrié Lagoon. Di area dey receive heavy seasonal rainfall, and annual rainfall dey pass 1,800 mm, so flood management be very important part of urban infrastructure for di area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cote d'Ivoire - Country Overview {{!}} Climate Change Knowledge Portal |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Abidjan |date=2026-05-15 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abidjan&amp;oldid=1354283212 |access-date=2026-05-31 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fast urbanization and expansion of informal settlements don put serious pressure on di commune ein drainage systems.&lt;ref name=&quot;worldbank&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}{{dead link|date=June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inadequate drainage capacity and poor waste management be some of di main reasons wey dey contribute to persistent flooding problems.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Strengthening Flood Resilience in Rapidly Growing Cities {{!}} World Bank Group |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2026/01/26/strengthening-flood-resilience-in-rapidly-growing-cities |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Infrastructure and function ==

Di canal dey designed make e channel excess stormwater comot from residential neighborhoods and major roads, and direct di runoff go Ébrié Lagoon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ministère de l’Urbanisme du Logement et du Cadre de Vie |url=https://construction.gouv.ci/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; E dey operate together with smaller collector drains and retention basins wey dey spread across di commune.

Di Cocody drainage network don go through several rehabilitation projects wey di Ivorian government and international development partners, including di World Bank, fund as part of di Abidjan Urban Resilience Project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ivory Coast - Abidjan Sewerage and Drainage Project |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/180061468913883228 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Flooding issues ==

Even though di canal dey, Cocody still dey experience flooding during periods of heavy rainfall. Research and government reports point to several causes, including:&lt;ref name=&quot;worldbank&quot; /&gt;

* Sedimentation and silt accumulation inside di canal
* Blockage by solid waste and plastic debris
* Informal structures wey encroach on drainage easements
* Inadequate maintenance and cleaning schedules

For June 2018, severe flooding for Cocody cause multiple deaths and significant property damage. Dis event make government focus again on investing in drainage infrastructure.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire: Post-Disaster Needs Assessment, Recovery Framework and Technical Studies for Urban Resilience to Flood Risk in Abidjan {{!}} GFDRR |url=https://www.gfdrr.org/en/cote-divoire-post-disaster-needs-assessment-recovery-framework-and-technical-studies-urban |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.gfdrr.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Recent developments ==

For 2020, di Ivorian government launch di ''Projet de Gestion Intégrée des Eaux Pluviales à Abidjan'' (Integrated Stormwater Management Project for Abidjan), wey include rehabilitation and expansion of di Cocody drainage canal system.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire - Portail officiel du Gouvernement ::  Bienvenue |url=https://www.gouv.ci/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260522061510/https://www.gouv.ci/ |archive-date=2026-05-22 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=gouv.ci |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di project get support from Agence Française de Développement (AFD) and e aim to reduce flood risk for more than 500,000 residents.

== See Also ==

* Geography of Ivory Coast
* Ébrié Lagoon

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Ivory Coast}}

[[Category:Water in Ivory Coast]]
[[Category:Abidjan]]
[[Category:Cocody]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Abidjan]]</text>
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      <id>102104</id>
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        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
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De '''Cocody Flood Canal''' (French: ''Canal de drainage de Cocody'') be a stormwater drainage infrastructure wey locate insyd de Cocody commune of Abidjan, [[Ivory Coast]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-12-06 |title=Côte d'Ivoire {{!}} AFD - Agence Française de Développement |url=https://www.afd.fr/en/countries-regions/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.afd.fr |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; E dey form part of de city ein broader flood management system dem design to mitigate recurrent flooding insyd low-lying urban areas. 

== Background ==
Cocody be one of de largest den most populous communes of Abidjan, e situate on de northern side of de Ébrié Lagoon. De area dey experience heavy seasonal rainfall, plus annual precipitation wey dey exceed 1,800 mm, wey dey make flood management a critical urban infrastructure concern.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cote d'Ivoire - Country Overview {{!}} Climate Change Knowledge Portal |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Infrastructure den function ==

Di canal dey designed make e channel excess stormwater comot from residential neighborhoods and major roads, and direct di runoff go Ébrié Lagoon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ministère de l’Urbanisme du Logement et du Cadre de Vie |url=https://construction.gouv.ci/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; E dey operate together with smaller collector drains and retention basins wey dey spread across di commune.

Di Cocody drainage network don go through several rehabilitation projects wey di Ivorian government and international development partners, including di World Bank, fund as part of di Abidjan Urban Resilience Project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ivory Coast - Abidjan Sewerage and Drainage Project |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/180061468913883228 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Flooding issues ==

Even though di canal dey, Cocody still dey experience flooding during periods of heavy rainfall. Research and government reports point to several causes, including:&lt;ref name=&quot;worldbank&quot; /&gt;

* Sedimentation and silt accumulation inside di canal
* Blockage by solid waste and plastic debris
* Informal structures wey encroach on drainage easements
* Inadequate maintenance and cleaning schedules

For June 2018, severe flooding for Cocody cause multiple deaths and significant property damage. Dis event make government focus again on investing in drainage infrastructure.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire: Post-Disaster Needs Assessment, Recovery Framework and Technical Studies for Urban Resilience to Flood Risk in Abidjan {{!}} GFDRR |url=https://www.gfdrr.org/en/cote-divoire-post-disaster-needs-assessment-recovery-framework-and-technical-studies-urban |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.gfdrr.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Recent developments ==

For 2020, di Ivorian government launch di ''Projet de Gestion Intégrée des Eaux Pluviales à Abidjan'' (Integrated Stormwater Management Project for Abidjan), wey include rehabilitation and expansion of di Cocody drainage canal system.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire - Portail officiel du Gouvernement ::  Bienvenue |url=https://www.gouv.ci/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260522061510/https://www.gouv.ci/ |archive-date=2026-05-22 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=gouv.ci |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di project get support from Agence Française de Développement (AFD) and e aim to reduce flood risk for more than 500,000 residents.

== See Also ==

* Geography of Ivory Coast
* Ébrié Lagoon

== References ==
[[Category:Water in Ivory Coast]]
[[Category:Abidjan]]
[[Category:Cocody]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Abidjan]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>102105</id>
      <parentid>102104</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T19:17:35Z</timestamp>
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        <username>DaSupremo</username>
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De '''Cocody Flood Canal''' (French: ''Canal de drainage de Cocody'') be a stormwater drainage infrastructure wey locate insyd de Cocody commune of Abidjan, [[Ivory Coast]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-12-06 |title=Côte d'Ivoire {{!}} AFD - Agence Française de Développement |url=https://www.afd.fr/en/countries-regions/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.afd.fr |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; E dey form part of de city ein broader flood management system dem design to mitigate recurrent flooding insyd low-lying urban areas. 

== Background ==
Cocody be one of de largest den most populous communes of Abidjan, e situate on de northern side of de Ébrié Lagoon. De area dey experience heavy seasonal rainfall, plus annual precipitation wey dey exceed 1,800 mm, wey dey make flood management a critical urban infrastructure concern.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cote d'Ivoire - Country Overview {{!}} Climate Change Knowledge Portal |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rapid urbanization den informal settlement expansion place significant pressure on de commune ein drainage systems. Dem identify inadequate drainage capacity den poor waste management as contributing factors to persistent flooding problems.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Strengthening Flood Resilience in Rapidly Growing Cities {{!}} World Bank Group |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2026/01/26/strengthening-flood-resilience-in-rapidly-growing-cities |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Infrastructure den function ==

Di canal dey designed make e channel excess stormwater comot from residential neighborhoods and major roads, and direct di runoff go Ébrié Lagoon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ministère de l’Urbanisme du Logement et du Cadre de Vie |url=https://construction.gouv.ci/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; E dey operate together with smaller collector drains and retention basins wey dey spread across di commune.

Di Cocody drainage network don go through several rehabilitation projects wey di Ivorian government and international development partners, including di World Bank, fund as part of di Abidjan Urban Resilience Project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ivory Coast - Abidjan Sewerage and Drainage Project |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/180061468913883228 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Flooding issues ==

Even though di canal dey, Cocody still dey experience flooding during periods of heavy rainfall. Research and government reports point to several causes, including:&lt;ref name=&quot;worldbank&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}{{dead link|date=June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Sedimentation and silt accumulation inside di canal
* Blockage by solid waste and plastic debris
* Informal structures wey encroach on drainage easements
* Inadequate maintenance and cleaning schedules

For June 2018, severe flooding for Cocody cause multiple deaths and significant property damage. Dis event make government focus again on investing in drainage infrastructure.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire: Post-Disaster Needs Assessment, Recovery Framework and Technical Studies for Urban Resilience to Flood Risk in Abidjan {{!}} GFDRR |url=https://www.gfdrr.org/en/cote-divoire-post-disaster-needs-assessment-recovery-framework-and-technical-studies-urban |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.gfdrr.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Recent developments ==

For 2020, di Ivorian government launch di ''Projet de Gestion Intégrée des Eaux Pluviales à Abidjan'' (Integrated Stormwater Management Project for Abidjan), wey include rehabilitation and expansion of di Cocody drainage canal system.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire - Portail officiel du Gouvernement ::  Bienvenue |url=https://www.gouv.ci/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260522061510/https://www.gouv.ci/ |archive-date=2026-05-22 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=gouv.ci |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di project get support from Agence Française de Développement (AFD) and e aim to reduce flood risk for more than 500,000 residents.

== References ==
[[Category:Water in Ivory Coast]]
[[Category:Abidjan]]
[[Category:Cocody]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Abidjan]]</text>
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De '''Cocody Flood Canal''' (French: ''Canal de drainage de Cocody'') be a stormwater drainage infrastructure wey locate insyd de Cocody commune of Abidjan, [[Ivory Coast]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-12-06 |title=Côte d'Ivoire {{!}} AFD - Agence Française de Développement |url=https://www.afd.fr/en/countries-regions/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.afd.fr |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; E dey form part of de city ein broader flood management system dem design to mitigate recurrent flooding insyd low-lying urban areas. 

== Background ==
Cocody be one of de largest den most populous communes of Abidjan, e situate on de northern side of de Ébrié Lagoon. De area dey experience heavy seasonal rainfall, plus annual precipitation wey dey exceed 1,800 mm, wey dey make flood management a critical urban infrastructure concern.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cote d'Ivoire - Country Overview {{!}} Climate Change Knowledge Portal |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rapid urbanization den informal settlement expansion place significant pressure on de commune ein drainage systems. Dem identify inadequate drainage capacity den poor waste management as contributing factors to persistent flooding problems.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Strengthening Flood Resilience in Rapidly Growing Cities {{!}} World Bank Group |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2026/01/26/strengthening-flood-resilience-in-rapidly-growing-cities |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Infrastructure den function ==
De canal be designed to channel excess stormwater away from residential neighborhoods den major roadways, wey dey direct runoff toward de Ébrié Lagoon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ministère de l’Urbanisme du Logement et du Cadre de Vie |url=https://construction.gouv.ci/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; E dey operate in conjunction plus smaller collector drains den retention basins dem distribute thru out de commune.

De Cocody drainage network undergo several rehabilitation projects dem fund by de Ivorian government den international development partners, wey dey include de World Bank, as part of de Abidjan Urban Resilience Project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ivory Coast - Abidjan Sewerage and Drainage Project |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/180061468913883228 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Flooding issues ==

Even though di canal dey, Cocody still dey experience flooding during periods of heavy rainfall. Research and government reports point to several causes, including:&lt;ref name=&quot;worldbank&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}{{dead link|date=June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Sedimentation and silt accumulation inside di canal
* Blockage by solid waste and plastic debris
* Informal structures wey encroach on drainage easements
* Inadequate maintenance and cleaning schedules

For June 2018, severe flooding for Cocody cause multiple deaths and significant property damage. Dis event make government focus again on investing in drainage infrastructure.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire: Post-Disaster Needs Assessment, Recovery Framework and Technical Studies for Urban Resilience to Flood Risk in Abidjan {{!}} GFDRR |url=https://www.gfdrr.org/en/cote-divoire-post-disaster-needs-assessment-recovery-framework-and-technical-studies-urban |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.gfdrr.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Recent developments ==

For 2020, di Ivorian government launch di ''Projet de Gestion Intégrée des Eaux Pluviales à Abidjan'' (Integrated Stormwater Management Project for Abidjan), wey include rehabilitation and expansion of di Cocody drainage canal system.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire - Portail officiel du Gouvernement ::  Bienvenue |url=https://www.gouv.ci/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260522061510/https://www.gouv.ci/ |archive-date=2026-05-22 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=gouv.ci |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di project get support from Agence Française de Développement (AFD) and e aim to reduce flood risk for more than 500,000 residents.

== References ==
[[Category:Water in Ivory Coast]]
[[Category:Abidjan]]
[[Category:Cocody]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Abidjan]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-12T19:23:13Z</timestamp>
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De '''Cocody Flood Canal''' (French: ''Canal de drainage de Cocody'') be a stormwater drainage infrastructure wey locate insyd de Cocody commune of Abidjan, [[Ivory Coast]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-12-06 |title=Côte d'Ivoire {{!}} AFD - Agence Française de Développement |url=https://www.afd.fr/en/countries-regions/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.afd.fr |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; E dey form part of de city ein broader flood management system dem design to mitigate recurrent flooding insyd low-lying urban areas. 

== Background ==
Cocody be one of de largest den most populous communes of Abidjan, e situate on de northern side of de Ébrié Lagoon. De area dey experience heavy seasonal rainfall, plus annual precipitation wey dey exceed 1,800 mm, wey dey make flood management a critical urban infrastructure concern.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cote d'Ivoire - Country Overview {{!}} Climate Change Knowledge Portal |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rapid urbanization den informal settlement expansion place significant pressure on de commune ein drainage systems. Dem identify inadequate drainage capacity den poor waste management as contributing factors to persistent flooding problems.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Strengthening Flood Resilience in Rapidly Growing Cities {{!}} World Bank Group |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2026/01/26/strengthening-flood-resilience-in-rapidly-growing-cities |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Infrastructure den function ==
De canal be designed to channel excess stormwater away from residential neighborhoods den major roadways, wey dey direct runoff toward de Ébrié Lagoon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ministère de l’Urbanisme du Logement et du Cadre de Vie |url=https://construction.gouv.ci/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; E dey operate in conjunction plus smaller collector drains den retention basins dem distribute thru out de commune.

De Cocody drainage network undergo several rehabilitation projects dem fund by de Ivorian government den international development partners, wey dey include de World Bank, as part of de Abidjan Urban Resilience Project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ivory Coast - Abidjan Sewerage and Drainage Project |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/180061468913883228 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Flooding issues ==
Despite de canal ein presence, Cocody continue dey experience flooding during intense rainfall events. Research den government reports cite several causes, wey dey include:

* Sedimentation den silt accumulation within de canal
* Blockage by solid waste den plastic debris
* Encroachment of informal structures on drainage easements
* Insufficient maintenance den cleaning schedules

Insyd June 2018, severe flooding insyd Cocody cause multiple fatalities den significant property damage, wey dey prompt renewed government attention to drainage infrastructure investment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire: Post-Disaster Needs Assessment, Recovery Framework and Technical Studies for Urban Resilience to Flood Risk in Abidjan {{!}} GFDRR |url=https://www.gfdrr.org/en/cote-divoire-post-disaster-needs-assessment-recovery-framework-and-technical-studies-urban |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.gfdrr.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Recent developments ==

For 2020, di Ivorian government launch di ''Projet de Gestion Intégrée des Eaux Pluviales à Abidjan'' (Integrated Stormwater Management Project for Abidjan), wey include rehabilitation and expansion of di Cocody drainage canal system.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire - Portail officiel du Gouvernement ::  Bienvenue |url=https://www.gouv.ci/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260522061510/https://www.gouv.ci/ |archive-date=2026-05-22 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=gouv.ci |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di project get support from Agence Française de Développement (AFD) and e aim to reduce flood risk for more than 500,000 residents.

== References ==
[[Category:Water in Ivory Coast]]
[[Category:Abidjan]]
[[Category:Cocody]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Abidjan]]</text>
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      <id>102108</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-12T20:00:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
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      <comment>Make sum corrections</comment>
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De '''Cocody Flood Canal''' (French: ''Canal de drainage de Cocody'') be a stormwater drainage infrastructure wey locate insyd de Cocody commune of Abidjan, [[Ivory Coast]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-12-06 |title=Côte d'Ivoire {{!}} AFD - Agence Française de Développement |url=https://www.afd.fr/en/countries-regions/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.afd.fr |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; E dey form part of de city ein broader flood management system dem design to mitigate recurrent flooding insyd low-lying urban areas. 

== Background ==
Cocody be one of de largest den most populous communes of Abidjan, e situate on de northern side of de Ébrié Lagoon. De area dey experience heavy seasonal rainfall, plus annual precipitation wey dey exceed 1,800 mm, wey dey make flood management a critical urban infrastructure concern.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cote d'Ivoire - Country Overview {{!}} Climate Change Knowledge Portal |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rapid urbanization den informal settlement expansion place significant pressure on de commune ein drainage systems. Dem identify inadequate drainage capacity den poor waste management as contributing factors to persistent flooding problems.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Strengthening Flood Resilience in Rapidly Growing Cities {{!}} World Bank Group |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2026/01/26/strengthening-flood-resilience-in-rapidly-growing-cities |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Infrastructure den function ==
De canal be designed to channel excess stormwater away from residential neighborhoods den major roadways, wey dey direct runoff toward de Ébrié Lagoon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ministère de l’Urbanisme du Logement et du Cadre de Vie |url=https://construction.gouv.ci/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; E dey operate in conjunction plus smaller collector drains den retention basins dem distribute thru out de commune.

De Cocody drainage network undergo several rehabilitation projects dem fund by de Ivorian government den international development partners, wey dey include de World Bank, as part of de Abidjan Urban Resilience Project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ivory Coast - Abidjan Sewerage and Drainage Project |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/180061468913883228 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Flooding issues ==
Despite de canal ein presence, Cocody continue dey experience flooding during intense rainfall events. Research den government reports cite several causes, wey dey include:

* Sedimentation den silt accumulation within de canal
* Blockage by solid waste den plastic debris
* Encroachment of informal structures on drainage easements
* Insufficient maintenance den cleaning schedules

Insyd June 2018, severe flooding insyd Cocody cause multiple fatalities den significant property damage, wey dey prompt renewed government attention to drainage infrastructure investment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire: Post-Disaster Needs Assessment, Recovery Framework and Technical Studies for Urban Resilience to Flood Risk in Abidjan {{!}} GFDRR |url=https://www.gfdrr.org/en/cote-divoire-post-disaster-needs-assessment-recovery-framework-and-technical-studies-urban |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.gfdrr.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Recent developments ==
Insyd 2020, de Ivorian government launch de ''Projet de Gestion Intégrée des Eaux Pluviales à Abidjan'' (Integrated Stormwater Management Project for Abidjan), wich dey include de rehabilitation den expansion of de Cocody drainage canal system.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire - Portail officiel du Gouvernement ::  Bienvenue |url=https://www.gouv.ci/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260522061510/https://www.gouv.ci/ |archive-date=2026-05-22 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=gouv.ci |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project be supported by de ''Agence Française de Développement'' (AFD) wey dey aim to reduce flood risk for over 500,000 residents.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Abidjan]]
[[Category:Cocody]]
[[Category:Buildings den structures insyd Abidjan]]
[[Category:Water insyd Ivory Coast]]</text>
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      <id>102112</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-12T20:03:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
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      <comment>Add category</comment>
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De '''Cocody Flood Canal''' (French: ''Canal de drainage de Cocody'') be a stormwater drainage infrastructure wey locate insyd de Cocody commune of Abidjan, [[Ivory Coast]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-12-06 |title=Côte d'Ivoire {{!}} AFD - Agence Française de Développement |url=https://www.afd.fr/en/countries-regions/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.afd.fr |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; E dey form part of de city ein broader flood management system dem design to mitigate recurrent flooding insyd low-lying urban areas. 

== Background ==
Cocody be one of de largest den most populous communes of Abidjan, e situate on de northern side of de Ébrié Lagoon. De area dey experience heavy seasonal rainfall, plus annual precipitation wey dey exceed 1,800 mm, wey dey make flood management a critical urban infrastructure concern.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cote d'Ivoire - Country Overview {{!}} Climate Change Knowledge Portal |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rapid urbanization den informal settlement expansion place significant pressure on de commune ein drainage systems. Dem identify inadequate drainage capacity den poor waste management as contributing factors to persistent flooding problems.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Strengthening Flood Resilience in Rapidly Growing Cities {{!}} World Bank Group |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2026/01/26/strengthening-flood-resilience-in-rapidly-growing-cities |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Infrastructure den function ==
De canal be designed to channel excess stormwater away from residential neighborhoods den major roadways, wey dey direct runoff toward de Ébrié Lagoon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ministère de l’Urbanisme du Logement et du Cadre de Vie |url=https://construction.gouv.ci/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; E dey operate in conjunction plus smaller collector drains den retention basins dem distribute thru out de commune.

De Cocody drainage network undergo several rehabilitation projects dem fund by de Ivorian government den international development partners, wey dey include de World Bank, as part of de Abidjan Urban Resilience Project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ivory Coast - Abidjan Sewerage and Drainage Project |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/180061468913883228 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Flooding issues ==
Despite de canal ein presence, Cocody continue dey experience flooding during intense rainfall events. Research den government reports cite several causes, wey dey include:

* Sedimentation den silt accumulation within de canal
* Blockage by solid waste den plastic debris
* Encroachment of informal structures on drainage easements
* Insufficient maintenance den cleaning schedules

Insyd June 2018, severe flooding insyd Cocody cause multiple fatalities den significant property damage, wey dey prompt renewed government attention to drainage infrastructure investment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire: Post-Disaster Needs Assessment, Recovery Framework and Technical Studies for Urban Resilience to Flood Risk in Abidjan {{!}} GFDRR |url=https://www.gfdrr.org/en/cote-divoire-post-disaster-needs-assessment-recovery-framework-and-technical-studies-urban |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.gfdrr.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Recent developments ==
Insyd 2020, de Ivorian government launch de ''Projet de Gestion Intégrée des Eaux Pluviales à Abidjan'' (Integrated Stormwater Management Project for Abidjan), wich dey include de rehabilitation den expansion of de Cocody drainage canal system.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire - Portail officiel du Gouvernement ::  Bienvenue |url=https://www.gouv.ci/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260522061510/https://www.gouv.ci/ |archive-date=2026-05-22 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=gouv.ci |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project be supported by de ''Agence Française de Développement'' (AFD) wey dey aim to reduce flood risk for over 500,000 residents.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Abidjan]]
[[Category:Canals]]
[[Category:Cocody]]
[[Category:Buildings den structures insyd Abidjan]]
[[Category:Water insyd Ivory Coast]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sobat River</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-12T17:42:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
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      <comment>Make sum corrections</comment>
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De '''Sobat River''' be a river of de Greater Upper Nile region insyd northeastern [[South Sudan]], [[Africa]]. E be de most southerly of de great eastern tributaries of de [[White Nile]], before de confluence plus de [[Blue Nile]].
==Geography==
De Sobat River be formed by de confluence of de west-flowing Baro River den de north-flowing Pibot River, on de border plus [[Ethiopia]]. De river dey enter de [[White Nile]] at Doleib Hill, near de city of Malakal  insyd Upper Nile State.

Wen insyd flood de Sobat River dey produce an enormous discharge wey dey carry a white sediment, wich dey give de White Nile ein name.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Access Sites {{!}} Britannica Education |url=https://education.eb.com/en-US?target=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.eb.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9068426 |access-date=2026-06-12 |website=education.eb.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
===Hydrology===
De Sobat den ein tributaries drain a watershed approximately {{convert|225000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} insyd size. De river ein mean annual discharge be 412 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (14,500 cu ft/s).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last= Shahin |first= Mamdouh |title= Hydrology and Water Resources of Africa |year= 2002 |publisher= Springer |isbn= 1-4020-0866-X |pages= 276, 288}}; online at [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmdYFTlcSgEC Google Books]&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
[[Category:Sobat River]]
[[Category:Rivers of South Sudan]]
[[Category:Tributaries of de Nile]]
[[Category:Greater Upper Nile]]
[[Category:Nile basin]]</text>
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      <comment>Improve article</comment>
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De '''Sobat River''' be a river of de Greater Upper Nile region insyd northeastern [[South Sudan]], [[Africa]]. E be de most southerly of de great eastern tributaries of de [[White Nile]], before de confluence plus de [[Blue Nile]].
==Geography==
De Sobat River be formed by de confluence of de west-flowing Baro River den de north-flowing Pibot River, on de border plus [[Ethiopia]]. De river dey enter de [[White Nile]] at Doleib Hill, near de city of Malakal  insyd Upper Nile State.

Wen insyd flood de Sobat River dey produce an enormous discharge wey dey carry a white sediment, wich dey give de White Nile ein name.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Access Sites {{!}} Britannica Education |url=https://education.eb.com/en-US?target=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.eb.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9068426 |access-date=2026-06-12 |website=education.eb.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
===Hydrology===
De Sobat den ein tributaries drain a watershed approximately {{convert|225000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} insyd size. De river ein mean annual discharge be 412 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (14,500 cu ft/s).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last= Shahin |first= Mamdouh |title= Hydrology and Water Resources of Africa |year= 2002 |publisher= Springer |isbn= 1-4020-0866-X |pages= 276, 288}}; online at [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmdYFTlcSgEC Google Books]&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). [[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Sobat|&quot;Sobat&quot;]]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). pp. 299–300.

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sobat River| ]]
[[Category:Rivers of South Sudan]]
[[Category:Tributaries of de Nile]]
[[Category:Upper Nile (state)]]
[[Category:Greater Upper Nile]]
[[Category:Nile basin]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Groot River (Western Cape)</title>
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        <username>Yaw tuba</username>
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      <comment>made corrections #AWC2026</comment>
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{{Short description|River in the Western Cape, South Africa}}
{{About|tributary of the Riet River (Doring)|other rivers|Groot River (disambiguation){{!}}Groot River}}
De '''Groot River''' (English: &quot;Large River&quot;) be river insyd de [[Western Cape Province]], [[South Africa]]. Ebe part of de [[Olifants/Doring River]] system. You for no confuse your body plus de [[Groot River (Eastern Cape)|Groot River of Eastern Cape]] anaa de [[Groot River (Southern Cape)|Groot River of Southern Cape]] provinces.

==Ein Course==
Ebe formed by de confluence of de Twee River and Lang River, wey dem dey flow from de eastern slopes of de [[Cederberg Mountains]], southeast of [[Citrusdal]].

De Groot dey flow go east through de Skurweberge Mountains where e join de Riet River wey rise as de Winkelhaak River and Houdenbeks River north of Ceres. Below dis confluence, de Riet River be joined by de Brandkraals River and Matjies River, after which e flow insyd de Doring [[Doring River]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA17OlifantsDoorn.jpg Olifants/Doorn WMA 17]&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ein Ecology==
De [[Clanwilliam Yellowfish]] (''Labeobarbus capensis''), sam local [[endemism|endemic]] wey dey classify as [[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]] by de [[IUCN]], dey dis river insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/KV212-web-conservation.pdf |title=Technical Report on the State of Yellowfishes in South Africa 2007 |access-date=2012-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629065416/http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/KV212-web-conservation.pdf |archive-date=2017-06-29 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana spy ==
* [[:en:List_of_rivers_of_South_Africa|List of rivers of South Africa]]

==References==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083759/http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/1483-1-09.pdf The Influence of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Temperature on the Distribution, Habitat, Use and Recruitment of Threatened Cyprinids in a Western Cape River, South Africa]
*[http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverWCDoring/DORINGRiver_Tributories%20.htm Doring River: Tributaries]

[[Category:Rivers of de Western Cape]]</text>
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        <username>Yaw tuba</username>
        <id>7</id>
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      <comment>made corrections #AWC2026</comment>
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{{Short description|River in the Western Cape, South Africa}}
{{About|tributary of the Riet River (Doring)|other rivers|Groot River (disambiguation){{!}}Groot River}}
De '''Groot River''' (English: &quot;Large River&quot;) be river insyd de [[Western Cape Province]], [[South Africa]]. Ebe part of de [[Olifants River (Western Cape)|Olifants/Doring River]] system. You for no confuse your body plus de [[Groot River (Eastern Cape)|Groot River of Eastern Cape]] anaa de [[Groot River (Southern Cape)|Groot River of Southern Cape]] provinces.

==Ein Course==
Ebe formed by de confluence of de Twee River and Lang River, wey dem dey flow from de eastern slopes of de [[Cederberg Mountains]], southeast of [[Citrusdal]].

De Groot dey flow go east through de Skurweberge Mountains where e join de Riet River wey rise as de Winkelhaak River and Houdenbeks River north of Ceres. Below dis confluence, de Riet River be joined by de Brandkraals River and Matjies River, after which e flow insyd de [[Doring River]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA17OlifantsDoorn.jpg Olifants/Doorn WMA 17]&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ein Ecology==
De [[Clanwilliam Yellowfish]] (''Labeobarbus capensis''), sam local [[endemism|endemic]] wey dey classify as [[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]] by de [[IUCN]], dey dis river insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/KV212-web-conservation.pdf |title=Technical Report on the State of Yellowfishes in South Africa 2007 |access-date=2012-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629065416/http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/KV212-web-conservation.pdf |archive-date=2017-06-29 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana spy ==
* [[:en:List_of_rivers_of_South_Africa|List of rivers of South Africa]]

==References==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083759/http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/1483-1-09.pdf The Influence of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Temperature on the Distribution, Habitat, Use and Recruitment of Threatened Cyprinids in a Western Cape River, South Africa]
*[http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverWCDoring/DORINGRiver_Tributories%20.htm Doring River: Tributaries]

[[Category:Rivers of de Western Cape]]</text>
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    <title>Niger Delta</title>
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        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="159" sha1="q2525uguhd43ymogml9mtmk30rtxize" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]</text>
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        <id>1692</id>
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      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]</text>
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      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd.</text>
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      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include:</text>
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      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.</text>
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        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
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      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate.</text>
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        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
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      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide.</text>
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        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
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      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.</text>
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        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>102121</origin>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==</text>
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        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>102122</origin>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions).</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence.</text>
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      <id>102159</id>
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        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;</text>
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        <id>1692</id>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights.</text>
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      <id>102162</id>
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        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create.</text>
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      <id>102163</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-12T21:45:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies.</text>
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        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni People (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara).</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m3) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m3) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m3) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m3) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]).</text>
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      <id>102198</id>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot;</text>
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        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group.</text>
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      <id>102202</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-12T23:01:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.</text>
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      <id>102203</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-12T23:02:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.</text>
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      <id>102206</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-12T23:05:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}</text>
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      <id>102207</id>
      <parentid>102206</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T23:06:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}}</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.</text>
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      <id>102210</id>
      <parentid>102209</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T23:12:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;</text>
      <sha1>afzyvvvnmo2jddbt7it4y8w46ttg6i1</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>102211</id>
      <parentid>102210</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T23:15:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>102212</id>
      <parentid>102211</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T23:17:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>102212</origin>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>102213</id>
      <parentid>102212</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T23:18:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. .</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>102218</id>
      <parentid>102217</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T23:21:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>102219</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-12T23:22:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>102220</id>
      <parentid>102219</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T23:23:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>102220</origin>
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      <text bytes="16538" sha1="49ka47pxb1okbvxmurnr7vcbjf5h7b1" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am. De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am.</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>102221</id>
      <parentid>102220</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T23:24:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>102221</origin>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am. De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am. De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage.</text>
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      <id>102224</id>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am. De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am. De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top.</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>102226</id>
      <parentid>102225</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T23:28:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>102226</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="17283" sha1="qqi15uy5371fl6k134g1ynn27rtc8v1" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am. De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>102228</id>
      <parentid>102226</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T23:32:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>102228</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am. De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am. De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am.</text>
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        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am. De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am. Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene, as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am. De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am. Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene, as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am. De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am. Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene, as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration. Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am. De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am. Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene, as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration. Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am. De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am. Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene, as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration. Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses.</text>
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        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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      <text bytes="18434" sha1="kjper5e081r9xrl412b4bialmex0gnb" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am. De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am. Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene, as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration. Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses. For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am. De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am. Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene, as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration. Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses. For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility. Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am. De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am. Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene, as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration. Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses. For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility. Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am. 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am. De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am. Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene, as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration. Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses. For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility. Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am. 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am. De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am. Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene, as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration. Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses. For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility. Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am. 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe. Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am. De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am. Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene, as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration. Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses. For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility. Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am. 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe. Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am. De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am. Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene, as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration. Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses. For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility. Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am. 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe. Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am. De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am. Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene, as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration. Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses. For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility. Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am. 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe. Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am. De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am. Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene, as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration. Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses. For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility. Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am. 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe. Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demmma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>102248</id>
      <parentid>102246</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T23:40:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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      <text bytes="19851" sha1="bn5qb5ab5cp21u5fvpx3glcp6egsgn4" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am. De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am. Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene, as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration. Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses. For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility. Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am. 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe. Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demmma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>102250</id>
      <parentid>102248</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T23:41:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>102250</origin>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am. De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am. Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene, as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration. Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses. For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility. Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am. 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe. Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demmma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am. De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am. Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene, as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration. Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses. For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility. Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am. 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe. Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demmma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am. De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am. Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene, as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration. Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses. For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility. Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am. 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe. Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demmma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am. De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am. Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene, as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration. Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses. For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility. Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am. 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe. Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demmma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.

Anoda facet of de pippoe ein livelihoods be demma culture.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am. De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am. Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene, as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration. Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses. For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility. Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am. 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe. Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demmma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.

Anoda facet of de pippoe ein livelihoods be demma culture. De Niger Delta ein pippoe get strong spiritual den cultural ties to demma environment.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am. De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am. Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene, as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration. Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses. For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility. Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am. 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe. Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demmma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.

Anoda facet of de pippoe ein livelihoods be demma culture. De Niger Delta ein pippoe get strong spiritual den cultural ties to demma environment. De harm inflict for demma land top den waterways wey oil spills cause am dey deeply disrupt sacred sites den dey interfere plus demma cultural practices.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am. De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am. Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene, as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration. Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses. For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility. Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am. 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe. Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demmma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.

Anoda facet of de pippoe ein livelihoods be demma culture. De Niger Delta ein pippoe get strong spiritual den cultural ties to demma environment. De harm inflict for demma land top den waterways wey oil spills cause am dey deeply disrupt sacred sites den dey interfere plus demma cultural practices. De loss of dem cultural elements dey contribute to a sense of displacement den identity crisis among de affected groups/communities.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am. De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am. Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene, as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration. Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses. For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility. Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am. 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe. Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demmma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.

Anoda facet of de pippoe ein livelihoods be demma culture. De Niger Delta ein pippoe get strong spiritual den cultural ties to demma environment. De harm inflict for demma land top den waterways wey oil spills cause am dey deeply disrupt sacred sites den dey interfere plus demma cultural practices. De loss of dem cultural elements dey contribute to a sense of displacement den identity crisis among de affected groups/communities.

Additionally, wen communities fight back against de oil industries as an act of protest, violence be often perpetuated.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am. De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am. Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene, as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration. Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses. For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility. Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am. 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe. Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.

Anoda facet of de pippoe ein livelihoods be demma culture. De Niger Delta ein pippoe get strong spiritual den cultural ties to demma environment. De harm inflict for demma land top den waterways wey oil spills cause am dey deeply disrupt sacred sites den dey interfere plus demma cultural practices. De loss of dem cultural elements dey contribute to a sense of displacement den identity crisis among de affected groups/communities.

Additionally, wen communities fight back against de oil industries as an act of protest, violence be often perpetuated. Since de 1990s der already be continuous violence for an effort insyd to give local communities control of de oil for de delta insyd.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am. De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am. Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene, as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration. Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses. For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility. Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am. 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe. Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.

Anoda facet of de pippoe ein livelihoods be demma culture. De Niger Delta ein pippoe get strong spiritual den cultural ties to demma environment. De harm inflict for demma land top den waterways wey oil spills cause am dey deeply disrupt sacred sites den dey interfere plus demma cultural practices. De loss of dem cultural elements dey contribute to a sense of displacement den identity crisis among de affected groups/communities.

Additionally, wen communities fight back against de oil industries as an act of protest, violence be often perpetuated. Since de 1990s der already be continuous violence for an effort insyd to give local communities control of de oil for de delta insyd. Dem acts of violence dey include de kidnapping of foreign oil workers den dey hold dem give ransom, vandalization, den even de blowing up of oil installations.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd. Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am. De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am. Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene, as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration. Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses. For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility. Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am. 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe. Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.

Anoda facet of de pippoe ein livelihoods be demma culture. De Niger Delta ein pippoe get strong spiritual den cultural ties to demma environment. De harm inflict for demma land top den waterways wey oil spills cause am dey deeply disrupt sacred sites den dey interfere plus demma cultural practices. De loss of dem cultural elements dey contribute to a sense of displacement den identity crisis among de affected groups/communities.

Additionally, wen communities fight back against de oil industries as an act of protest, violence be often perpetuated. Since de 1990s der already be continuous violence for an effort insyd to give local communities control of de oil for de delta insyd. Dem acts of violence dey include de kidnapping of foreign oil workers den dey hold dem give ransom, vandalization, den even de blowing up of oil installations.

== References ==</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd.&lt;ref&gt;C. Michael Hogan, [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166 &quot;Niger River&quot;, in M. McGinley (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Earth''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420075935/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166|date=2013-04-20}}, Washington, DC: National Council for Science and Environment, 2013&lt;/ref&gt; Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am. De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am. Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene, as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration. Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses. For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility. Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am. 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe. Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.

Anoda facet of de pippoe ein livelihoods be demma culture. De Niger Delta ein pippoe get strong spiritual den cultural ties to demma environment. De harm inflict for demma land top den waterways wey oil spills cause am dey deeply disrupt sacred sites den dey interfere plus demma cultural practices. De loss of dem cultural elements dey contribute to a sense of displacement den identity crisis among de affected groups/communities.

Additionally, wen communities fight back against de oil industries as an act of protest, violence be often perpetuated. Since de 1990s der already be continuous violence for an effort insyd to give local communities control of de oil for de delta insyd. Dem acts of violence dey include de kidnapping of foreign oil workers den dey hold dem give ransom, vandalization, den even de blowing up of oil installations.

== References ==</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd.&lt;ref&gt;C. Michael Hogan, [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166 &quot;Niger River&quot;, in M. McGinley (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Earth''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420075935/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166|date=2013-04-20}}, Washington, DC: National Council for Science and Environment, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Umoh |first1=Unyime U. |last2=Li |first2=Li |last3=Wang |first3=Junjian |last4=Kauluma |first4=Ndamononghenda |last5=Asuquo |first5=Francis E. |last6=Akpan |first6=Ekom R. |date=August 2022 |title=Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether signatures in tropical mesotidal estuary sediments of Qua Iboe River, Gulf of Guinea |journal=Organic Geochemistry |volume=170 |bibcode=2022OrGeo.17004461U |doi=10.1016/j.orggeochem.2022.104461 |s2cid=249615285 |article-number=104461}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil. De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am. De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am. Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene, as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration. Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses. For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility. Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am. 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe. Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.

Anoda facet of de pippoe ein livelihoods be demma culture. De Niger Delta ein pippoe get strong spiritual den cultural ties to demma environment. De harm inflict for demma land top den waterways wey oil spills cause am dey deeply disrupt sacred sites den dey interfere plus demma cultural practices. De loss of dem cultural elements dey contribute to a sense of displacement den identity crisis among de affected groups/communities.

Additionally, wen communities fight back against de oil industries as an act of protest, violence be often perpetuated. Since de 1990s der already be continuous violence for an effort insyd to give local communities control of de oil for de delta insyd. Dem acts of violence dey include de kidnapping of foreign oil workers den dey hold dem give ransom, vandalization, den even de blowing up of oil installations.

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>7cfwrx9et8bsv70jrv38j04afcgohfv</sha1>
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      <id>102269</id>
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        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd.&lt;ref&gt;C. Michael Hogan, [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166 &quot;Niger River&quot;, in M. McGinley (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Earth''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420075935/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166|date=2013-04-20}}, Washington, DC: National Council for Science and Environment, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Umoh |first1=Unyime U. |last2=Li |first2=Li |last3=Wang |first3=Junjian |last4=Kauluma |first4=Ndamononghenda |last5=Asuquo |first5=Francis E. |last6=Akpan |first6=Ekom R. |date=August 2022 |title=Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether signatures in tropical mesotidal estuary sediments of Qua Iboe River, Gulf of Guinea |journal=Organic Geochemistry |volume=170 |bibcode=2022OrGeo.17004461U |doi=10.1016/j.orggeochem.2022.104461 |s2cid=249615285 |article-number=104461}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Otoabasi |first=Akpan |title=The Niger Delta Question and the peace plan |publisher=Spectrum Books |year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide. De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am. De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am. Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene, as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration. Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses. For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility. Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am. 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe. Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.

Anoda facet of de pippoe ein livelihoods be demma culture. De Niger Delta ein pippoe get strong spiritual den cultural ties to demma environment. De harm inflict for demma land top den waterways wey oil spills cause am dey deeply disrupt sacred sites den dey interfere plus demma cultural practices. De loss of dem cultural elements dey contribute to a sense of displacement den identity crisis among de affected groups/communities.

Additionally, wen communities fight back against de oil industries as an act of protest, violence be often perpetuated. Since de 1990s der already be continuous violence for an effort insyd to give local communities control of de oil for de delta insyd. Dem acts of violence dey include de kidnapping of foreign oil workers den dey hold dem give ransom, vandalization, den even de blowing up of oil installations.

== References ==</text>
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      <contributor>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd.&lt;ref&gt;C. Michael Hogan, [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166 &quot;Niger River&quot;, in M. McGinley (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Earth''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420075935/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166|date=2013-04-20}}, Washington, DC: National Council for Science and Environment, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Umoh |first1=Unyime U. |last2=Li |first2=Li |last3=Wang |first3=Junjian |last4=Kauluma |first4=Ndamononghenda |last5=Asuquo |first5=Francis E. |last6=Akpan |first6=Ekom R. |date=August 2022 |title=Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether signatures in tropical mesotidal estuary sediments of Qua Iboe River, Gulf of Guinea |journal=Organic Geochemistry |volume=170 |bibcode=2022OrGeo.17004461U |doi=10.1016/j.orggeochem.2022.104461 |s2cid=249615285 |article-number=104461}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Otoabasi |first=Akpan |title=The Niger Delta Question and the peace plan |publisher=Spectrum Books |year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title='Ecocide' movement pushes for a new international crime: Environmental destruction |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ecocide-movement-pushes-new-international-crime-environmental-destruction-n1263142 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am. De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am. Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene, as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration. Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses. For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility. Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am. 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe. Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.

Anoda facet of de pippoe ein livelihoods be demma culture. De Niger Delta ein pippoe get strong spiritual den cultural ties to demma environment. De harm inflict for demma land top den waterways wey oil spills cause am dey deeply disrupt sacred sites den dey interfere plus demma cultural practices. De loss of dem cultural elements dey contribute to a sense of displacement den identity crisis among de affected groups/communities.

Additionally, wen communities fight back against de oil industries as an act of protest, violence be often perpetuated. Since de 1990s der already be continuous violence for an effort insyd to give local communities control of de oil for de delta insyd. Dem acts of violence dey include de kidnapping of foreign oil workers den dey hold dem give ransom, vandalization, den even de blowing up of oil installations.

== References ==</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd.&lt;ref&gt;C. Michael Hogan, [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166 &quot;Niger River&quot;, in M. McGinley (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Earth''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420075935/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166|date=2013-04-20}}, Washington, DC: National Council for Science and Environment, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Umoh |first1=Unyime U. |last2=Li |first2=Li |last3=Wang |first3=Junjian |last4=Kauluma |first4=Ndamononghenda |last5=Asuquo |first5=Francis E. |last6=Akpan |first6=Ekom R. |date=August 2022 |title=Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether signatures in tropical mesotidal estuary sediments of Qua Iboe River, Gulf of Guinea |journal=Organic Geochemistry |volume=170 |bibcode=2022OrGeo.17004461U |doi=10.1016/j.orggeochem.2022.104461 |s2cid=249615285 |article-number=104461}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Otoabasi |first=Akpan |title=The Niger Delta Question and the peace plan |publisher=Spectrum Books |year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title='Ecocide' movement pushes for a new international crime: Environmental destruction |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ecocide-movement-pushes-new-international-crime-environmental-destruction-n1263142 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 February 2014 |title=Fighting ecocide in Nigeria |url=https://theecologist.org/2014/feb/05/fighting-ecocide-nigeria |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=theecologist.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am. De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am. Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene, as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration. Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses. For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility. Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am. 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe. Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.

Anoda facet of de pippoe ein livelihoods be demma culture. De Niger Delta ein pippoe get strong spiritual den cultural ties to demma environment. De harm inflict for demma land top den waterways wey oil spills cause am dey deeply disrupt sacred sites den dey interfere plus demma cultural practices. De loss of dem cultural elements dey contribute to a sense of displacement den identity crisis among de affected groups/communities.

Additionally, wen communities fight back against de oil industries as an act of protest, violence be often perpetuated. Since de 1990s der already be continuous violence for an effort insyd to give local communities control of de oil for de delta insyd. Dem acts of violence dey include de kidnapping of foreign oil workers den dey hold dem give ransom, vandalization, den even de blowing up of oil installations.

== References ==</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd.&lt;ref&gt;C. Michael Hogan, [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166 &quot;Niger River&quot;, in M. McGinley (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Earth''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420075935/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166|date=2013-04-20}}, Washington, DC: National Council for Science and Environment, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Umoh |first1=Unyime U. |last2=Li |first2=Li |last3=Wang |first3=Junjian |last4=Kauluma |first4=Ndamononghenda |last5=Asuquo |first5=Francis E. |last6=Akpan |first6=Ekom R. |date=August 2022 |title=Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether signatures in tropical mesotidal estuary sediments of Qua Iboe River, Gulf of Guinea |journal=Organic Geochemistry |volume=170 |bibcode=2022OrGeo.17004461U |doi=10.1016/j.orggeochem.2022.104461 |s2cid=249615285 |article-number=104461}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Otoabasi |first=Akpan |title=The Niger Delta Question and the peace plan |publisher=Spectrum Books |year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title='Ecocide' movement pushes for a new international crime: Environmental destruction |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ecocide-movement-pushes-new-international-crime-environmental-destruction-n1263142 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 February 2014 |title=Fighting ecocide in Nigeria |url=https://theecologist.org/2014/feb/05/fighting-ecocide-nigeria |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=theecologist.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNPO: Ogoni: An Ecocide in the Making? |url=https://unpo.org/article/19131 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=unpo.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am. De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am. Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene, as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration. Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses. For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility. Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am. 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe. Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.

Anoda facet of de pippoe ein livelihoods be demma culture. De Niger Delta ein pippoe get strong spiritual den cultural ties to demma environment. De harm inflict for demma land top den waterways wey oil spills cause am dey deeply disrupt sacred sites den dey interfere plus demma cultural practices. De loss of dem cultural elements dey contribute to a sense of displacement den identity crisis among de affected groups/communities.

Additionally, wen communities fight back against de oil industries as an act of protest, violence be often perpetuated. Since de 1990s der already be continuous violence for an effort insyd to give local communities control of de oil for de delta insyd. Dem acts of violence dey include de kidnapping of foreign oil workers den dey hold dem give ransom, vandalization, den even de blowing up of oil installations.

== References ==</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd.&lt;ref&gt;C. Michael Hogan, [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166 &quot;Niger River&quot;, in M. McGinley (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Earth''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420075935/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166|date=2013-04-20}}, Washington, DC: National Council for Science and Environment, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Umoh |first1=Unyime U. |last2=Li |first2=Li |last3=Wang |first3=Junjian |last4=Kauluma |first4=Ndamononghenda |last5=Asuquo |first5=Francis E. |last6=Akpan |first6=Ekom R. |date=August 2022 |title=Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether signatures in tropical mesotidal estuary sediments of Qua Iboe River, Gulf of Guinea |journal=Organic Geochemistry |volume=170 |bibcode=2022OrGeo.17004461U |doi=10.1016/j.orggeochem.2022.104461 |s2cid=249615285 |article-number=104461}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Otoabasi |first=Akpan |title=The Niger Delta Question and the peace plan |publisher=Spectrum Books |year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title='Ecocide' movement pushes for a new international crime: Environmental destruction |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ecocide-movement-pushes-new-international-crime-environmental-destruction-n1263142 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 February 2014 |title=Fighting ecocide in Nigeria |url=https://theecologist.org/2014/feb/05/fighting-ecocide-nigeria |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=theecologist.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNPO: Ogoni: An Ecocide in the Making? |url=https://unpo.org/article/19131 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=unpo.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2011-08-22|title=How an ecocide law could prevent another Nigerian oil disaster|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/aug/22/ecocide-law-nigerian-oil-disaster|access-date=2023-07-06|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am. De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am. Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene, as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration. Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses. For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility. Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am. 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe. Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.

Anoda facet of de pippoe ein livelihoods be demma culture. De Niger Delta ein pippoe get strong spiritual den cultural ties to demma environment. De harm inflict for demma land top den waterways wey oil spills cause am dey deeply disrupt sacred sites den dey interfere plus demma cultural practices. De loss of dem cultural elements dey contribute to a sense of displacement den identity crisis among de affected groups/communities.

Additionally, wen communities fight back against de oil industries as an act of protest, violence be often perpetuated. Since de 1990s der already be continuous violence for an effort insyd to give local communities control of de oil for de delta insyd. Dem acts of violence dey include de kidnapping of foreign oil workers den dey hold dem give ransom, vandalization, den even de blowing up of oil installations.

== References ==</text>
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        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd.&lt;ref&gt;C. Michael Hogan, [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166 &quot;Niger River&quot;, in M. McGinley (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Earth''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420075935/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166|date=2013-04-20}}, Washington, DC: National Council for Science and Environment, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Umoh |first1=Unyime U. |last2=Li |first2=Li |last3=Wang |first3=Junjian |last4=Kauluma |first4=Ndamononghenda |last5=Asuquo |first5=Francis E. |last6=Akpan |first6=Ekom R. |date=August 2022 |title=Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether signatures in tropical mesotidal estuary sediments of Qua Iboe River, Gulf of Guinea |journal=Organic Geochemistry |volume=170 |bibcode=2022OrGeo.17004461U |doi=10.1016/j.orggeochem.2022.104461 |s2cid=249615285 |article-number=104461}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Otoabasi |first=Akpan |title=The Niger Delta Question and the peace plan |publisher=Spectrum Books |year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title='Ecocide' movement pushes for a new international crime: Environmental destruction |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ecocide-movement-pushes-new-international-crime-environmental-destruction-n1263142 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 February 2014 |title=Fighting ecocide in Nigeria |url=https://theecologist.org/2014/feb/05/fighting-ecocide-nigeria |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=theecologist.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNPO: Ogoni: An Ecocide in the Making? |url=https://unpo.org/article/19131 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=unpo.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2011-08-22|title=How an ecocide law could prevent another Nigerian oil disaster|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/aug/22/ecocide-law-nigerian-oil-disaster|access-date=2023-07-06|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Aghalino |first=S.O |title=Combating the Niger Delta Crisis: an appraisal of Federal Government response to Anti-Oil protect in Niger Delta, 1958-2002. |publisher=Maiduguri journal of Historical studies |year=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am. De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am. Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene, as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration. Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses. For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility. Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am. 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe. Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.

Anoda facet of de pippoe ein livelihoods be demma culture. De Niger Delta ein pippoe get strong spiritual den cultural ties to demma environment. De harm inflict for demma land top den waterways wey oil spills cause am dey deeply disrupt sacred sites den dey interfere plus demma cultural practices. De loss of dem cultural elements dey contribute to a sense of displacement den identity crisis among de affected groups/communities.

Additionally, wen communities fight back against de oil industries as an act of protest, violence be often perpetuated. Since de 1990s der already be continuous violence for an effort insyd to give local communities control of de oil for de delta insyd. Dem acts of violence dey include de kidnapping of foreign oil workers den dey hold dem give ransom, vandalization, den even de blowing up of oil installations.

== References ==</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd.&lt;ref&gt;C. Michael Hogan, [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166 &quot;Niger River&quot;, in M. McGinley (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Earth''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420075935/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166|date=2013-04-20}}, Washington, DC: National Council for Science and Environment, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Umoh |first1=Unyime U. |last2=Li |first2=Li |last3=Wang |first3=Junjian |last4=Kauluma |first4=Ndamononghenda |last5=Asuquo |first5=Francis E. |last6=Akpan |first6=Ekom R. |date=August 2022 |title=Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether signatures in tropical mesotidal estuary sediments of Qua Iboe River, Gulf of Guinea |journal=Organic Geochemistry |volume=170 |bibcode=2022OrGeo.17004461U |doi=10.1016/j.orggeochem.2022.104461 |s2cid=249615285 |article-number=104461}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Otoabasi |first=Akpan |title=The Niger Delta Question and the peace plan |publisher=Spectrum Books |year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title='Ecocide' movement pushes for a new international crime: Environmental destruction |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ecocide-movement-pushes-new-international-crime-environmental-destruction-n1263142 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 February 2014 |title=Fighting ecocide in Nigeria |url=https://theecologist.org/2014/feb/05/fighting-ecocide-nigeria |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=theecologist.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNPO: Ogoni: An Ecocide in the Making? |url=https://unpo.org/article/19131 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=unpo.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2011-08-22|title=How an ecocide law could prevent another Nigerian oil disaster|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/aug/22/ecocide-law-nigerian-oil-disaster|access-date=2023-07-06|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Aghalino |first=S.O |title=Combating the Niger Delta Crisis: an appraisal of Federal Government response to Anti-Oil protect in Niger Delta, 1958-2002. |publisher=Maiduguri journal of Historical studies |year=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dakolo |first=Bubaraye |title=The Riddle of the Oil Thief |publisher=Purple Shelves |year=2021 |isbn=978-978-988-990-7 |location=Lagos |pages=117–170}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass. Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am. De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am. Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene, as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration. Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses. For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility. Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am. 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe. Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.

Anoda facet of de pippoe ein livelihoods be demma culture. De Niger Delta ein pippoe get strong spiritual den cultural ties to demma environment. De harm inflict for demma land top den waterways wey oil spills cause am dey deeply disrupt sacred sites den dey interfere plus demma cultural practices. De loss of dem cultural elements dey contribute to a sense of displacement den identity crisis among de affected groups/communities.

Additionally, wen communities fight back against de oil industries as an act of protest, violence be often perpetuated. Since de 1990s der already be continuous violence for an effort insyd to give local communities control of de oil for de delta insyd. Dem acts of violence dey include de kidnapping of foreign oil workers den dey hold dem give ransom, vandalization, den even de blowing up of oil installations.

== Notes ==</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd.&lt;ref&gt;C. Michael Hogan, [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166 &quot;Niger River&quot;, in M. McGinley (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Earth''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420075935/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166|date=2013-04-20}}, Washington, DC: National Council for Science and Environment, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Umoh |first1=Unyime U. |last2=Li |first2=Li |last3=Wang |first3=Junjian |last4=Kauluma |first4=Ndamononghenda |last5=Asuquo |first5=Francis E. |last6=Akpan |first6=Ekom R. |date=August 2022 |title=Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether signatures in tropical mesotidal estuary sediments of Qua Iboe River, Gulf of Guinea |journal=Organic Geochemistry |volume=170 |bibcode=2022OrGeo.17004461U |doi=10.1016/j.orggeochem.2022.104461 |s2cid=249615285 |article-number=104461}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Otoabasi |first=Akpan |title=The Niger Delta Question and the peace plan |publisher=Spectrum Books |year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title='Ecocide' movement pushes for a new international crime: Environmental destruction |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ecocide-movement-pushes-new-international-crime-environmental-destruction-n1263142 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 February 2014 |title=Fighting ecocide in Nigeria |url=https://theecologist.org/2014/feb/05/fighting-ecocide-nigeria |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=theecologist.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNPO: Ogoni: An Ecocide in the Making? |url=https://unpo.org/article/19131 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=unpo.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2011-08-22|title=How an ecocide law could prevent another Nigerian oil disaster|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/aug/22/ecocide-law-nigerian-oil-disaster|access-date=2023-07-06|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Aghalino |first=S.O |title=Combating the Niger Delta Crisis: an appraisal of Federal Government response to Anti-Oil protect in Niger Delta, 1958-2002. |publisher=Maiduguri journal of Historical studies |year=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dakolo |first=Bubaraye |title=The Riddle of the Oil Thief |publisher=Purple Shelves |year=2021 |isbn=978-978-988-990-7 |location=Lagos |pages=117–170}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Chukwu|first=Ignatius|date=2023-10-01|title=What Nigeria’s independence means for Niger Delta|url=https://businessday.ng/life/article/what-nigerias-independence-means-for-niger-delta/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-11-21|newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am. De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am. Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene, as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration. Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses. For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility. Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am. 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe. Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.

Anoda facet of de pippoe ein livelihoods be demma culture. De Niger Delta ein pippoe get strong spiritual den cultural ties to demma environment. De harm inflict for demma land top den waterways wey oil spills cause am dey deeply disrupt sacred sites den dey interfere plus demma cultural practices. De loss of dem cultural elements dey contribute to a sense of displacement den identity crisis among de affected groups/communities.

Additionally, wen communities fight back against de oil industries as an act of protest, violence be often perpetuated. Since de 1990s der already be continuous violence for an effort insyd to give local communities control of de oil for de delta insyd. Dem acts of violence dey include de kidnapping of foreign oil workers den dey hold dem give ransom, vandalization, den even de blowing up of oil installations.

== Notes ==</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd.&lt;ref&gt;C. Michael Hogan, [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166 &quot;Niger River&quot;, in M. McGinley (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Earth''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420075935/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166|date=2013-04-20}}, Washington, DC: National Council for Science and Environment, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Umoh |first1=Unyime U. |last2=Li |first2=Li |last3=Wang |first3=Junjian |last4=Kauluma |first4=Ndamononghenda |last5=Asuquo |first5=Francis E. |last6=Akpan |first6=Ekom R. |date=August 2022 |title=Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether signatures in tropical mesotidal estuary sediments of Qua Iboe River, Gulf of Guinea |journal=Organic Geochemistry |volume=170 |bibcode=2022OrGeo.17004461U |doi=10.1016/j.orggeochem.2022.104461 |s2cid=249615285 |article-number=104461}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Otoabasi |first=Akpan |title=The Niger Delta Question and the peace plan |publisher=Spectrum Books |year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title='Ecocide' movement pushes for a new international crime: Environmental destruction |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ecocide-movement-pushes-new-international-crime-environmental-destruction-n1263142 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 February 2014 |title=Fighting ecocide in Nigeria |url=https://theecologist.org/2014/feb/05/fighting-ecocide-nigeria |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=theecologist.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNPO: Ogoni: An Ecocide in the Making? |url=https://unpo.org/article/19131 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=unpo.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2011-08-22|title=How an ecocide law could prevent another Nigerian oil disaster|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/aug/22/ecocide-law-nigerian-oil-disaster|access-date=2023-07-06|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Aghalino |first=S.O |title=Combating the Niger Delta Crisis: an appraisal of Federal Government response to Anti-Oil protect in Niger Delta, 1958-2002. |publisher=Maiduguri journal of Historical studies |year=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dakolo |first=Bubaraye |title=The Riddle of the Oil Thief |publisher=Purple Shelves |year=2021 |isbn=978-978-988-990-7 |location=Lagos |pages=117–170}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Chukwu|first=Ignatius|date=2023-10-01|title=What Nigeria’s independence means for Niger Delta|url=https://businessday.ng/life/article/what-nigerias-independence-means-for-niger-delta/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-11-21|newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea. 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am. De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am. Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene, as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration. Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses. For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility. Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am. 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe. Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.

Anoda facet of de pippoe ein livelihoods be demma culture. De Niger Delta ein pippoe get strong spiritual den cultural ties to demma environment. De harm inflict for demma land top den waterways wey oil spills cause am dey deeply disrupt sacred sites den dey interfere plus demma cultural practices. De loss of dem cultural elements dey contribute to a sense of displacement den identity crisis among de affected groups/communities.

Additionally, wen communities fight back against de oil industries as an act of protest, violence be often perpetuated. Since de 1990s der already be continuous violence for an effort insyd to give local communities control of de oil for de delta insyd. Dem acts of violence dey include de kidnapping of foreign oil workers den dey hold dem give ransom, vandalization, den even de blowing up of oil installations.

== Notes ==</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd.&lt;ref&gt;C. Michael Hogan, [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166 &quot;Niger River&quot;, in M. McGinley (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Earth''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420075935/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166|date=2013-04-20}}, Washington, DC: National Council for Science and Environment, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Umoh |first1=Unyime U. |last2=Li |first2=Li |last3=Wang |first3=Junjian |last4=Kauluma |first4=Ndamononghenda |last5=Asuquo |first5=Francis E. |last6=Akpan |first6=Ekom R. |date=August 2022 |title=Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether signatures in tropical mesotidal estuary sediments of Qua Iboe River, Gulf of Guinea |journal=Organic Geochemistry |volume=170 |bibcode=2022OrGeo.17004461U |doi=10.1016/j.orggeochem.2022.104461 |s2cid=249615285 |article-number=104461}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Otoabasi |first=Akpan |title=The Niger Delta Question and the peace plan |publisher=Spectrum Books |year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title='Ecocide' movement pushes for a new international crime: Environmental destruction |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ecocide-movement-pushes-new-international-crime-environmental-destruction-n1263142 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 February 2014 |title=Fighting ecocide in Nigeria |url=https://theecologist.org/2014/feb/05/fighting-ecocide-nigeria |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=theecologist.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNPO: Ogoni: An Ecocide in the Making? |url=https://unpo.org/article/19131 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=unpo.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2011-08-22|title=How an ecocide law could prevent another Nigerian oil disaster|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/aug/22/ecocide-law-nigerian-oil-disaster|access-date=2023-07-06|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Aghalino |first=S.O |title=Combating the Niger Delta Crisis: an appraisal of Federal Government response to Anti-Oil protect in Niger Delta, 1958-2002. |publisher=Maiduguri journal of Historical studies |year=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dakolo |first=Bubaraye |title=The Riddle of the Oil Thief |publisher=Purple Shelves |year=2021 |isbn=978-978-988-990-7 |location=Lagos |pages=117–170}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Chukwu|first=Ignatius|date=2023-10-01|title=What Nigeria’s independence means for Niger Delta|url=https://businessday.ng/life/article/what-nigerias-independence-means-for-niger-delta/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-11-21|newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpan |first=D. |title=Oil Exploration and environmental degradation in the Niger Delta. A paper presented at the first regional conference. |year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik, Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am. De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am. Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene, as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration. Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses. For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility. Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am. 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe. Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.

Anoda facet of de pippoe ein livelihoods be demma culture. De Niger Delta ein pippoe get strong spiritual den cultural ties to demma environment. De harm inflict for demma land top den waterways wey oil spills cause am dey deeply disrupt sacred sites den dey interfere plus demma cultural practices. De loss of dem cultural elements dey contribute to a sense of displacement den identity crisis among de affected groups/communities.

Additionally, wen communities fight back against de oil industries as an act of protest, violence be often perpetuated. Since de 1990s der already be continuous violence for an effort insyd to give local communities control of de oil for de delta insyd. Dem acts of violence dey include de kidnapping of foreign oil workers den dey hold dem give ransom, vandalization, den even de blowing up of oil installations.

== Notes ==</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd.&lt;ref&gt;C. Michael Hogan, [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166 &quot;Niger River&quot;, in M. McGinley (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Earth''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420075935/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166|date=2013-04-20}}, Washington, DC: National Council for Science and Environment, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Umoh |first1=Unyime U. |last2=Li |first2=Li |last3=Wang |first3=Junjian |last4=Kauluma |first4=Ndamononghenda |last5=Asuquo |first5=Francis E. |last6=Akpan |first6=Ekom R. |date=August 2022 |title=Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether signatures in tropical mesotidal estuary sediments of Qua Iboe River, Gulf of Guinea |journal=Organic Geochemistry |volume=170 |bibcode=2022OrGeo.17004461U |doi=10.1016/j.orggeochem.2022.104461 |s2cid=249615285 |article-number=104461}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Otoabasi |first=Akpan |title=The Niger Delta Question and the peace plan |publisher=Spectrum Books |year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title='Ecocide' movement pushes for a new international crime: Environmental destruction |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ecocide-movement-pushes-new-international-crime-environmental-destruction-n1263142 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 February 2014 |title=Fighting ecocide in Nigeria |url=https://theecologist.org/2014/feb/05/fighting-ecocide-nigeria |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=theecologist.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNPO: Ogoni: An Ecocide in the Making? |url=https://unpo.org/article/19131 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=unpo.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2011-08-22|title=How an ecocide law could prevent another Nigerian oil disaster|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/aug/22/ecocide-law-nigerian-oil-disaster|access-date=2023-07-06|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Aghalino |first=S.O |title=Combating the Niger Delta Crisis: an appraisal of Federal Government response to Anti-Oil protect in Niger Delta, 1958-2002. |publisher=Maiduguri journal of Historical studies |year=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dakolo |first=Bubaraye |title=The Riddle of the Oil Thief |publisher=Purple Shelves |year=2021 |isbn=978-978-988-990-7 |location=Lagos |pages=117–170}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Chukwu|first=Ignatius|date=2023-10-01|title=What Nigeria’s independence means for Niger Delta|url=https://businessday.ng/life/article/what-nigerias-independence-means-for-niger-delta/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-11-21|newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpan |first=D. |title=Oil Exploration and environmental degradation in the Niger Delta. A paper presented at the first regional conference. |year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik,&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Niger Delta – Niger Delta Budget Monitoring Group |url=https://www.nigerdeltabudget.org/the-niger-delta/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Edoid languages.

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am. De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am. Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene, as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration. Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses. For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility. Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am. 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe. Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.

Anoda facet of de pippoe ein livelihoods be demma culture. De Niger Delta ein pippoe get strong spiritual den cultural ties to demma environment. De harm inflict for demma land top den waterways wey oil spills cause am dey deeply disrupt sacred sites den dey interfere plus demma cultural practices. De loss of dem cultural elements dey contribute to a sense of displacement den identity crisis among de affected groups/communities.

Additionally, wen communities fight back against de oil industries as an act of protest, violence be often perpetuated. Since de 1990s der already be continuous violence for an effort insyd to give local communities control of de oil for de delta insyd. Dem acts of violence dey include de kidnapping of foreign oil workers den dey hold dem give ransom, vandalization, den even de blowing up of oil installations.

== Notes ==</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd.&lt;ref&gt;C. Michael Hogan, [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166 &quot;Niger River&quot;, in M. McGinley (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Earth''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420075935/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166|date=2013-04-20}}, Washington, DC: National Council for Science and Environment, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Umoh |first1=Unyime U. |last2=Li |first2=Li |last3=Wang |first3=Junjian |last4=Kauluma |first4=Ndamononghenda |last5=Asuquo |first5=Francis E. |last6=Akpan |first6=Ekom R. |date=August 2022 |title=Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether signatures in tropical mesotidal estuary sediments of Qua Iboe River, Gulf of Guinea |journal=Organic Geochemistry |volume=170 |bibcode=2022OrGeo.17004461U |doi=10.1016/j.orggeochem.2022.104461 |s2cid=249615285 |article-number=104461}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Otoabasi |first=Akpan |title=The Niger Delta Question and the peace plan |publisher=Spectrum Books |year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title='Ecocide' movement pushes for a new international crime: Environmental destruction |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ecocide-movement-pushes-new-international-crime-environmental-destruction-n1263142 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 February 2014 |title=Fighting ecocide in Nigeria |url=https://theecologist.org/2014/feb/05/fighting-ecocide-nigeria |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=theecologist.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNPO: Ogoni: An Ecocide in the Making? |url=https://unpo.org/article/19131 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=unpo.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2011-08-22|title=How an ecocide law could prevent another Nigerian oil disaster|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/aug/22/ecocide-law-nigerian-oil-disaster|access-date=2023-07-06|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Aghalino |first=S.O |title=Combating the Niger Delta Crisis: an appraisal of Federal Government response to Anti-Oil protect in Niger Delta, 1958-2002. |publisher=Maiduguri journal of Historical studies |year=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dakolo |first=Bubaraye |title=The Riddle of the Oil Thief |publisher=Purple Shelves |year=2021 |isbn=978-978-988-990-7 |location=Lagos |pages=117–170}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Chukwu|first=Ignatius|date=2023-10-01|title=What Nigeria’s independence means for Niger Delta|url=https://businessday.ng/life/article/what-nigerias-independence-means-for-niger-delta/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-11-21|newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpan |first=D. |title=Oil Exploration and environmental degradation in the Niger Delta. A paper presented at the first regional conference. |year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik,&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Niger Delta – Niger Delta Budget Monitoring Group |url=https://www.nigerdeltabudget.org/the-niger-delta/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Edoid languages.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top. 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am. De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am. Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene, as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration. Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses. For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility. Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am. 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe. Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.

Anoda facet of de pippoe ein livelihoods be demma culture. De Niger Delta ein pippoe get strong spiritual den cultural ties to demma environment. De harm inflict for demma land top den waterways wey oil spills cause am dey deeply disrupt sacred sites den dey interfere plus demma cultural practices. De loss of dem cultural elements dey contribute to a sense of displacement den identity crisis among de affected groups/communities.

Additionally, wen communities fight back against de oil industries as an act of protest, violence be often perpetuated. Since de 1990s der already be continuous violence for an effort insyd to give local communities control of de oil for de delta insyd. Dem acts of violence dey include de kidnapping of foreign oil workers den dey hold dem give ransom, vandalization, den even de blowing up of oil installations.

== Notes ==</text>
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      <id>102281</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd.&lt;ref&gt;C. Michael Hogan, [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166 &quot;Niger River&quot;, in M. McGinley (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Earth''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420075935/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166|date=2013-04-20}}, Washington, DC: National Council for Science and Environment, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Umoh |first1=Unyime U. |last2=Li |first2=Li |last3=Wang |first3=Junjian |last4=Kauluma |first4=Ndamononghenda |last5=Asuquo |first5=Francis E. |last6=Akpan |first6=Ekom R. |date=August 2022 |title=Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether signatures in tropical mesotidal estuary sediments of Qua Iboe River, Gulf of Guinea |journal=Organic Geochemistry |volume=170 |bibcode=2022OrGeo.17004461U |doi=10.1016/j.orggeochem.2022.104461 |s2cid=249615285 |article-number=104461}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Otoabasi |first=Akpan |title=The Niger Delta Question and the peace plan |publisher=Spectrum Books |year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title='Ecocide' movement pushes for a new international crime: Environmental destruction |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ecocide-movement-pushes-new-international-crime-environmental-destruction-n1263142 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 February 2014 |title=Fighting ecocide in Nigeria |url=https://theecologist.org/2014/feb/05/fighting-ecocide-nigeria |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=theecologist.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNPO: Ogoni: An Ecocide in the Making? |url=https://unpo.org/article/19131 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=unpo.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2011-08-22|title=How an ecocide law could prevent another Nigerian oil disaster|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/aug/22/ecocide-law-nigerian-oil-disaster|access-date=2023-07-06|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Aghalino |first=S.O |title=Combating the Niger Delta Crisis: an appraisal of Federal Government response to Anti-Oil protect in Niger Delta, 1958-2002. |publisher=Maiduguri journal of Historical studies |year=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dakolo |first=Bubaraye |title=The Riddle of the Oil Thief |publisher=Purple Shelves |year=2021 |isbn=978-978-988-990-7 |location=Lagos |pages=117–170}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Chukwu|first=Ignatius|date=2023-10-01|title=What Nigeria’s independence means for Niger Delta|url=https://businessday.ng/life/article/what-nigerias-independence-means-for-niger-delta/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-11-21|newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpan |first=D. |title=Oil Exploration and environmental degradation in the Niger Delta. A paper presented at the first regional conference. |year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik,&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Niger Delta – Niger Delta Budget Monitoring Group |url=https://www.nigerdeltabudget.org/the-niger-delta/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Edoid languages.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top.&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot; /&gt; 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War. Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am. De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am. Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene, as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration. Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses. For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility. Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am. 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe. Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.

Anoda facet of de pippoe ein livelihoods be demma culture. De Niger Delta ein pippoe get strong spiritual den cultural ties to demma environment. De harm inflict for demma land top den waterways wey oil spills cause am dey deeply disrupt sacred sites den dey interfere plus demma cultural practices. De loss of dem cultural elements dey contribute to a sense of displacement den identity crisis among de affected groups/communities.

Additionally, wen communities fight back against de oil industries as an act of protest, violence be often perpetuated. Since de 1990s der already be continuous violence for an effort insyd to give local communities control of de oil for de delta insyd. Dem acts of violence dey include de kidnapping of foreign oil workers den dey hold dem give ransom, vandalization, den even de blowing up of oil installations.

== Notes ==</text>
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      <id>102282</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-13T06:40:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd.&lt;ref&gt;C. Michael Hogan, [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166 &quot;Niger River&quot;, in M. McGinley (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Earth''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420075935/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166|date=2013-04-20}}, Washington, DC: National Council for Science and Environment, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Umoh |first1=Unyime U. |last2=Li |first2=Li |last3=Wang |first3=Junjian |last4=Kauluma |first4=Ndamononghenda |last5=Asuquo |first5=Francis E. |last6=Akpan |first6=Ekom R. |date=August 2022 |title=Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether signatures in tropical mesotidal estuary sediments of Qua Iboe River, Gulf of Guinea |journal=Organic Geochemistry |volume=170 |bibcode=2022OrGeo.17004461U |doi=10.1016/j.orggeochem.2022.104461 |s2cid=249615285 |article-number=104461}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Otoabasi |first=Akpan |title=The Niger Delta Question and the peace plan |publisher=Spectrum Books |year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title='Ecocide' movement pushes for a new international crime: Environmental destruction |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ecocide-movement-pushes-new-international-crime-environmental-destruction-n1263142 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 February 2014 |title=Fighting ecocide in Nigeria |url=https://theecologist.org/2014/feb/05/fighting-ecocide-nigeria |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=theecologist.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNPO: Ogoni: An Ecocide in the Making? |url=https://unpo.org/article/19131 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=unpo.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2011-08-22|title=How an ecocide law could prevent another Nigerian oil disaster|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/aug/22/ecocide-law-nigerian-oil-disaster|access-date=2023-07-06|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Aghalino |first=S.O |title=Combating the Niger Delta Crisis: an appraisal of Federal Government response to Anti-Oil protect in Niger Delta, 1958-2002. |publisher=Maiduguri journal of Historical studies |year=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dakolo |first=Bubaraye |title=The Riddle of the Oil Thief |publisher=Purple Shelves |year=2021 |isbn=978-978-988-990-7 |location=Lagos |pages=117–170}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Chukwu|first=Ignatius|date=2023-10-01|title=What Nigeria’s independence means for Niger Delta|url=https://businessday.ng/life/article/what-nigerias-independence-means-for-niger-delta/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-11-21|newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpan |first=D. |title=Oil Exploration and environmental degradation in the Niger Delta. A paper presented at the first regional conference. |year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik,&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Niger Delta – Niger Delta Budget Monitoring Group |url=https://www.nigerdeltabudget.org/the-niger-delta/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Edoid languages.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top.&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot; /&gt; 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Writer|first=Guest|date=2018-05-22|title=The revolutionist as the true national knight: Retelling the tale of Isaac Boro 50 years after|url=https://www.thecable.ng/the-revolutionist-as-the-true-national-knight-retelling-major-isaac-boro-fifty-years-after/|access-date=2024-07-04|newspaper=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am. During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am. De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am. Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene, as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration. Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses. For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility. Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am. 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe. Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.

Anoda facet of de pippoe ein livelihoods be demma culture. De Niger Delta ein pippoe get strong spiritual den cultural ties to demma environment. De harm inflict for demma land top den waterways wey oil spills cause am dey deeply disrupt sacred sites den dey interfere plus demma cultural practices. De loss of dem cultural elements dey contribute to a sense of displacement den identity crisis among de affected groups/communities.

Additionally, wen communities fight back against de oil industries as an act of protest, violence be often perpetuated. Since de 1990s der already be continuous violence for an effort insyd to give local communities control of de oil for de delta insyd. Dem acts of violence dey include de kidnapping of foreign oil workers den dey hold dem give ransom, vandalization, den even de blowing up of oil installations.

== Notes ==</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd.&lt;ref&gt;C. Michael Hogan, [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166 &quot;Niger River&quot;, in M. McGinley (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Earth''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420075935/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166|date=2013-04-20}}, Washington, DC: National Council for Science and Environment, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Umoh |first1=Unyime U. |last2=Li |first2=Li |last3=Wang |first3=Junjian |last4=Kauluma |first4=Ndamononghenda |last5=Asuquo |first5=Francis E. |last6=Akpan |first6=Ekom R. |date=August 2022 |title=Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether signatures in tropical mesotidal estuary sediments of Qua Iboe River, Gulf of Guinea |journal=Organic Geochemistry |volume=170 |bibcode=2022OrGeo.17004461U |doi=10.1016/j.orggeochem.2022.104461 |s2cid=249615285 |article-number=104461}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Otoabasi |first=Akpan |title=The Niger Delta Question and the peace plan |publisher=Spectrum Books |year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title='Ecocide' movement pushes for a new international crime: Environmental destruction |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ecocide-movement-pushes-new-international-crime-environmental-destruction-n1263142 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 February 2014 |title=Fighting ecocide in Nigeria |url=https://theecologist.org/2014/feb/05/fighting-ecocide-nigeria |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=theecologist.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNPO: Ogoni: An Ecocide in the Making? |url=https://unpo.org/article/19131 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=unpo.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2011-08-22|title=How an ecocide law could prevent another Nigerian oil disaster|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/aug/22/ecocide-law-nigerian-oil-disaster|access-date=2023-07-06|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Aghalino |first=S.O |title=Combating the Niger Delta Crisis: an appraisal of Federal Government response to Anti-Oil protect in Niger Delta, 1958-2002. |publisher=Maiduguri journal of Historical studies |year=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dakolo |first=Bubaraye |title=The Riddle of the Oil Thief |publisher=Purple Shelves |year=2021 |isbn=978-978-988-990-7 |location=Lagos |pages=117–170}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Chukwu|first=Ignatius|date=2023-10-01|title=What Nigeria’s independence means for Niger Delta|url=https://businessday.ng/life/article/what-nigerias-independence-means-for-niger-delta/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-11-21|newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpan |first=D. |title=Oil Exploration and environmental degradation in the Niger Delta. A paper presented at the first regional conference. |year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik,&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Niger Delta – Niger Delta Budget Monitoring Group |url=https://www.nigerdeltabudget.org/the-niger-delta/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Edoid languages.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top.&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot; /&gt; 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Writer|first=Guest|date=2018-05-22|title=The revolutionist as the true national knight: Retelling the tale of Isaac Boro 50 years after|url=https://www.thecable.ng/the-revolutionist-as-the-true-national-knight-retelling-major-isaac-boro-fifty-years-after/|access-date=2024-07-04|newspaper=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The International Politics of the Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970 |date=2015-12-31 |pages=xv–xx |chapter=Chronology of Important Events in the Nigerian Civil War |publisher=Princeton University Press |doi=10.1515/9781400871285-003 |isbn=978-1-4008-7128-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am. De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am. Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene, as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration. Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses. For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility. Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am. 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe. Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.

Anoda facet of de pippoe ein livelihoods be demma culture. De Niger Delta ein pippoe get strong spiritual den cultural ties to demma environment. De harm inflict for demma land top den waterways wey oil spills cause am dey deeply disrupt sacred sites den dey interfere plus demma cultural practices. De loss of dem cultural elements dey contribute to a sense of displacement den identity crisis among de affected groups/communities.

Additionally, wen communities fight back against de oil industries as an act of protest, violence be often perpetuated. Since de 1990s der already be continuous violence for an effort insyd to give local communities control of de oil for de delta insyd. Dem acts of violence dey include de kidnapping of foreign oil workers den dey hold dem give ransom, vandalization, den even de blowing up of oil installations.

== Notes ==</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd.&lt;ref&gt;C. Michael Hogan, [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166 &quot;Niger River&quot;, in M. McGinley (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Earth''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420075935/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166|date=2013-04-20}}, Washington, DC: National Council for Science and Environment, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Umoh |first1=Unyime U. |last2=Li |first2=Li |last3=Wang |first3=Junjian |last4=Kauluma |first4=Ndamononghenda |last5=Asuquo |first5=Francis E. |last6=Akpan |first6=Ekom R. |date=August 2022 |title=Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether signatures in tropical mesotidal estuary sediments of Qua Iboe River, Gulf of Guinea |journal=Organic Geochemistry |volume=170 |bibcode=2022OrGeo.17004461U |doi=10.1016/j.orggeochem.2022.104461 |s2cid=249615285 |article-number=104461}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Otoabasi |first=Akpan |title=The Niger Delta Question and the peace plan |publisher=Spectrum Books |year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title='Ecocide' movement pushes for a new international crime: Environmental destruction |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ecocide-movement-pushes-new-international-crime-environmental-destruction-n1263142 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 February 2014 |title=Fighting ecocide in Nigeria |url=https://theecologist.org/2014/feb/05/fighting-ecocide-nigeria |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=theecologist.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNPO: Ogoni: An Ecocide in the Making? |url=https://unpo.org/article/19131 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=unpo.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2011-08-22|title=How an ecocide law could prevent another Nigerian oil disaster|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/aug/22/ecocide-law-nigerian-oil-disaster|access-date=2023-07-06|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Aghalino |first=S.O |title=Combating the Niger Delta Crisis: an appraisal of Federal Government response to Anti-Oil protect in Niger Delta, 1958-2002. |publisher=Maiduguri journal of Historical studies |year=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dakolo |first=Bubaraye |title=The Riddle of the Oil Thief |publisher=Purple Shelves |year=2021 |isbn=978-978-988-990-7 |location=Lagos |pages=117–170}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Chukwu|first=Ignatius|date=2023-10-01|title=What Nigeria’s independence means for Niger Delta|url=https://businessday.ng/life/article/what-nigerias-independence-means-for-niger-delta/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-11-21|newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpan |first=D. |title=Oil Exploration and environmental degradation in the Niger Delta. A paper presented at the first regional conference. |year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik,&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Niger Delta – Niger Delta Budget Monitoring Group |url=https://www.nigerdeltabudget.org/the-niger-delta/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Edoid languages.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top.&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot; /&gt; 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Writer|first=Guest|date=2018-05-22|title=The revolutionist as the true national knight: Retelling the tale of Isaac Boro 50 years after|url=https://www.thecable.ng/the-revolutionist-as-the-true-national-knight-retelling-major-isaac-boro-fifty-years-after/|access-date=2024-07-04|newspaper=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The International Politics of the Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970 |date=2015-12-31 |pages=xv–xx |chapter=Chronology of Important Events in the Nigerian Civil War |publisher=Princeton University Press |doi=10.1515/9781400871285-003 |isbn=978-1-4008-7128-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Heerten |first1=Lasse |title=The Nigeria-Biafra War |date=2017-07-06 |work=Postcolonial Conflict and the Question of Genocide |pages=3–43 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315229294-1 |isbn=978-1-315-22929-4 |last2=Moses |first2=A. Dirk}}&lt;/ref&gt; During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am. De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am. Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene, as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration. Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses. For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility. Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am. 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe. Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.

Anoda facet of de pippoe ein livelihoods be demma culture. De Niger Delta ein pippoe get strong spiritual den cultural ties to demma environment. De harm inflict for demma land top den waterways wey oil spills cause am dey deeply disrupt sacred sites den dey interfere plus demma cultural practices. De loss of dem cultural elements dey contribute to a sense of displacement den identity crisis among de affected groups/communities.

Additionally, wen communities fight back against de oil industries as an act of protest, violence be often perpetuated. Since de 1990s der already be continuous violence for an effort insyd to give local communities control of de oil for de delta insyd. Dem acts of violence dey include de kidnapping of foreign oil workers den dey hold dem give ransom, vandalization, den even de blowing up of oil installations.

== Notes ==</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd.&lt;ref&gt;C. Michael Hogan, [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166 &quot;Niger River&quot;, in M. McGinley (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Earth''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420075935/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166|date=2013-04-20}}, Washington, DC: National Council for Science and Environment, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Umoh |first1=Unyime U. |last2=Li |first2=Li |last3=Wang |first3=Junjian |last4=Kauluma |first4=Ndamononghenda |last5=Asuquo |first5=Francis E. |last6=Akpan |first6=Ekom R. |date=August 2022 |title=Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether signatures in tropical mesotidal estuary sediments of Qua Iboe River, Gulf of Guinea |journal=Organic Geochemistry |volume=170 |bibcode=2022OrGeo.17004461U |doi=10.1016/j.orggeochem.2022.104461 |s2cid=249615285 |article-number=104461}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Otoabasi |first=Akpan |title=The Niger Delta Question and the peace plan |publisher=Spectrum Books |year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title='Ecocide' movement pushes for a new international crime: Environmental destruction |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ecocide-movement-pushes-new-international-crime-environmental-destruction-n1263142 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 February 2014 |title=Fighting ecocide in Nigeria |url=https://theecologist.org/2014/feb/05/fighting-ecocide-nigeria |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=theecologist.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNPO: Ogoni: An Ecocide in the Making? |url=https://unpo.org/article/19131 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=unpo.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2011-08-22|title=How an ecocide law could prevent another Nigerian oil disaster|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/aug/22/ecocide-law-nigerian-oil-disaster|access-date=2023-07-06|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Aghalino |first=S.O |title=Combating the Niger Delta Crisis: an appraisal of Federal Government response to Anti-Oil protect in Niger Delta, 1958-2002. |publisher=Maiduguri journal of Historical studies |year=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dakolo |first=Bubaraye |title=The Riddle of the Oil Thief |publisher=Purple Shelves |year=2021 |isbn=978-978-988-990-7 |location=Lagos |pages=117–170}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Chukwu|first=Ignatius|date=2023-10-01|title=What Nigeria’s independence means for Niger Delta|url=https://businessday.ng/life/article/what-nigerias-independence-means-for-niger-delta/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-11-21|newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpan |first=D. |title=Oil Exploration and environmental degradation in the Niger Delta. A paper presented at the first regional conference. |year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik,&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Niger Delta – Niger Delta Budget Monitoring Group |url=https://www.nigerdeltabudget.org/the-niger-delta/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Edoid languages.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top.&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot; /&gt; 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Writer|first=Guest|date=2018-05-22|title=The revolutionist as the true national knight: Retelling the tale of Isaac Boro 50 years after|url=https://www.thecable.ng/the-revolutionist-as-the-true-national-knight-retelling-major-isaac-boro-fifty-years-after/|access-date=2024-07-04|newspaper=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The International Politics of the Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970 |date=2015-12-31 |pages=xv–xx |chapter=Chronology of Important Events in the Nigerian Civil War |publisher=Princeton University Press |doi=10.1515/9781400871285-003 |isbn=978-1-4008-7128-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Heerten |first1=Lasse |title=The Nigeria-Biafra War |date=2017-07-06 |work=Postcolonial Conflict and the Question of Genocide |pages=3–43 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315229294-1 |isbn=978-1-315-22929-4 |last2=Moses |first2=A. Dirk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ekwe-Ekwe, Herbert. |title=The Biafra War: Nigeria and the aftermath. |date=1991 |publisher=[[Edwin Mellen Press]] |isbn=0-88946-235-6 |location=[[Lewiston, New York]] |oclc=476261625}}&lt;/ref&gt; During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd. 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am. De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am. Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene, as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration. Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses. For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility. Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am. 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe. Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.

Anoda facet of de pippoe ein livelihoods be demma culture. De Niger Delta ein pippoe get strong spiritual den cultural ties to demma environment. De harm inflict for demma land top den waterways wey oil spills cause am dey deeply disrupt sacred sites den dey interfere plus demma cultural practices. De loss of dem cultural elements dey contribute to a sense of displacement den identity crisis among de affected groups/communities.

Additionally, wen communities fight back against de oil industries as an act of protest, violence be often perpetuated. Since de 1990s der already be continuous violence for an effort insyd to give local communities control of de oil for de delta insyd. Dem acts of violence dey include de kidnapping of foreign oil workers den dey hold dem give ransom, vandalization, den even de blowing up of oil installations.

== Notes ==</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd.&lt;ref&gt;C. Michael Hogan, [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166 &quot;Niger River&quot;, in M. McGinley (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Earth''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420075935/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166|date=2013-04-20}}, Washington, DC: National Council for Science and Environment, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Umoh |first1=Unyime U. |last2=Li |first2=Li |last3=Wang |first3=Junjian |last4=Kauluma |first4=Ndamononghenda |last5=Asuquo |first5=Francis E. |last6=Akpan |first6=Ekom R. |date=August 2022 |title=Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether signatures in tropical mesotidal estuary sediments of Qua Iboe River, Gulf of Guinea |journal=Organic Geochemistry |volume=170 |bibcode=2022OrGeo.17004461U |doi=10.1016/j.orggeochem.2022.104461 |s2cid=249615285 |article-number=104461}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Otoabasi |first=Akpan |title=The Niger Delta Question and the peace plan |publisher=Spectrum Books |year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title='Ecocide' movement pushes for a new international crime: Environmental destruction |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ecocide-movement-pushes-new-international-crime-environmental-destruction-n1263142 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 February 2014 |title=Fighting ecocide in Nigeria |url=https://theecologist.org/2014/feb/05/fighting-ecocide-nigeria |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=theecologist.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNPO: Ogoni: An Ecocide in the Making? |url=https://unpo.org/article/19131 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=unpo.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2011-08-22|title=How an ecocide law could prevent another Nigerian oil disaster|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/aug/22/ecocide-law-nigerian-oil-disaster|access-date=2023-07-06|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Aghalino |first=S.O |title=Combating the Niger Delta Crisis: an appraisal of Federal Government response to Anti-Oil protect in Niger Delta, 1958-2002. |publisher=Maiduguri journal of Historical studies |year=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dakolo |first=Bubaraye |title=The Riddle of the Oil Thief |publisher=Purple Shelves |year=2021 |isbn=978-978-988-990-7 |location=Lagos |pages=117–170}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Chukwu|first=Ignatius|date=2023-10-01|title=What Nigeria’s independence means for Niger Delta|url=https://businessday.ng/life/article/what-nigerias-independence-means-for-niger-delta/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-11-21|newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpan |first=D. |title=Oil Exploration and environmental degradation in the Niger Delta. A paper presented at the first regional conference. |year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik,&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Niger Delta – Niger Delta Budget Monitoring Group |url=https://www.nigerdeltabudget.org/the-niger-delta/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Edoid languages.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top.&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot; /&gt; 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Writer|first=Guest|date=2018-05-22|title=The revolutionist as the true national knight: Retelling the tale of Isaac Boro 50 years after|url=https://www.thecable.ng/the-revolutionist-as-the-true-national-knight-retelling-major-isaac-boro-fifty-years-after/|access-date=2024-07-04|newspaper=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The International Politics of the Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970 |date=2015-12-31 |pages=xv–xx |chapter=Chronology of Important Events in the Nigerian Civil War |publisher=Princeton University Press |doi=10.1515/9781400871285-003 |isbn=978-1-4008-7128-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Heerten |first1=Lasse |title=The Nigeria-Biafra War |date=2017-07-06 |work=Postcolonial Conflict and the Question of Genocide |pages=3–43 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315229294-1 |isbn=978-1-315-22929-4 |last2=Moses |first2=A. Dirk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ekwe-Ekwe, Herbert. |title=The Biafra War: Nigeria and the aftermath. |date=1991 |publisher=[[Edwin Mellen Press]] |isbn=0-88946-235-6 |location=[[Lewiston, New York]] |oclc=476261625}}&lt;/ref&gt; During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;Strutton, Laine (2014). ''The New Mobilization from Below: Women's Oil Protests in the Niger Delta, Nigeria'' (Thesis). [[:en:ProQuest|ProQuest]] [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1666393541 1666393541].&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more. Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am. De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am. Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene, as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration. Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses. For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility. Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am. 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe. Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.

Anoda facet of de pippoe ein livelihoods be demma culture. De Niger Delta ein pippoe get strong spiritual den cultural ties to demma environment. De harm inflict for demma land top den waterways wey oil spills cause am dey deeply disrupt sacred sites den dey interfere plus demma cultural practices. De loss of dem cultural elements dey contribute to a sense of displacement den identity crisis among de affected groups/communities.

Additionally, wen communities fight back against de oil industries as an act of protest, violence be often perpetuated. Since de 1990s der already be continuous violence for an effort insyd to give local communities control of de oil for de delta insyd. Dem acts of violence dey include de kidnapping of foreign oil workers den dey hold dem give ransom, vandalization, den even de blowing up of oil installations.

== Notes ==</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd.&lt;ref&gt;C. Michael Hogan, [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166 &quot;Niger River&quot;, in M. McGinley (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Earth''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420075935/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166|date=2013-04-20}}, Washington, DC: National Council for Science and Environment, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Umoh |first1=Unyime U. |last2=Li |first2=Li |last3=Wang |first3=Junjian |last4=Kauluma |first4=Ndamononghenda |last5=Asuquo |first5=Francis E. |last6=Akpan |first6=Ekom R. |date=August 2022 |title=Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether signatures in tropical mesotidal estuary sediments of Qua Iboe River, Gulf of Guinea |journal=Organic Geochemistry |volume=170 |bibcode=2022OrGeo.17004461U |doi=10.1016/j.orggeochem.2022.104461 |s2cid=249615285 |article-number=104461}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Otoabasi |first=Akpan |title=The Niger Delta Question and the peace plan |publisher=Spectrum Books |year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title='Ecocide' movement pushes for a new international crime: Environmental destruction |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ecocide-movement-pushes-new-international-crime-environmental-destruction-n1263142 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 February 2014 |title=Fighting ecocide in Nigeria |url=https://theecologist.org/2014/feb/05/fighting-ecocide-nigeria |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=theecologist.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNPO: Ogoni: An Ecocide in the Making? |url=https://unpo.org/article/19131 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=unpo.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2011-08-22|title=How an ecocide law could prevent another Nigerian oil disaster|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/aug/22/ecocide-law-nigerian-oil-disaster|access-date=2023-07-06|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Aghalino |first=S.O |title=Combating the Niger Delta Crisis: an appraisal of Federal Government response to Anti-Oil protect in Niger Delta, 1958-2002. |publisher=Maiduguri journal of Historical studies |year=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dakolo |first=Bubaraye |title=The Riddle of the Oil Thief |publisher=Purple Shelves |year=2021 |isbn=978-978-988-990-7 |location=Lagos |pages=117–170}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Chukwu|first=Ignatius|date=2023-10-01|title=What Nigeria’s independence means for Niger Delta|url=https://businessday.ng/life/article/what-nigerias-independence-means-for-niger-delta/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-11-21|newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpan |first=D. |title=Oil Exploration and environmental degradation in the Niger Delta. A paper presented at the first regional conference. |year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik,&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Niger Delta – Niger Delta Budget Monitoring Group |url=https://www.nigerdeltabudget.org/the-niger-delta/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Edoid languages.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top.&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot; /&gt; 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Writer|first=Guest|date=2018-05-22|title=The revolutionist as the true national knight: Retelling the tale of Isaac Boro 50 years after|url=https://www.thecable.ng/the-revolutionist-as-the-true-national-knight-retelling-major-isaac-boro-fifty-years-after/|access-date=2024-07-04|newspaper=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The International Politics of the Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970 |date=2015-12-31 |pages=xv–xx |chapter=Chronology of Important Events in the Nigerian Civil War |publisher=Princeton University Press |doi=10.1515/9781400871285-003 |isbn=978-1-4008-7128-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Heerten |first1=Lasse |title=The Nigeria-Biafra War |date=2017-07-06 |work=Postcolonial Conflict and the Question of Genocide |pages=3–43 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315229294-1 |isbn=978-1-315-22929-4 |last2=Moses |first2=A. Dirk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ekwe-Ekwe, Herbert. |title=The Biafra War: Nigeria and the aftermath. |date=1991 |publisher=[[Edwin Mellen Press]] |isbn=0-88946-235-6 |location=[[Lewiston, New York]] |oclc=476261625}}&lt;/ref&gt; During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;Strutton, Laine (2014). ''The New Mobilization from Below: Women's Oil Protests in the Niger Delta, Nigeria'' (Thesis). [[:en:ProQuest|ProQuest]] [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1666393541 1666393541].&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=1998-12-30 |title=State of Emergency Declared in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805220129/http://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |archive-date=2012-08-05 |access-date=2018-01-19 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am. De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am. Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene, as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration. Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses. For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility. Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am. 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe. Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.

Anoda facet of de pippoe ein livelihoods be demma culture. De Niger Delta ein pippoe get strong spiritual den cultural ties to demma environment. De harm inflict for demma land top den waterways wey oil spills cause am dey deeply disrupt sacred sites den dey interfere plus demma cultural practices. De loss of dem cultural elements dey contribute to a sense of displacement den identity crisis among de affected groups/communities.

Additionally, wen communities fight back against de oil industries as an act of protest, violence be often perpetuated. Since de 1990s der already be continuous violence for an effort insyd to give local communities control of de oil for de delta insyd. Dem acts of violence dey include de kidnapping of foreign oil workers den dey hold dem give ransom, vandalization, den even de blowing up of oil installations.

== Notes ==</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd.&lt;ref&gt;C. Michael Hogan, [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166 &quot;Niger River&quot;, in M. McGinley (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Earth''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420075935/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166|date=2013-04-20}}, Washington, DC: National Council for Science and Environment, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Umoh |first1=Unyime U. |last2=Li |first2=Li |last3=Wang |first3=Junjian |last4=Kauluma |first4=Ndamononghenda |last5=Asuquo |first5=Francis E. |last6=Akpan |first6=Ekom R. |date=August 2022 |title=Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether signatures in tropical mesotidal estuary sediments of Qua Iboe River, Gulf of Guinea |journal=Organic Geochemistry |volume=170 |bibcode=2022OrGeo.17004461U |doi=10.1016/j.orggeochem.2022.104461 |s2cid=249615285 |article-number=104461}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Otoabasi |first=Akpan |title=The Niger Delta Question and the peace plan |publisher=Spectrum Books |year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title='Ecocide' movement pushes for a new international crime: Environmental destruction |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ecocide-movement-pushes-new-international-crime-environmental-destruction-n1263142 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 February 2014 |title=Fighting ecocide in Nigeria |url=https://theecologist.org/2014/feb/05/fighting-ecocide-nigeria |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=theecologist.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNPO: Ogoni: An Ecocide in the Making? |url=https://unpo.org/article/19131 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=unpo.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2011-08-22|title=How an ecocide law could prevent another Nigerian oil disaster|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/aug/22/ecocide-law-nigerian-oil-disaster|access-date=2023-07-06|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Aghalino |first=S.O |title=Combating the Niger Delta Crisis: an appraisal of Federal Government response to Anti-Oil protect in Niger Delta, 1958-2002. |publisher=Maiduguri journal of Historical studies |year=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dakolo |first=Bubaraye |title=The Riddle of the Oil Thief |publisher=Purple Shelves |year=2021 |isbn=978-978-988-990-7 |location=Lagos |pages=117–170}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Chukwu|first=Ignatius|date=2023-10-01|title=What Nigeria’s independence means for Niger Delta|url=https://businessday.ng/life/article/what-nigerias-independence-means-for-niger-delta/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-11-21|newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpan |first=D. |title=Oil Exploration and environmental degradation in the Niger Delta. A paper presented at the first regional conference. |year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik,&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Niger Delta – Niger Delta Budget Monitoring Group |url=https://www.nigerdeltabudget.org/the-niger-delta/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Edoid languages.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top.&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot; /&gt; 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Writer|first=Guest|date=2018-05-22|title=The revolutionist as the true national knight: Retelling the tale of Isaac Boro 50 years after|url=https://www.thecable.ng/the-revolutionist-as-the-true-national-knight-retelling-major-isaac-boro-fifty-years-after/|access-date=2024-07-04|newspaper=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The International Politics of the Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970 |date=2015-12-31 |pages=xv–xx |chapter=Chronology of Important Events in the Nigerian Civil War |publisher=Princeton University Press |doi=10.1515/9781400871285-003 |isbn=978-1-4008-7128-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Heerten |first1=Lasse |title=The Nigeria-Biafra War |date=2017-07-06 |work=Postcolonial Conflict and the Question of Genocide |pages=3–43 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315229294-1 |isbn=978-1-315-22929-4 |last2=Moses |first2=A. Dirk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ekwe-Ekwe, Herbert. |title=The Biafra War: Nigeria and the aftermath. |date=1991 |publisher=[[Edwin Mellen Press]] |isbn=0-88946-235-6 |location=[[Lewiston, New York]] |oclc=476261625}}&lt;/ref&gt; During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;Strutton, Laine (2014). ''The New Mobilization from Below: Women's Oil Protests in the Niger Delta, Nigeria'' (Thesis). [[:en:ProQuest|ProQuest]] [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1666393541 1666393541].&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=1998-12-30 |title=State of Emergency Declared in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805220129/http://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |archive-date=2012-08-05 |access-date=2018-01-19 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ian Taylor, [http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa &quot;China's environmental footprint in Africa&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223061935/http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa|date=2007-02-23}}, ''China Dialogue'', 2 February 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top. For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am. De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am. Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene, as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration. Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses. For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility. Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am. 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe. Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.

Anoda facet of de pippoe ein livelihoods be demma culture. De Niger Delta ein pippoe get strong spiritual den cultural ties to demma environment. De harm inflict for demma land top den waterways wey oil spills cause am dey deeply disrupt sacred sites den dey interfere plus demma cultural practices. De loss of dem cultural elements dey contribute to a sense of displacement den identity crisis among de affected groups/communities.

Additionally, wen communities fight back against de oil industries as an act of protest, violence be often perpetuated. Since de 1990s der already be continuous violence for an effort insyd to give local communities control of de oil for de delta insyd. Dem acts of violence dey include de kidnapping of foreign oil workers den dey hold dem give ransom, vandalization, den even de blowing up of oil installations.

== Notes ==</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd.&lt;ref&gt;C. Michael Hogan, [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166 &quot;Niger River&quot;, in M. McGinley (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Earth''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420075935/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166|date=2013-04-20}}, Washington, DC: National Council for Science and Environment, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Umoh |first1=Unyime U. |last2=Li |first2=Li |last3=Wang |first3=Junjian |last4=Kauluma |first4=Ndamononghenda |last5=Asuquo |first5=Francis E. |last6=Akpan |first6=Ekom R. |date=August 2022 |title=Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether signatures in tropical mesotidal estuary sediments of Qua Iboe River, Gulf of Guinea |journal=Organic Geochemistry |volume=170 |bibcode=2022OrGeo.17004461U |doi=10.1016/j.orggeochem.2022.104461 |s2cid=249615285 |article-number=104461}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Otoabasi |first=Akpan |title=The Niger Delta Question and the peace plan |publisher=Spectrum Books |year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title='Ecocide' movement pushes for a new international crime: Environmental destruction |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ecocide-movement-pushes-new-international-crime-environmental-destruction-n1263142 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 February 2014 |title=Fighting ecocide in Nigeria |url=https://theecologist.org/2014/feb/05/fighting-ecocide-nigeria |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=theecologist.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNPO: Ogoni: An Ecocide in the Making? |url=https://unpo.org/article/19131 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=unpo.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2011-08-22|title=How an ecocide law could prevent another Nigerian oil disaster|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/aug/22/ecocide-law-nigerian-oil-disaster|access-date=2023-07-06|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Aghalino |first=S.O |title=Combating the Niger Delta Crisis: an appraisal of Federal Government response to Anti-Oil protect in Niger Delta, 1958-2002. |publisher=Maiduguri journal of Historical studies |year=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dakolo |first=Bubaraye |title=The Riddle of the Oil Thief |publisher=Purple Shelves |year=2021 |isbn=978-978-988-990-7 |location=Lagos |pages=117–170}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Chukwu|first=Ignatius|date=2023-10-01|title=What Nigeria’s independence means for Niger Delta|url=https://businessday.ng/life/article/what-nigerias-independence-means-for-niger-delta/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-11-21|newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpan |first=D. |title=Oil Exploration and environmental degradation in the Niger Delta. A paper presented at the first regional conference. |year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik,&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Niger Delta – Niger Delta Budget Monitoring Group |url=https://www.nigerdeltabudget.org/the-niger-delta/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Edoid languages.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top.&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot; /&gt; 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Writer|first=Guest|date=2018-05-22|title=The revolutionist as the true national knight: Retelling the tale of Isaac Boro 50 years after|url=https://www.thecable.ng/the-revolutionist-as-the-true-national-knight-retelling-major-isaac-boro-fifty-years-after/|access-date=2024-07-04|newspaper=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The International Politics of the Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970 |date=2015-12-31 |pages=xv–xx |chapter=Chronology of Important Events in the Nigerian Civil War |publisher=Princeton University Press |doi=10.1515/9781400871285-003 |isbn=978-1-4008-7128-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Heerten |first1=Lasse |title=The Nigeria-Biafra War |date=2017-07-06 |work=Postcolonial Conflict and the Question of Genocide |pages=3–43 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315229294-1 |isbn=978-1-315-22929-4 |last2=Moses |first2=A. Dirk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ekwe-Ekwe, Herbert. |title=The Biafra War: Nigeria and the aftermath. |date=1991 |publisher=[[Edwin Mellen Press]] |isbn=0-88946-235-6 |location=[[Lewiston, New York]] |oclc=476261625}}&lt;/ref&gt; During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;Strutton, Laine (2014). ''The New Mobilization from Below: Women's Oil Protests in the Niger Delta, Nigeria'' (Thesis). [[:en:ProQuest|ProQuest]] [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1666393541 1666393541].&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=1998-12-30 |title=State of Emergency Declared in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805220129/http://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |archive-date=2012-08-05 |access-date=2018-01-19 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ian Taylor, [http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa &quot;China's environmental footprint in Africa&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223061935/http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa|date=2007-02-23}}, ''China Dialogue'', 2 February 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm &quot;Nigeria militants warn of oil war&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915064938/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm|date=2008-09-15}}, BBC News, 14 September 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves. De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am. De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am. Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene, as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration. Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses. For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility. Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am. 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe. Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.

Anoda facet of de pippoe ein livelihoods be demma culture. De Niger Delta ein pippoe get strong spiritual den cultural ties to demma environment. De harm inflict for demma land top den waterways wey oil spills cause am dey deeply disrupt sacred sites den dey interfere plus demma cultural practices. De loss of dem cultural elements dey contribute to a sense of displacement den identity crisis among de affected groups/communities.

Additionally, wen communities fight back against de oil industries as an act of protest, violence be often perpetuated. Since de 1990s der already be continuous violence for an effort insyd to give local communities control of de oil for de delta insyd. Dem acts of violence dey include de kidnapping of foreign oil workers den dey hold dem give ransom, vandalization, den even de blowing up of oil installations.

== Notes ==</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd.&lt;ref&gt;C. Michael Hogan, [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166 &quot;Niger River&quot;, in M. McGinley (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Earth''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420075935/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166|date=2013-04-20}}, Washington, DC: National Council for Science and Environment, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Umoh |first1=Unyime U. |last2=Li |first2=Li |last3=Wang |first3=Junjian |last4=Kauluma |first4=Ndamononghenda |last5=Asuquo |first5=Francis E. |last6=Akpan |first6=Ekom R. |date=August 2022 |title=Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether signatures in tropical mesotidal estuary sediments of Qua Iboe River, Gulf of Guinea |journal=Organic Geochemistry |volume=170 |bibcode=2022OrGeo.17004461U |doi=10.1016/j.orggeochem.2022.104461 |s2cid=249615285 |article-number=104461}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Otoabasi |first=Akpan |title=The Niger Delta Question and the peace plan |publisher=Spectrum Books |year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title='Ecocide' movement pushes for a new international crime: Environmental destruction |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ecocide-movement-pushes-new-international-crime-environmental-destruction-n1263142 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 February 2014 |title=Fighting ecocide in Nigeria |url=https://theecologist.org/2014/feb/05/fighting-ecocide-nigeria |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=theecologist.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNPO: Ogoni: An Ecocide in the Making? |url=https://unpo.org/article/19131 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=unpo.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2011-08-22|title=How an ecocide law could prevent another Nigerian oil disaster|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/aug/22/ecocide-law-nigerian-oil-disaster|access-date=2023-07-06|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Aghalino |first=S.O |title=Combating the Niger Delta Crisis: an appraisal of Federal Government response to Anti-Oil protect in Niger Delta, 1958-2002. |publisher=Maiduguri journal of Historical studies |year=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dakolo |first=Bubaraye |title=The Riddle of the Oil Thief |publisher=Purple Shelves |year=2021 |isbn=978-978-988-990-7 |location=Lagos |pages=117–170}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Chukwu|first=Ignatius|date=2023-10-01|title=What Nigeria’s independence means for Niger Delta|url=https://businessday.ng/life/article/what-nigerias-independence-means-for-niger-delta/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-11-21|newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpan |first=D. |title=Oil Exploration and environmental degradation in the Niger Delta. A paper presented at the first regional conference. |year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik,&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Niger Delta – Niger Delta Budget Monitoring Group |url=https://www.nigerdeltabudget.org/the-niger-delta/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Edoid languages.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top.&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot; /&gt; 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Writer|first=Guest|date=2018-05-22|title=The revolutionist as the true national knight: Retelling the tale of Isaac Boro 50 years after|url=https://www.thecable.ng/the-revolutionist-as-the-true-national-knight-retelling-major-isaac-boro-fifty-years-after/|access-date=2024-07-04|newspaper=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The International Politics of the Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970 |date=2015-12-31 |pages=xv–xx |chapter=Chronology of Important Events in the Nigerian Civil War |publisher=Princeton University Press |doi=10.1515/9781400871285-003 |isbn=978-1-4008-7128-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Heerten |first1=Lasse |title=The Nigeria-Biafra War |date=2017-07-06 |work=Postcolonial Conflict and the Question of Genocide |pages=3–43 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315229294-1 |isbn=978-1-315-22929-4 |last2=Moses |first2=A. Dirk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ekwe-Ekwe, Herbert. |title=The Biafra War: Nigeria and the aftermath. |date=1991 |publisher=[[Edwin Mellen Press]] |isbn=0-88946-235-6 |location=[[Lewiston, New York]] |oclc=476261625}}&lt;/ref&gt; During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;Strutton, Laine (2014). ''The New Mobilization from Below: Women's Oil Protests in the Niger Delta, Nigeria'' (Thesis). [[:en:ProQuest|ProQuest]] [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1666393541 1666393541].&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=1998-12-30 |title=State of Emergency Declared in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805220129/http://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |archive-date=2012-08-05 |access-date=2018-01-19 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ian Taylor, [http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa &quot;China's environmental footprint in Africa&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223061935/http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa|date=2007-02-23}}, ''China Dialogue'', 2 February 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm &quot;Nigeria militants warn of oil war&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915064938/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm|date=2008-09-15}}, BBC News, 14 September 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Isumonah |first=V. Adelfemi |year=2013 |title=Armed Society in the Niger Delta |journal=Armed Forces &amp; Society |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=331–358 |doi=10.1177/0095327x12446925 |s2cid=110566551}}&lt;/ref&gt; De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am. De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am. Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene, as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration. Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses. For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility. Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am. 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe. Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.

Anoda facet of de pippoe ein livelihoods be demma culture. De Niger Delta ein pippoe get strong spiritual den cultural ties to demma environment. De harm inflict for demma land top den waterways wey oil spills cause am dey deeply disrupt sacred sites den dey interfere plus demma cultural practices. De loss of dem cultural elements dey contribute to a sense of displacement den identity crisis among de affected groups/communities.

Additionally, wen communities fight back against de oil industries as an act of protest, violence be often perpetuated. Since de 1990s der already be continuous violence for an effort insyd to give local communities control of de oil for de delta insyd. Dem acts of violence dey include de kidnapping of foreign oil workers den dey hold dem give ransom, vandalization, den even de blowing up of oil installations.

== Notes ==</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd.&lt;ref&gt;C. Michael Hogan, [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166 &quot;Niger River&quot;, in M. McGinley (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Earth''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420075935/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166|date=2013-04-20}}, Washington, DC: National Council for Science and Environment, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Umoh |first1=Unyime U. |last2=Li |first2=Li |last3=Wang |first3=Junjian |last4=Kauluma |first4=Ndamononghenda |last5=Asuquo |first5=Francis E. |last6=Akpan |first6=Ekom R. |date=August 2022 |title=Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether signatures in tropical mesotidal estuary sediments of Qua Iboe River, Gulf of Guinea |journal=Organic Geochemistry |volume=170 |bibcode=2022OrGeo.17004461U |doi=10.1016/j.orggeochem.2022.104461 |s2cid=249615285 |article-number=104461}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Otoabasi |first=Akpan |title=The Niger Delta Question and the peace plan |publisher=Spectrum Books |year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title='Ecocide' movement pushes for a new international crime: Environmental destruction |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ecocide-movement-pushes-new-international-crime-environmental-destruction-n1263142 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 February 2014 |title=Fighting ecocide in Nigeria |url=https://theecologist.org/2014/feb/05/fighting-ecocide-nigeria |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=theecologist.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNPO: Ogoni: An Ecocide in the Making? |url=https://unpo.org/article/19131 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=unpo.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2011-08-22|title=How an ecocide law could prevent another Nigerian oil disaster|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/aug/22/ecocide-law-nigerian-oil-disaster|access-date=2023-07-06|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Aghalino |first=S.O |title=Combating the Niger Delta Crisis: an appraisal of Federal Government response to Anti-Oil protect in Niger Delta, 1958-2002. |publisher=Maiduguri journal of Historical studies |year=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dakolo |first=Bubaraye |title=The Riddle of the Oil Thief |publisher=Purple Shelves |year=2021 |isbn=978-978-988-990-7 |location=Lagos |pages=117–170}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Chukwu|first=Ignatius|date=2023-10-01|title=What Nigeria’s independence means for Niger Delta|url=https://businessday.ng/life/article/what-nigerias-independence-means-for-niger-delta/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-11-21|newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpan |first=D. |title=Oil Exploration and environmental degradation in the Niger Delta. A paper presented at the first regional conference. |year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik,&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Niger Delta – Niger Delta Budget Monitoring Group |url=https://www.nigerdeltabudget.org/the-niger-delta/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Edoid languages.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top.&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot; /&gt; 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Writer|first=Guest|date=2018-05-22|title=The revolutionist as the true national knight: Retelling the tale of Isaac Boro 50 years after|url=https://www.thecable.ng/the-revolutionist-as-the-true-national-knight-retelling-major-isaac-boro-fifty-years-after/|access-date=2024-07-04|newspaper=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The International Politics of the Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970 |date=2015-12-31 |pages=xv–xx |chapter=Chronology of Important Events in the Nigerian Civil War |publisher=Princeton University Press |doi=10.1515/9781400871285-003 |isbn=978-1-4008-7128-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Heerten |first1=Lasse |title=The Nigeria-Biafra War |date=2017-07-06 |work=Postcolonial Conflict and the Question of Genocide |pages=3–43 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315229294-1 |isbn=978-1-315-22929-4 |last2=Moses |first2=A. Dirk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ekwe-Ekwe, Herbert. |title=The Biafra War: Nigeria and the aftermath. |date=1991 |publisher=[[Edwin Mellen Press]] |isbn=0-88946-235-6 |location=[[Lewiston, New York]] |oclc=476261625}}&lt;/ref&gt; During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;Strutton, Laine (2014). ''The New Mobilization from Below: Women's Oil Protests in the Niger Delta, Nigeria'' (Thesis). [[:en:ProQuest|ProQuest]] [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1666393541 1666393541].&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=1998-12-30 |title=State of Emergency Declared in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805220129/http://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |archive-date=2012-08-05 |access-date=2018-01-19 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ian Taylor, [http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa &quot;China's environmental footprint in Africa&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223061935/http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa|date=2007-02-23}}, ''China Dialogue'', 2 February 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm &quot;Nigeria militants warn of oil war&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915064938/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm|date=2008-09-15}}, BBC News, 14 September 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Isumonah |first=V. Adelfemi |year=2013 |title=Armed Society in the Niger Delta |journal=Armed Forces &amp; Society |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=331–358 |doi=10.1177/0095327x12446925 |s2cid=110566551}}&lt;/ref&gt; De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Pearson |first=Scott R. |title=Petroleum and the Nigerian Economy |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1970 |isbn=0-8047-0749-9 |location=Stanford |page=13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings. Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am. De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am. Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene, as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration. Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses. For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility. Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am. 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe. Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.

Anoda facet of de pippoe ein livelihoods be demma culture. De Niger Delta ein pippoe get strong spiritual den cultural ties to demma environment. De harm inflict for demma land top den waterways wey oil spills cause am dey deeply disrupt sacred sites den dey interfere plus demma cultural practices. De loss of dem cultural elements dey contribute to a sense of displacement den identity crisis among de affected groups/communities.

Additionally, wen communities fight back against de oil industries as an act of protest, violence be often perpetuated. Since de 1990s der already be continuous violence for an effort insyd to give local communities control of de oil for de delta insyd. Dem acts of violence dey include de kidnapping of foreign oil workers den dey hold dem give ransom, vandalization, den even de blowing up of oil installations.

== Notes ==</text>
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      <text bytes="27233" sha1="s8mubd9fj50qb7matwdehojac3vdmfa" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd.&lt;ref&gt;C. Michael Hogan, [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166 &quot;Niger River&quot;, in M. McGinley (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Earth''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420075935/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166|date=2013-04-20}}, Washington, DC: National Council for Science and Environment, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Umoh |first1=Unyime U. |last2=Li |first2=Li |last3=Wang |first3=Junjian |last4=Kauluma |first4=Ndamononghenda |last5=Asuquo |first5=Francis E. |last6=Akpan |first6=Ekom R. |date=August 2022 |title=Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether signatures in tropical mesotidal estuary sediments of Qua Iboe River, Gulf of Guinea |journal=Organic Geochemistry |volume=170 |bibcode=2022OrGeo.17004461U |doi=10.1016/j.orggeochem.2022.104461 |s2cid=249615285 |article-number=104461}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Otoabasi |first=Akpan |title=The Niger Delta Question and the peace plan |publisher=Spectrum Books |year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title='Ecocide' movement pushes for a new international crime: Environmental destruction |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ecocide-movement-pushes-new-international-crime-environmental-destruction-n1263142 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 February 2014 |title=Fighting ecocide in Nigeria |url=https://theecologist.org/2014/feb/05/fighting-ecocide-nigeria |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=theecologist.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNPO: Ogoni: An Ecocide in the Making? |url=https://unpo.org/article/19131 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=unpo.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2011-08-22|title=How an ecocide law could prevent another Nigerian oil disaster|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/aug/22/ecocide-law-nigerian-oil-disaster|access-date=2023-07-06|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Aghalino |first=S.O |title=Combating the Niger Delta Crisis: an appraisal of Federal Government response to Anti-Oil protect in Niger Delta, 1958-2002. |publisher=Maiduguri journal of Historical studies |year=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dakolo |first=Bubaraye |title=The Riddle of the Oil Thief |publisher=Purple Shelves |year=2021 |isbn=978-978-988-990-7 |location=Lagos |pages=117–170}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Chukwu|first=Ignatius|date=2023-10-01|title=What Nigeria’s independence means for Niger Delta|url=https://businessday.ng/life/article/what-nigerias-independence-means-for-niger-delta/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-11-21|newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpan |first=D. |title=Oil Exploration and environmental degradation in the Niger Delta. A paper presented at the first regional conference. |year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik,&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Niger Delta – Niger Delta Budget Monitoring Group |url=https://www.nigerdeltabudget.org/the-niger-delta/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Edoid languages.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top.&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot; /&gt; 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Writer|first=Guest|date=2018-05-22|title=The revolutionist as the true national knight: Retelling the tale of Isaac Boro 50 years after|url=https://www.thecable.ng/the-revolutionist-as-the-true-national-knight-retelling-major-isaac-boro-fifty-years-after/|access-date=2024-07-04|newspaper=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The International Politics of the Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970 |date=2015-12-31 |pages=xv–xx |chapter=Chronology of Important Events in the Nigerian Civil War |publisher=Princeton University Press |doi=10.1515/9781400871285-003 |isbn=978-1-4008-7128-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Heerten |first1=Lasse |title=The Nigeria-Biafra War |date=2017-07-06 |work=Postcolonial Conflict and the Question of Genocide |pages=3–43 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315229294-1 |isbn=978-1-315-22929-4 |last2=Moses |first2=A. Dirk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ekwe-Ekwe, Herbert. |title=The Biafra War: Nigeria and the aftermath. |date=1991 |publisher=[[Edwin Mellen Press]] |isbn=0-88946-235-6 |location=[[Lewiston, New York]] |oclc=476261625}}&lt;/ref&gt; During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;Strutton, Laine (2014). ''The New Mobilization from Below: Women's Oil Protests in the Niger Delta, Nigeria'' (Thesis). [[:en:ProQuest|ProQuest]] [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1666393541 1666393541].&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=1998-12-30 |title=State of Emergency Declared in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805220129/http://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |archive-date=2012-08-05 |access-date=2018-01-19 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ian Taylor, [http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa &quot;China's environmental footprint in Africa&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223061935/http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa|date=2007-02-23}}, ''China Dialogue'', 2 February 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm &quot;Nigeria militants warn of oil war&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915064938/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm|date=2008-09-15}}, BBC News, 14 September 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Isumonah |first=V. Adelfemi |year=2013 |title=Armed Society in the Niger Delta |journal=Armed Forces &amp; Society |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=331–358 |doi=10.1177/0095327x12446925 |s2cid=110566551}}&lt;/ref&gt; De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Pearson |first=Scott R. |title=Petroleum and the Nigerian Economy |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1970 |isbn=0-8047-0749-9 |location=Stanford |page=13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpeninor |first=James Ohwofasa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ESk7b8iKIU0C&amp;pg=PA576 |title=Giant in the Sun: Echoes of Looming Revolution? |date=2012-08-28 |publisher=AuthorHouse |isbn=978-1-4772-1868-6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;. More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am. De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am. Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene, as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration. Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses. For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility. Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am. 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe. Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.

Anoda facet of de pippoe ein livelihoods be demma culture. De Niger Delta ein pippoe get strong spiritual den cultural ties to demma environment. De harm inflict for demma land top den waterways wey oil spills cause am dey deeply disrupt sacred sites den dey interfere plus demma cultural practices. De loss of dem cultural elements dey contribute to a sense of displacement den identity crisis among de affected groups/communities.

Additionally, wen communities fight back against de oil industries as an act of protest, violence be often perpetuated. Since de 1990s der already be continuous violence for an effort insyd to give local communities control of de oil for de delta insyd. Dem acts of violence dey include de kidnapping of foreign oil workers den dey hold dem give ransom, vandalization, den even de blowing up of oil installations.

== Notes ==</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd.&lt;ref&gt;C. Michael Hogan, [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166 &quot;Niger River&quot;, in M. McGinley (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Earth''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420075935/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166|date=2013-04-20}}, Washington, DC: National Council for Science and Environment, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Umoh |first1=Unyime U. |last2=Li |first2=Li |last3=Wang |first3=Junjian |last4=Kauluma |first4=Ndamononghenda |last5=Asuquo |first5=Francis E. |last6=Akpan |first6=Ekom R. |date=August 2022 |title=Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether signatures in tropical mesotidal estuary sediments of Qua Iboe River, Gulf of Guinea |journal=Organic Geochemistry |volume=170 |bibcode=2022OrGeo.17004461U |doi=10.1016/j.orggeochem.2022.104461 |s2cid=249615285 |article-number=104461}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Otoabasi |first=Akpan |title=The Niger Delta Question and the peace plan |publisher=Spectrum Books |year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title='Ecocide' movement pushes for a new international crime: Environmental destruction |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ecocide-movement-pushes-new-international-crime-environmental-destruction-n1263142 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 February 2014 |title=Fighting ecocide in Nigeria |url=https://theecologist.org/2014/feb/05/fighting-ecocide-nigeria |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=theecologist.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNPO: Ogoni: An Ecocide in the Making? |url=https://unpo.org/article/19131 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=unpo.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2011-08-22|title=How an ecocide law could prevent another Nigerian oil disaster|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/aug/22/ecocide-law-nigerian-oil-disaster|access-date=2023-07-06|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Aghalino |first=S.O |title=Combating the Niger Delta Crisis: an appraisal of Federal Government response to Anti-Oil protect in Niger Delta, 1958-2002. |publisher=Maiduguri journal of Historical studies |year=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dakolo |first=Bubaraye |title=The Riddle of the Oil Thief |publisher=Purple Shelves |year=2021 |isbn=978-978-988-990-7 |location=Lagos |pages=117–170}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Chukwu|first=Ignatius|date=2023-10-01|title=What Nigeria’s independence means for Niger Delta|url=https://businessday.ng/life/article/what-nigerias-independence-means-for-niger-delta/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-11-21|newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpan |first=D. |title=Oil Exploration and environmental degradation in the Niger Delta. A paper presented at the first regional conference. |year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik,&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Niger Delta – Niger Delta Budget Monitoring Group |url=https://www.nigerdeltabudget.org/the-niger-delta/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Edoid languages.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top.&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot; /&gt; 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Writer|first=Guest|date=2018-05-22|title=The revolutionist as the true national knight: Retelling the tale of Isaac Boro 50 years after|url=https://www.thecable.ng/the-revolutionist-as-the-true-national-knight-retelling-major-isaac-boro-fifty-years-after/|access-date=2024-07-04|newspaper=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The International Politics of the Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970 |date=2015-12-31 |pages=xv–xx |chapter=Chronology of Important Events in the Nigerian Civil War |publisher=Princeton University Press |doi=10.1515/9781400871285-003 |isbn=978-1-4008-7128-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Heerten |first1=Lasse |title=The Nigeria-Biafra War |date=2017-07-06 |work=Postcolonial Conflict and the Question of Genocide |pages=3–43 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315229294-1 |isbn=978-1-315-22929-4 |last2=Moses |first2=A. Dirk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ekwe-Ekwe, Herbert. |title=The Biafra War: Nigeria and the aftermath. |date=1991 |publisher=[[Edwin Mellen Press]] |isbn=0-88946-235-6 |location=[[Lewiston, New York]] |oclc=476261625}}&lt;/ref&gt; During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;Strutton, Laine (2014). ''The New Mobilization from Below: Women's Oil Protests in the Niger Delta, Nigeria'' (Thesis). [[:en:ProQuest|ProQuest]] [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1666393541 1666393541].&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=1998-12-30 |title=State of Emergency Declared in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805220129/http://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |archive-date=2012-08-05 |access-date=2018-01-19 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ian Taylor, [http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa &quot;China's environmental footprint in Africa&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223061935/http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa|date=2007-02-23}}, ''China Dialogue'', 2 February 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm &quot;Nigeria militants warn of oil war&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915064938/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm|date=2008-09-15}}, BBC News, 14 September 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Isumonah |first=V. Adelfemi |year=2013 |title=Armed Society in the Niger Delta |journal=Armed Forces &amp; Society |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=331–358 |doi=10.1177/0095327x12446925 |s2cid=110566551}}&lt;/ref&gt; De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Pearson |first=Scott R. |title=Petroleum and the Nigerian Economy |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1970 |isbn=0-8047-0749-9 |location=Stanford |page=13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpeninor |first=James Ohwofasa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ESk7b8iKIU0C&amp;pg=PA576 |title=Giant in the Sun: Echoes of Looming Revolution? |date=2012-08-28 |publisher=AuthorHouse |isbn=978-1-4772-1868-6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Nigeria: Petroleum Pollution and Poverty in the Niger Delta''. United Kingdom: Amnesty International Publications International Secretariat, 2009, p. 10.&lt;/ref&gt; More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am. De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am. Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene, as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration. Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses. For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility. Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am. 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe. Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.

Anoda facet of de pippoe ein livelihoods be demma culture. De Niger Delta ein pippoe get strong spiritual den cultural ties to demma environment. De harm inflict for demma land top den waterways wey oil spills cause am dey deeply disrupt sacred sites den dey interfere plus demma cultural practices. De loss of dem cultural elements dey contribute to a sense of displacement den identity crisis among de affected groups/communities.

Additionally, wen communities fight back against de oil industries as an act of protest, violence be often perpetuated. Since de 1990s der already be continuous violence for an effort insyd to give local communities control of de oil for de delta insyd. Dem acts of violence dey include de kidnapping of foreign oil workers den dey hold dem give ransom, vandalization, den even de blowing up of oil installations.

== Notes ==</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd.&lt;ref&gt;C. Michael Hogan, [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166 &quot;Niger River&quot;, in M. McGinley (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Earth''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420075935/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166|date=2013-04-20}}, Washington, DC: National Council for Science and Environment, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Umoh |first1=Unyime U. |last2=Li |first2=Li |last3=Wang |first3=Junjian |last4=Kauluma |first4=Ndamononghenda |last5=Asuquo |first5=Francis E. |last6=Akpan |first6=Ekom R. |date=August 2022 |title=Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether signatures in tropical mesotidal estuary sediments of Qua Iboe River, Gulf of Guinea |journal=Organic Geochemistry |volume=170 |bibcode=2022OrGeo.17004461U |doi=10.1016/j.orggeochem.2022.104461 |s2cid=249615285 |article-number=104461}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Otoabasi |first=Akpan |title=The Niger Delta Question and the peace plan |publisher=Spectrum Books |year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title='Ecocide' movement pushes for a new international crime: Environmental destruction |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ecocide-movement-pushes-new-international-crime-environmental-destruction-n1263142 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 February 2014 |title=Fighting ecocide in Nigeria |url=https://theecologist.org/2014/feb/05/fighting-ecocide-nigeria |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=theecologist.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNPO: Ogoni: An Ecocide in the Making? |url=https://unpo.org/article/19131 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=unpo.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2011-08-22|title=How an ecocide law could prevent another Nigerian oil disaster|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/aug/22/ecocide-law-nigerian-oil-disaster|access-date=2023-07-06|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Aghalino |first=S.O |title=Combating the Niger Delta Crisis: an appraisal of Federal Government response to Anti-Oil protect in Niger Delta, 1958-2002. |publisher=Maiduguri journal of Historical studies |year=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dakolo |first=Bubaraye |title=The Riddle of the Oil Thief |publisher=Purple Shelves |year=2021 |isbn=978-978-988-990-7 |location=Lagos |pages=117–170}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Chukwu|first=Ignatius|date=2023-10-01|title=What Nigeria’s independence means for Niger Delta|url=https://businessday.ng/life/article/what-nigerias-independence-means-for-niger-delta/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-11-21|newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpan |first=D. |title=Oil Exploration and environmental degradation in the Niger Delta. A paper presented at the first regional conference. |year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik,&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Niger Delta – Niger Delta Budget Monitoring Group |url=https://www.nigerdeltabudget.org/the-niger-delta/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Edoid languages.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top.&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot; /&gt; 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Writer|first=Guest|date=2018-05-22|title=The revolutionist as the true national knight: Retelling the tale of Isaac Boro 50 years after|url=https://www.thecable.ng/the-revolutionist-as-the-true-national-knight-retelling-major-isaac-boro-fifty-years-after/|access-date=2024-07-04|newspaper=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The International Politics of the Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970 |date=2015-12-31 |pages=xv–xx |chapter=Chronology of Important Events in the Nigerian Civil War |publisher=Princeton University Press |doi=10.1515/9781400871285-003 |isbn=978-1-4008-7128-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Heerten |first1=Lasse |title=The Nigeria-Biafra War |date=2017-07-06 |work=Postcolonial Conflict and the Question of Genocide |pages=3–43 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315229294-1 |isbn=978-1-315-22929-4 |last2=Moses |first2=A. Dirk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ekwe-Ekwe, Herbert. |title=The Biafra War: Nigeria and the aftermath. |date=1991 |publisher=[[Edwin Mellen Press]] |isbn=0-88946-235-6 |location=[[Lewiston, New York]] |oclc=476261625}}&lt;/ref&gt; During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;Strutton, Laine (2014). ''The New Mobilization from Below: Women's Oil Protests in the Niger Delta, Nigeria'' (Thesis). [[:en:ProQuest|ProQuest]] [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1666393541 1666393541].&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=1998-12-30 |title=State of Emergency Declared in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805220129/http://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |archive-date=2012-08-05 |access-date=2018-01-19 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ian Taylor, [http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa &quot;China's environmental footprint in Africa&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223061935/http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa|date=2007-02-23}}, ''China Dialogue'', 2 February 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm &quot;Nigeria militants warn of oil war&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915064938/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm|date=2008-09-15}}, BBC News, 14 September 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Isumonah |first=V. Adelfemi |year=2013 |title=Armed Society in the Niger Delta |journal=Armed Forces &amp; Society |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=331–358 |doi=10.1177/0095327x12446925 |s2cid=110566551}}&lt;/ref&gt; De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Pearson |first=Scott R. |title=Petroleum and the Nigerian Economy |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1970 |isbn=0-8047-0749-9 |location=Stanford |page=13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpeninor |first=James Ohwofasa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ESk7b8iKIU0C&amp;pg=PA576 |title=Giant in the Sun: Echoes of Looming Revolution? |date=2012-08-28 |publisher=AuthorHouse |isbn=978-1-4772-1868-6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Nigeria: Petroleum Pollution and Poverty in the Niger Delta''. United Kingdom: Amnesty International Publications International Secretariat, 2009, p. 10.&lt;/ref&gt; More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=July 4, 2024 |title=A review of the effects of gas flaring on the Niger Delta |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233298409_A_review_of_the_effects_of_gas_flaring_on_the_Niger_Delta_environment |journal=ResearchGate}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am. De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am. Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene, as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration. Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses. For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility. Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am. 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe. Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.

Anoda facet of de pippoe ein livelihoods be demma culture. De Niger Delta ein pippoe get strong spiritual den cultural ties to demma environment. De harm inflict for demma land top den waterways wey oil spills cause am dey deeply disrupt sacred sites den dey interfere plus demma cultural practices. De loss of dem cultural elements dey contribute to a sense of displacement den identity crisis among de affected groups/communities.

Additionally, wen communities fight back against de oil industries as an act of protest, violence be often perpetuated. Since de 1990s der already be continuous violence for an effort insyd to give local communities control of de oil for de delta insyd. Dem acts of violence dey include de kidnapping of foreign oil workers den dey hold dem give ransom, vandalization, den even de blowing up of oil installations.

== Notes ==</text>
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      <id>102296</id>
      <parentid>102295</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T06:51:14Z</timestamp>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd.&lt;ref&gt;C. Michael Hogan, [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166 &quot;Niger River&quot;, in M. McGinley (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Earth''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420075935/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166|date=2013-04-20}}, Washington, DC: National Council for Science and Environment, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Umoh |first1=Unyime U. |last2=Li |first2=Li |last3=Wang |first3=Junjian |last4=Kauluma |first4=Ndamononghenda |last5=Asuquo |first5=Francis E. |last6=Akpan |first6=Ekom R. |date=August 2022 |title=Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether signatures in tropical mesotidal estuary sediments of Qua Iboe River, Gulf of Guinea |journal=Organic Geochemistry |volume=170 |bibcode=2022OrGeo.17004461U |doi=10.1016/j.orggeochem.2022.104461 |s2cid=249615285 |article-number=104461}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Otoabasi |first=Akpan |title=The Niger Delta Question and the peace plan |publisher=Spectrum Books |year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title='Ecocide' movement pushes for a new international crime: Environmental destruction |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ecocide-movement-pushes-new-international-crime-environmental-destruction-n1263142 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 February 2014 |title=Fighting ecocide in Nigeria |url=https://theecologist.org/2014/feb/05/fighting-ecocide-nigeria |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=theecologist.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNPO: Ogoni: An Ecocide in the Making? |url=https://unpo.org/article/19131 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=unpo.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2011-08-22|title=How an ecocide law could prevent another Nigerian oil disaster|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/aug/22/ecocide-law-nigerian-oil-disaster|access-date=2023-07-06|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Aghalino |first=S.O |title=Combating the Niger Delta Crisis: an appraisal of Federal Government response to Anti-Oil protect in Niger Delta, 1958-2002. |publisher=Maiduguri journal of Historical studies |year=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dakolo |first=Bubaraye |title=The Riddle of the Oil Thief |publisher=Purple Shelves |year=2021 |isbn=978-978-988-990-7 |location=Lagos |pages=117–170}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Chukwu|first=Ignatius|date=2023-10-01|title=What Nigeria’s independence means for Niger Delta|url=https://businessday.ng/life/article/what-nigerias-independence-means-for-niger-delta/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-11-21|newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpan |first=D. |title=Oil Exploration and environmental degradation in the Niger Delta. A paper presented at the first regional conference. |year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik,&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Niger Delta – Niger Delta Budget Monitoring Group |url=https://www.nigerdeltabudget.org/the-niger-delta/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Edoid languages.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top.&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot; /&gt; 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Writer|first=Guest|date=2018-05-22|title=The revolutionist as the true national knight: Retelling the tale of Isaac Boro 50 years after|url=https://www.thecable.ng/the-revolutionist-as-the-true-national-knight-retelling-major-isaac-boro-fifty-years-after/|access-date=2024-07-04|newspaper=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The International Politics of the Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970 |date=2015-12-31 |pages=xv–xx |chapter=Chronology of Important Events in the Nigerian Civil War |publisher=Princeton University Press |doi=10.1515/9781400871285-003 |isbn=978-1-4008-7128-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Heerten |first1=Lasse |title=The Nigeria-Biafra War |date=2017-07-06 |work=Postcolonial Conflict and the Question of Genocide |pages=3–43 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315229294-1 |isbn=978-1-315-22929-4 |last2=Moses |first2=A. Dirk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ekwe-Ekwe, Herbert. |title=The Biafra War: Nigeria and the aftermath. |date=1991 |publisher=[[Edwin Mellen Press]] |isbn=0-88946-235-6 |location=[[Lewiston, New York]] |oclc=476261625}}&lt;/ref&gt; During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;Strutton, Laine (2014). ''The New Mobilization from Below: Women's Oil Protests in the Niger Delta, Nigeria'' (Thesis). [[:en:ProQuest|ProQuest]] [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1666393541 1666393541].&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=1998-12-30 |title=State of Emergency Declared in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805220129/http://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |archive-date=2012-08-05 |access-date=2018-01-19 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ian Taylor, [http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa &quot;China's environmental footprint in Africa&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223061935/http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa|date=2007-02-23}}, ''China Dialogue'', 2 February 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm &quot;Nigeria militants warn of oil war&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915064938/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm|date=2008-09-15}}, BBC News, 14 September 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Isumonah |first=V. Adelfemi |year=2013 |title=Armed Society in the Niger Delta |journal=Armed Forces &amp; Society |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=331–358 |doi=10.1177/0095327x12446925 |s2cid=110566551}}&lt;/ref&gt; De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Pearson |first=Scott R. |title=Petroleum and the Nigerian Economy |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1970 |isbn=0-8047-0749-9 |location=Stanford |page=13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpeninor |first=James Ohwofasa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ESk7b8iKIU0C&amp;pg=PA576 |title=Giant in the Sun: Echoes of Looming Revolution? |date=2012-08-28 |publisher=AuthorHouse |isbn=978-1-4772-1868-6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Nigeria: Petroleum Pollution and Poverty in the Niger Delta''. United Kingdom: Amnesty International Publications International Secretariat, 2009, p. 10.&lt;/ref&gt; More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=July 4, 2024 |title=A review of the effects of gas flaring on the Niger Delta |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233298409_A_review_of_the_effects_of_gas_flaring_on_the_Niger_Delta_environment |journal=ResearchGate}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=Nov 2003 |title=Nigeria's First National Communication Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/niganc1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115182631/http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/niganc1.pdf |archive-date=15 January 2009 |access-date=24 January 2009 |work=UNFCC}}&lt;/ref&gt; although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd. (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am. De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am. Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene, as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration. Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses. For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility. Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am. 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe. Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.

Anoda facet of de pippoe ein livelihoods be demma culture. De Niger Delta ein pippoe get strong spiritual den cultural ties to demma environment. De harm inflict for demma land top den waterways wey oil spills cause am dey deeply disrupt sacred sites den dey interfere plus demma cultural practices. De loss of dem cultural elements dey contribute to a sense of displacement den identity crisis among de affected groups/communities.

Additionally, wen communities fight back against de oil industries as an act of protest, violence be often perpetuated. Since de 1990s der already be continuous violence for an effort insyd to give local communities control of de oil for de delta insyd. Dem acts of violence dey include de kidnapping of foreign oil workers den dey hold dem give ransom, vandalization, den even de blowing up of oil installations.

== Notes ==</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd.&lt;ref&gt;C. Michael Hogan, [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166 &quot;Niger River&quot;, in M. McGinley (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Earth''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420075935/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166|date=2013-04-20}}, Washington, DC: National Council for Science and Environment, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Umoh |first1=Unyime U. |last2=Li |first2=Li |last3=Wang |first3=Junjian |last4=Kauluma |first4=Ndamononghenda |last5=Asuquo |first5=Francis E. |last6=Akpan |first6=Ekom R. |date=August 2022 |title=Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether signatures in tropical mesotidal estuary sediments of Qua Iboe River, Gulf of Guinea |journal=Organic Geochemistry |volume=170 |bibcode=2022OrGeo.17004461U |doi=10.1016/j.orggeochem.2022.104461 |s2cid=249615285 |article-number=104461}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Otoabasi |first=Akpan |title=The Niger Delta Question and the peace plan |publisher=Spectrum Books |year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title='Ecocide' movement pushes for a new international crime: Environmental destruction |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ecocide-movement-pushes-new-international-crime-environmental-destruction-n1263142 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 February 2014 |title=Fighting ecocide in Nigeria |url=https://theecologist.org/2014/feb/05/fighting-ecocide-nigeria |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=theecologist.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNPO: Ogoni: An Ecocide in the Making? |url=https://unpo.org/article/19131 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=unpo.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2011-08-22|title=How an ecocide law could prevent another Nigerian oil disaster|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/aug/22/ecocide-law-nigerian-oil-disaster|access-date=2023-07-06|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Aghalino |first=S.O |title=Combating the Niger Delta Crisis: an appraisal of Federal Government response to Anti-Oil protect in Niger Delta, 1958-2002. |publisher=Maiduguri journal of Historical studies |year=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dakolo |first=Bubaraye |title=The Riddle of the Oil Thief |publisher=Purple Shelves |year=2021 |isbn=978-978-988-990-7 |location=Lagos |pages=117–170}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Chukwu|first=Ignatius|date=2023-10-01|title=What Nigeria’s independence means for Niger Delta|url=https://businessday.ng/life/article/what-nigerias-independence-means-for-niger-delta/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-11-21|newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpan |first=D. |title=Oil Exploration and environmental degradation in the Niger Delta. A paper presented at the first regional conference. |year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik,&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Niger Delta – Niger Delta Budget Monitoring Group |url=https://www.nigerdeltabudget.org/the-niger-delta/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Edoid languages.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top.&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot; /&gt; 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Writer|first=Guest|date=2018-05-22|title=The revolutionist as the true national knight: Retelling the tale of Isaac Boro 50 years after|url=https://www.thecable.ng/the-revolutionist-as-the-true-national-knight-retelling-major-isaac-boro-fifty-years-after/|access-date=2024-07-04|newspaper=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The International Politics of the Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970 |date=2015-12-31 |pages=xv–xx |chapter=Chronology of Important Events in the Nigerian Civil War |publisher=Princeton University Press |doi=10.1515/9781400871285-003 |isbn=978-1-4008-7128-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Heerten |first1=Lasse |title=The Nigeria-Biafra War |date=2017-07-06 |work=Postcolonial Conflict and the Question of Genocide |pages=3–43 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315229294-1 |isbn=978-1-315-22929-4 |last2=Moses |first2=A. Dirk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ekwe-Ekwe, Herbert. |title=The Biafra War: Nigeria and the aftermath. |date=1991 |publisher=[[Edwin Mellen Press]] |isbn=0-88946-235-6 |location=[[Lewiston, New York]] |oclc=476261625}}&lt;/ref&gt; During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;Strutton, Laine (2014). ''The New Mobilization from Below: Women's Oil Protests in the Niger Delta, Nigeria'' (Thesis). [[:en:ProQuest|ProQuest]] [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1666393541 1666393541].&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=1998-12-30 |title=State of Emergency Declared in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805220129/http://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |archive-date=2012-08-05 |access-date=2018-01-19 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ian Taylor, [http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa &quot;China's environmental footprint in Africa&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223061935/http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa|date=2007-02-23}}, ''China Dialogue'', 2 February 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm &quot;Nigeria militants warn of oil war&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915064938/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm|date=2008-09-15}}, BBC News, 14 September 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Isumonah |first=V. Adelfemi |year=2013 |title=Armed Society in the Niger Delta |journal=Armed Forces &amp; Society |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=331–358 |doi=10.1177/0095327x12446925 |s2cid=110566551}}&lt;/ref&gt; De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Pearson |first=Scott R. |title=Petroleum and the Nigerian Economy |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1970 |isbn=0-8047-0749-9 |location=Stanford |page=13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpeninor |first=James Ohwofasa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ESk7b8iKIU0C&amp;pg=PA576 |title=Giant in the Sun: Echoes of Looming Revolution? |date=2012-08-28 |publisher=AuthorHouse |isbn=978-1-4772-1868-6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Nigeria: Petroleum Pollution and Poverty in the Niger Delta''. United Kingdom: Amnesty International Publications International Secretariat, 2009, p. 10.&lt;/ref&gt; More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=July 4, 2024 |title=A review of the effects of gas flaring on the Niger Delta |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233298409_A_review_of_the_effects_of_gas_flaring_on_the_Niger_Delta_environment |journal=ResearchGate}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=Nov 2003 |title=Nigeria's First National Communication Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/niganc1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115182631/http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/niganc1.pdf |archive-date=15 January 2009 |access-date=24 January 2009 |work=UNFCC}}&lt;/ref&gt; although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTOGMC/EXTGGFR/0,,contentMDK:22137498~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:578069,00.html Global Gas Flaring reduction, The World Bank] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301124210/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTOGMC/EXTGGFR/0,,contentMDK:22137498~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:578069,00.html|date=2012-03-01}}, &quot;Estimated Flared Volumes from Satellite Data, 2006–2010.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am. De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am. Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene, as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration. Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses. For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility. Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am. 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe. Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.

Anoda facet of de pippoe ein livelihoods be demma culture. De Niger Delta ein pippoe get strong spiritual den cultural ties to demma environment. De harm inflict for demma land top den waterways wey oil spills cause am dey deeply disrupt sacred sites den dey interfere plus demma cultural practices. De loss of dem cultural elements dey contribute to a sense of displacement den identity crisis among de affected groups/communities.

Additionally, wen communities fight back against de oil industries as an act of protest, violence be often perpetuated. Since de 1990s der already be continuous violence for an effort insyd to give local communities control of de oil for de delta insyd. Dem acts of violence dey include de kidnapping of foreign oil workers den dey hold dem give ransom, vandalization, den even de blowing up of oil installations.

== Notes ==</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd.&lt;ref&gt;C. Michael Hogan, [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166 &quot;Niger River&quot;, in M. McGinley (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Earth''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420075935/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166|date=2013-04-20}}, Washington, DC: National Council for Science and Environment, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Umoh |first1=Unyime U. |last2=Li |first2=Li |last3=Wang |first3=Junjian |last4=Kauluma |first4=Ndamononghenda |last5=Asuquo |first5=Francis E. |last6=Akpan |first6=Ekom R. |date=August 2022 |title=Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether signatures in tropical mesotidal estuary sediments of Qua Iboe River, Gulf of Guinea |journal=Organic Geochemistry |volume=170 |bibcode=2022OrGeo.17004461U |doi=10.1016/j.orggeochem.2022.104461 |s2cid=249615285 |article-number=104461}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Otoabasi |first=Akpan |title=The Niger Delta Question and the peace plan |publisher=Spectrum Books |year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title='Ecocide' movement pushes for a new international crime: Environmental destruction |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ecocide-movement-pushes-new-international-crime-environmental-destruction-n1263142 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 February 2014 |title=Fighting ecocide in Nigeria |url=https://theecologist.org/2014/feb/05/fighting-ecocide-nigeria |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=theecologist.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNPO: Ogoni: An Ecocide in the Making? |url=https://unpo.org/article/19131 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=unpo.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2011-08-22|title=How an ecocide law could prevent another Nigerian oil disaster|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/aug/22/ecocide-law-nigerian-oil-disaster|access-date=2023-07-06|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Aghalino |first=S.O |title=Combating the Niger Delta Crisis: an appraisal of Federal Government response to Anti-Oil protect in Niger Delta, 1958-2002. |publisher=Maiduguri journal of Historical studies |year=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dakolo |first=Bubaraye |title=The Riddle of the Oil Thief |publisher=Purple Shelves |year=2021 |isbn=978-978-988-990-7 |location=Lagos |pages=117–170}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Chukwu|first=Ignatius|date=2023-10-01|title=What Nigeria’s independence means for Niger Delta|url=https://businessday.ng/life/article/what-nigerias-independence-means-for-niger-delta/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-11-21|newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpan |first=D. |title=Oil Exploration and environmental degradation in the Niger Delta. A paper presented at the first regional conference. |year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik,&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Niger Delta – Niger Delta Budget Monitoring Group |url=https://www.nigerdeltabudget.org/the-niger-delta/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Edoid languages.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top.&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot; /&gt; 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Writer|first=Guest|date=2018-05-22|title=The revolutionist as the true national knight: Retelling the tale of Isaac Boro 50 years after|url=https://www.thecable.ng/the-revolutionist-as-the-true-national-knight-retelling-major-isaac-boro-fifty-years-after/|access-date=2024-07-04|newspaper=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The International Politics of the Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970 |date=2015-12-31 |pages=xv–xx |chapter=Chronology of Important Events in the Nigerian Civil War |publisher=Princeton University Press |doi=10.1515/9781400871285-003 |isbn=978-1-4008-7128-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Heerten |first1=Lasse |title=The Nigeria-Biafra War |date=2017-07-06 |work=Postcolonial Conflict and the Question of Genocide |pages=3–43 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315229294-1 |isbn=978-1-315-22929-4 |last2=Moses |first2=A. Dirk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ekwe-Ekwe, Herbert. |title=The Biafra War: Nigeria and the aftermath. |date=1991 |publisher=[[Edwin Mellen Press]] |isbn=0-88946-235-6 |location=[[Lewiston, New York]] |oclc=476261625}}&lt;/ref&gt; During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;Strutton, Laine (2014). ''The New Mobilization from Below: Women's Oil Protests in the Niger Delta, Nigeria'' (Thesis). [[:en:ProQuest|ProQuest]] [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1666393541 1666393541].&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=1998-12-30 |title=State of Emergency Declared in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805220129/http://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |archive-date=2012-08-05 |access-date=2018-01-19 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ian Taylor, [http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa &quot;China's environmental footprint in Africa&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223061935/http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa|date=2007-02-23}}, ''China Dialogue'', 2 February 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm &quot;Nigeria militants warn of oil war&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915064938/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm|date=2008-09-15}}, BBC News, 14 September 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Isumonah |first=V. Adelfemi |year=2013 |title=Armed Society in the Niger Delta |journal=Armed Forces &amp; Society |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=331–358 |doi=10.1177/0095327x12446925 |s2cid=110566551}}&lt;/ref&gt; De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Pearson |first=Scott R. |title=Petroleum and the Nigerian Economy |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1970 |isbn=0-8047-0749-9 |location=Stanford |page=13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpeninor |first=James Ohwofasa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ESk7b8iKIU0C&amp;pg=PA576 |title=Giant in the Sun: Echoes of Looming Revolution? |date=2012-08-28 |publisher=AuthorHouse |isbn=978-1-4772-1868-6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Nigeria: Petroleum Pollution and Poverty in the Niger Delta''. United Kingdom: Amnesty International Publications International Secretariat, 2009, p. 10.&lt;/ref&gt; More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=July 4, 2024 |title=A review of the effects of gas flaring on the Niger Delta |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233298409_A_review_of_the_effects_of_gas_flaring_on_the_Niger_Delta_environment |journal=ResearchGate}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=Nov 2003 |title=Nigeria's First National Communication Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/niganc1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115182631/http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/niganc1.pdf |archive-date=15 January 2009 |access-date=24 January 2009 |work=UNFCC}}&lt;/ref&gt; although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTOGMC/EXTGGFR/0,,contentMDK:22137498~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:578069,00.html Global Gas Flaring reduction, The World Bank] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301124210/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTOGMC/EXTGGFR/0,,contentMDK:22137498~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:578069,00.html|date=2012-03-01}}, &quot;Estimated Flared Volumes from Satellite Data, 2006–2010.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=October 2004 |title=Gas Flaring in Nigeria |url=http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/media_briefing/gasflaringinnigeria.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225211133/http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/media_briefing/gasflaringinnigeria.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2009 |access-date=24 January 2009 |work=Friends of the Earth}}&lt;/ref&gt; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am. De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am. Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene, as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration. Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses. For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility. Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am. 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe. Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.

Anoda facet of de pippoe ein livelihoods be demma culture. De Niger Delta ein pippoe get strong spiritual den cultural ties to demma environment. De harm inflict for demma land top den waterways wey oil spills cause am dey deeply disrupt sacred sites den dey interfere plus demma cultural practices. De loss of dem cultural elements dey contribute to a sense of displacement den identity crisis among de affected groups/communities.

Additionally, wen communities fight back against de oil industries as an act of protest, violence be often perpetuated. Since de 1990s der already be continuous violence for an effort insyd to give local communities control of de oil for de delta insyd. Dem acts of violence dey include de kidnapping of foreign oil workers den dey hold dem give ransom, vandalization, den even de blowing up of oil installations.

== Notes ==</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd.&lt;ref&gt;C. Michael Hogan, [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166 &quot;Niger River&quot;, in M. McGinley (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Earth''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420075935/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166|date=2013-04-20}}, Washington, DC: National Council for Science and Environment, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Umoh |first1=Unyime U. |last2=Li |first2=Li |last3=Wang |first3=Junjian |last4=Kauluma |first4=Ndamononghenda |last5=Asuquo |first5=Francis E. |last6=Akpan |first6=Ekom R. |date=August 2022 |title=Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether signatures in tropical mesotidal estuary sediments of Qua Iboe River, Gulf of Guinea |journal=Organic Geochemistry |volume=170 |bibcode=2022OrGeo.17004461U |doi=10.1016/j.orggeochem.2022.104461 |s2cid=249615285 |article-number=104461}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Otoabasi |first=Akpan |title=The Niger Delta Question and the peace plan |publisher=Spectrum Books |year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title='Ecocide' movement pushes for a new international crime: Environmental destruction |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ecocide-movement-pushes-new-international-crime-environmental-destruction-n1263142 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 February 2014 |title=Fighting ecocide in Nigeria |url=https://theecologist.org/2014/feb/05/fighting-ecocide-nigeria |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=theecologist.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNPO: Ogoni: An Ecocide in the Making? |url=https://unpo.org/article/19131 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=unpo.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2011-08-22|title=How an ecocide law could prevent another Nigerian oil disaster|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/aug/22/ecocide-law-nigerian-oil-disaster|access-date=2023-07-06|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Aghalino |first=S.O |title=Combating the Niger Delta Crisis: an appraisal of Federal Government response to Anti-Oil protect in Niger Delta, 1958-2002. |publisher=Maiduguri journal of Historical studies |year=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dakolo |first=Bubaraye |title=The Riddle of the Oil Thief |publisher=Purple Shelves |year=2021 |isbn=978-978-988-990-7 |location=Lagos |pages=117–170}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Chukwu|first=Ignatius|date=2023-10-01|title=What Nigeria’s independence means for Niger Delta|url=https://businessday.ng/life/article/what-nigerias-independence-means-for-niger-delta/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-11-21|newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpan |first=D. |title=Oil Exploration and environmental degradation in the Niger Delta. A paper presented at the first regional conference. |year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik,&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Niger Delta – Niger Delta Budget Monitoring Group |url=https://www.nigerdeltabudget.org/the-niger-delta/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Edoid languages.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top.&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot; /&gt; 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Writer|first=Guest|date=2018-05-22|title=The revolutionist as the true national knight: Retelling the tale of Isaac Boro 50 years after|url=https://www.thecable.ng/the-revolutionist-as-the-true-national-knight-retelling-major-isaac-boro-fifty-years-after/|access-date=2024-07-04|newspaper=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The International Politics of the Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970 |date=2015-12-31 |pages=xv–xx |chapter=Chronology of Important Events in the Nigerian Civil War |publisher=Princeton University Press |doi=10.1515/9781400871285-003 |isbn=978-1-4008-7128-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Heerten |first1=Lasse |title=The Nigeria-Biafra War |date=2017-07-06 |work=Postcolonial Conflict and the Question of Genocide |pages=3–43 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315229294-1 |isbn=978-1-315-22929-4 |last2=Moses |first2=A. Dirk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ekwe-Ekwe, Herbert. |title=The Biafra War: Nigeria and the aftermath. |date=1991 |publisher=[[Edwin Mellen Press]] |isbn=0-88946-235-6 |location=[[Lewiston, New York]] |oclc=476261625}}&lt;/ref&gt; During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;Strutton, Laine (2014). ''The New Mobilization from Below: Women's Oil Protests in the Niger Delta, Nigeria'' (Thesis). [[:en:ProQuest|ProQuest]] [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1666393541 1666393541].&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=1998-12-30 |title=State of Emergency Declared in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805220129/http://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |archive-date=2012-08-05 |access-date=2018-01-19 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ian Taylor, [http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa &quot;China's environmental footprint in Africa&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223061935/http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa|date=2007-02-23}}, ''China Dialogue'', 2 February 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm &quot;Nigeria militants warn of oil war&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915064938/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm|date=2008-09-15}}, BBC News, 14 September 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Isumonah |first=V. Adelfemi |year=2013 |title=Armed Society in the Niger Delta |journal=Armed Forces &amp; Society |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=331–358 |doi=10.1177/0095327x12446925 |s2cid=110566551}}&lt;/ref&gt; De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Pearson |first=Scott R. |title=Petroleum and the Nigerian Economy |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1970 |isbn=0-8047-0749-9 |location=Stanford |page=13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpeninor |first=James Ohwofasa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ESk7b8iKIU0C&amp;pg=PA576 |title=Giant in the Sun: Echoes of Looming Revolution? |date=2012-08-28 |publisher=AuthorHouse |isbn=978-1-4772-1868-6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Nigeria: Petroleum Pollution and Poverty in the Niger Delta''. United Kingdom: Amnesty International Publications International Secretariat, 2009, p. 10.&lt;/ref&gt; More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=July 4, 2024 |title=A review of the effects of gas flaring on the Niger Delta |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233298409_A_review_of_the_effects_of_gas_flaring_on_the_Niger_Delta_environment |journal=ResearchGate}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=Nov 2003 |title=Nigeria's First National Communication Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/niganc1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115182631/http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/niganc1.pdf |archive-date=15 January 2009 |access-date=24 January 2009 |work=UNFCC}}&lt;/ref&gt; although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTOGMC/EXTGGFR/0,,contentMDK:22137498~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:578069,00.html Global Gas Flaring reduction, The World Bank] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301124210/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTOGMC/EXTGGFR/0,,contentMDK:22137498~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:578069,00.html|date=2012-03-01}}, &quot;Estimated Flared Volumes from Satellite Data, 2006–2010.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=October 2004 |title=Gas Flaring in Nigeria |url=http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/media_briefing/gasflaringinnigeria.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225211133/http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/media_briefing/gasflaringinnigeria.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2009 |access-date=24 January 2009 |work=Friends of the Earth}}&lt;/ref&gt; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sweet Crude: A New Documentary on the Niger Delta by Sandy Cioffi |url=http://www.sweetcrudemovie.com/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=www.sweetcrudemovie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top. Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am. De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am. Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene, as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration. Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses. For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility. Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am. 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe. Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.

Anoda facet of de pippoe ein livelihoods be demma culture. De Niger Delta ein pippoe get strong spiritual den cultural ties to demma environment. De harm inflict for demma land top den waterways wey oil spills cause am dey deeply disrupt sacred sites den dey interfere plus demma cultural practices. De loss of dem cultural elements dey contribute to a sense of displacement den identity crisis among de affected groups/communities.

Additionally, wen communities fight back against de oil industries as an act of protest, violence be often perpetuated. Since de 1990s der already be continuous violence for an effort insyd to give local communities control of de oil for de delta insyd. Dem acts of violence dey include de kidnapping of foreign oil workers den dey hold dem give ransom, vandalization, den even de blowing up of oil installations.

== Notes ==</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd.&lt;ref&gt;C. Michael Hogan, [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166 &quot;Niger River&quot;, in M. McGinley (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Earth''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420075935/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166|date=2013-04-20}}, Washington, DC: National Council for Science and Environment, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Umoh |first1=Unyime U. |last2=Li |first2=Li |last3=Wang |first3=Junjian |last4=Kauluma |first4=Ndamononghenda |last5=Asuquo |first5=Francis E. |last6=Akpan |first6=Ekom R. |date=August 2022 |title=Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether signatures in tropical mesotidal estuary sediments of Qua Iboe River, Gulf of Guinea |journal=Organic Geochemistry |volume=170 |bibcode=2022OrGeo.17004461U |doi=10.1016/j.orggeochem.2022.104461 |s2cid=249615285 |article-number=104461}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Otoabasi |first=Akpan |title=The Niger Delta Question and the peace plan |publisher=Spectrum Books |year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title='Ecocide' movement pushes for a new international crime: Environmental destruction |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ecocide-movement-pushes-new-international-crime-environmental-destruction-n1263142 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 February 2014 |title=Fighting ecocide in Nigeria |url=https://theecologist.org/2014/feb/05/fighting-ecocide-nigeria |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=theecologist.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNPO: Ogoni: An Ecocide in the Making? |url=https://unpo.org/article/19131 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=unpo.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2011-08-22|title=How an ecocide law could prevent another Nigerian oil disaster|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/aug/22/ecocide-law-nigerian-oil-disaster|access-date=2023-07-06|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Aghalino |first=S.O |title=Combating the Niger Delta Crisis: an appraisal of Federal Government response to Anti-Oil protect in Niger Delta, 1958-2002. |publisher=Maiduguri journal of Historical studies |year=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dakolo |first=Bubaraye |title=The Riddle of the Oil Thief |publisher=Purple Shelves |year=2021 |isbn=978-978-988-990-7 |location=Lagos |pages=117–170}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Chukwu|first=Ignatius|date=2023-10-01|title=What Nigeria’s independence means for Niger Delta|url=https://businessday.ng/life/article/what-nigerias-independence-means-for-niger-delta/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-11-21|newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpan |first=D. |title=Oil Exploration and environmental degradation in the Niger Delta. A paper presented at the first regional conference. |year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik,&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Niger Delta – Niger Delta Budget Monitoring Group |url=https://www.nigerdeltabudget.org/the-niger-delta/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Edoid languages.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top.&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot; /&gt; 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Writer|first=Guest|date=2018-05-22|title=The revolutionist as the true national knight: Retelling the tale of Isaac Boro 50 years after|url=https://www.thecable.ng/the-revolutionist-as-the-true-national-knight-retelling-major-isaac-boro-fifty-years-after/|access-date=2024-07-04|newspaper=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The International Politics of the Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970 |date=2015-12-31 |pages=xv–xx |chapter=Chronology of Important Events in the Nigerian Civil War |publisher=Princeton University Press |doi=10.1515/9781400871285-003 |isbn=978-1-4008-7128-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Heerten |first1=Lasse |title=The Nigeria-Biafra War |date=2017-07-06 |work=Postcolonial Conflict and the Question of Genocide |pages=3–43 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315229294-1 |isbn=978-1-315-22929-4 |last2=Moses |first2=A. Dirk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ekwe-Ekwe, Herbert. |title=The Biafra War: Nigeria and the aftermath. |date=1991 |publisher=[[Edwin Mellen Press]] |isbn=0-88946-235-6 |location=[[Lewiston, New York]] |oclc=476261625}}&lt;/ref&gt; During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;Strutton, Laine (2014). ''The New Mobilization from Below: Women's Oil Protests in the Niger Delta, Nigeria'' (Thesis). [[:en:ProQuest|ProQuest]] [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1666393541 1666393541].&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=1998-12-30 |title=State of Emergency Declared in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805220129/http://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |archive-date=2012-08-05 |access-date=2018-01-19 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ian Taylor, [http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa &quot;China's environmental footprint in Africa&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223061935/http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa|date=2007-02-23}}, ''China Dialogue'', 2 February 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm &quot;Nigeria militants warn of oil war&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915064938/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm|date=2008-09-15}}, BBC News, 14 September 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Isumonah |first=V. Adelfemi |year=2013 |title=Armed Society in the Niger Delta |journal=Armed Forces &amp; Society |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=331–358 |doi=10.1177/0095327x12446925 |s2cid=110566551}}&lt;/ref&gt; De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Pearson |first=Scott R. |title=Petroleum and the Nigerian Economy |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1970 |isbn=0-8047-0749-9 |location=Stanford |page=13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpeninor |first=James Ohwofasa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ESk7b8iKIU0C&amp;pg=PA576 |title=Giant in the Sun: Echoes of Looming Revolution? |date=2012-08-28 |publisher=AuthorHouse |isbn=978-1-4772-1868-6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Nigeria: Petroleum Pollution and Poverty in the Niger Delta''. United Kingdom: Amnesty International Publications International Secretariat, 2009, p. 10.&lt;/ref&gt; More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=July 4, 2024 |title=A review of the effects of gas flaring on the Niger Delta |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233298409_A_review_of_the_effects_of_gas_flaring_on_the_Niger_Delta_environment |journal=ResearchGate}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=Nov 2003 |title=Nigeria's First National Communication Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/niganc1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115182631/http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/niganc1.pdf |archive-date=15 January 2009 |access-date=24 January 2009 |work=UNFCC}}&lt;/ref&gt; although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTOGMC/EXTGGFR/0,,contentMDK:22137498~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:578069,00.html Global Gas Flaring reduction, The World Bank] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301124210/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTOGMC/EXTGGFR/0,,contentMDK:22137498~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:578069,00.html|date=2012-03-01}}, &quot;Estimated Flared Volumes from Satellite Data, 2006–2010.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=October 2004 |title=Gas Flaring in Nigeria |url=http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/media_briefing/gasflaringinnigeria.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225211133/http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/media_briefing/gasflaringinnigeria.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2009 |access-date=24 January 2009 |work=Friends of the Earth}}&lt;/ref&gt; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sweet Crude: A New Documentary on the Niger Delta by Sandy Cioffi |url=http://www.sweetcrudemovie.com/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=www.sweetcrudemovie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Anejionu |first1=Obinna Chukwubuikem Diony |last2=Blackburn |first2=George Alan |last3=Whyatt |first3=J. Duncan |date=4 March 2014 |title=Satellite survey of gas flares: development and application of a Landsat-based technique in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01431161.2013.879351 |journal=International Journal of Remote Sensing |language=en |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=1900–1925 |bibcode=2014IJRS...35.1900A |doi=10.1080/01431161.2013.879351 |s2cid=53705868 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am. De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am. Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene, as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration. Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses. For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility. Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am. 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe. Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.

Anoda facet of de pippoe ein livelihoods be demma culture. De Niger Delta ein pippoe get strong spiritual den cultural ties to demma environment. De harm inflict for demma land top den waterways wey oil spills cause am dey deeply disrupt sacred sites den dey interfere plus demma cultural practices. De loss of dem cultural elements dey contribute to a sense of displacement den identity crisis among de affected groups/communities.

Additionally, wen communities fight back against de oil industries as an act of protest, violence be often perpetuated. Since de 1990s der already be continuous violence for an effort insyd to give local communities control of de oil for de delta insyd. Dem acts of violence dey include de kidnapping of foreign oil workers den dey hold dem give ransom, vandalization, den even de blowing up of oil installations.

== Notes ==</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd.&lt;ref&gt;C. Michael Hogan, [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166 &quot;Niger River&quot;, in M. McGinley (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Earth''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420075935/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166|date=2013-04-20}}, Washington, DC: National Council for Science and Environment, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Umoh |first1=Unyime U. |last2=Li |first2=Li |last3=Wang |first3=Junjian |last4=Kauluma |first4=Ndamononghenda |last5=Asuquo |first5=Francis E. |last6=Akpan |first6=Ekom R. |date=August 2022 |title=Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether signatures in tropical mesotidal estuary sediments of Qua Iboe River, Gulf of Guinea |journal=Organic Geochemistry |volume=170 |bibcode=2022OrGeo.17004461U |doi=10.1016/j.orggeochem.2022.104461 |s2cid=249615285 |article-number=104461}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Otoabasi |first=Akpan |title=The Niger Delta Question and the peace plan |publisher=Spectrum Books |year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title='Ecocide' movement pushes for a new international crime: Environmental destruction |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ecocide-movement-pushes-new-international-crime-environmental-destruction-n1263142 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 February 2014 |title=Fighting ecocide in Nigeria |url=https://theecologist.org/2014/feb/05/fighting-ecocide-nigeria |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=theecologist.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNPO: Ogoni: An Ecocide in the Making? |url=https://unpo.org/article/19131 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=unpo.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2011-08-22|title=How an ecocide law could prevent another Nigerian oil disaster|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/aug/22/ecocide-law-nigerian-oil-disaster|access-date=2023-07-06|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Aghalino |first=S.O |title=Combating the Niger Delta Crisis: an appraisal of Federal Government response to Anti-Oil protect in Niger Delta, 1958-2002. |publisher=Maiduguri journal of Historical studies |year=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dakolo |first=Bubaraye |title=The Riddle of the Oil Thief |publisher=Purple Shelves |year=2021 |isbn=978-978-988-990-7 |location=Lagos |pages=117–170}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Chukwu|first=Ignatius|date=2023-10-01|title=What Nigeria’s independence means for Niger Delta|url=https://businessday.ng/life/article/what-nigerias-independence-means-for-niger-delta/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-11-21|newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpan |first=D. |title=Oil Exploration and environmental degradation in the Niger Delta. A paper presented at the first regional conference. |year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik,&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Niger Delta – Niger Delta Budget Monitoring Group |url=https://www.nigerdeltabudget.org/the-niger-delta/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Edoid languages.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top.&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot; /&gt; 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Writer|first=Guest|date=2018-05-22|title=The revolutionist as the true national knight: Retelling the tale of Isaac Boro 50 years after|url=https://www.thecable.ng/the-revolutionist-as-the-true-national-knight-retelling-major-isaac-boro-fifty-years-after/|access-date=2024-07-04|newspaper=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The International Politics of the Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970 |date=2015-12-31 |pages=xv–xx |chapter=Chronology of Important Events in the Nigerian Civil War |publisher=Princeton University Press |doi=10.1515/9781400871285-003 |isbn=978-1-4008-7128-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Heerten |first1=Lasse |title=The Nigeria-Biafra War |date=2017-07-06 |work=Postcolonial Conflict and the Question of Genocide |pages=3–43 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315229294-1 |isbn=978-1-315-22929-4 |last2=Moses |first2=A. Dirk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ekwe-Ekwe, Herbert. |title=The Biafra War: Nigeria and the aftermath. |date=1991 |publisher=[[Edwin Mellen Press]] |isbn=0-88946-235-6 |location=[[Lewiston, New York]] |oclc=476261625}}&lt;/ref&gt; During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;Strutton, Laine (2014). ''The New Mobilization from Below: Women's Oil Protests in the Niger Delta, Nigeria'' (Thesis). [[:en:ProQuest|ProQuest]] [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1666393541 1666393541].&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=1998-12-30 |title=State of Emergency Declared in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805220129/http://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |archive-date=2012-08-05 |access-date=2018-01-19 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ian Taylor, [http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa &quot;China's environmental footprint in Africa&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223061935/http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa|date=2007-02-23}}, ''China Dialogue'', 2 February 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm &quot;Nigeria militants warn of oil war&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915064938/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm|date=2008-09-15}}, BBC News, 14 September 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Isumonah |first=V. Adelfemi |year=2013 |title=Armed Society in the Niger Delta |journal=Armed Forces &amp; Society |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=331–358 |doi=10.1177/0095327x12446925 |s2cid=110566551}}&lt;/ref&gt; De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Pearson |first=Scott R. |title=Petroleum and the Nigerian Economy |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1970 |isbn=0-8047-0749-9 |location=Stanford |page=13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpeninor |first=James Ohwofasa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ESk7b8iKIU0C&amp;pg=PA576 |title=Giant in the Sun: Echoes of Looming Revolution? |date=2012-08-28 |publisher=AuthorHouse |isbn=978-1-4772-1868-6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Nigeria: Petroleum Pollution and Poverty in the Niger Delta''. United Kingdom: Amnesty International Publications International Secretariat, 2009, p. 10.&lt;/ref&gt; More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=July 4, 2024 |title=A review of the effects of gas flaring on the Niger Delta |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233298409_A_review_of_the_effects_of_gas_flaring_on_the_Niger_Delta_environment |journal=ResearchGate}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=Nov 2003 |title=Nigeria's First National Communication Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/niganc1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115182631/http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/niganc1.pdf |archive-date=15 January 2009 |access-date=24 January 2009 |work=UNFCC}}&lt;/ref&gt; although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTOGMC/EXTGGFR/0,,contentMDK:22137498~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:578069,00.html Global Gas Flaring reduction, The World Bank] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301124210/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTOGMC/EXTGGFR/0,,contentMDK:22137498~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:578069,00.html|date=2012-03-01}}, &quot;Estimated Flared Volumes from Satellite Data, 2006–2010.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=October 2004 |title=Gas Flaring in Nigeria |url=http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/media_briefing/gasflaringinnigeria.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225211133/http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/media_briefing/gasflaringinnigeria.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2009 |access-date=24 January 2009 |work=Friends of the Earth}}&lt;/ref&gt; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sweet Crude: A New Documentary on the Niger Delta by Sandy Cioffi |url=http://www.sweetcrudemovie.com/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=www.sweetcrudemovie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Anejionu |first1=Obinna Chukwubuikem Diony |last2=Blackburn |first2=George Alan |last3=Whyatt |first3=J. Duncan |date=4 March 2014 |title=Satellite survey of gas flares: development and application of a Landsat-based technique in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01431161.2013.879351 |journal=International Journal of Remote Sensing |language=en |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=1900–1925 |bibcode=2014IJRS...35.1900A |doi=10.1080/01431161.2013.879351 |s2cid=53705868 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obida |first1=Christopher B. |last2=Blackburn |first2=George A. |last3=Whyatt |first3=James D. |last4=Semple |first4=Kirk T. |date=25 June 2021 |title=Counting the cost of the Niger Delta's largest oil spills: Satellite remote sensing reveals extensive environmental damage with &gt;1million people in the impact zone |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969721009219 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=775 |bibcode=2021ScTEn.775n5854O |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145854 |s2cid=233538622 |url-access=subscription |article-number=145854}}&lt;/ref&gt; De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am. Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene, as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration. Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses. For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility. Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am. 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe. Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.

Anoda facet of de pippoe ein livelihoods be demma culture. De Niger Delta ein pippoe get strong spiritual den cultural ties to demma environment. De harm inflict for demma land top den waterways wey oil spills cause am dey deeply disrupt sacred sites den dey interfere plus demma cultural practices. De loss of dem cultural elements dey contribute to a sense of displacement den identity crisis among de affected groups/communities.

Additionally, wen communities fight back against de oil industries as an act of protest, violence be often perpetuated. Since de 1990s der already be continuous violence for an effort insyd to give local communities control of de oil for de delta insyd. Dem acts of violence dey include de kidnapping of foreign oil workers den dey hold dem give ransom, vandalization, den even de blowing up of oil installations.

== Notes ==</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd.&lt;ref&gt;C. Michael Hogan, [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166 &quot;Niger River&quot;, in M. McGinley (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Earth''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420075935/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166|date=2013-04-20}}, Washington, DC: National Council for Science and Environment, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Umoh |first1=Unyime U. |last2=Li |first2=Li |last3=Wang |first3=Junjian |last4=Kauluma |first4=Ndamononghenda |last5=Asuquo |first5=Francis E. |last6=Akpan |first6=Ekom R. |date=August 2022 |title=Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether signatures in tropical mesotidal estuary sediments of Qua Iboe River, Gulf of Guinea |journal=Organic Geochemistry |volume=170 |bibcode=2022OrGeo.17004461U |doi=10.1016/j.orggeochem.2022.104461 |s2cid=249615285 |article-number=104461}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Otoabasi |first=Akpan |title=The Niger Delta Question and the peace plan |publisher=Spectrum Books |year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title='Ecocide' movement pushes for a new international crime: Environmental destruction |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ecocide-movement-pushes-new-international-crime-environmental-destruction-n1263142 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 February 2014 |title=Fighting ecocide in Nigeria |url=https://theecologist.org/2014/feb/05/fighting-ecocide-nigeria |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=theecologist.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNPO: Ogoni: An Ecocide in the Making? |url=https://unpo.org/article/19131 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=unpo.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2011-08-22|title=How an ecocide law could prevent another Nigerian oil disaster|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/aug/22/ecocide-law-nigerian-oil-disaster|access-date=2023-07-06|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Aghalino |first=S.O |title=Combating the Niger Delta Crisis: an appraisal of Federal Government response to Anti-Oil protect in Niger Delta, 1958-2002. |publisher=Maiduguri journal of Historical studies |year=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dakolo |first=Bubaraye |title=The Riddle of the Oil Thief |publisher=Purple Shelves |year=2021 |isbn=978-978-988-990-7 |location=Lagos |pages=117–170}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Chukwu|first=Ignatius|date=2023-10-01|title=What Nigeria’s independence means for Niger Delta|url=https://businessday.ng/life/article/what-nigerias-independence-means-for-niger-delta/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-11-21|newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpan |first=D. |title=Oil Exploration and environmental degradation in the Niger Delta. A paper presented at the first regional conference. |year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik,&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Niger Delta – Niger Delta Budget Monitoring Group |url=https://www.nigerdeltabudget.org/the-niger-delta/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Edoid languages.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top.&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot; /&gt; 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Writer|first=Guest|date=2018-05-22|title=The revolutionist as the true national knight: Retelling the tale of Isaac Boro 50 years after|url=https://www.thecable.ng/the-revolutionist-as-the-true-national-knight-retelling-major-isaac-boro-fifty-years-after/|access-date=2024-07-04|newspaper=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The International Politics of the Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970 |date=2015-12-31 |pages=xv–xx |chapter=Chronology of Important Events in the Nigerian Civil War |publisher=Princeton University Press |doi=10.1515/9781400871285-003 |isbn=978-1-4008-7128-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Heerten |first1=Lasse |title=The Nigeria-Biafra War |date=2017-07-06 |work=Postcolonial Conflict and the Question of Genocide |pages=3–43 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315229294-1 |isbn=978-1-315-22929-4 |last2=Moses |first2=A. Dirk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ekwe-Ekwe, Herbert. |title=The Biafra War: Nigeria and the aftermath. |date=1991 |publisher=[[Edwin Mellen Press]] |isbn=0-88946-235-6 |location=[[Lewiston, New York]] |oclc=476261625}}&lt;/ref&gt; During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;Strutton, Laine (2014). ''The New Mobilization from Below: Women's Oil Protests in the Niger Delta, Nigeria'' (Thesis). [[:en:ProQuest|ProQuest]] [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1666393541 1666393541].&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=1998-12-30 |title=State of Emergency Declared in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805220129/http://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |archive-date=2012-08-05 |access-date=2018-01-19 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ian Taylor, [http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa &quot;China's environmental footprint in Africa&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223061935/http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa|date=2007-02-23}}, ''China Dialogue'', 2 February 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm &quot;Nigeria militants warn of oil war&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915064938/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm|date=2008-09-15}}, BBC News, 14 September 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Isumonah |first=V. Adelfemi |year=2013 |title=Armed Society in the Niger Delta |journal=Armed Forces &amp; Society |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=331–358 |doi=10.1177/0095327x12446925 |s2cid=110566551}}&lt;/ref&gt; De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Pearson |first=Scott R. |title=Petroleum and the Nigerian Economy |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1970 |isbn=0-8047-0749-9 |location=Stanford |page=13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpeninor |first=James Ohwofasa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ESk7b8iKIU0C&amp;pg=PA576 |title=Giant in the Sun: Echoes of Looming Revolution? |date=2012-08-28 |publisher=AuthorHouse |isbn=978-1-4772-1868-6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Nigeria: Petroleum Pollution and Poverty in the Niger Delta''. United Kingdom: Amnesty International Publications International Secretariat, 2009, p. 10.&lt;/ref&gt; More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=July 4, 2024 |title=A review of the effects of gas flaring on the Niger Delta |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233298409_A_review_of_the_effects_of_gas_flaring_on_the_Niger_Delta_environment |journal=ResearchGate}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=Nov 2003 |title=Nigeria's First National Communication Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/niganc1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115182631/http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/niganc1.pdf |archive-date=15 January 2009 |access-date=24 January 2009 |work=UNFCC}}&lt;/ref&gt; although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTOGMC/EXTGGFR/0,,contentMDK:22137498~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:578069,00.html Global Gas Flaring reduction, The World Bank] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301124210/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTOGMC/EXTGGFR/0,,contentMDK:22137498~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:578069,00.html|date=2012-03-01}}, &quot;Estimated Flared Volumes from Satellite Data, 2006–2010.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=October 2004 |title=Gas Flaring in Nigeria |url=http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/media_briefing/gasflaringinnigeria.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225211133/http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/media_briefing/gasflaringinnigeria.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2009 |access-date=24 January 2009 |work=Friends of the Earth}}&lt;/ref&gt; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sweet Crude: A New Documentary on the Niger Delta by Sandy Cioffi |url=http://www.sweetcrudemovie.com/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=www.sweetcrudemovie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Anejionu |first1=Obinna Chukwubuikem Diony |last2=Blackburn |first2=George Alan |last3=Whyatt |first3=J. Duncan |date=4 March 2014 |title=Satellite survey of gas flares: development and application of a Landsat-based technique in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01431161.2013.879351 |journal=International Journal of Remote Sensing |language=en |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=1900–1925 |bibcode=2014IJRS...35.1900A |doi=10.1080/01431161.2013.879351 |s2cid=53705868 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obida |first1=Christopher B. |last2=Blackburn |first2=George A. |last3=Whyatt |first3=James D. |last4=Semple |first4=Kirk T. |date=25 June 2021 |title=Counting the cost of the Niger Delta's largest oil spills: Satellite remote sensing reveals extensive environmental damage with &gt;1million people in the impact zone |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969721009219 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=775 |bibcode=2021ScTEn.775n5854O |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145854 |s2cid=233538622 |url-access=subscription |article-number=145854}}&lt;/ref&gt; De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot; /&gt;

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am. Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene, as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration. Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses. For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility. Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am. 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe. Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.

Anoda facet of de pippoe ein livelihoods be demma culture. De Niger Delta ein pippoe get strong spiritual den cultural ties to demma environment. De harm inflict for demma land top den waterways wey oil spills cause am dey deeply disrupt sacred sites den dey interfere plus demma cultural practices. De loss of dem cultural elements dey contribute to a sense of displacement den identity crisis among de affected groups/communities.

Additionally, wen communities fight back against de oil industries as an act of protest, violence be often perpetuated. Since de 1990s der already be continuous violence for an effort insyd to give local communities control of de oil for de delta insyd. Dem acts of violence dey include de kidnapping of foreign oil workers den dey hold dem give ransom, vandalization, den even de blowing up of oil installations.

== Notes ==</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd.&lt;ref&gt;C. Michael Hogan, [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166 &quot;Niger River&quot;, in M. McGinley (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Earth''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420075935/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166|date=2013-04-20}}, Washington, DC: National Council for Science and Environment, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Umoh |first1=Unyime U. |last2=Li |first2=Li |last3=Wang |first3=Junjian |last4=Kauluma |first4=Ndamononghenda |last5=Asuquo |first5=Francis E. |last6=Akpan |first6=Ekom R. |date=August 2022 |title=Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether signatures in tropical mesotidal estuary sediments of Qua Iboe River, Gulf of Guinea |journal=Organic Geochemistry |volume=170 |bibcode=2022OrGeo.17004461U |doi=10.1016/j.orggeochem.2022.104461 |s2cid=249615285 |article-number=104461}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Otoabasi |first=Akpan |title=The Niger Delta Question and the peace plan |publisher=Spectrum Books |year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title='Ecocide' movement pushes for a new international crime: Environmental destruction |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ecocide-movement-pushes-new-international-crime-environmental-destruction-n1263142 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 February 2014 |title=Fighting ecocide in Nigeria |url=https://theecologist.org/2014/feb/05/fighting-ecocide-nigeria |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=theecologist.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNPO: Ogoni: An Ecocide in the Making? |url=https://unpo.org/article/19131 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=unpo.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2011-08-22|title=How an ecocide law could prevent another Nigerian oil disaster|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/aug/22/ecocide-law-nigerian-oil-disaster|access-date=2023-07-06|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Aghalino |first=S.O |title=Combating the Niger Delta Crisis: an appraisal of Federal Government response to Anti-Oil protect in Niger Delta, 1958-2002. |publisher=Maiduguri journal of Historical studies |year=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dakolo |first=Bubaraye |title=The Riddle of the Oil Thief |publisher=Purple Shelves |year=2021 |isbn=978-978-988-990-7 |location=Lagos |pages=117–170}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Chukwu|first=Ignatius|date=2023-10-01|title=What Nigeria’s independence means for Niger Delta|url=https://businessday.ng/life/article/what-nigerias-independence-means-for-niger-delta/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-11-21|newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpan |first=D. |title=Oil Exploration and environmental degradation in the Niger Delta. A paper presented at the first regional conference. |year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik,&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Niger Delta – Niger Delta Budget Monitoring Group |url=https://www.nigerdeltabudget.org/the-niger-delta/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Edoid languages.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top.&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot; /&gt; 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Writer|first=Guest|date=2018-05-22|title=The revolutionist as the true national knight: Retelling the tale of Isaac Boro 50 years after|url=https://www.thecable.ng/the-revolutionist-as-the-true-national-knight-retelling-major-isaac-boro-fifty-years-after/|access-date=2024-07-04|newspaper=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The International Politics of the Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970 |date=2015-12-31 |pages=xv–xx |chapter=Chronology of Important Events in the Nigerian Civil War |publisher=Princeton University Press |doi=10.1515/9781400871285-003 |isbn=978-1-4008-7128-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Heerten |first1=Lasse |title=The Nigeria-Biafra War |date=2017-07-06 |work=Postcolonial Conflict and the Question of Genocide |pages=3–43 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315229294-1 |isbn=978-1-315-22929-4 |last2=Moses |first2=A. Dirk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ekwe-Ekwe, Herbert. |title=The Biafra War: Nigeria and the aftermath. |date=1991 |publisher=[[Edwin Mellen Press]] |isbn=0-88946-235-6 |location=[[Lewiston, New York]] |oclc=476261625}}&lt;/ref&gt; During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;Strutton, Laine (2014). ''The New Mobilization from Below: Women's Oil Protests in the Niger Delta, Nigeria'' (Thesis). [[:en:ProQuest|ProQuest]] [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1666393541 1666393541].&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=1998-12-30 |title=State of Emergency Declared in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805220129/http://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |archive-date=2012-08-05 |access-date=2018-01-19 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ian Taylor, [http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa &quot;China's environmental footprint in Africa&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223061935/http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa|date=2007-02-23}}, ''China Dialogue'', 2 February 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm &quot;Nigeria militants warn of oil war&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915064938/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm|date=2008-09-15}}, BBC News, 14 September 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Isumonah |first=V. Adelfemi |year=2013 |title=Armed Society in the Niger Delta |journal=Armed Forces &amp; Society |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=331–358 |doi=10.1177/0095327x12446925 |s2cid=110566551}}&lt;/ref&gt; De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Pearson |first=Scott R. |title=Petroleum and the Nigerian Economy |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1970 |isbn=0-8047-0749-9 |location=Stanford |page=13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpeninor |first=James Ohwofasa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ESk7b8iKIU0C&amp;pg=PA576 |title=Giant in the Sun: Echoes of Looming Revolution? |date=2012-08-28 |publisher=AuthorHouse |isbn=978-1-4772-1868-6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Nigeria: Petroleum Pollution and Poverty in the Niger Delta''. United Kingdom: Amnesty International Publications International Secretariat, 2009, p. 10.&lt;/ref&gt; More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=July 4, 2024 |title=A review of the effects of gas flaring on the Niger Delta |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233298409_A_review_of_the_effects_of_gas_flaring_on_the_Niger_Delta_environment |journal=ResearchGate}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=Nov 2003 |title=Nigeria's First National Communication Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/niganc1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115182631/http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/niganc1.pdf |archive-date=15 January 2009 |access-date=24 January 2009 |work=UNFCC}}&lt;/ref&gt; although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTOGMC/EXTGGFR/0,,contentMDK:22137498~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:578069,00.html Global Gas Flaring reduction, The World Bank] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301124210/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTOGMC/EXTGGFR/0,,contentMDK:22137498~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:578069,00.html|date=2012-03-01}}, &quot;Estimated Flared Volumes from Satellite Data, 2006–2010.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=October 2004 |title=Gas Flaring in Nigeria |url=http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/media_briefing/gasflaringinnigeria.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225211133/http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/media_briefing/gasflaringinnigeria.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2009 |access-date=24 January 2009 |work=Friends of the Earth}}&lt;/ref&gt; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sweet Crude: A New Documentary on the Niger Delta by Sandy Cioffi |url=http://www.sweetcrudemovie.com/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=www.sweetcrudemovie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Anejionu |first1=Obinna Chukwubuikem Diony |last2=Blackburn |first2=George Alan |last3=Whyatt |first3=J. Duncan |date=4 March 2014 |title=Satellite survey of gas flares: development and application of a Landsat-based technique in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01431161.2013.879351 |journal=International Journal of Remote Sensing |language=en |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=1900–1925 |bibcode=2014IJRS...35.1900A |doi=10.1080/01431161.2013.879351 |s2cid=53705868 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obida |first1=Christopher B. |last2=Blackburn |first2=George A. |last3=Whyatt |first3=James D. |last4=Semple |first4=Kirk T. |date=25 June 2021 |title=Counting the cost of the Niger Delta's largest oil spills: Satellite remote sensing reveals extensive environmental damage with &gt;1million people in the impact zone |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969721009219 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=775 |bibcode=2021ScTEn.775n5854O |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145854 |s2cid=233538622 |url-access=subscription |article-number=145854}}&lt;/ref&gt; De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot; /&gt;

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot; /&gt;

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am. Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene, as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration. Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses. For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility. Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am. 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe. Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.

Anoda facet of de pippoe ein livelihoods be demma culture. De Niger Delta ein pippoe get strong spiritual den cultural ties to demma environment. De harm inflict for demma land top den waterways wey oil spills cause am dey deeply disrupt sacred sites den dey interfere plus demma cultural practices. De loss of dem cultural elements dey contribute to a sense of displacement den identity crisis among de affected groups/communities.

Additionally, wen communities fight back against de oil industries as an act of protest, violence be often perpetuated. Since de 1990s der already be continuous violence for an effort insyd to give local communities control of de oil for de delta insyd. Dem acts of violence dey include de kidnapping of foreign oil workers den dey hold dem give ransom, vandalization, den even de blowing up of oil installations.

== Notes ==</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd.&lt;ref&gt;C. Michael Hogan, [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166 &quot;Niger River&quot;, in M. McGinley (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Earth''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420075935/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166|date=2013-04-20}}, Washington, DC: National Council for Science and Environment, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Umoh |first1=Unyime U. |last2=Li |first2=Li |last3=Wang |first3=Junjian |last4=Kauluma |first4=Ndamononghenda |last5=Asuquo |first5=Francis E. |last6=Akpan |first6=Ekom R. |date=August 2022 |title=Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether signatures in tropical mesotidal estuary sediments of Qua Iboe River, Gulf of Guinea |journal=Organic Geochemistry |volume=170 |bibcode=2022OrGeo.17004461U |doi=10.1016/j.orggeochem.2022.104461 |s2cid=249615285 |article-number=104461}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Otoabasi |first=Akpan |title=The Niger Delta Question and the peace plan |publisher=Spectrum Books |year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title='Ecocide' movement pushes for a new international crime: Environmental destruction |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ecocide-movement-pushes-new-international-crime-environmental-destruction-n1263142 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 February 2014 |title=Fighting ecocide in Nigeria |url=https://theecologist.org/2014/feb/05/fighting-ecocide-nigeria |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=theecologist.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNPO: Ogoni: An Ecocide in the Making? |url=https://unpo.org/article/19131 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=unpo.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2011-08-22|title=How an ecocide law could prevent another Nigerian oil disaster|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/aug/22/ecocide-law-nigerian-oil-disaster|access-date=2023-07-06|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Aghalino |first=S.O |title=Combating the Niger Delta Crisis: an appraisal of Federal Government response to Anti-Oil protect in Niger Delta, 1958-2002. |publisher=Maiduguri journal of Historical studies |year=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dakolo |first=Bubaraye |title=The Riddle of the Oil Thief |publisher=Purple Shelves |year=2021 |isbn=978-978-988-990-7 |location=Lagos |pages=117–170}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Chukwu|first=Ignatius|date=2023-10-01|title=What Nigeria’s independence means for Niger Delta|url=https://businessday.ng/life/article/what-nigerias-independence-means-for-niger-delta/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-11-21|newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpan |first=D. |title=Oil Exploration and environmental degradation in the Niger Delta. A paper presented at the first regional conference. |year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik,&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Niger Delta – Niger Delta Budget Monitoring Group |url=https://www.nigerdeltabudget.org/the-niger-delta/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Edoid languages.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top.&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot; /&gt; 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Writer|first=Guest|date=2018-05-22|title=The revolutionist as the true national knight: Retelling the tale of Isaac Boro 50 years after|url=https://www.thecable.ng/the-revolutionist-as-the-true-national-knight-retelling-major-isaac-boro-fifty-years-after/|access-date=2024-07-04|newspaper=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The International Politics of the Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970 |date=2015-12-31 |pages=xv–xx |chapter=Chronology of Important Events in the Nigerian Civil War |publisher=Princeton University Press |doi=10.1515/9781400871285-003 |isbn=978-1-4008-7128-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Heerten |first1=Lasse |title=The Nigeria-Biafra War |date=2017-07-06 |work=Postcolonial Conflict and the Question of Genocide |pages=3–43 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315229294-1 |isbn=978-1-315-22929-4 |last2=Moses |first2=A. Dirk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ekwe-Ekwe, Herbert. |title=The Biafra War: Nigeria and the aftermath. |date=1991 |publisher=[[Edwin Mellen Press]] |isbn=0-88946-235-6 |location=[[Lewiston, New York]] |oclc=476261625}}&lt;/ref&gt; During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;Strutton, Laine (2014). ''The New Mobilization from Below: Women's Oil Protests in the Niger Delta, Nigeria'' (Thesis). [[:en:ProQuest|ProQuest]] [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1666393541 1666393541].&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=1998-12-30 |title=State of Emergency Declared in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805220129/http://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |archive-date=2012-08-05 |access-date=2018-01-19 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ian Taylor, [http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa &quot;China's environmental footprint in Africa&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223061935/http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa|date=2007-02-23}}, ''China Dialogue'', 2 February 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm &quot;Nigeria militants warn of oil war&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915064938/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm|date=2008-09-15}}, BBC News, 14 September 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Isumonah |first=V. Adelfemi |year=2013 |title=Armed Society in the Niger Delta |journal=Armed Forces &amp; Society |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=331–358 |doi=10.1177/0095327x12446925 |s2cid=110566551}}&lt;/ref&gt; De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Pearson |first=Scott R. |title=Petroleum and the Nigerian Economy |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1970 |isbn=0-8047-0749-9 |location=Stanford |page=13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpeninor |first=James Ohwofasa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ESk7b8iKIU0C&amp;pg=PA576 |title=Giant in the Sun: Echoes of Looming Revolution? |date=2012-08-28 |publisher=AuthorHouse |isbn=978-1-4772-1868-6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Nigeria: Petroleum Pollution and Poverty in the Niger Delta''. United Kingdom: Amnesty International Publications International Secretariat, 2009, p. 10.&lt;/ref&gt; More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=July 4, 2024 |title=A review of the effects of gas flaring on the Niger Delta |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233298409_A_review_of_the_effects_of_gas_flaring_on_the_Niger_Delta_environment |journal=ResearchGate}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=Nov 2003 |title=Nigeria's First National Communication Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/niganc1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115182631/http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/niganc1.pdf |archive-date=15 January 2009 |access-date=24 January 2009 |work=UNFCC}}&lt;/ref&gt; although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTOGMC/EXTGGFR/0,,contentMDK:22137498~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:578069,00.html Global Gas Flaring reduction, The World Bank] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301124210/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTOGMC/EXTGGFR/0,,contentMDK:22137498~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:578069,00.html|date=2012-03-01}}, &quot;Estimated Flared Volumes from Satellite Data, 2006–2010.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=October 2004 |title=Gas Flaring in Nigeria |url=http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/media_briefing/gasflaringinnigeria.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225211133/http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/media_briefing/gasflaringinnigeria.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2009 |access-date=24 January 2009 |work=Friends of the Earth}}&lt;/ref&gt; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sweet Crude: A New Documentary on the Niger Delta by Sandy Cioffi |url=http://www.sweetcrudemovie.com/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=www.sweetcrudemovie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Anejionu |first1=Obinna Chukwubuikem Diony |last2=Blackburn |first2=George Alan |last3=Whyatt |first3=J. Duncan |date=4 March 2014 |title=Satellite survey of gas flares: development and application of a Landsat-based technique in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01431161.2013.879351 |journal=International Journal of Remote Sensing |language=en |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=1900–1925 |bibcode=2014IJRS...35.1900A |doi=10.1080/01431161.2013.879351 |s2cid=53705868 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obida |first1=Christopher B. |last2=Blackburn |first2=George A. |last3=Whyatt |first3=James D. |last4=Semple |first4=Kirk T. |date=25 June 2021 |title=Counting the cost of the Niger Delta's largest oil spills: Satellite remote sensing reveals extensive environmental damage with &gt;1million people in the impact zone |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969721009219 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=775 |bibcode=2021ScTEn.775n5854O |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145854 |s2cid=233538622 |url-access=subscription |article-number=145854}}&lt;/ref&gt; De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot; /&gt;

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot; /&gt;

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ugochukwu |first1=Uzochukwu C. |last2=Ochonogor |first2=Alfred |last3=Jidere |first3=Chika M. |last4=Agu |first4=Chizoba |last5=Nkoloagu |first5=Frida |last6=Ewoh |first6=John |last7=Okwu-Delunzu |first7=Virginia U. |date=1 June 2018 |title=Exposure risks to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by humans and livestock (cattle) due to hydrocarbon spill from petroleum products in Niger-delta wetland |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016041201732158X |journal=Environment International |volume=115 |pages=38–47 |bibcode=2018EnInt.115...38U |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2018.03.010 |pmid=29547867 |s2cid=3902367 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene, as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration. Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses. For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility. Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am. 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe. Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.

Anoda facet of de pippoe ein livelihoods be demma culture. De Niger Delta ein pippoe get strong spiritual den cultural ties to demma environment. De harm inflict for demma land top den waterways wey oil spills cause am dey deeply disrupt sacred sites den dey interfere plus demma cultural practices. De loss of dem cultural elements dey contribute to a sense of displacement den identity crisis among de affected groups/communities.

Additionally, wen communities fight back against de oil industries as an act of protest, violence be often perpetuated. Since de 1990s der already be continuous violence for an effort insyd to give local communities control of de oil for de delta insyd. Dem acts of violence dey include de kidnapping of foreign oil workers den dey hold dem give ransom, vandalization, den even de blowing up of oil installations.

== Notes ==</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd.&lt;ref&gt;C. Michael Hogan, [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166 &quot;Niger River&quot;, in M. McGinley (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Earth''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420075935/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166|date=2013-04-20}}, Washington, DC: National Council for Science and Environment, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Umoh |first1=Unyime U. |last2=Li |first2=Li |last3=Wang |first3=Junjian |last4=Kauluma |first4=Ndamononghenda |last5=Asuquo |first5=Francis E. |last6=Akpan |first6=Ekom R. |date=August 2022 |title=Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether signatures in tropical mesotidal estuary sediments of Qua Iboe River, Gulf of Guinea |journal=Organic Geochemistry |volume=170 |bibcode=2022OrGeo.17004461U |doi=10.1016/j.orggeochem.2022.104461 |s2cid=249615285 |article-number=104461}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Otoabasi |first=Akpan |title=The Niger Delta Question and the peace plan |publisher=Spectrum Books |year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title='Ecocide' movement pushes for a new international crime: Environmental destruction |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ecocide-movement-pushes-new-international-crime-environmental-destruction-n1263142 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 February 2014 |title=Fighting ecocide in Nigeria |url=https://theecologist.org/2014/feb/05/fighting-ecocide-nigeria |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=theecologist.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNPO: Ogoni: An Ecocide in the Making? |url=https://unpo.org/article/19131 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=unpo.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2011-08-22|title=How an ecocide law could prevent another Nigerian oil disaster|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/aug/22/ecocide-law-nigerian-oil-disaster|access-date=2023-07-06|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Aghalino |first=S.O |title=Combating the Niger Delta Crisis: an appraisal of Federal Government response to Anti-Oil protect in Niger Delta, 1958-2002. |publisher=Maiduguri journal of Historical studies |year=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dakolo |first=Bubaraye |title=The Riddle of the Oil Thief |publisher=Purple Shelves |year=2021 |isbn=978-978-988-990-7 |location=Lagos |pages=117–170}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Chukwu|first=Ignatius|date=2023-10-01|title=What Nigeria’s independence means for Niger Delta|url=https://businessday.ng/life/article/what-nigerias-independence-means-for-niger-delta/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-11-21|newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpan |first=D. |title=Oil Exploration and environmental degradation in the Niger Delta. A paper presented at the first regional conference. |year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik,&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Niger Delta – Niger Delta Budget Monitoring Group |url=https://www.nigerdeltabudget.org/the-niger-delta/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Edoid languages.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top.&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot; /&gt; 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Writer|first=Guest|date=2018-05-22|title=The revolutionist as the true national knight: Retelling the tale of Isaac Boro 50 years after|url=https://www.thecable.ng/the-revolutionist-as-the-true-national-knight-retelling-major-isaac-boro-fifty-years-after/|access-date=2024-07-04|newspaper=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The International Politics of the Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970 |date=2015-12-31 |pages=xv–xx |chapter=Chronology of Important Events in the Nigerian Civil War |publisher=Princeton University Press |doi=10.1515/9781400871285-003 |isbn=978-1-4008-7128-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Heerten |first1=Lasse |title=The Nigeria-Biafra War |date=2017-07-06 |work=Postcolonial Conflict and the Question of Genocide |pages=3–43 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315229294-1 |isbn=978-1-315-22929-4 |last2=Moses |first2=A. Dirk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ekwe-Ekwe, Herbert. |title=The Biafra War: Nigeria and the aftermath. |date=1991 |publisher=[[Edwin Mellen Press]] |isbn=0-88946-235-6 |location=[[Lewiston, New York]] |oclc=476261625}}&lt;/ref&gt; During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;Strutton, Laine (2014). ''The New Mobilization from Below: Women's Oil Protests in the Niger Delta, Nigeria'' (Thesis). [[:en:ProQuest|ProQuest]] [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1666393541 1666393541].&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=1998-12-30 |title=State of Emergency Declared in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805220129/http://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |archive-date=2012-08-05 |access-date=2018-01-19 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ian Taylor, [http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa &quot;China's environmental footprint in Africa&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223061935/http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa|date=2007-02-23}}, ''China Dialogue'', 2 February 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm &quot;Nigeria militants warn of oil war&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915064938/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm|date=2008-09-15}}, BBC News, 14 September 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Isumonah |first=V. Adelfemi |year=2013 |title=Armed Society in the Niger Delta |journal=Armed Forces &amp; Society |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=331–358 |doi=10.1177/0095327x12446925 |s2cid=110566551}}&lt;/ref&gt; De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Pearson |first=Scott R. |title=Petroleum and the Nigerian Economy |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1970 |isbn=0-8047-0749-9 |location=Stanford |page=13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpeninor |first=James Ohwofasa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ESk7b8iKIU0C&amp;pg=PA576 |title=Giant in the Sun: Echoes of Looming Revolution? |date=2012-08-28 |publisher=AuthorHouse |isbn=978-1-4772-1868-6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Nigeria: Petroleum Pollution and Poverty in the Niger Delta''. United Kingdom: Amnesty International Publications International Secretariat, 2009, p. 10.&lt;/ref&gt; More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=July 4, 2024 |title=A review of the effects of gas flaring on the Niger Delta |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233298409_A_review_of_the_effects_of_gas_flaring_on_the_Niger_Delta_environment |journal=ResearchGate}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=Nov 2003 |title=Nigeria's First National Communication Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/niganc1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115182631/http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/niganc1.pdf |archive-date=15 January 2009 |access-date=24 January 2009 |work=UNFCC}}&lt;/ref&gt; although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTOGMC/EXTGGFR/0,,contentMDK:22137498~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:578069,00.html Global Gas Flaring reduction, The World Bank] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301124210/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTOGMC/EXTGGFR/0,,contentMDK:22137498~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:578069,00.html|date=2012-03-01}}, &quot;Estimated Flared Volumes from Satellite Data, 2006–2010.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=October 2004 |title=Gas Flaring in Nigeria |url=http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/media_briefing/gasflaringinnigeria.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225211133/http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/media_briefing/gasflaringinnigeria.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2009 |access-date=24 January 2009 |work=Friends of the Earth}}&lt;/ref&gt; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sweet Crude: A New Documentary on the Niger Delta by Sandy Cioffi |url=http://www.sweetcrudemovie.com/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=www.sweetcrudemovie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Anejionu |first1=Obinna Chukwubuikem Diony |last2=Blackburn |first2=George Alan |last3=Whyatt |first3=J. Duncan |date=4 March 2014 |title=Satellite survey of gas flares: development and application of a Landsat-based technique in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01431161.2013.879351 |journal=International Journal of Remote Sensing |language=en |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=1900–1925 |bibcode=2014IJRS...35.1900A |doi=10.1080/01431161.2013.879351 |s2cid=53705868 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obida |first1=Christopher B. |last2=Blackburn |first2=George A. |last3=Whyatt |first3=James D. |last4=Semple |first4=Kirk T. |date=25 June 2021 |title=Counting the cost of the Niger Delta's largest oil spills: Satellite remote sensing reveals extensive environmental damage with &gt;1million people in the impact zone |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969721009219 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=775 |bibcode=2021ScTEn.775n5854O |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145854 |s2cid=233538622 |url-access=subscription |article-number=145854}}&lt;/ref&gt; De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot; /&gt;

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot; /&gt;

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ugochukwu |first1=Uzochukwu C. |last2=Ochonogor |first2=Alfred |last3=Jidere |first3=Chika M. |last4=Agu |first4=Chizoba |last5=Nkoloagu |first5=Frida |last6=Ewoh |first6=John |last7=Okwu-Delunzu |first7=Virginia U. |date=1 June 2018 |title=Exposure risks to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by humans and livestock (cattle) due to hydrocarbon spill from petroleum products in Niger-delta wetland |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016041201732158X |journal=Environment International |volume=115 |pages=38–47 |bibcode=2018EnInt.115...38U |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2018.03.010 |pmid=29547867 |s2cid=3902367 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Philibert |first1=Danielle A. |last2=Lyons |first2=Danielle |last3=Philibert |first3=Clara |last4=Tierney |first4=Keith B. |date=10 January 2019 |title=Field-collected crude oil, weathered oil and dispersants differentially affect the early life stages of freshwater and saltwater fishes |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969718330213 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=647 |pages=1148–1157 |bibcode=2019ScTEn.647.1148P |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.052 |pmid=30180323 |s2cid=52156999 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration. Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses. For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility. Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am. 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe. Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.

Anoda facet of de pippoe ein livelihoods be demma culture. De Niger Delta ein pippoe get strong spiritual den cultural ties to demma environment. De harm inflict for demma land top den waterways wey oil spills cause am dey deeply disrupt sacred sites den dey interfere plus demma cultural practices. De loss of dem cultural elements dey contribute to a sense of displacement den identity crisis among de affected groups/communities.

Additionally, wen communities fight back against de oil industries as an act of protest, violence be often perpetuated. Since de 1990s der already be continuous violence for an effort insyd to give local communities control of de oil for de delta insyd. Dem acts of violence dey include de kidnapping of foreign oil workers den dey hold dem give ransom, vandalization, den even de blowing up of oil installations.

== Notes ==</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd.&lt;ref&gt;C. Michael Hogan, [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166 &quot;Niger River&quot;, in M. McGinley (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Earth''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420075935/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166|date=2013-04-20}}, Washington, DC: National Council for Science and Environment, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Umoh |first1=Unyime U. |last2=Li |first2=Li |last3=Wang |first3=Junjian |last4=Kauluma |first4=Ndamononghenda |last5=Asuquo |first5=Francis E. |last6=Akpan |first6=Ekom R. |date=August 2022 |title=Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether signatures in tropical mesotidal estuary sediments of Qua Iboe River, Gulf of Guinea |journal=Organic Geochemistry |volume=170 |bibcode=2022OrGeo.17004461U |doi=10.1016/j.orggeochem.2022.104461 |s2cid=249615285 |article-number=104461}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Otoabasi |first=Akpan |title=The Niger Delta Question and the peace plan |publisher=Spectrum Books |year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title='Ecocide' movement pushes for a new international crime: Environmental destruction |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ecocide-movement-pushes-new-international-crime-environmental-destruction-n1263142 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 February 2014 |title=Fighting ecocide in Nigeria |url=https://theecologist.org/2014/feb/05/fighting-ecocide-nigeria |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=theecologist.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNPO: Ogoni: An Ecocide in the Making? |url=https://unpo.org/article/19131 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=unpo.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2011-08-22|title=How an ecocide law could prevent another Nigerian oil disaster|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/aug/22/ecocide-law-nigerian-oil-disaster|access-date=2023-07-06|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Aghalino |first=S.O |title=Combating the Niger Delta Crisis: an appraisal of Federal Government response to Anti-Oil protect in Niger Delta, 1958-2002. |publisher=Maiduguri journal of Historical studies |year=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dakolo |first=Bubaraye |title=The Riddle of the Oil Thief |publisher=Purple Shelves |year=2021 |isbn=978-978-988-990-7 |location=Lagos |pages=117–170}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Chukwu|first=Ignatius|date=2023-10-01|title=What Nigeria’s independence means for Niger Delta|url=https://businessday.ng/life/article/what-nigerias-independence-means-for-niger-delta/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-11-21|newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpan |first=D. |title=Oil Exploration and environmental degradation in the Niger Delta. A paper presented at the first regional conference. |year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik,&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Niger Delta – Niger Delta Budget Monitoring Group |url=https://www.nigerdeltabudget.org/the-niger-delta/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Edoid languages.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top.&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot; /&gt; 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Writer|first=Guest|date=2018-05-22|title=The revolutionist as the true national knight: Retelling the tale of Isaac Boro 50 years after|url=https://www.thecable.ng/the-revolutionist-as-the-true-national-knight-retelling-major-isaac-boro-fifty-years-after/|access-date=2024-07-04|newspaper=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The International Politics of the Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970 |date=2015-12-31 |pages=xv–xx |chapter=Chronology of Important Events in the Nigerian Civil War |publisher=Princeton University Press |doi=10.1515/9781400871285-003 |isbn=978-1-4008-7128-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Heerten |first1=Lasse |title=The Nigeria-Biafra War |date=2017-07-06 |work=Postcolonial Conflict and the Question of Genocide |pages=3–43 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315229294-1 |isbn=978-1-315-22929-4 |last2=Moses |first2=A. Dirk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ekwe-Ekwe, Herbert. |title=The Biafra War: Nigeria and the aftermath. |date=1991 |publisher=[[Edwin Mellen Press]] |isbn=0-88946-235-6 |location=[[Lewiston, New York]] |oclc=476261625}}&lt;/ref&gt; During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;Strutton, Laine (2014). ''The New Mobilization from Below: Women's Oil Protests in the Niger Delta, Nigeria'' (Thesis). [[:en:ProQuest|ProQuest]] [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1666393541 1666393541].&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=1998-12-30 |title=State of Emergency Declared in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805220129/http://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |archive-date=2012-08-05 |access-date=2018-01-19 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ian Taylor, [http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa &quot;China's environmental footprint in Africa&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223061935/http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa|date=2007-02-23}}, ''China Dialogue'', 2 February 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm &quot;Nigeria militants warn of oil war&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915064938/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm|date=2008-09-15}}, BBC News, 14 September 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Isumonah |first=V. Adelfemi |year=2013 |title=Armed Society in the Niger Delta |journal=Armed Forces &amp; Society |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=331–358 |doi=10.1177/0095327x12446925 |s2cid=110566551}}&lt;/ref&gt; De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Pearson |first=Scott R. |title=Petroleum and the Nigerian Economy |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1970 |isbn=0-8047-0749-9 |location=Stanford |page=13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpeninor |first=James Ohwofasa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ESk7b8iKIU0C&amp;pg=PA576 |title=Giant in the Sun: Echoes of Looming Revolution? |date=2012-08-28 |publisher=AuthorHouse |isbn=978-1-4772-1868-6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Nigeria: Petroleum Pollution and Poverty in the Niger Delta''. United Kingdom: Amnesty International Publications International Secretariat, 2009, p. 10.&lt;/ref&gt; More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=July 4, 2024 |title=A review of the effects of gas flaring on the Niger Delta |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233298409_A_review_of_the_effects_of_gas_flaring_on_the_Niger_Delta_environment |journal=ResearchGate}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=Nov 2003 |title=Nigeria's First National Communication Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/niganc1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115182631/http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/niganc1.pdf |archive-date=15 January 2009 |access-date=24 January 2009 |work=UNFCC}}&lt;/ref&gt; although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTOGMC/EXTGGFR/0,,contentMDK:22137498~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:578069,00.html Global Gas Flaring reduction, The World Bank] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301124210/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTOGMC/EXTGGFR/0,,contentMDK:22137498~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:578069,00.html|date=2012-03-01}}, &quot;Estimated Flared Volumes from Satellite Data, 2006–2010.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=October 2004 |title=Gas Flaring in Nigeria |url=http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/media_briefing/gasflaringinnigeria.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225211133/http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/media_briefing/gasflaringinnigeria.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2009 |access-date=24 January 2009 |work=Friends of the Earth}}&lt;/ref&gt; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sweet Crude: A New Documentary on the Niger Delta by Sandy Cioffi |url=http://www.sweetcrudemovie.com/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=www.sweetcrudemovie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Anejionu |first1=Obinna Chukwubuikem Diony |last2=Blackburn |first2=George Alan |last3=Whyatt |first3=J. Duncan |date=4 March 2014 |title=Satellite survey of gas flares: development and application of a Landsat-based technique in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01431161.2013.879351 |journal=International Journal of Remote Sensing |language=en |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=1900–1925 |bibcode=2014IJRS...35.1900A |doi=10.1080/01431161.2013.879351 |s2cid=53705868 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obida |first1=Christopher B. |last2=Blackburn |first2=George A. |last3=Whyatt |first3=James D. |last4=Semple |first4=Kirk T. |date=25 June 2021 |title=Counting the cost of the Niger Delta's largest oil spills: Satellite remote sensing reveals extensive environmental damage with &gt;1million people in the impact zone |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969721009219 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=775 |bibcode=2021ScTEn.775n5854O |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145854 |s2cid=233538622 |url-access=subscription |article-number=145854}}&lt;/ref&gt; De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot; /&gt;

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot; /&gt;

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ugochukwu |first1=Uzochukwu C. |last2=Ochonogor |first2=Alfred |last3=Jidere |first3=Chika M. |last4=Agu |first4=Chizoba |last5=Nkoloagu |first5=Frida |last6=Ewoh |first6=John |last7=Okwu-Delunzu |first7=Virginia U. |date=1 June 2018 |title=Exposure risks to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by humans and livestock (cattle) due to hydrocarbon spill from petroleum products in Niger-delta wetland |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016041201732158X |journal=Environment International |volume=115 |pages=38–47 |bibcode=2018EnInt.115...38U |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2018.03.010 |pmid=29547867 |s2cid=3902367 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Philibert |first1=Danielle A. |last2=Lyons |first2=Danielle |last3=Philibert |first3=Clara |last4=Tierney |first4=Keith B. |date=10 January 2019 |title=Field-collected crude oil, weathered oil and dispersants differentially affect the early life stages of freshwater and saltwater fishes |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969718330213 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=647 |pages=1148–1157 |bibcode=2019ScTEn.647.1148P |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.052 |pmid=30180323 |s2cid=52156999 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bertollini |first1=Roberto |last2=Teresa |first2=Borges |last3=Pim |first3=deVoogt |last4=Peter |first4=Hoet |date=30 November 2018 |title=OPINION ON the public health impacts and risks resulting from onshore oil and gas exploration and exploitation in the EU |journal=Scientific Committee on Health, Environmental and Emerging Risks SCHEER}}&lt;/ref&gt; Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses. For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility. Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am. 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe. Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.

Anoda facet of de pippoe ein livelihoods be demma culture. De Niger Delta ein pippoe get strong spiritual den cultural ties to demma environment. De harm inflict for demma land top den waterways wey oil spills cause am dey deeply disrupt sacred sites den dey interfere plus demma cultural practices. De loss of dem cultural elements dey contribute to a sense of displacement den identity crisis among de affected groups/communities.

Additionally, wen communities fight back against de oil industries as an act of protest, violence be often perpetuated. Since de 1990s der already be continuous violence for an effort insyd to give local communities control of de oil for de delta insyd. Dem acts of violence dey include de kidnapping of foreign oil workers den dey hold dem give ransom, vandalization, den even de blowing up of oil installations.

== Notes ==</text>
      <sha1>bgw6857q6nvvwwvegmgk9obp2o97b6p</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>102307</id>
      <parentid>102306</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd.&lt;ref&gt;C. Michael Hogan, [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166 &quot;Niger River&quot;, in M. McGinley (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Earth''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420075935/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166|date=2013-04-20}}, Washington, DC: National Council for Science and Environment, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Umoh |first1=Unyime U. |last2=Li |first2=Li |last3=Wang |first3=Junjian |last4=Kauluma |first4=Ndamononghenda |last5=Asuquo |first5=Francis E. |last6=Akpan |first6=Ekom R. |date=August 2022 |title=Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether signatures in tropical mesotidal estuary sediments of Qua Iboe River, Gulf of Guinea |journal=Organic Geochemistry |volume=170 |bibcode=2022OrGeo.17004461U |doi=10.1016/j.orggeochem.2022.104461 |s2cid=249615285 |article-number=104461}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Otoabasi |first=Akpan |title=The Niger Delta Question and the peace plan |publisher=Spectrum Books |year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title='Ecocide' movement pushes for a new international crime: Environmental destruction |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ecocide-movement-pushes-new-international-crime-environmental-destruction-n1263142 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 February 2014 |title=Fighting ecocide in Nigeria |url=https://theecologist.org/2014/feb/05/fighting-ecocide-nigeria |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=theecologist.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNPO: Ogoni: An Ecocide in the Making? |url=https://unpo.org/article/19131 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=unpo.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2011-08-22|title=How an ecocide law could prevent another Nigerian oil disaster|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/aug/22/ecocide-law-nigerian-oil-disaster|access-date=2023-07-06|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Aghalino |first=S.O |title=Combating the Niger Delta Crisis: an appraisal of Federal Government response to Anti-Oil protect in Niger Delta, 1958-2002. |publisher=Maiduguri journal of Historical studies |year=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dakolo |first=Bubaraye |title=The Riddle of the Oil Thief |publisher=Purple Shelves |year=2021 |isbn=978-978-988-990-7 |location=Lagos |pages=117–170}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Chukwu|first=Ignatius|date=2023-10-01|title=What Nigeria’s independence means for Niger Delta|url=https://businessday.ng/life/article/what-nigerias-independence-means-for-niger-delta/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-11-21|newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpan |first=D. |title=Oil Exploration and environmental degradation in the Niger Delta. A paper presented at the first regional conference. |year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik,&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Niger Delta – Niger Delta Budget Monitoring Group |url=https://www.nigerdeltabudget.org/the-niger-delta/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Edoid languages.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top.&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot; /&gt; 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Writer|first=Guest|date=2018-05-22|title=The revolutionist as the true national knight: Retelling the tale of Isaac Boro 50 years after|url=https://www.thecable.ng/the-revolutionist-as-the-true-national-knight-retelling-major-isaac-boro-fifty-years-after/|access-date=2024-07-04|newspaper=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The International Politics of the Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970 |date=2015-12-31 |pages=xv–xx |chapter=Chronology of Important Events in the Nigerian Civil War |publisher=Princeton University Press |doi=10.1515/9781400871285-003 |isbn=978-1-4008-7128-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Heerten |first1=Lasse |title=The Nigeria-Biafra War |date=2017-07-06 |work=Postcolonial Conflict and the Question of Genocide |pages=3–43 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315229294-1 |isbn=978-1-315-22929-4 |last2=Moses |first2=A. Dirk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ekwe-Ekwe, Herbert. |title=The Biafra War: Nigeria and the aftermath. |date=1991 |publisher=[[Edwin Mellen Press]] |isbn=0-88946-235-6 |location=[[Lewiston, New York]] |oclc=476261625}}&lt;/ref&gt; During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;Strutton, Laine (2014). ''The New Mobilization from Below: Women's Oil Protests in the Niger Delta, Nigeria'' (Thesis). [[:en:ProQuest|ProQuest]] [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1666393541 1666393541].&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=1998-12-30 |title=State of Emergency Declared in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805220129/http://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |archive-date=2012-08-05 |access-date=2018-01-19 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ian Taylor, [http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa &quot;China's environmental footprint in Africa&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223061935/http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa|date=2007-02-23}}, ''China Dialogue'', 2 February 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm &quot;Nigeria militants warn of oil war&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915064938/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm|date=2008-09-15}}, BBC News, 14 September 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Isumonah |first=V. Adelfemi |year=2013 |title=Armed Society in the Niger Delta |journal=Armed Forces &amp; Society |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=331–358 |doi=10.1177/0095327x12446925 |s2cid=110566551}}&lt;/ref&gt; De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Pearson |first=Scott R. |title=Petroleum and the Nigerian Economy |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1970 |isbn=0-8047-0749-9 |location=Stanford |page=13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpeninor |first=James Ohwofasa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ESk7b8iKIU0C&amp;pg=PA576 |title=Giant in the Sun: Echoes of Looming Revolution? |date=2012-08-28 |publisher=AuthorHouse |isbn=978-1-4772-1868-6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Nigeria: Petroleum Pollution and Poverty in the Niger Delta''. United Kingdom: Amnesty International Publications International Secretariat, 2009, p. 10.&lt;/ref&gt; More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=July 4, 2024 |title=A review of the effects of gas flaring on the Niger Delta |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233298409_A_review_of_the_effects_of_gas_flaring_on_the_Niger_Delta_environment |journal=ResearchGate}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=Nov 2003 |title=Nigeria's First National Communication Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/niganc1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115182631/http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/niganc1.pdf |archive-date=15 January 2009 |access-date=24 January 2009 |work=UNFCC}}&lt;/ref&gt; although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTOGMC/EXTGGFR/0,,contentMDK:22137498~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:578069,00.html Global Gas Flaring reduction, The World Bank] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301124210/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTOGMC/EXTGGFR/0,,contentMDK:22137498~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:578069,00.html|date=2012-03-01}}, &quot;Estimated Flared Volumes from Satellite Data, 2006–2010.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=October 2004 |title=Gas Flaring in Nigeria |url=http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/media_briefing/gasflaringinnigeria.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225211133/http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/media_briefing/gasflaringinnigeria.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2009 |access-date=24 January 2009 |work=Friends of the Earth}}&lt;/ref&gt; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sweet Crude: A New Documentary on the Niger Delta by Sandy Cioffi |url=http://www.sweetcrudemovie.com/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=www.sweetcrudemovie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Anejionu |first1=Obinna Chukwubuikem Diony |last2=Blackburn |first2=George Alan |last3=Whyatt |first3=J. Duncan |date=4 March 2014 |title=Satellite survey of gas flares: development and application of a Landsat-based technique in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01431161.2013.879351 |journal=International Journal of Remote Sensing |language=en |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=1900–1925 |bibcode=2014IJRS...35.1900A |doi=10.1080/01431161.2013.879351 |s2cid=53705868 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obida |first1=Christopher B. |last2=Blackburn |first2=George A. |last3=Whyatt |first3=James D. |last4=Semple |first4=Kirk T. |date=25 June 2021 |title=Counting the cost of the Niger Delta's largest oil spills: Satellite remote sensing reveals extensive environmental damage with &gt;1million people in the impact zone |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969721009219 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=775 |bibcode=2021ScTEn.775n5854O |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145854 |s2cid=233538622 |url-access=subscription |article-number=145854}}&lt;/ref&gt; De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot; /&gt;

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot; /&gt;

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ugochukwu |first1=Uzochukwu C. |last2=Ochonogor |first2=Alfred |last3=Jidere |first3=Chika M. |last4=Agu |first4=Chizoba |last5=Nkoloagu |first5=Frida |last6=Ewoh |first6=John |last7=Okwu-Delunzu |first7=Virginia U. |date=1 June 2018 |title=Exposure risks to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by humans and livestock (cattle) due to hydrocarbon spill from petroleum products in Niger-delta wetland |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016041201732158X |journal=Environment International |volume=115 |pages=38–47 |bibcode=2018EnInt.115...38U |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2018.03.010 |pmid=29547867 |s2cid=3902367 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Philibert |first1=Danielle A. |last2=Lyons |first2=Danielle |last3=Philibert |first3=Clara |last4=Tierney |first4=Keith B. |date=10 January 2019 |title=Field-collected crude oil, weathered oil and dispersants differentially affect the early life stages of freshwater and saltwater fishes |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969718330213 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=647 |pages=1148–1157 |bibcode=2019ScTEn.647.1148P |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.052 |pmid=30180323 |s2cid=52156999 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bertollini |first1=Roberto |last2=Teresa |first2=Borges |last3=Pim |first3=deVoogt |last4=Peter |first4=Hoet |date=30 November 2018 |title=OPINION ON the public health impacts and risks resulting from onshore oil and gas exploration and exploitation in the EU |journal=Scientific Committee on Health, Environmental and Emerging Risks SCHEER}}&lt;/ref&gt; Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;The human health risk estimation of&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Afshar-Mohajer |first1=Nima |last2=Fox |first2=Mary A. |last3=Koehler |first3=Kirsten |date=1 March 2019 |title=The human health risk estimation of inhaled oil spill emissions with and without adding dispersant |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969718344656 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=654 |pages=924–932 |bibcode=2019ScTEn.654..924A |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.110 |pmid=30453262 |s2cid=53946118 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses. For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility. Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am. 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe. Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.

Anoda facet of de pippoe ein livelihoods be demma culture. De Niger Delta ein pippoe get strong spiritual den cultural ties to demma environment. De harm inflict for demma land top den waterways wey oil spills cause am dey deeply disrupt sacred sites den dey interfere plus demma cultural practices. De loss of dem cultural elements dey contribute to a sense of displacement den identity crisis among de affected groups/communities.

Additionally, wen communities fight back against de oil industries as an act of protest, violence be often perpetuated. Since de 1990s der already be continuous violence for an effort insyd to give local communities control of de oil for de delta insyd. Dem acts of violence dey include de kidnapping of foreign oil workers den dey hold dem give ransom, vandalization, den even de blowing up of oil installations.

== Notes ==</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd.&lt;ref&gt;C. Michael Hogan, [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166 &quot;Niger River&quot;, in M. McGinley (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Earth''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420075935/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166|date=2013-04-20}}, Washington, DC: National Council for Science and Environment, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Umoh |first1=Unyime U. |last2=Li |first2=Li |last3=Wang |first3=Junjian |last4=Kauluma |first4=Ndamononghenda |last5=Asuquo |first5=Francis E. |last6=Akpan |first6=Ekom R. |date=August 2022 |title=Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether signatures in tropical mesotidal estuary sediments of Qua Iboe River, Gulf of Guinea |journal=Organic Geochemistry |volume=170 |bibcode=2022OrGeo.17004461U |doi=10.1016/j.orggeochem.2022.104461 |s2cid=249615285 |article-number=104461}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Otoabasi |first=Akpan |title=The Niger Delta Question and the peace plan |publisher=Spectrum Books |year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title='Ecocide' movement pushes for a new international crime: Environmental destruction |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ecocide-movement-pushes-new-international-crime-environmental-destruction-n1263142 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 February 2014 |title=Fighting ecocide in Nigeria |url=https://theecologist.org/2014/feb/05/fighting-ecocide-nigeria |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=theecologist.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNPO: Ogoni: An Ecocide in the Making? |url=https://unpo.org/article/19131 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=unpo.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2011-08-22|title=How an ecocide law could prevent another Nigerian oil disaster|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/aug/22/ecocide-law-nigerian-oil-disaster|access-date=2023-07-06|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Aghalino |first=S.O |title=Combating the Niger Delta Crisis: an appraisal of Federal Government response to Anti-Oil protect in Niger Delta, 1958-2002. |publisher=Maiduguri journal of Historical studies |year=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dakolo |first=Bubaraye |title=The Riddle of the Oil Thief |publisher=Purple Shelves |year=2021 |isbn=978-978-988-990-7 |location=Lagos |pages=117–170}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Chukwu|first=Ignatius|date=2023-10-01|title=What Nigeria’s independence means for Niger Delta|url=https://businessday.ng/life/article/what-nigerias-independence-means-for-niger-delta/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-11-21|newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpan |first=D. |title=Oil Exploration and environmental degradation in the Niger Delta. A paper presented at the first regional conference. |year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik,&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Niger Delta – Niger Delta Budget Monitoring Group |url=https://www.nigerdeltabudget.org/the-niger-delta/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Edoid languages.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top.&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot; /&gt; 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Writer|first=Guest|date=2018-05-22|title=The revolutionist as the true national knight: Retelling the tale of Isaac Boro 50 years after|url=https://www.thecable.ng/the-revolutionist-as-the-true-national-knight-retelling-major-isaac-boro-fifty-years-after/|access-date=2024-07-04|newspaper=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The International Politics of the Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970 |date=2015-12-31 |pages=xv–xx |chapter=Chronology of Important Events in the Nigerian Civil War |publisher=Princeton University Press |doi=10.1515/9781400871285-003 |isbn=978-1-4008-7128-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Heerten |first1=Lasse |title=The Nigeria-Biafra War |date=2017-07-06 |work=Postcolonial Conflict and the Question of Genocide |pages=3–43 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315229294-1 |isbn=978-1-315-22929-4 |last2=Moses |first2=A. Dirk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ekwe-Ekwe, Herbert. |title=The Biafra War: Nigeria and the aftermath. |date=1991 |publisher=[[Edwin Mellen Press]] |isbn=0-88946-235-6 |location=[[Lewiston, New York]] |oclc=476261625}}&lt;/ref&gt; During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;Strutton, Laine (2014). ''The New Mobilization from Below: Women's Oil Protests in the Niger Delta, Nigeria'' (Thesis). [[:en:ProQuest|ProQuest]] [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1666393541 1666393541].&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=1998-12-30 |title=State of Emergency Declared in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805220129/http://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |archive-date=2012-08-05 |access-date=2018-01-19 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ian Taylor, [http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa &quot;China's environmental footprint in Africa&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223061935/http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa|date=2007-02-23}}, ''China Dialogue'', 2 February 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm &quot;Nigeria militants warn of oil war&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915064938/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm|date=2008-09-15}}, BBC News, 14 September 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Isumonah |first=V. Adelfemi |year=2013 |title=Armed Society in the Niger Delta |journal=Armed Forces &amp; Society |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=331–358 |doi=10.1177/0095327x12446925 |s2cid=110566551}}&lt;/ref&gt; De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Pearson |first=Scott R. |title=Petroleum and the Nigerian Economy |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1970 |isbn=0-8047-0749-9 |location=Stanford |page=13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpeninor |first=James Ohwofasa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ESk7b8iKIU0C&amp;pg=PA576 |title=Giant in the Sun: Echoes of Looming Revolution? |date=2012-08-28 |publisher=AuthorHouse |isbn=978-1-4772-1868-6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Nigeria: Petroleum Pollution and Poverty in the Niger Delta''. United Kingdom: Amnesty International Publications International Secretariat, 2009, p. 10.&lt;/ref&gt; More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=July 4, 2024 |title=A review of the effects of gas flaring on the Niger Delta |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233298409_A_review_of_the_effects_of_gas_flaring_on_the_Niger_Delta_environment |journal=ResearchGate}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=Nov 2003 |title=Nigeria's First National Communication Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/niganc1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115182631/http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/niganc1.pdf |archive-date=15 January 2009 |access-date=24 January 2009 |work=UNFCC}}&lt;/ref&gt; although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTOGMC/EXTGGFR/0,,contentMDK:22137498~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:578069,00.html Global Gas Flaring reduction, The World Bank] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301124210/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTOGMC/EXTGGFR/0,,contentMDK:22137498~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:578069,00.html|date=2012-03-01}}, &quot;Estimated Flared Volumes from Satellite Data, 2006–2010.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=October 2004 |title=Gas Flaring in Nigeria |url=http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/media_briefing/gasflaringinnigeria.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225211133/http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/media_briefing/gasflaringinnigeria.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2009 |access-date=24 January 2009 |work=Friends of the Earth}}&lt;/ref&gt; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sweet Crude: A New Documentary on the Niger Delta by Sandy Cioffi |url=http://www.sweetcrudemovie.com/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=www.sweetcrudemovie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Anejionu |first1=Obinna Chukwubuikem Diony |last2=Blackburn |first2=George Alan |last3=Whyatt |first3=J. Duncan |date=4 March 2014 |title=Satellite survey of gas flares: development and application of a Landsat-based technique in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01431161.2013.879351 |journal=International Journal of Remote Sensing |language=en |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=1900–1925 |bibcode=2014IJRS...35.1900A |doi=10.1080/01431161.2013.879351 |s2cid=53705868 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obida |first1=Christopher B. |last2=Blackburn |first2=George A. |last3=Whyatt |first3=James D. |last4=Semple |first4=Kirk T. |date=25 June 2021 |title=Counting the cost of the Niger Delta's largest oil spills: Satellite remote sensing reveals extensive environmental damage with &gt;1million people in the impact zone |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969721009219 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=775 |bibcode=2021ScTEn.775n5854O |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145854 |s2cid=233538622 |url-access=subscription |article-number=145854}}&lt;/ref&gt; De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot; /&gt;

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot; /&gt;

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ugochukwu |first1=Uzochukwu C. |last2=Ochonogor |first2=Alfred |last3=Jidere |first3=Chika M. |last4=Agu |first4=Chizoba |last5=Nkoloagu |first5=Frida |last6=Ewoh |first6=John |last7=Okwu-Delunzu |first7=Virginia U. |date=1 June 2018 |title=Exposure risks to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by humans and livestock (cattle) due to hydrocarbon spill from petroleum products in Niger-delta wetland |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016041201732158X |journal=Environment International |volume=115 |pages=38–47 |bibcode=2018EnInt.115...38U |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2018.03.010 |pmid=29547867 |s2cid=3902367 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Philibert |first1=Danielle A. |last2=Lyons |first2=Danielle |last3=Philibert |first3=Clara |last4=Tierney |first4=Keith B. |date=10 January 2019 |title=Field-collected crude oil, weathered oil and dispersants differentially affect the early life stages of freshwater and saltwater fishes |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969718330213 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=647 |pages=1148–1157 |bibcode=2019ScTEn.647.1148P |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.052 |pmid=30180323 |s2cid=52156999 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bertollini |first1=Roberto |last2=Teresa |first2=Borges |last3=Pim |first3=deVoogt |last4=Peter |first4=Hoet |date=30 November 2018 |title=OPINION ON the public health impacts and risks resulting from onshore oil and gas exploration and exploitation in the EU |journal=Scientific Committee on Health, Environmental and Emerging Risks SCHEER}}&lt;/ref&gt; Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;The human health risk estimation of&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Afshar-Mohajer |first1=Nima |last2=Fox |first2=Mary A. |last3=Koehler |first3=Kirsten |date=1 March 2019 |title=The human health risk estimation of inhaled oil spill emissions with and without adding dispersant |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969718344656 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=654 |pages=924–932 |bibcode=2019ScTEn.654..924A |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.110 |pmid=30453262 |s2cid=53946118 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses.&lt;ref name=&quot;The human health risk estimation of&quot; /&gt; For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility. Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am. 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe. Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.

Anoda facet of de pippoe ein livelihoods be demma culture. De Niger Delta ein pippoe get strong spiritual den cultural ties to demma environment. De harm inflict for demma land top den waterways wey oil spills cause am dey deeply disrupt sacred sites den dey interfere plus demma cultural practices. De loss of dem cultural elements dey contribute to a sense of displacement den identity crisis among de affected groups/communities.

Additionally, wen communities fight back against de oil industries as an act of protest, violence be often perpetuated. Since de 1990s der already be continuous violence for an effort insyd to give local communities control of de oil for de delta insyd. Dem acts of violence dey include de kidnapping of foreign oil workers den dey hold dem give ransom, vandalization, den even de blowing up of oil installations.

== Notes ==</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd.&lt;ref&gt;C. Michael Hogan, [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166 &quot;Niger River&quot;, in M. McGinley (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Earth''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420075935/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166|date=2013-04-20}}, Washington, DC: National Council for Science and Environment, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Umoh |first1=Unyime U. |last2=Li |first2=Li |last3=Wang |first3=Junjian |last4=Kauluma |first4=Ndamononghenda |last5=Asuquo |first5=Francis E. |last6=Akpan |first6=Ekom R. |date=August 2022 |title=Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether signatures in tropical mesotidal estuary sediments of Qua Iboe River, Gulf of Guinea |journal=Organic Geochemistry |volume=170 |bibcode=2022OrGeo.17004461U |doi=10.1016/j.orggeochem.2022.104461 |s2cid=249615285 |article-number=104461}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Otoabasi |first=Akpan |title=The Niger Delta Question and the peace plan |publisher=Spectrum Books |year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title='Ecocide' movement pushes for a new international crime: Environmental destruction |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ecocide-movement-pushes-new-international-crime-environmental-destruction-n1263142 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 February 2014 |title=Fighting ecocide in Nigeria |url=https://theecologist.org/2014/feb/05/fighting-ecocide-nigeria |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=theecologist.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNPO: Ogoni: An Ecocide in the Making? |url=https://unpo.org/article/19131 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=unpo.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2011-08-22|title=How an ecocide law could prevent another Nigerian oil disaster|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/aug/22/ecocide-law-nigerian-oil-disaster|access-date=2023-07-06|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Aghalino |first=S.O |title=Combating the Niger Delta Crisis: an appraisal of Federal Government response to Anti-Oil protect in Niger Delta, 1958-2002. |publisher=Maiduguri journal of Historical studies |year=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dakolo |first=Bubaraye |title=The Riddle of the Oil Thief |publisher=Purple Shelves |year=2021 |isbn=978-978-988-990-7 |location=Lagos |pages=117–170}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Chukwu|first=Ignatius|date=2023-10-01|title=What Nigeria’s independence means for Niger Delta|url=https://businessday.ng/life/article/what-nigerias-independence-means-for-niger-delta/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-11-21|newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpan |first=D. |title=Oil Exploration and environmental degradation in the Niger Delta. A paper presented at the first regional conference. |year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik,&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Niger Delta – Niger Delta Budget Monitoring Group |url=https://www.nigerdeltabudget.org/the-niger-delta/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Edoid languages.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top.&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot; /&gt; 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Writer|first=Guest|date=2018-05-22|title=The revolutionist as the true national knight: Retelling the tale of Isaac Boro 50 years after|url=https://www.thecable.ng/the-revolutionist-as-the-true-national-knight-retelling-major-isaac-boro-fifty-years-after/|access-date=2024-07-04|newspaper=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The International Politics of the Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970 |date=2015-12-31 |pages=xv–xx |chapter=Chronology of Important Events in the Nigerian Civil War |publisher=Princeton University Press |doi=10.1515/9781400871285-003 |isbn=978-1-4008-7128-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Heerten |first1=Lasse |title=The Nigeria-Biafra War |date=2017-07-06 |work=Postcolonial Conflict and the Question of Genocide |pages=3–43 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315229294-1 |isbn=978-1-315-22929-4 |last2=Moses |first2=A. Dirk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ekwe-Ekwe, Herbert. |title=The Biafra War: Nigeria and the aftermath. |date=1991 |publisher=[[Edwin Mellen Press]] |isbn=0-88946-235-6 |location=[[Lewiston, New York]] |oclc=476261625}}&lt;/ref&gt; During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;Strutton, Laine (2014). ''The New Mobilization from Below: Women's Oil Protests in the Niger Delta, Nigeria'' (Thesis). [[:en:ProQuest|ProQuest]] [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1666393541 1666393541].&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=1998-12-30 |title=State of Emergency Declared in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805220129/http://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |archive-date=2012-08-05 |access-date=2018-01-19 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ian Taylor, [http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa &quot;China's environmental footprint in Africa&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223061935/http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa|date=2007-02-23}}, ''China Dialogue'', 2 February 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm &quot;Nigeria militants warn of oil war&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915064938/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm|date=2008-09-15}}, BBC News, 14 September 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Isumonah |first=V. Adelfemi |year=2013 |title=Armed Society in the Niger Delta |journal=Armed Forces &amp; Society |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=331–358 |doi=10.1177/0095327x12446925 |s2cid=110566551}}&lt;/ref&gt; De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Pearson |first=Scott R. |title=Petroleum and the Nigerian Economy |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1970 |isbn=0-8047-0749-9 |location=Stanford |page=13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpeninor |first=James Ohwofasa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ESk7b8iKIU0C&amp;pg=PA576 |title=Giant in the Sun: Echoes of Looming Revolution? |date=2012-08-28 |publisher=AuthorHouse |isbn=978-1-4772-1868-6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Nigeria: Petroleum Pollution and Poverty in the Niger Delta''. United Kingdom: Amnesty International Publications International Secretariat, 2009, p. 10.&lt;/ref&gt; More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=July 4, 2024 |title=A review of the effects of gas flaring on the Niger Delta |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233298409_A_review_of_the_effects_of_gas_flaring_on_the_Niger_Delta_environment |journal=ResearchGate}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=Nov 2003 |title=Nigeria's First National Communication Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/niganc1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115182631/http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/niganc1.pdf |archive-date=15 January 2009 |access-date=24 January 2009 |work=UNFCC}}&lt;/ref&gt; although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTOGMC/EXTGGFR/0,,contentMDK:22137498~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:578069,00.html Global Gas Flaring reduction, The World Bank] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301124210/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTOGMC/EXTGGFR/0,,contentMDK:22137498~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:578069,00.html|date=2012-03-01}}, &quot;Estimated Flared Volumes from Satellite Data, 2006–2010.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=October 2004 |title=Gas Flaring in Nigeria |url=http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/media_briefing/gasflaringinnigeria.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225211133/http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/media_briefing/gasflaringinnigeria.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2009 |access-date=24 January 2009 |work=Friends of the Earth}}&lt;/ref&gt; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sweet Crude: A New Documentary on the Niger Delta by Sandy Cioffi |url=http://www.sweetcrudemovie.com/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=www.sweetcrudemovie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Anejionu |first1=Obinna Chukwubuikem Diony |last2=Blackburn |first2=George Alan |last3=Whyatt |first3=J. Duncan |date=4 March 2014 |title=Satellite survey of gas flares: development and application of a Landsat-based technique in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01431161.2013.879351 |journal=International Journal of Remote Sensing |language=en |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=1900–1925 |bibcode=2014IJRS...35.1900A |doi=10.1080/01431161.2013.879351 |s2cid=53705868 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obida |first1=Christopher B. |last2=Blackburn |first2=George A. |last3=Whyatt |first3=James D. |last4=Semple |first4=Kirk T. |date=25 June 2021 |title=Counting the cost of the Niger Delta's largest oil spills: Satellite remote sensing reveals extensive environmental damage with &gt;1million people in the impact zone |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969721009219 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=775 |bibcode=2021ScTEn.775n5854O |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145854 |s2cid=233538622 |url-access=subscription |article-number=145854}}&lt;/ref&gt; De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot; /&gt;

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot; /&gt;

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ugochukwu |first1=Uzochukwu C. |last2=Ochonogor |first2=Alfred |last3=Jidere |first3=Chika M. |last4=Agu |first4=Chizoba |last5=Nkoloagu |first5=Frida |last6=Ewoh |first6=John |last7=Okwu-Delunzu |first7=Virginia U. |date=1 June 2018 |title=Exposure risks to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by humans and livestock (cattle) due to hydrocarbon spill from petroleum products in Niger-delta wetland |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016041201732158X |journal=Environment International |volume=115 |pages=38–47 |bibcode=2018EnInt.115...38U |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2018.03.010 |pmid=29547867 |s2cid=3902367 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Philibert |first1=Danielle A. |last2=Lyons |first2=Danielle |last3=Philibert |first3=Clara |last4=Tierney |first4=Keith B. |date=10 January 2019 |title=Field-collected crude oil, weathered oil and dispersants differentially affect the early life stages of freshwater and saltwater fishes |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969718330213 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=647 |pages=1148–1157 |bibcode=2019ScTEn.647.1148P |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.052 |pmid=30180323 |s2cid=52156999 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bertollini |first1=Roberto |last2=Teresa |first2=Borges |last3=Pim |first3=deVoogt |last4=Peter |first4=Hoet |date=30 November 2018 |title=OPINION ON the public health impacts and risks resulting from onshore oil and gas exploration and exploitation in the EU |journal=Scientific Committee on Health, Environmental and Emerging Risks SCHEER}}&lt;/ref&gt; Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;The human health risk estimation of&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Afshar-Mohajer |first1=Nima |last2=Fox |first2=Mary A. |last3=Koehler |first3=Kirsten |date=1 March 2019 |title=The human health risk estimation of inhaled oil spill emissions with and without adding dispersant |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969718344656 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=654 |pages=924–932 |bibcode=2019ScTEn.654..924A |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.110 |pmid=30453262 |s2cid=53946118 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses.&lt;ref name=&quot;The human health risk estimation of&quot; /&gt; For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility.&lt;ref name=&quot;The human health risk estimation of&quot; /&gt; Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am. 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe. Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.

Anoda facet of de pippoe ein livelihoods be demma culture. De Niger Delta ein pippoe get strong spiritual den cultural ties to demma environment. De harm inflict for demma land top den waterways wey oil spills cause am dey deeply disrupt sacred sites den dey interfere plus demma cultural practices. De loss of dem cultural elements dey contribute to a sense of displacement den identity crisis among de affected groups/communities.

Additionally, wen communities fight back against de oil industries as an act of protest, violence be often perpetuated. Since de 1990s der already be continuous violence for an effort insyd to give local communities control of de oil for de delta insyd. Dem acts of violence dey include de kidnapping of foreign oil workers den dey hold dem give ransom, vandalization, den even de blowing up of oil installations.

== Notes ==</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd.&lt;ref&gt;C. Michael Hogan, [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166 &quot;Niger River&quot;, in M. McGinley (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Earth''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420075935/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166|date=2013-04-20}}, Washington, DC: National Council for Science and Environment, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Umoh |first1=Unyime U. |last2=Li |first2=Li |last3=Wang |first3=Junjian |last4=Kauluma |first4=Ndamononghenda |last5=Asuquo |first5=Francis E. |last6=Akpan |first6=Ekom R. |date=August 2022 |title=Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether signatures in tropical mesotidal estuary sediments of Qua Iboe River, Gulf of Guinea |journal=Organic Geochemistry |volume=170 |bibcode=2022OrGeo.17004461U |doi=10.1016/j.orggeochem.2022.104461 |s2cid=249615285 |article-number=104461}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Otoabasi |first=Akpan |title=The Niger Delta Question and the peace plan |publisher=Spectrum Books |year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title='Ecocide' movement pushes for a new international crime: Environmental destruction |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ecocide-movement-pushes-new-international-crime-environmental-destruction-n1263142 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 February 2014 |title=Fighting ecocide in Nigeria |url=https://theecologist.org/2014/feb/05/fighting-ecocide-nigeria |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=theecologist.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNPO: Ogoni: An Ecocide in the Making? |url=https://unpo.org/article/19131 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=unpo.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2011-08-22|title=How an ecocide law could prevent another Nigerian oil disaster|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/aug/22/ecocide-law-nigerian-oil-disaster|access-date=2023-07-06|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Aghalino |first=S.O |title=Combating the Niger Delta Crisis: an appraisal of Federal Government response to Anti-Oil protect in Niger Delta, 1958-2002. |publisher=Maiduguri journal of Historical studies |year=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dakolo |first=Bubaraye |title=The Riddle of the Oil Thief |publisher=Purple Shelves |year=2021 |isbn=978-978-988-990-7 |location=Lagos |pages=117–170}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Chukwu|first=Ignatius|date=2023-10-01|title=What Nigeria’s independence means for Niger Delta|url=https://businessday.ng/life/article/what-nigerias-independence-means-for-niger-delta/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-11-21|newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpan |first=D. |title=Oil Exploration and environmental degradation in the Niger Delta. A paper presented at the first regional conference. |year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik,&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Niger Delta – Niger Delta Budget Monitoring Group |url=https://www.nigerdeltabudget.org/the-niger-delta/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Edoid languages.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top.&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot; /&gt; 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Writer|first=Guest|date=2018-05-22|title=The revolutionist as the true national knight: Retelling the tale of Isaac Boro 50 years after|url=https://www.thecable.ng/the-revolutionist-as-the-true-national-knight-retelling-major-isaac-boro-fifty-years-after/|access-date=2024-07-04|newspaper=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The International Politics of the Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970 |date=2015-12-31 |pages=xv–xx |chapter=Chronology of Important Events in the Nigerian Civil War |publisher=Princeton University Press |doi=10.1515/9781400871285-003 |isbn=978-1-4008-7128-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Heerten |first1=Lasse |title=The Nigeria-Biafra War |date=2017-07-06 |work=Postcolonial Conflict and the Question of Genocide |pages=3–43 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315229294-1 |isbn=978-1-315-22929-4 |last2=Moses |first2=A. Dirk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ekwe-Ekwe, Herbert. |title=The Biafra War: Nigeria and the aftermath. |date=1991 |publisher=[[Edwin Mellen Press]] |isbn=0-88946-235-6 |location=[[Lewiston, New York]] |oclc=476261625}}&lt;/ref&gt; During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;Strutton, Laine (2014). ''The New Mobilization from Below: Women's Oil Protests in the Niger Delta, Nigeria'' (Thesis). [[:en:ProQuest|ProQuest]] [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1666393541 1666393541].&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=1998-12-30 |title=State of Emergency Declared in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805220129/http://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |archive-date=2012-08-05 |access-date=2018-01-19 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ian Taylor, [http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa &quot;China's environmental footprint in Africa&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223061935/http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa|date=2007-02-23}}, ''China Dialogue'', 2 February 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm &quot;Nigeria militants warn of oil war&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915064938/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm|date=2008-09-15}}, BBC News, 14 September 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Isumonah |first=V. Adelfemi |year=2013 |title=Armed Society in the Niger Delta |journal=Armed Forces &amp; Society |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=331–358 |doi=10.1177/0095327x12446925 |s2cid=110566551}}&lt;/ref&gt; De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Pearson |first=Scott R. |title=Petroleum and the Nigerian Economy |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1970 |isbn=0-8047-0749-9 |location=Stanford |page=13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpeninor |first=James Ohwofasa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ESk7b8iKIU0C&amp;pg=PA576 |title=Giant in the Sun: Echoes of Looming Revolution? |date=2012-08-28 |publisher=AuthorHouse |isbn=978-1-4772-1868-6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Nigeria: Petroleum Pollution and Poverty in the Niger Delta''. United Kingdom: Amnesty International Publications International Secretariat, 2009, p. 10.&lt;/ref&gt; More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=July 4, 2024 |title=A review of the effects of gas flaring on the Niger Delta |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233298409_A_review_of_the_effects_of_gas_flaring_on_the_Niger_Delta_environment |journal=ResearchGate}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=Nov 2003 |title=Nigeria's First National Communication Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/niganc1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115182631/http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/niganc1.pdf |archive-date=15 January 2009 |access-date=24 January 2009 |work=UNFCC}}&lt;/ref&gt; although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTOGMC/EXTGGFR/0,,contentMDK:22137498~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:578069,00.html Global Gas Flaring reduction, The World Bank] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301124210/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTOGMC/EXTGGFR/0,,contentMDK:22137498~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:578069,00.html|date=2012-03-01}}, &quot;Estimated Flared Volumes from Satellite Data, 2006–2010.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=October 2004 |title=Gas Flaring in Nigeria |url=http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/media_briefing/gasflaringinnigeria.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225211133/http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/media_briefing/gasflaringinnigeria.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2009 |access-date=24 January 2009 |work=Friends of the Earth}}&lt;/ref&gt; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sweet Crude: A New Documentary on the Niger Delta by Sandy Cioffi |url=http://www.sweetcrudemovie.com/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=www.sweetcrudemovie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Anejionu |first1=Obinna Chukwubuikem Diony |last2=Blackburn |first2=George Alan |last3=Whyatt |first3=J. Duncan |date=4 March 2014 |title=Satellite survey of gas flares: development and application of a Landsat-based technique in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01431161.2013.879351 |journal=International Journal of Remote Sensing |language=en |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=1900–1925 |bibcode=2014IJRS...35.1900A |doi=10.1080/01431161.2013.879351 |s2cid=53705868 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obida |first1=Christopher B. |last2=Blackburn |first2=George A. |last3=Whyatt |first3=James D. |last4=Semple |first4=Kirk T. |date=25 June 2021 |title=Counting the cost of the Niger Delta's largest oil spills: Satellite remote sensing reveals extensive environmental damage with &gt;1million people in the impact zone |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969721009219 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=775 |bibcode=2021ScTEn.775n5854O |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145854 |s2cid=233538622 |url-access=subscription |article-number=145854}}&lt;/ref&gt; De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot; /&gt;

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot; /&gt;

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ugochukwu |first1=Uzochukwu C. |last2=Ochonogor |first2=Alfred |last3=Jidere |first3=Chika M. |last4=Agu |first4=Chizoba |last5=Nkoloagu |first5=Frida |last6=Ewoh |first6=John |last7=Okwu-Delunzu |first7=Virginia U. |date=1 June 2018 |title=Exposure risks to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by humans and livestock (cattle) due to hydrocarbon spill from petroleum products in Niger-delta wetland |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016041201732158X |journal=Environment International |volume=115 |pages=38–47 |bibcode=2018EnInt.115...38U |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2018.03.010 |pmid=29547867 |s2cid=3902367 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Philibert |first1=Danielle A. |last2=Lyons |first2=Danielle |last3=Philibert |first3=Clara |last4=Tierney |first4=Keith B. |date=10 January 2019 |title=Field-collected crude oil, weathered oil and dispersants differentially affect the early life stages of freshwater and saltwater fishes |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969718330213 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=647 |pages=1148–1157 |bibcode=2019ScTEn.647.1148P |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.052 |pmid=30180323 |s2cid=52156999 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bertollini |first1=Roberto |last2=Teresa |first2=Borges |last3=Pim |first3=deVoogt |last4=Peter |first4=Hoet |date=30 November 2018 |title=OPINION ON the public health impacts and risks resulting from onshore oil and gas exploration and exploitation in the EU |journal=Scientific Committee on Health, Environmental and Emerging Risks SCHEER}}&lt;/ref&gt; Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;The human health risk estimation of&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Afshar-Mohajer |first1=Nima |last2=Fox |first2=Mary A. |last3=Koehler |first3=Kirsten |date=1 March 2019 |title=The human health risk estimation of inhaled oil spill emissions with and without adding dispersant |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969718344656 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=654 |pages=924–932 |bibcode=2019ScTEn.654..924A |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.110 |pmid=30453262 |s2cid=53946118 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses.&lt;ref name=&quot;The human health risk estimation of&quot; /&gt; For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility.&lt;ref name=&quot;The human health risk estimation of&quot; /&gt; Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Nriagu |first1=Jerome |last2=Udofia |first2=Emilia A. |last3=Ekong |first3=Ibanga |last4=Ebuk |first4=Godwin |date=March 2016 |title=Health Risks Associated with Oil Pollution in the Niger Delta, Nigeria |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=13 |issue=3 |page=346 |doi=10.3390/ijerph13030346 |pmc=4809009 |pmid=27007391 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe. Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.

Anoda facet of de pippoe ein livelihoods be demma culture. De Niger Delta ein pippoe get strong spiritual den cultural ties to demma environment. De harm inflict for demma land top den waterways wey oil spills cause am dey deeply disrupt sacred sites den dey interfere plus demma cultural practices. De loss of dem cultural elements dey contribute to a sense of displacement den identity crisis among de affected groups/communities.

Additionally, wen communities fight back against de oil industries as an act of protest, violence be often perpetuated. Since de 1990s der already be continuous violence for an effort insyd to give local communities control of de oil for de delta insyd. Dem acts of violence dey include de kidnapping of foreign oil workers den dey hold dem give ransom, vandalization, den even de blowing up of oil installations.

== Notes ==</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd.&lt;ref&gt;C. Michael Hogan, [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166 &quot;Niger River&quot;, in M. McGinley (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Earth''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420075935/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166|date=2013-04-20}}, Washington, DC: National Council for Science and Environment, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Umoh |first1=Unyime U. |last2=Li |first2=Li |last3=Wang |first3=Junjian |last4=Kauluma |first4=Ndamononghenda |last5=Asuquo |first5=Francis E. |last6=Akpan |first6=Ekom R. |date=August 2022 |title=Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether signatures in tropical mesotidal estuary sediments of Qua Iboe River, Gulf of Guinea |journal=Organic Geochemistry |volume=170 |bibcode=2022OrGeo.17004461U |doi=10.1016/j.orggeochem.2022.104461 |s2cid=249615285 |article-number=104461}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Otoabasi |first=Akpan |title=The Niger Delta Question and the peace plan |publisher=Spectrum Books |year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title='Ecocide' movement pushes for a new international crime: Environmental destruction |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ecocide-movement-pushes-new-international-crime-environmental-destruction-n1263142 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 February 2014 |title=Fighting ecocide in Nigeria |url=https://theecologist.org/2014/feb/05/fighting-ecocide-nigeria |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=theecologist.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNPO: Ogoni: An Ecocide in the Making? |url=https://unpo.org/article/19131 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=unpo.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2011-08-22|title=How an ecocide law could prevent another Nigerian oil disaster|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/aug/22/ecocide-law-nigerian-oil-disaster|access-date=2023-07-06|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Aghalino |first=S.O |title=Combating the Niger Delta Crisis: an appraisal of Federal Government response to Anti-Oil protect in Niger Delta, 1958-2002. |publisher=Maiduguri journal of Historical studies |year=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dakolo |first=Bubaraye |title=The Riddle of the Oil Thief |publisher=Purple Shelves |year=2021 |isbn=978-978-988-990-7 |location=Lagos |pages=117–170}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Chukwu|first=Ignatius|date=2023-10-01|title=What Nigeria’s independence means for Niger Delta|url=https://businessday.ng/life/article/what-nigerias-independence-means-for-niger-delta/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-11-21|newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpan |first=D. |title=Oil Exploration and environmental degradation in the Niger Delta. A paper presented at the first regional conference. |year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik,&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Niger Delta – Niger Delta Budget Monitoring Group |url=https://www.nigerdeltabudget.org/the-niger-delta/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Edoid languages.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top.&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot; /&gt; 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Writer|first=Guest|date=2018-05-22|title=The revolutionist as the true national knight: Retelling the tale of Isaac Boro 50 years after|url=https://www.thecable.ng/the-revolutionist-as-the-true-national-knight-retelling-major-isaac-boro-fifty-years-after/|access-date=2024-07-04|newspaper=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The International Politics of the Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970 |date=2015-12-31 |pages=xv–xx |chapter=Chronology of Important Events in the Nigerian Civil War |publisher=Princeton University Press |doi=10.1515/9781400871285-003 |isbn=978-1-4008-7128-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Heerten |first1=Lasse |title=The Nigeria-Biafra War |date=2017-07-06 |work=Postcolonial Conflict and the Question of Genocide |pages=3–43 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315229294-1 |isbn=978-1-315-22929-4 |last2=Moses |first2=A. Dirk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ekwe-Ekwe, Herbert. |title=The Biafra War: Nigeria and the aftermath. |date=1991 |publisher=[[Edwin Mellen Press]] |isbn=0-88946-235-6 |location=[[Lewiston, New York]] |oclc=476261625}}&lt;/ref&gt; During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;Strutton, Laine (2014). ''The New Mobilization from Below: Women's Oil Protests in the Niger Delta, Nigeria'' (Thesis). [[:en:ProQuest|ProQuest]] [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1666393541 1666393541].&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=1998-12-30 |title=State of Emergency Declared in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805220129/http://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |archive-date=2012-08-05 |access-date=2018-01-19 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ian Taylor, [http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa &quot;China's environmental footprint in Africa&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223061935/http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa|date=2007-02-23}}, ''China Dialogue'', 2 February 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm &quot;Nigeria militants warn of oil war&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915064938/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm|date=2008-09-15}}, BBC News, 14 September 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Isumonah |first=V. Adelfemi |year=2013 |title=Armed Society in the Niger Delta |journal=Armed Forces &amp; Society |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=331–358 |doi=10.1177/0095327x12446925 |s2cid=110566551}}&lt;/ref&gt; De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Pearson |first=Scott R. |title=Petroleum and the Nigerian Economy |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1970 |isbn=0-8047-0749-9 |location=Stanford |page=13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpeninor |first=James Ohwofasa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ESk7b8iKIU0C&amp;pg=PA576 |title=Giant in the Sun: Echoes of Looming Revolution? |date=2012-08-28 |publisher=AuthorHouse |isbn=978-1-4772-1868-6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Nigeria: Petroleum Pollution and Poverty in the Niger Delta''. United Kingdom: Amnesty International Publications International Secretariat, 2009, p. 10.&lt;/ref&gt; More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=July 4, 2024 |title=A review of the effects of gas flaring on the Niger Delta |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233298409_A_review_of_the_effects_of_gas_flaring_on_the_Niger_Delta_environment |journal=ResearchGate}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=Nov 2003 |title=Nigeria's First National Communication Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/niganc1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115182631/http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/niganc1.pdf |archive-date=15 January 2009 |access-date=24 January 2009 |work=UNFCC}}&lt;/ref&gt; although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTOGMC/EXTGGFR/0,,contentMDK:22137498~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:578069,00.html Global Gas Flaring reduction, The World Bank] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301124210/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTOGMC/EXTGGFR/0,,contentMDK:22137498~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:578069,00.html|date=2012-03-01}}, &quot;Estimated Flared Volumes from Satellite Data, 2006–2010.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=October 2004 |title=Gas Flaring in Nigeria |url=http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/media_briefing/gasflaringinnigeria.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225211133/http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/media_briefing/gasflaringinnigeria.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2009 |access-date=24 January 2009 |work=Friends of the Earth}}&lt;/ref&gt; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sweet Crude: A New Documentary on the Niger Delta by Sandy Cioffi |url=http://www.sweetcrudemovie.com/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=www.sweetcrudemovie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Anejionu |first1=Obinna Chukwubuikem Diony |last2=Blackburn |first2=George Alan |last3=Whyatt |first3=J. Duncan |date=4 March 2014 |title=Satellite survey of gas flares: development and application of a Landsat-based technique in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01431161.2013.879351 |journal=International Journal of Remote Sensing |language=en |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=1900–1925 |bibcode=2014IJRS...35.1900A |doi=10.1080/01431161.2013.879351 |s2cid=53705868 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obida |first1=Christopher B. |last2=Blackburn |first2=George A. |last3=Whyatt |first3=James D. |last4=Semple |first4=Kirk T. |date=25 June 2021 |title=Counting the cost of the Niger Delta's largest oil spills: Satellite remote sensing reveals extensive environmental damage with &gt;1million people in the impact zone |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969721009219 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=775 |bibcode=2021ScTEn.775n5854O |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145854 |s2cid=233538622 |url-access=subscription |article-number=145854}}&lt;/ref&gt; De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot; /&gt;

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot; /&gt;

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ugochukwu |first1=Uzochukwu C. |last2=Ochonogor |first2=Alfred |last3=Jidere |first3=Chika M. |last4=Agu |first4=Chizoba |last5=Nkoloagu |first5=Frida |last6=Ewoh |first6=John |last7=Okwu-Delunzu |first7=Virginia U. |date=1 June 2018 |title=Exposure risks to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by humans and livestock (cattle) due to hydrocarbon spill from petroleum products in Niger-delta wetland |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016041201732158X |journal=Environment International |volume=115 |pages=38–47 |bibcode=2018EnInt.115...38U |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2018.03.010 |pmid=29547867 |s2cid=3902367 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Philibert |first1=Danielle A. |last2=Lyons |first2=Danielle |last3=Philibert |first3=Clara |last4=Tierney |first4=Keith B. |date=10 January 2019 |title=Field-collected crude oil, weathered oil and dispersants differentially affect the early life stages of freshwater and saltwater fishes |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969718330213 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=647 |pages=1148–1157 |bibcode=2019ScTEn.647.1148P |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.052 |pmid=30180323 |s2cid=52156999 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bertollini |first1=Roberto |last2=Teresa |first2=Borges |last3=Pim |first3=deVoogt |last4=Peter |first4=Hoet |date=30 November 2018 |title=OPINION ON the public health impacts and risks resulting from onshore oil and gas exploration and exploitation in the EU |journal=Scientific Committee on Health, Environmental and Emerging Risks SCHEER}}&lt;/ref&gt; Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;The human health risk estimation of&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Afshar-Mohajer |first1=Nima |last2=Fox |first2=Mary A. |last3=Koehler |first3=Kirsten |date=1 March 2019 |title=The human health risk estimation of inhaled oil spill emissions with and without adding dispersant |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969718344656 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=654 |pages=924–932 |bibcode=2019ScTEn.654..924A |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.110 |pmid=30453262 |s2cid=53946118 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses.&lt;ref name=&quot;The human health risk estimation of&quot; /&gt; For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility.&lt;ref name=&quot;The human health risk estimation of&quot; /&gt; Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Nriagu |first1=Jerome |last2=Udofia |first2=Emilia A. |last3=Ekong |first3=Ibanga |last4=Ebuk |first4=Godwin |date=March 2016 |title=Health Risks Associated with Oil Pollution in the Niger Delta, Nigeria |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=13 |issue=3 |page=346 |doi=10.3390/ijerph13030346 |pmc=4809009 |pmid=27007391 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot; /&gt; Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.

Anoda facet of de pippoe ein livelihoods be demma culture. De Niger Delta ein pippoe get strong spiritual den cultural ties to demma environment. De harm inflict for demma land top den waterways wey oil spills cause am dey deeply disrupt sacred sites den dey interfere plus demma cultural practices. De loss of dem cultural elements dey contribute to a sense of displacement den identity crisis among de affected groups/communities.

Additionally, wen communities fight back against de oil industries as an act of protest, violence be often perpetuated. Since de 1990s der already be continuous violence for an effort insyd to give local communities control of de oil for de delta insyd. Dem acts of violence dey include de kidnapping of foreign oil workers den dey hold dem give ransom, vandalization, den even de blowing up of oil installations.

== Notes ==</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd.&lt;ref&gt;C. Michael Hogan, [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166 &quot;Niger River&quot;, in M. McGinley (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Earth''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420075935/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166|date=2013-04-20}}, Washington, DC: National Council for Science and Environment, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Umoh |first1=Unyime U. |last2=Li |first2=Li |last3=Wang |first3=Junjian |last4=Kauluma |first4=Ndamononghenda |last5=Asuquo |first5=Francis E. |last6=Akpan |first6=Ekom R. |date=August 2022 |title=Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether signatures in tropical mesotidal estuary sediments of Qua Iboe River, Gulf of Guinea |journal=Organic Geochemistry |volume=170 |bibcode=2022OrGeo.17004461U |doi=10.1016/j.orggeochem.2022.104461 |s2cid=249615285 |article-number=104461}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Otoabasi |first=Akpan |title=The Niger Delta Question and the peace plan |publisher=Spectrum Books |year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title='Ecocide' movement pushes for a new international crime: Environmental destruction |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ecocide-movement-pushes-new-international-crime-environmental-destruction-n1263142 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 February 2014 |title=Fighting ecocide in Nigeria |url=https://theecologist.org/2014/feb/05/fighting-ecocide-nigeria |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=theecologist.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNPO: Ogoni: An Ecocide in the Making? |url=https://unpo.org/article/19131 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=unpo.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2011-08-22|title=How an ecocide law could prevent another Nigerian oil disaster|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/aug/22/ecocide-law-nigerian-oil-disaster|access-date=2023-07-06|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Aghalino |first=S.O |title=Combating the Niger Delta Crisis: an appraisal of Federal Government response to Anti-Oil protect in Niger Delta, 1958-2002. |publisher=Maiduguri journal of Historical studies |year=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dakolo |first=Bubaraye |title=The Riddle of the Oil Thief |publisher=Purple Shelves |year=2021 |isbn=978-978-988-990-7 |location=Lagos |pages=117–170}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Chukwu|first=Ignatius|date=2023-10-01|title=What Nigeria’s independence means for Niger Delta|url=https://businessday.ng/life/article/what-nigerias-independence-means-for-niger-delta/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-11-21|newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpan |first=D. |title=Oil Exploration and environmental degradation in the Niger Delta. A paper presented at the first regional conference. |year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik,&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Niger Delta – Niger Delta Budget Monitoring Group |url=https://www.nigerdeltabudget.org/the-niger-delta/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Edoid languages.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top.&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot; /&gt; 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Writer|first=Guest|date=2018-05-22|title=The revolutionist as the true national knight: Retelling the tale of Isaac Boro 50 years after|url=https://www.thecable.ng/the-revolutionist-as-the-true-national-knight-retelling-major-isaac-boro-fifty-years-after/|access-date=2024-07-04|newspaper=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The International Politics of the Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970 |date=2015-12-31 |pages=xv–xx |chapter=Chronology of Important Events in the Nigerian Civil War |publisher=Princeton University Press |doi=10.1515/9781400871285-003 |isbn=978-1-4008-7128-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Heerten |first1=Lasse |title=The Nigeria-Biafra War |date=2017-07-06 |work=Postcolonial Conflict and the Question of Genocide |pages=3–43 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315229294-1 |isbn=978-1-315-22929-4 |last2=Moses |first2=A. Dirk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ekwe-Ekwe, Herbert. |title=The Biafra War: Nigeria and the aftermath. |date=1991 |publisher=[[Edwin Mellen Press]] |isbn=0-88946-235-6 |location=[[Lewiston, New York]] |oclc=476261625}}&lt;/ref&gt; During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;Strutton, Laine (2014). ''The New Mobilization from Below: Women's Oil Protests in the Niger Delta, Nigeria'' (Thesis). [[:en:ProQuest|ProQuest]] [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1666393541 1666393541].&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=1998-12-30 |title=State of Emergency Declared in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805220129/http://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |archive-date=2012-08-05 |access-date=2018-01-19 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ian Taylor, [http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa &quot;China's environmental footprint in Africa&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223061935/http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa|date=2007-02-23}}, ''China Dialogue'', 2 February 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm &quot;Nigeria militants warn of oil war&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915064938/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm|date=2008-09-15}}, BBC News, 14 September 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Isumonah |first=V. Adelfemi |year=2013 |title=Armed Society in the Niger Delta |journal=Armed Forces &amp; Society |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=331–358 |doi=10.1177/0095327x12446925 |s2cid=110566551}}&lt;/ref&gt; De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Pearson |first=Scott R. |title=Petroleum and the Nigerian Economy |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1970 |isbn=0-8047-0749-9 |location=Stanford |page=13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpeninor |first=James Ohwofasa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ESk7b8iKIU0C&amp;pg=PA576 |title=Giant in the Sun: Echoes of Looming Revolution? |date=2012-08-28 |publisher=AuthorHouse |isbn=978-1-4772-1868-6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Nigeria: Petroleum Pollution and Poverty in the Niger Delta''. United Kingdom: Amnesty International Publications International Secretariat, 2009, p. 10.&lt;/ref&gt; More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=July 4, 2024 |title=A review of the effects of gas flaring on the Niger Delta |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233298409_A_review_of_the_effects_of_gas_flaring_on_the_Niger_Delta_environment |journal=ResearchGate}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=Nov 2003 |title=Nigeria's First National Communication Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/niganc1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115182631/http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/niganc1.pdf |archive-date=15 January 2009 |access-date=24 January 2009 |work=UNFCC}}&lt;/ref&gt; although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTOGMC/EXTGGFR/0,,contentMDK:22137498~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:578069,00.html Global Gas Flaring reduction, The World Bank] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301124210/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTOGMC/EXTGGFR/0,,contentMDK:22137498~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:578069,00.html|date=2012-03-01}}, &quot;Estimated Flared Volumes from Satellite Data, 2006–2010.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=October 2004 |title=Gas Flaring in Nigeria |url=http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/media_briefing/gasflaringinnigeria.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225211133/http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/media_briefing/gasflaringinnigeria.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2009 |access-date=24 January 2009 |work=Friends of the Earth}}&lt;/ref&gt; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sweet Crude: A New Documentary on the Niger Delta by Sandy Cioffi |url=http://www.sweetcrudemovie.com/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=www.sweetcrudemovie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Anejionu |first1=Obinna Chukwubuikem Diony |last2=Blackburn |first2=George Alan |last3=Whyatt |first3=J. Duncan |date=4 March 2014 |title=Satellite survey of gas flares: development and application of a Landsat-based technique in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01431161.2013.879351 |journal=International Journal of Remote Sensing |language=en |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=1900–1925 |bibcode=2014IJRS...35.1900A |doi=10.1080/01431161.2013.879351 |s2cid=53705868 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obida |first1=Christopher B. |last2=Blackburn |first2=George A. |last3=Whyatt |first3=James D. |last4=Semple |first4=Kirk T. |date=25 June 2021 |title=Counting the cost of the Niger Delta's largest oil spills: Satellite remote sensing reveals extensive environmental damage with &gt;1million people in the impact zone |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969721009219 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=775 |bibcode=2021ScTEn.775n5854O |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145854 |s2cid=233538622 |url-access=subscription |article-number=145854}}&lt;/ref&gt; De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot; /&gt;

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot; /&gt;

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ugochukwu |first1=Uzochukwu C. |last2=Ochonogor |first2=Alfred |last3=Jidere |first3=Chika M. |last4=Agu |first4=Chizoba |last5=Nkoloagu |first5=Frida |last6=Ewoh |first6=John |last7=Okwu-Delunzu |first7=Virginia U. |date=1 June 2018 |title=Exposure risks to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by humans and livestock (cattle) due to hydrocarbon spill from petroleum products in Niger-delta wetland |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016041201732158X |journal=Environment International |volume=115 |pages=38–47 |bibcode=2018EnInt.115...38U |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2018.03.010 |pmid=29547867 |s2cid=3902367 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Philibert |first1=Danielle A. |last2=Lyons |first2=Danielle |last3=Philibert |first3=Clara |last4=Tierney |first4=Keith B. |date=10 January 2019 |title=Field-collected crude oil, weathered oil and dispersants differentially affect the early life stages of freshwater and saltwater fishes |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969718330213 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=647 |pages=1148–1157 |bibcode=2019ScTEn.647.1148P |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.052 |pmid=30180323 |s2cid=52156999 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bertollini |first1=Roberto |last2=Teresa |first2=Borges |last3=Pim |first3=deVoogt |last4=Peter |first4=Hoet |date=30 November 2018 |title=OPINION ON the public health impacts and risks resulting from onshore oil and gas exploration and exploitation in the EU |journal=Scientific Committee on Health, Environmental and Emerging Risks SCHEER}}&lt;/ref&gt; Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;The human health risk estimation of&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Afshar-Mohajer |first1=Nima |last2=Fox |first2=Mary A. |last3=Koehler |first3=Kirsten |date=1 March 2019 |title=The human health risk estimation of inhaled oil spill emissions with and without adding dispersant |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969718344656 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=654 |pages=924–932 |bibcode=2019ScTEn.654..924A |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.110 |pmid=30453262 |s2cid=53946118 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses.&lt;ref name=&quot;The human health risk estimation of&quot; /&gt; For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility.&lt;ref name=&quot;The human health risk estimation of&quot; /&gt; Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Nriagu |first1=Jerome |last2=Udofia |first2=Emilia A. |last3=Ekong |first3=Ibanga |last4=Ebuk |first4=Godwin |date=March 2016 |title=Health Risks Associated with Oil Pollution in the Niger Delta, Nigeria |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=13 |issue=3 |page=346 |doi=10.3390/ijerph13030346 |pmc=4809009 |pmid=27007391 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot; /&gt; Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=United Nations |date=1 January 2006 |title=Human Development Report |url=https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report#:~:text=%22The%20Niger%20Delta%20is%20a,conflict%2C%22%20says%20the%20report. |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.

Anoda facet of de pippoe ein livelihoods be demma culture. De Niger Delta ein pippoe get strong spiritual den cultural ties to demma environment. De harm inflict for demma land top den waterways wey oil spills cause am dey deeply disrupt sacred sites den dey interfere plus demma cultural practices. De loss of dem cultural elements dey contribute to a sense of displacement den identity crisis among de affected groups/communities.

Additionally, wen communities fight back against de oil industries as an act of protest, violence be often perpetuated. Since de 1990s der already be continuous violence for an effort insyd to give local communities control of de oil for de delta insyd. Dem acts of violence dey include de kidnapping of foreign oil workers den dey hold dem give ransom, vandalization, den even de blowing up of oil installations.

== Notes ==</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd.&lt;ref&gt;C. Michael Hogan, [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166 &quot;Niger River&quot;, in M. McGinley (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Earth''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420075935/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166|date=2013-04-20}}, Washington, DC: National Council for Science and Environment, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Umoh |first1=Unyime U. |last2=Li |first2=Li |last3=Wang |first3=Junjian |last4=Kauluma |first4=Ndamononghenda |last5=Asuquo |first5=Francis E. |last6=Akpan |first6=Ekom R. |date=August 2022 |title=Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether signatures in tropical mesotidal estuary sediments of Qua Iboe River, Gulf of Guinea |journal=Organic Geochemistry |volume=170 |bibcode=2022OrGeo.17004461U |doi=10.1016/j.orggeochem.2022.104461 |s2cid=249615285 |article-number=104461}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Otoabasi |first=Akpan |title=The Niger Delta Question and the peace plan |publisher=Spectrum Books |year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title='Ecocide' movement pushes for a new international crime: Environmental destruction |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ecocide-movement-pushes-new-international-crime-environmental-destruction-n1263142 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 February 2014 |title=Fighting ecocide in Nigeria |url=https://theecologist.org/2014/feb/05/fighting-ecocide-nigeria |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=theecologist.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNPO: Ogoni: An Ecocide in the Making? |url=https://unpo.org/article/19131 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=unpo.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2011-08-22|title=How an ecocide law could prevent another Nigerian oil disaster|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/aug/22/ecocide-law-nigerian-oil-disaster|access-date=2023-07-06|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Aghalino |first=S.O |title=Combating the Niger Delta Crisis: an appraisal of Federal Government response to Anti-Oil protect in Niger Delta, 1958-2002. |publisher=Maiduguri journal of Historical studies |year=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dakolo |first=Bubaraye |title=The Riddle of the Oil Thief |publisher=Purple Shelves |year=2021 |isbn=978-978-988-990-7 |location=Lagos |pages=117–170}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Chukwu|first=Ignatius|date=2023-10-01|title=What Nigeria’s independence means for Niger Delta|url=https://businessday.ng/life/article/what-nigerias-independence-means-for-niger-delta/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-11-21|newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpan |first=D. |title=Oil Exploration and environmental degradation in the Niger Delta. A paper presented at the first regional conference. |year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik,&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Niger Delta – Niger Delta Budget Monitoring Group |url=https://www.nigerdeltabudget.org/the-niger-delta/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Edoid languages.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top.&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot; /&gt; 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Writer|first=Guest|date=2018-05-22|title=The revolutionist as the true national knight: Retelling the tale of Isaac Boro 50 years after|url=https://www.thecable.ng/the-revolutionist-as-the-true-national-knight-retelling-major-isaac-boro-fifty-years-after/|access-date=2024-07-04|newspaper=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The International Politics of the Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970 |date=2015-12-31 |pages=xv–xx |chapter=Chronology of Important Events in the Nigerian Civil War |publisher=Princeton University Press |doi=10.1515/9781400871285-003 |isbn=978-1-4008-7128-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Heerten |first1=Lasse |title=The Nigeria-Biafra War |date=2017-07-06 |work=Postcolonial Conflict and the Question of Genocide |pages=3–43 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315229294-1 |isbn=978-1-315-22929-4 |last2=Moses |first2=A. Dirk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ekwe-Ekwe, Herbert. |title=The Biafra War: Nigeria and the aftermath. |date=1991 |publisher=[[Edwin Mellen Press]] |isbn=0-88946-235-6 |location=[[Lewiston, New York]] |oclc=476261625}}&lt;/ref&gt; During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;Strutton, Laine (2014). ''The New Mobilization from Below: Women's Oil Protests in the Niger Delta, Nigeria'' (Thesis). [[:en:ProQuest|ProQuest]] [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1666393541 1666393541].&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=1998-12-30 |title=State of Emergency Declared in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805220129/http://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |archive-date=2012-08-05 |access-date=2018-01-19 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ian Taylor, [http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa &quot;China's environmental footprint in Africa&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223061935/http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa|date=2007-02-23}}, ''China Dialogue'', 2 February 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm &quot;Nigeria militants warn of oil war&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915064938/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm|date=2008-09-15}}, BBC News, 14 September 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Isumonah |first=V. Adelfemi |year=2013 |title=Armed Society in the Niger Delta |journal=Armed Forces &amp; Society |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=331–358 |doi=10.1177/0095327x12446925 |s2cid=110566551}}&lt;/ref&gt; De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Pearson |first=Scott R. |title=Petroleum and the Nigerian Economy |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1970 |isbn=0-8047-0749-9 |location=Stanford |page=13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpeninor |first=James Ohwofasa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ESk7b8iKIU0C&amp;pg=PA576 |title=Giant in the Sun: Echoes of Looming Revolution? |date=2012-08-28 |publisher=AuthorHouse |isbn=978-1-4772-1868-6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Nigeria: Petroleum Pollution and Poverty in the Niger Delta''. United Kingdom: Amnesty International Publications International Secretariat, 2009, p. 10.&lt;/ref&gt; More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=July 4, 2024 |title=A review of the effects of gas flaring on the Niger Delta |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233298409_A_review_of_the_effects_of_gas_flaring_on_the_Niger_Delta_environment |journal=ResearchGate}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=Nov 2003 |title=Nigeria's First National Communication Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/niganc1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115182631/http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/niganc1.pdf |archive-date=15 January 2009 |access-date=24 January 2009 |work=UNFCC}}&lt;/ref&gt; although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTOGMC/EXTGGFR/0,,contentMDK:22137498~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:578069,00.html Global Gas Flaring reduction, The World Bank] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301124210/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTOGMC/EXTGGFR/0,,contentMDK:22137498~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:578069,00.html|date=2012-03-01}}, &quot;Estimated Flared Volumes from Satellite Data, 2006–2010.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=October 2004 |title=Gas Flaring in Nigeria |url=http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/media_briefing/gasflaringinnigeria.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225211133/http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/media_briefing/gasflaringinnigeria.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2009 |access-date=24 January 2009 |work=Friends of the Earth}}&lt;/ref&gt; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sweet Crude: A New Documentary on the Niger Delta by Sandy Cioffi |url=http://www.sweetcrudemovie.com/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=www.sweetcrudemovie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Anejionu |first1=Obinna Chukwubuikem Diony |last2=Blackburn |first2=George Alan |last3=Whyatt |first3=J. Duncan |date=4 March 2014 |title=Satellite survey of gas flares: development and application of a Landsat-based technique in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01431161.2013.879351 |journal=International Journal of Remote Sensing |language=en |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=1900–1925 |bibcode=2014IJRS...35.1900A |doi=10.1080/01431161.2013.879351 |s2cid=53705868 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obida |first1=Christopher B. |last2=Blackburn |first2=George A. |last3=Whyatt |first3=James D. |last4=Semple |first4=Kirk T. |date=25 June 2021 |title=Counting the cost of the Niger Delta's largest oil spills: Satellite remote sensing reveals extensive environmental damage with &gt;1million people in the impact zone |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969721009219 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=775 |bibcode=2021ScTEn.775n5854O |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145854 |s2cid=233538622 |url-access=subscription |article-number=145854}}&lt;/ref&gt; De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot; /&gt;

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot; /&gt;

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ugochukwu |first1=Uzochukwu C. |last2=Ochonogor |first2=Alfred |last3=Jidere |first3=Chika M. |last4=Agu |first4=Chizoba |last5=Nkoloagu |first5=Frida |last6=Ewoh |first6=John |last7=Okwu-Delunzu |first7=Virginia U. |date=1 June 2018 |title=Exposure risks to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by humans and livestock (cattle) due to hydrocarbon spill from petroleum products in Niger-delta wetland |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016041201732158X |journal=Environment International |volume=115 |pages=38–47 |bibcode=2018EnInt.115...38U |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2018.03.010 |pmid=29547867 |s2cid=3902367 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Philibert |first1=Danielle A. |last2=Lyons |first2=Danielle |last3=Philibert |first3=Clara |last4=Tierney |first4=Keith B. |date=10 January 2019 |title=Field-collected crude oil, weathered oil and dispersants differentially affect the early life stages of freshwater and saltwater fishes |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969718330213 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=647 |pages=1148–1157 |bibcode=2019ScTEn.647.1148P |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.052 |pmid=30180323 |s2cid=52156999 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bertollini |first1=Roberto |last2=Teresa |first2=Borges |last3=Pim |first3=deVoogt |last4=Peter |first4=Hoet |date=30 November 2018 |title=OPINION ON the public health impacts and risks resulting from onshore oil and gas exploration and exploitation in the EU |journal=Scientific Committee on Health, Environmental and Emerging Risks SCHEER}}&lt;/ref&gt; Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;The human health risk estimation of&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Afshar-Mohajer |first1=Nima |last2=Fox |first2=Mary A. |last3=Koehler |first3=Kirsten |date=1 March 2019 |title=The human health risk estimation of inhaled oil spill emissions with and without adding dispersant |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969718344656 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=654 |pages=924–932 |bibcode=2019ScTEn.654..924A |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.110 |pmid=30453262 |s2cid=53946118 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses.&lt;ref name=&quot;The human health risk estimation of&quot; /&gt; For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility.&lt;ref name=&quot;The human health risk estimation of&quot; /&gt; Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Nriagu |first1=Jerome |last2=Udofia |first2=Emilia A. |last3=Ekong |first3=Ibanga |last4=Ebuk |first4=Godwin |date=March 2016 |title=Health Risks Associated with Oil Pollution in the Niger Delta, Nigeria |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=13 |issue=3 |page=346 |doi=10.3390/ijerph13030346 |pmc=4809009 |pmid=27007391 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot; /&gt; Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=United Nations |date=1 January 2006 |title=Human Development Report |url=https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report#:~:text=%22The%20Niger%20Delta%20is%20a,conflict%2C%22%20says%20the%20report. |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Osuagwu |first1=Eze Simpson |last2=Olaifa |first2=Eseoghene |date=25 October 2018 |title=Effects of oil spills on fish production in the Niger Delta |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=13 |issue=10 |bibcode=2018PLoSO..1305114O |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0205114 |pmc=6201865 |pmid=30359365 |doi-access=free |article-number=e0205114}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anoda facet of de pippoe ein livelihoods be demma culture. De Niger Delta ein pippoe get strong spiritual den cultural ties to demma environment. De harm inflict for demma land top den waterways wey oil spills cause am dey deeply disrupt sacred sites den dey interfere plus demma cultural practices. De loss of dem cultural elements dey contribute to a sense of displacement den identity crisis among de affected groups/communities.

Additionally, wen communities fight back against de oil industries as an act of protest, violence be often perpetuated. Since de 1990s der already be continuous violence for an effort insyd to give local communities control of de oil for de delta insyd. Dem acts of violence dey include de kidnapping of foreign oil workers den dey hold dem give ransom, vandalization, den even de blowing up of oil installations.

== Notes ==</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd.&lt;ref&gt;C. Michael Hogan, [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166 &quot;Niger River&quot;, in M. McGinley (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Earth''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420075935/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166|date=2013-04-20}}, Washington, DC: National Council for Science and Environment, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Umoh |first1=Unyime U. |last2=Li |first2=Li |last3=Wang |first3=Junjian |last4=Kauluma |first4=Ndamononghenda |last5=Asuquo |first5=Francis E. |last6=Akpan |first6=Ekom R. |date=August 2022 |title=Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether signatures in tropical mesotidal estuary sediments of Qua Iboe River, Gulf of Guinea |journal=Organic Geochemistry |volume=170 |bibcode=2022OrGeo.17004461U |doi=10.1016/j.orggeochem.2022.104461 |s2cid=249615285 |article-number=104461}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Otoabasi |first=Akpan |title=The Niger Delta Question and the peace plan |publisher=Spectrum Books |year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title='Ecocide' movement pushes for a new international crime: Environmental destruction |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ecocide-movement-pushes-new-international-crime-environmental-destruction-n1263142 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 February 2014 |title=Fighting ecocide in Nigeria |url=https://theecologist.org/2014/feb/05/fighting-ecocide-nigeria |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=theecologist.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNPO: Ogoni: An Ecocide in the Making? |url=https://unpo.org/article/19131 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=unpo.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2011-08-22|title=How an ecocide law could prevent another Nigerian oil disaster|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/aug/22/ecocide-law-nigerian-oil-disaster|access-date=2023-07-06|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Aghalino |first=S.O |title=Combating the Niger Delta Crisis: an appraisal of Federal Government response to Anti-Oil protect in Niger Delta, 1958-2002. |publisher=Maiduguri journal of Historical studies |year=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dakolo |first=Bubaraye |title=The Riddle of the Oil Thief |publisher=Purple Shelves |year=2021 |isbn=978-978-988-990-7 |location=Lagos |pages=117–170}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Chukwu|first=Ignatius|date=2023-10-01|title=What Nigeria’s independence means for Niger Delta|url=https://businessday.ng/life/article/what-nigerias-independence-means-for-niger-delta/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-11-21|newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpan |first=D. |title=Oil Exploration and environmental degradation in the Niger Delta. A paper presented at the first regional conference. |year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik,&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Niger Delta – Niger Delta Budget Monitoring Group |url=https://www.nigerdeltabudget.org/the-niger-delta/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Edoid languages.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top.&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot; /&gt; 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Writer|first=Guest|date=2018-05-22|title=The revolutionist as the true national knight: Retelling the tale of Isaac Boro 50 years after|url=https://www.thecable.ng/the-revolutionist-as-the-true-national-knight-retelling-major-isaac-boro-fifty-years-after/|access-date=2024-07-04|newspaper=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The International Politics of the Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970 |date=2015-12-31 |pages=xv–xx |chapter=Chronology of Important Events in the Nigerian Civil War |publisher=Princeton University Press |doi=10.1515/9781400871285-003 |isbn=978-1-4008-7128-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Heerten |first1=Lasse |title=The Nigeria-Biafra War |date=2017-07-06 |work=Postcolonial Conflict and the Question of Genocide |pages=3–43 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315229294-1 |isbn=978-1-315-22929-4 |last2=Moses |first2=A. Dirk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ekwe-Ekwe, Herbert. |title=The Biafra War: Nigeria and the aftermath. |date=1991 |publisher=[[Edwin Mellen Press]] |isbn=0-88946-235-6 |location=[[Lewiston, New York]] |oclc=476261625}}&lt;/ref&gt; During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;Strutton, Laine (2014). ''The New Mobilization from Below: Women's Oil Protests in the Niger Delta, Nigeria'' (Thesis). [[:en:ProQuest|ProQuest]] [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1666393541 1666393541].&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=1998-12-30 |title=State of Emergency Declared in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805220129/http://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |archive-date=2012-08-05 |access-date=2018-01-19 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ian Taylor, [http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa &quot;China's environmental footprint in Africa&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223061935/http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa|date=2007-02-23}}, ''China Dialogue'', 2 February 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm &quot;Nigeria militants warn of oil war&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915064938/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm|date=2008-09-15}}, BBC News, 14 September 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Isumonah |first=V. Adelfemi |year=2013 |title=Armed Society in the Niger Delta |journal=Armed Forces &amp; Society |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=331–358 |doi=10.1177/0095327x12446925 |s2cid=110566551}}&lt;/ref&gt; De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Pearson |first=Scott R. |title=Petroleum and the Nigerian Economy |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1970 |isbn=0-8047-0749-9 |location=Stanford |page=13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpeninor |first=James Ohwofasa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ESk7b8iKIU0C&amp;pg=PA576 |title=Giant in the Sun: Echoes of Looming Revolution? |date=2012-08-28 |publisher=AuthorHouse |isbn=978-1-4772-1868-6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Nigeria: Petroleum Pollution and Poverty in the Niger Delta''. United Kingdom: Amnesty International Publications International Secretariat, 2009, p. 10.&lt;/ref&gt; More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=July 4, 2024 |title=A review of the effects of gas flaring on the Niger Delta |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233298409_A_review_of_the_effects_of_gas_flaring_on_the_Niger_Delta_environment |journal=ResearchGate}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=Nov 2003 |title=Nigeria's First National Communication Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/niganc1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115182631/http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/niganc1.pdf |archive-date=15 January 2009 |access-date=24 January 2009 |work=UNFCC}}&lt;/ref&gt; although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTOGMC/EXTGGFR/0,,contentMDK:22137498~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:578069,00.html Global Gas Flaring reduction, The World Bank] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301124210/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTOGMC/EXTGGFR/0,,contentMDK:22137498~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:578069,00.html|date=2012-03-01}}, &quot;Estimated Flared Volumes from Satellite Data, 2006–2010.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=October 2004 |title=Gas Flaring in Nigeria |url=http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/media_briefing/gasflaringinnigeria.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225211133/http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/media_briefing/gasflaringinnigeria.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2009 |access-date=24 January 2009 |work=Friends of the Earth}}&lt;/ref&gt; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sweet Crude: A New Documentary on the Niger Delta by Sandy Cioffi |url=http://www.sweetcrudemovie.com/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=www.sweetcrudemovie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Anejionu |first1=Obinna Chukwubuikem Diony |last2=Blackburn |first2=George Alan |last3=Whyatt |first3=J. Duncan |date=4 March 2014 |title=Satellite survey of gas flares: development and application of a Landsat-based technique in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01431161.2013.879351 |journal=International Journal of Remote Sensing |language=en |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=1900–1925 |bibcode=2014IJRS...35.1900A |doi=10.1080/01431161.2013.879351 |s2cid=53705868 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obida |first1=Christopher B. |last2=Blackburn |first2=George A. |last3=Whyatt |first3=James D. |last4=Semple |first4=Kirk T. |date=25 June 2021 |title=Counting the cost of the Niger Delta's largest oil spills: Satellite remote sensing reveals extensive environmental damage with &gt;1million people in the impact zone |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969721009219 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=775 |bibcode=2021ScTEn.775n5854O |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145854 |s2cid=233538622 |url-access=subscription |article-number=145854}}&lt;/ref&gt; De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot; /&gt;

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot; /&gt;

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ugochukwu |first1=Uzochukwu C. |last2=Ochonogor |first2=Alfred |last3=Jidere |first3=Chika M. |last4=Agu |first4=Chizoba |last5=Nkoloagu |first5=Frida |last6=Ewoh |first6=John |last7=Okwu-Delunzu |first7=Virginia U. |date=1 June 2018 |title=Exposure risks to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by humans and livestock (cattle) due to hydrocarbon spill from petroleum products in Niger-delta wetland |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016041201732158X |journal=Environment International |volume=115 |pages=38–47 |bibcode=2018EnInt.115...38U |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2018.03.010 |pmid=29547867 |s2cid=3902367 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Philibert |first1=Danielle A. |last2=Lyons |first2=Danielle |last3=Philibert |first3=Clara |last4=Tierney |first4=Keith B. |date=10 January 2019 |title=Field-collected crude oil, weathered oil and dispersants differentially affect the early life stages of freshwater and saltwater fishes |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969718330213 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=647 |pages=1148–1157 |bibcode=2019ScTEn.647.1148P |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.052 |pmid=30180323 |s2cid=52156999 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bertollini |first1=Roberto |last2=Teresa |first2=Borges |last3=Pim |first3=deVoogt |last4=Peter |first4=Hoet |date=30 November 2018 |title=OPINION ON the public health impacts and risks resulting from onshore oil and gas exploration and exploitation in the EU |journal=Scientific Committee on Health, Environmental and Emerging Risks SCHEER}}&lt;/ref&gt; Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;The human health risk estimation of&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Afshar-Mohajer |first1=Nima |last2=Fox |first2=Mary A. |last3=Koehler |first3=Kirsten |date=1 March 2019 |title=The human health risk estimation of inhaled oil spill emissions with and without adding dispersant |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969718344656 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=654 |pages=924–932 |bibcode=2019ScTEn.654..924A |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.110 |pmid=30453262 |s2cid=53946118 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses.&lt;ref name=&quot;The human health risk estimation of&quot; /&gt; For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility.&lt;ref name=&quot;The human health risk estimation of&quot; /&gt; Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Nriagu |first1=Jerome |last2=Udofia |first2=Emilia A. |last3=Ekong |first3=Ibanga |last4=Ebuk |first4=Godwin |date=March 2016 |title=Health Risks Associated with Oil Pollution in the Niger Delta, Nigeria |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=13 |issue=3 |page=346 |doi=10.3390/ijerph13030346 |pmc=4809009 |pmid=27007391 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot; /&gt; Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=United Nations |date=1 January 2006 |title=Human Development Report |url=https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report#:~:text=%22The%20Niger%20Delta%20is%20a,conflict%2C%22%20says%20the%20report. |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Osuagwu |first1=Eze Simpson |last2=Olaifa |first2=Eseoghene |date=25 October 2018 |title=Effects of oil spills on fish production in the Niger Delta |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=13 |issue=10 |bibcode=2018PLoSO..1305114O |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0205114 |pmc=6201865 |pmid=30359365 |doi-access=free |article-number=e0205114}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anoda facet of de pippoe ein livelihoods be demma culture. De Niger Delta ein pippoe get strong spiritual den cultural ties to demma environment. De harm inflict for demma land top den waterways wey oil spills cause am dey deeply disrupt sacred sites den dey interfere plus demma cultural practices. De loss of dem cultural elements dey contribute to a sense of displacement den identity crisis among de affected groups/communities.&lt;ref name=&quot;soa&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Aghalino |first=S.O. |date=February 2011 |title=Oil and Cultural Crisis: The Case of the Niger Delta |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301637735 |journal=Africana |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=15 |access-date=December 14, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Additionally, wen communities fight back against de oil industries as an act of protest, violence be often perpetuated. Since de 1990s der already be continuous violence for an effort insyd to give local communities control of de oil for de delta insyd. Dem acts of violence dey include de kidnapping of foreign oil workers den dey hold dem give ransom, vandalization, den even de blowing up of oil installations.

== Notes ==</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd.&lt;ref&gt;C. Michael Hogan, [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166 &quot;Niger River&quot;, in M. McGinley (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Earth''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420075935/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166|date=2013-04-20}}, Washington, DC: National Council for Science and Environment, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Umoh |first1=Unyime U. |last2=Li |first2=Li |last3=Wang |first3=Junjian |last4=Kauluma |first4=Ndamononghenda |last5=Asuquo |first5=Francis E. |last6=Akpan |first6=Ekom R. |date=August 2022 |title=Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether signatures in tropical mesotidal estuary sediments of Qua Iboe River, Gulf of Guinea |journal=Organic Geochemistry |volume=170 |bibcode=2022OrGeo.17004461U |doi=10.1016/j.orggeochem.2022.104461 |s2cid=249615285 |article-number=104461}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Otoabasi |first=Akpan |title=The Niger Delta Question and the peace plan |publisher=Spectrum Books |year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title='Ecocide' movement pushes for a new international crime: Environmental destruction |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ecocide-movement-pushes-new-international-crime-environmental-destruction-n1263142 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 February 2014 |title=Fighting ecocide in Nigeria |url=https://theecologist.org/2014/feb/05/fighting-ecocide-nigeria |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=theecologist.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNPO: Ogoni: An Ecocide in the Making? |url=https://unpo.org/article/19131 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=unpo.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2011-08-22|title=How an ecocide law could prevent another Nigerian oil disaster|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/aug/22/ecocide-law-nigerian-oil-disaster|access-date=2023-07-06|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Aghalino |first=S.O |title=Combating the Niger Delta Crisis: an appraisal of Federal Government response to Anti-Oil protect in Niger Delta, 1958-2002. |publisher=Maiduguri journal of Historical studies |year=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dakolo |first=Bubaraye |title=The Riddle of the Oil Thief |publisher=Purple Shelves |year=2021 |isbn=978-978-988-990-7 |location=Lagos |pages=117–170}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Chukwu|first=Ignatius|date=2023-10-01|title=What Nigeria’s independence means for Niger Delta|url=https://businessday.ng/life/article/what-nigerias-independence-means-for-niger-delta/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-11-21|newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpan |first=D. |title=Oil Exploration and environmental degradation in the Niger Delta. A paper presented at the first regional conference. |year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik,&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Niger Delta – Niger Delta Budget Monitoring Group |url=https://www.nigerdeltabudget.org/the-niger-delta/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Edoid languages.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top.&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot; /&gt; 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Writer|first=Guest|date=2018-05-22|title=The revolutionist as the true national knight: Retelling the tale of Isaac Boro 50 years after|url=https://www.thecable.ng/the-revolutionist-as-the-true-national-knight-retelling-major-isaac-boro-fifty-years-after/|access-date=2024-07-04|newspaper=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The International Politics of the Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970 |date=2015-12-31 |pages=xv–xx |chapter=Chronology of Important Events in the Nigerian Civil War |publisher=Princeton University Press |doi=10.1515/9781400871285-003 |isbn=978-1-4008-7128-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Heerten |first1=Lasse |title=The Nigeria-Biafra War |date=2017-07-06 |work=Postcolonial Conflict and the Question of Genocide |pages=3–43 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315229294-1 |isbn=978-1-315-22929-4 |last2=Moses |first2=A. Dirk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ekwe-Ekwe, Herbert. |title=The Biafra War: Nigeria and the aftermath. |date=1991 |publisher=[[Edwin Mellen Press]] |isbn=0-88946-235-6 |location=[[Lewiston, New York]] |oclc=476261625}}&lt;/ref&gt; During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;Strutton, Laine (2014). ''The New Mobilization from Below: Women's Oil Protests in the Niger Delta, Nigeria'' (Thesis). [[:en:ProQuest|ProQuest]] [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1666393541 1666393541].&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=1998-12-30 |title=State of Emergency Declared in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805220129/http://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |archive-date=2012-08-05 |access-date=2018-01-19 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ian Taylor, [http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa &quot;China's environmental footprint in Africa&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223061935/http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa|date=2007-02-23}}, ''China Dialogue'', 2 February 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm &quot;Nigeria militants warn of oil war&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915064938/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm|date=2008-09-15}}, BBC News, 14 September 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Isumonah |first=V. Adelfemi |year=2013 |title=Armed Society in the Niger Delta |journal=Armed Forces &amp; Society |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=331–358 |doi=10.1177/0095327x12446925 |s2cid=110566551}}&lt;/ref&gt; De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Pearson |first=Scott R. |title=Petroleum and the Nigerian Economy |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1970 |isbn=0-8047-0749-9 |location=Stanford |page=13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpeninor |first=James Ohwofasa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ESk7b8iKIU0C&amp;pg=PA576 |title=Giant in the Sun: Echoes of Looming Revolution? |date=2012-08-28 |publisher=AuthorHouse |isbn=978-1-4772-1868-6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Nigeria: Petroleum Pollution and Poverty in the Niger Delta''. United Kingdom: Amnesty International Publications International Secretariat, 2009, p. 10.&lt;/ref&gt; More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=July 4, 2024 |title=A review of the effects of gas flaring on the Niger Delta |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233298409_A_review_of_the_effects_of_gas_flaring_on_the_Niger_Delta_environment |journal=ResearchGate}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=Nov 2003 |title=Nigeria's First National Communication Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/niganc1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115182631/http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/niganc1.pdf |archive-date=15 January 2009 |access-date=24 January 2009 |work=UNFCC}}&lt;/ref&gt; although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTOGMC/EXTGGFR/0,,contentMDK:22137498~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:578069,00.html Global Gas Flaring reduction, The World Bank] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301124210/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTOGMC/EXTGGFR/0,,contentMDK:22137498~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:578069,00.html|date=2012-03-01}}, &quot;Estimated Flared Volumes from Satellite Data, 2006–2010.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=October 2004 |title=Gas Flaring in Nigeria |url=http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/media_briefing/gasflaringinnigeria.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225211133/http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/media_briefing/gasflaringinnigeria.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2009 |access-date=24 January 2009 |work=Friends of the Earth}}&lt;/ref&gt; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sweet Crude: A New Documentary on the Niger Delta by Sandy Cioffi |url=http://www.sweetcrudemovie.com/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=www.sweetcrudemovie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Anejionu |first1=Obinna Chukwubuikem Diony |last2=Blackburn |first2=George Alan |last3=Whyatt |first3=J. Duncan |date=4 March 2014 |title=Satellite survey of gas flares: development and application of a Landsat-based technique in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01431161.2013.879351 |journal=International Journal of Remote Sensing |language=en |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=1900–1925 |bibcode=2014IJRS...35.1900A |doi=10.1080/01431161.2013.879351 |s2cid=53705868 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obida |first1=Christopher B. |last2=Blackburn |first2=George A. |last3=Whyatt |first3=James D. |last4=Semple |first4=Kirk T. |date=25 June 2021 |title=Counting the cost of the Niger Delta's largest oil spills: Satellite remote sensing reveals extensive environmental damage with &gt;1million people in the impact zone |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969721009219 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=775 |bibcode=2021ScTEn.775n5854O |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145854 |s2cid=233538622 |url-access=subscription |article-number=145854}}&lt;/ref&gt; De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot; /&gt;

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot; /&gt;

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ugochukwu |first1=Uzochukwu C. |last2=Ochonogor |first2=Alfred |last3=Jidere |first3=Chika M. |last4=Agu |first4=Chizoba |last5=Nkoloagu |first5=Frida |last6=Ewoh |first6=John |last7=Okwu-Delunzu |first7=Virginia U. |date=1 June 2018 |title=Exposure risks to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by humans and livestock (cattle) due to hydrocarbon spill from petroleum products in Niger-delta wetland |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016041201732158X |journal=Environment International |volume=115 |pages=38–47 |bibcode=2018EnInt.115...38U |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2018.03.010 |pmid=29547867 |s2cid=3902367 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Philibert |first1=Danielle A. |last2=Lyons |first2=Danielle |last3=Philibert |first3=Clara |last4=Tierney |first4=Keith B. |date=10 January 2019 |title=Field-collected crude oil, weathered oil and dispersants differentially affect the early life stages of freshwater and saltwater fishes |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969718330213 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=647 |pages=1148–1157 |bibcode=2019ScTEn.647.1148P |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.052 |pmid=30180323 |s2cid=52156999 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bertollini |first1=Roberto |last2=Teresa |first2=Borges |last3=Pim |first3=deVoogt |last4=Peter |first4=Hoet |date=30 November 2018 |title=OPINION ON the public health impacts and risks resulting from onshore oil and gas exploration and exploitation in the EU |journal=Scientific Committee on Health, Environmental and Emerging Risks SCHEER}}&lt;/ref&gt; Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;The human health risk estimation of&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Afshar-Mohajer |first1=Nima |last2=Fox |first2=Mary A. |last3=Koehler |first3=Kirsten |date=1 March 2019 |title=The human health risk estimation of inhaled oil spill emissions with and without adding dispersant |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969718344656 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=654 |pages=924–932 |bibcode=2019ScTEn.654..924A |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.110 |pmid=30453262 |s2cid=53946118 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses.&lt;ref name=&quot;The human health risk estimation of&quot; /&gt; For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility.&lt;ref name=&quot;The human health risk estimation of&quot; /&gt; Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Nriagu |first1=Jerome |last2=Udofia |first2=Emilia A. |last3=Ekong |first3=Ibanga |last4=Ebuk |first4=Godwin |date=March 2016 |title=Health Risks Associated with Oil Pollution in the Niger Delta, Nigeria |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=13 |issue=3 |page=346 |doi=10.3390/ijerph13030346 |pmc=4809009 |pmid=27007391 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot; /&gt; Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=United Nations |date=1 January 2006 |title=Human Development Report |url=https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report#:~:text=%22The%20Niger%20Delta%20is%20a,conflict%2C%22%20says%20the%20report. |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Osuagwu |first1=Eze Simpson |last2=Olaifa |first2=Eseoghene |date=25 October 2018 |title=Effects of oil spills on fish production in the Niger Delta |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=13 |issue=10 |bibcode=2018PLoSO..1305114O |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0205114 |pmc=6201865 |pmid=30359365 |doi-access=free |article-number=e0205114}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anoda facet of de pippoe ein livelihoods be demma culture. De Niger Delta ein pippoe get strong spiritual den cultural ties to demma environment. De harm inflict for demma land top den waterways wey oil spills cause am dey deeply disrupt sacred sites den dey interfere plus demma cultural practices. De loss of dem cultural elements dey contribute to a sense of displacement den identity crisis among de affected groups/communities.&lt;ref name=&quot;soa&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Aghalino |first=S.O. |date=February 2011 |title=Oil and Cultural Crisis: The Case of the Niger Delta |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301637735 |journal=Africana |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=15 |access-date=December 14, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Additionally, wen communities fight back against de oil industries as an act of protest, violence be often perpetuated. Since de 1990s der already be continuous violence for an effort insyd to give local communities control of de oil for de delta insyd. Dem acts of violence dey include de kidnapping of foreign oil workers den dey hold dem give ransom, vandalization, den even de blowing up of oil installations.&lt;ref name=&quot;soa&quot; /&gt;

== Notes ==</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd.&lt;ref&gt;C. Michael Hogan, [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166 &quot;Niger River&quot;, in M. McGinley (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Earth''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420075935/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166|date=2013-04-20}}, Washington, DC: National Council for Science and Environment, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Umoh |first1=Unyime U. |last2=Li |first2=Li |last3=Wang |first3=Junjian |last4=Kauluma |first4=Ndamononghenda |last5=Asuquo |first5=Francis E. |last6=Akpan |first6=Ekom R. |date=August 2022 |title=Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether signatures in tropical mesotidal estuary sediments of Qua Iboe River, Gulf of Guinea |journal=Organic Geochemistry |volume=170 |bibcode=2022OrGeo.17004461U |doi=10.1016/j.orggeochem.2022.104461 |s2cid=249615285 |article-number=104461}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Otoabasi |first=Akpan |title=The Niger Delta Question and the peace plan |publisher=Spectrum Books |year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title='Ecocide' movement pushes for a new international crime: Environmental destruction |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ecocide-movement-pushes-new-international-crime-environmental-destruction-n1263142 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 February 2014 |title=Fighting ecocide in Nigeria |url=https://theecologist.org/2014/feb/05/fighting-ecocide-nigeria |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=theecologist.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNPO: Ogoni: An Ecocide in the Making? |url=https://unpo.org/article/19131 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=unpo.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2011-08-22|title=How an ecocide law could prevent another Nigerian oil disaster|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/aug/22/ecocide-law-nigerian-oil-disaster|access-date=2023-07-06|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Aghalino |first=S.O |title=Combating the Niger Delta Crisis: an appraisal of Federal Government response to Anti-Oil protect in Niger Delta, 1958-2002. |publisher=Maiduguri journal of Historical studies |year=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dakolo |first=Bubaraye |title=The Riddle of the Oil Thief |publisher=Purple Shelves |year=2021 |isbn=978-978-988-990-7 |location=Lagos |pages=117–170}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Chukwu|first=Ignatius|date=2023-10-01|title=What Nigeria’s independence means for Niger Delta|url=https://businessday.ng/life/article/what-nigerias-independence-means-for-niger-delta/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-11-21|newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpan |first=D. |title=Oil Exploration and environmental degradation in the Niger Delta. A paper presented at the first regional conference. |year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik,&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Niger Delta – Niger Delta Budget Monitoring Group |url=https://www.nigerdeltabudget.org/the-niger-delta/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Edoid languages.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top.&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot; /&gt; 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Writer|first=Guest|date=2018-05-22|title=The revolutionist as the true national knight: Retelling the tale of Isaac Boro 50 years after|url=https://www.thecable.ng/the-revolutionist-as-the-true-national-knight-retelling-major-isaac-boro-fifty-years-after/|access-date=2024-07-04|newspaper=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The International Politics of the Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970 |date=2015-12-31 |pages=xv–xx |chapter=Chronology of Important Events in the Nigerian Civil War |publisher=Princeton University Press |doi=10.1515/9781400871285-003 |isbn=978-1-4008-7128-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Heerten |first1=Lasse |title=The Nigeria-Biafra War |date=2017-07-06 |work=Postcolonial Conflict and the Question of Genocide |pages=3–43 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315229294-1 |isbn=978-1-315-22929-4 |last2=Moses |first2=A. Dirk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ekwe-Ekwe, Herbert. |title=The Biafra War: Nigeria and the aftermath. |date=1991 |publisher=[[Edwin Mellen Press]] |isbn=0-88946-235-6 |location=[[Lewiston, New York]] |oclc=476261625}}&lt;/ref&gt; During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;Strutton, Laine (2014). ''The New Mobilization from Below: Women's Oil Protests in the Niger Delta, Nigeria'' (Thesis). [[:en:ProQuest|ProQuest]] [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1666393541 1666393541].&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=1998-12-30 |title=State of Emergency Declared in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805220129/http://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |archive-date=2012-08-05 |access-date=2018-01-19 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ian Taylor, [http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa &quot;China's environmental footprint in Africa&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223061935/http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa|date=2007-02-23}}, ''China Dialogue'', 2 February 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm &quot;Nigeria militants warn of oil war&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915064938/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm|date=2008-09-15}}, BBC News, 14 September 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Isumonah |first=V. Adelfemi |year=2013 |title=Armed Society in the Niger Delta |journal=Armed Forces &amp; Society |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=331–358 |doi=10.1177/0095327x12446925 |s2cid=110566551}}&lt;/ref&gt; De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Pearson |first=Scott R. |title=Petroleum and the Nigerian Economy |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1970 |isbn=0-8047-0749-9 |location=Stanford |page=13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpeninor |first=James Ohwofasa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ESk7b8iKIU0C&amp;pg=PA576 |title=Giant in the Sun: Echoes of Looming Revolution? |date=2012-08-28 |publisher=AuthorHouse |isbn=978-1-4772-1868-6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Nigeria: Petroleum Pollution and Poverty in the Niger Delta''. United Kingdom: Amnesty International Publications International Secretariat, 2009, p. 10.&lt;/ref&gt; More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=July 4, 2024 |title=A review of the effects of gas flaring on the Niger Delta |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233298409_A_review_of_the_effects_of_gas_flaring_on_the_Niger_Delta_environment |journal=ResearchGate}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=Nov 2003 |title=Nigeria's First National Communication Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/niganc1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115182631/http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/niganc1.pdf |archive-date=15 January 2009 |access-date=24 January 2009 |work=UNFCC}}&lt;/ref&gt; although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTOGMC/EXTGGFR/0,,contentMDK:22137498~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:578069,00.html Global Gas Flaring reduction, The World Bank] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301124210/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTOGMC/EXTGGFR/0,,contentMDK:22137498~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:578069,00.html|date=2012-03-01}}, &quot;Estimated Flared Volumes from Satellite Data, 2006–2010.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=October 2004 |title=Gas Flaring in Nigeria |url=http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/media_briefing/gasflaringinnigeria.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225211133/http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/media_briefing/gasflaringinnigeria.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2009 |access-date=24 January 2009 |work=Friends of the Earth}}&lt;/ref&gt; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sweet Crude: A New Documentary on the Niger Delta by Sandy Cioffi |url=http://www.sweetcrudemovie.com/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=www.sweetcrudemovie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Anejionu |first1=Obinna Chukwubuikem Diony |last2=Blackburn |first2=George Alan |last3=Whyatt |first3=J. Duncan |date=4 March 2014 |title=Satellite survey of gas flares: development and application of a Landsat-based technique in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01431161.2013.879351 |journal=International Journal of Remote Sensing |language=en |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=1900–1925 |bibcode=2014IJRS...35.1900A |doi=10.1080/01431161.2013.879351 |s2cid=53705868 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obida |first1=Christopher B. |last2=Blackburn |first2=George A. |last3=Whyatt |first3=James D. |last4=Semple |first4=Kirk T. |date=25 June 2021 |title=Counting the cost of the Niger Delta's largest oil spills: Satellite remote sensing reveals extensive environmental damage with &gt;1million people in the impact zone |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969721009219 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=775 |bibcode=2021ScTEn.775n5854O |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145854 |s2cid=233538622 |url-access=subscription |article-number=145854}}&lt;/ref&gt; De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot; /&gt;

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot; /&gt;

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ugochukwu |first1=Uzochukwu C. |last2=Ochonogor |first2=Alfred |last3=Jidere |first3=Chika M. |last4=Agu |first4=Chizoba |last5=Nkoloagu |first5=Frida |last6=Ewoh |first6=John |last7=Okwu-Delunzu |first7=Virginia U. |date=1 June 2018 |title=Exposure risks to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by humans and livestock (cattle) due to hydrocarbon spill from petroleum products in Niger-delta wetland |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016041201732158X |journal=Environment International |volume=115 |pages=38–47 |bibcode=2018EnInt.115...38U |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2018.03.010 |pmid=29547867 |s2cid=3902367 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Philibert |first1=Danielle A. |last2=Lyons |first2=Danielle |last3=Philibert |first3=Clara |last4=Tierney |first4=Keith B. |date=10 January 2019 |title=Field-collected crude oil, weathered oil and dispersants differentially affect the early life stages of freshwater and saltwater fishes |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969718330213 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=647 |pages=1148–1157 |bibcode=2019ScTEn.647.1148P |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.052 |pmid=30180323 |s2cid=52156999 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bertollini |first1=Roberto |last2=Teresa |first2=Borges |last3=Pim |first3=deVoogt |last4=Peter |first4=Hoet |date=30 November 2018 |title=OPINION ON the public health impacts and risks resulting from onshore oil and gas exploration and exploitation in the EU |journal=Scientific Committee on Health, Environmental and Emerging Risks SCHEER}}&lt;/ref&gt; Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;The human health risk estimation of&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Afshar-Mohajer |first1=Nima |last2=Fox |first2=Mary A. |last3=Koehler |first3=Kirsten |date=1 March 2019 |title=The human health risk estimation of inhaled oil spill emissions with and without adding dispersant |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969718344656 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=654 |pages=924–932 |bibcode=2019ScTEn.654..924A |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.110 |pmid=30453262 |s2cid=53946118 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses.&lt;ref name=&quot;The human health risk estimation of&quot; /&gt; For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility.&lt;ref name=&quot;The human health risk estimation of&quot; /&gt; Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Nriagu |first1=Jerome |last2=Udofia |first2=Emilia A. |last3=Ekong |first3=Ibanga |last4=Ebuk |first4=Godwin |date=March 2016 |title=Health Risks Associated with Oil Pollution in the Niger Delta, Nigeria |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=13 |issue=3 |page=346 |doi=10.3390/ijerph13030346 |pmc=4809009 |pmid=27007391 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot; /&gt; Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=United Nations |date=1 January 2006 |title=Human Development Report |url=https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report#:~:text=%22The%20Niger%20Delta%20is%20a,conflict%2C%22%20says%20the%20report. |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Osuagwu |first1=Eze Simpson |last2=Olaifa |first2=Eseoghene |date=25 October 2018 |title=Effects of oil spills on fish production in the Niger Delta |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=13 |issue=10 |bibcode=2018PLoSO..1305114O |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0205114 |pmc=6201865 |pmid=30359365 |doi-access=free |article-number=e0205114}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anoda facet of de pippoe ein livelihoods be demma culture. De Niger Delta ein pippoe get strong spiritual den cultural ties to demma environment. De harm inflict for demma land top den waterways wey oil spills cause am dey deeply disrupt sacred sites den dey interfere plus demma cultural practices. De loss of dem cultural elements dey contribute to a sense of displacement den identity crisis among de affected groups/communities.&lt;ref name=&quot;soa&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Aghalino |first=S.O. |date=February 2011 |title=Oil and Cultural Crisis: The Case of the Niger Delta |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301637735 |journal=Africana |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=15 |access-date=December 14, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Additionally, wen communities fight back against de oil industries as an act of protest, violence be often perpetuated. Since de 1990s der already be continuous violence for an effort insyd to give local communities control of de oil for de delta insyd. Dem acts of violence dey include de kidnapping of foreign oil workers den dey hold dem give ransom, vandalization, den even de blowing up of oil installations.&lt;ref name=&quot;soa&quot; /&gt;

== Notes ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== References ==</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd.&lt;ref&gt;C. Michael Hogan, [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166 &quot;Niger River&quot;, in M. McGinley (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Earth''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420075935/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166|date=2013-04-20}}, Washington, DC: National Council for Science and Environment, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Umoh |first1=Unyime U. |last2=Li |first2=Li |last3=Wang |first3=Junjian |last4=Kauluma |first4=Ndamononghenda |last5=Asuquo |first5=Francis E. |last6=Akpan |first6=Ekom R. |date=August 2022 |title=Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether signatures in tropical mesotidal estuary sediments of Qua Iboe River, Gulf of Guinea |journal=Organic Geochemistry |volume=170 |bibcode=2022OrGeo.17004461U |doi=10.1016/j.orggeochem.2022.104461 |s2cid=249615285 |article-number=104461}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Otoabasi |first=Akpan |title=The Niger Delta Question and the peace plan |publisher=Spectrum Books |year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title='Ecocide' movement pushes for a new international crime: Environmental destruction |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ecocide-movement-pushes-new-international-crime-environmental-destruction-n1263142 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 February 2014 |title=Fighting ecocide in Nigeria |url=https://theecologist.org/2014/feb/05/fighting-ecocide-nigeria |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=theecologist.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNPO: Ogoni: An Ecocide in the Making? |url=https://unpo.org/article/19131 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=unpo.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2011-08-22|title=How an ecocide law could prevent another Nigerian oil disaster|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/aug/22/ecocide-law-nigerian-oil-disaster|access-date=2023-07-06|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Aghalino |first=S.O |title=Combating the Niger Delta Crisis: an appraisal of Federal Government response to Anti-Oil protect in Niger Delta, 1958-2002. |publisher=Maiduguri journal of Historical studies |year=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dakolo |first=Bubaraye |title=The Riddle of the Oil Thief |publisher=Purple Shelves |year=2021 |isbn=978-978-988-990-7 |location=Lagos |pages=117–170}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Chukwu|first=Ignatius|date=2023-10-01|title=What Nigeria’s independence means for Niger Delta|url=https://businessday.ng/life/article/what-nigerias-independence-means-for-niger-delta/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-11-21|newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpan |first=D. |title=Oil Exploration and environmental degradation in the Niger Delta. A paper presented at the first regional conference. |year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik,&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Niger Delta – Niger Delta Budget Monitoring Group |url=https://www.nigerdeltabudget.org/the-niger-delta/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Edoid languages.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top.&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot; /&gt; 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Writer|first=Guest|date=2018-05-22|title=The revolutionist as the true national knight: Retelling the tale of Isaac Boro 50 years after|url=https://www.thecable.ng/the-revolutionist-as-the-true-national-knight-retelling-major-isaac-boro-fifty-years-after/|access-date=2024-07-04|newspaper=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The International Politics of the Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970 |date=2015-12-31 |pages=xv–xx |chapter=Chronology of Important Events in the Nigerian Civil War |publisher=Princeton University Press |doi=10.1515/9781400871285-003 |isbn=978-1-4008-7128-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Heerten |first1=Lasse |title=The Nigeria-Biafra War |date=2017-07-06 |work=Postcolonial Conflict and the Question of Genocide |pages=3–43 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315229294-1 |isbn=978-1-315-22929-4 |last2=Moses |first2=A. Dirk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ekwe-Ekwe, Herbert. |title=The Biafra War: Nigeria and the aftermath. |date=1991 |publisher=[[Edwin Mellen Press]] |isbn=0-88946-235-6 |location=[[Lewiston, New York]] |oclc=476261625}}&lt;/ref&gt; During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;Strutton, Laine (2014). ''The New Mobilization from Below: Women's Oil Protests in the Niger Delta, Nigeria'' (Thesis). [[:en:ProQuest|ProQuest]] [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1666393541 1666393541].&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=1998-12-30 |title=State of Emergency Declared in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805220129/http://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |archive-date=2012-08-05 |access-date=2018-01-19 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ian Taylor, [http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa &quot;China's environmental footprint in Africa&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223061935/http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa|date=2007-02-23}}, ''China Dialogue'', 2 February 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm &quot;Nigeria militants warn of oil war&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915064938/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm|date=2008-09-15}}, BBC News, 14 September 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Isumonah |first=V. Adelfemi |year=2013 |title=Armed Society in the Niger Delta |journal=Armed Forces &amp; Society |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=331–358 |doi=10.1177/0095327x12446925 |s2cid=110566551}}&lt;/ref&gt; De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Pearson |first=Scott R. |title=Petroleum and the Nigerian Economy |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1970 |isbn=0-8047-0749-9 |location=Stanford |page=13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpeninor |first=James Ohwofasa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ESk7b8iKIU0C&amp;pg=PA576 |title=Giant in the Sun: Echoes of Looming Revolution? |date=2012-08-28 |publisher=AuthorHouse |isbn=978-1-4772-1868-6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Nigeria: Petroleum Pollution and Poverty in the Niger Delta''. United Kingdom: Amnesty International Publications International Secretariat, 2009, p. 10.&lt;/ref&gt; More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=July 4, 2024 |title=A review of the effects of gas flaring on the Niger Delta |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233298409_A_review_of_the_effects_of_gas_flaring_on_the_Niger_Delta_environment |journal=ResearchGate}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=Nov 2003 |title=Nigeria's First National Communication Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/niganc1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115182631/http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/niganc1.pdf |archive-date=15 January 2009 |access-date=24 January 2009 |work=UNFCC}}&lt;/ref&gt; although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTOGMC/EXTGGFR/0,,contentMDK:22137498~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:578069,00.html Global Gas Flaring reduction, The World Bank] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301124210/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTOGMC/EXTGGFR/0,,contentMDK:22137498~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:578069,00.html|date=2012-03-01}}, &quot;Estimated Flared Volumes from Satellite Data, 2006–2010.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=October 2004 |title=Gas Flaring in Nigeria |url=http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/media_briefing/gasflaringinnigeria.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225211133/http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/media_briefing/gasflaringinnigeria.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2009 |access-date=24 January 2009 |work=Friends of the Earth}}&lt;/ref&gt; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sweet Crude: A New Documentary on the Niger Delta by Sandy Cioffi |url=http://www.sweetcrudemovie.com/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=www.sweetcrudemovie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Anejionu |first1=Obinna Chukwubuikem Diony |last2=Blackburn |first2=George Alan |last3=Whyatt |first3=J. Duncan |date=4 March 2014 |title=Satellite survey of gas flares: development and application of a Landsat-based technique in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01431161.2013.879351 |journal=International Journal of Remote Sensing |language=en |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=1900–1925 |bibcode=2014IJRS...35.1900A |doi=10.1080/01431161.2013.879351 |s2cid=53705868 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obida |first1=Christopher B. |last2=Blackburn |first2=George A. |last3=Whyatt |first3=James D. |last4=Semple |first4=Kirk T. |date=25 June 2021 |title=Counting the cost of the Niger Delta's largest oil spills: Satellite remote sensing reveals extensive environmental damage with &gt;1million people in the impact zone |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969721009219 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=775 |bibcode=2021ScTEn.775n5854O |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145854 |s2cid=233538622 |url-access=subscription |article-number=145854}}&lt;/ref&gt; De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot; /&gt;

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot; /&gt;

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ugochukwu |first1=Uzochukwu C. |last2=Ochonogor |first2=Alfred |last3=Jidere |first3=Chika M. |last4=Agu |first4=Chizoba |last5=Nkoloagu |first5=Frida |last6=Ewoh |first6=John |last7=Okwu-Delunzu |first7=Virginia U. |date=1 June 2018 |title=Exposure risks to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by humans and livestock (cattle) due to hydrocarbon spill from petroleum products in Niger-delta wetland |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016041201732158X |journal=Environment International |volume=115 |pages=38–47 |bibcode=2018EnInt.115...38U |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2018.03.010 |pmid=29547867 |s2cid=3902367 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Philibert |first1=Danielle A. |last2=Lyons |first2=Danielle |last3=Philibert |first3=Clara |last4=Tierney |first4=Keith B. |date=10 January 2019 |title=Field-collected crude oil, weathered oil and dispersants differentially affect the early life stages of freshwater and saltwater fishes |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969718330213 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=647 |pages=1148–1157 |bibcode=2019ScTEn.647.1148P |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.052 |pmid=30180323 |s2cid=52156999 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bertollini |first1=Roberto |last2=Teresa |first2=Borges |last3=Pim |first3=deVoogt |last4=Peter |first4=Hoet |date=30 November 2018 |title=OPINION ON the public health impacts and risks resulting from onshore oil and gas exploration and exploitation in the EU |journal=Scientific Committee on Health, Environmental and Emerging Risks SCHEER}}&lt;/ref&gt; Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;The human health risk estimation of&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Afshar-Mohajer |first1=Nima |last2=Fox |first2=Mary A. |last3=Koehler |first3=Kirsten |date=1 March 2019 |title=The human health risk estimation of inhaled oil spill emissions with and without adding dispersant |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969718344656 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=654 |pages=924–932 |bibcode=2019ScTEn.654..924A |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.110 |pmid=30453262 |s2cid=53946118 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses.&lt;ref name=&quot;The human health risk estimation of&quot; /&gt; For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility.&lt;ref name=&quot;The human health risk estimation of&quot; /&gt; Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Nriagu |first1=Jerome |last2=Udofia |first2=Emilia A. |last3=Ekong |first3=Ibanga |last4=Ebuk |first4=Godwin |date=March 2016 |title=Health Risks Associated with Oil Pollution in the Niger Delta, Nigeria |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=13 |issue=3 |page=346 |doi=10.3390/ijerph13030346 |pmc=4809009 |pmid=27007391 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot; /&gt; Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=United Nations |date=1 January 2006 |title=Human Development Report |url=https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report#:~:text=%22The%20Niger%20Delta%20is%20a,conflict%2C%22%20says%20the%20report. |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Osuagwu |first1=Eze Simpson |last2=Olaifa |first2=Eseoghene |date=25 October 2018 |title=Effects of oil spills on fish production in the Niger Delta |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=13 |issue=10 |bibcode=2018PLoSO..1305114O |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0205114 |pmc=6201865 |pmid=30359365 |doi-access=free |article-number=e0205114}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anoda facet of de pippoe ein livelihoods be demma culture. De Niger Delta ein pippoe get strong spiritual den cultural ties to demma environment. De harm inflict for demma land top den waterways wey oil spills cause am dey deeply disrupt sacred sites den dey interfere plus demma cultural practices. De loss of dem cultural elements dey contribute to a sense of displacement den identity crisis among de affected groups/communities.&lt;ref name=&quot;soa&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Aghalino |first=S.O. |date=February 2011 |title=Oil and Cultural Crisis: The Case of the Niger Delta |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301637735 |journal=Africana |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=15 |access-date=December 14, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Additionally, wen communities fight back against de oil industries as an act of protest, violence be often perpetuated. Since de 1990s der already be continuous violence for an effort insyd to give local communities control of de oil for de delta insyd. Dem acts of violence dey include de kidnapping of foreign oil workers den dey hold dem give ransom, vandalization, den even de blowing up of oil installations.&lt;ref name=&quot;soa&quot; /&gt;

== Notes ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== References ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090805174150/http://nigerdeltavine.com/ Niger Delta-Archive of News, Interviews, Articles, Analysis from 1999 to Present]</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd.&lt;ref&gt;C. Michael Hogan, [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166 &quot;Niger River&quot;, in M. McGinley (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Earth''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420075935/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166|date=2013-04-20}}, Washington, DC: National Council for Science and Environment, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Umoh |first1=Unyime U. |last2=Li |first2=Li |last3=Wang |first3=Junjian |last4=Kauluma |first4=Ndamononghenda |last5=Asuquo |first5=Francis E. |last6=Akpan |first6=Ekom R. |date=August 2022 |title=Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether signatures in tropical mesotidal estuary sediments of Qua Iboe River, Gulf of Guinea |journal=Organic Geochemistry |volume=170 |bibcode=2022OrGeo.17004461U |doi=10.1016/j.orggeochem.2022.104461 |s2cid=249615285 |article-number=104461}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Otoabasi |first=Akpan |title=The Niger Delta Question and the peace plan |publisher=Spectrum Books |year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title='Ecocide' movement pushes for a new international crime: Environmental destruction |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ecocide-movement-pushes-new-international-crime-environmental-destruction-n1263142 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 February 2014 |title=Fighting ecocide in Nigeria |url=https://theecologist.org/2014/feb/05/fighting-ecocide-nigeria |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=theecologist.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNPO: Ogoni: An Ecocide in the Making? |url=https://unpo.org/article/19131 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=unpo.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2011-08-22|title=How an ecocide law could prevent another Nigerian oil disaster|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/aug/22/ecocide-law-nigerian-oil-disaster|access-date=2023-07-06|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Aghalino |first=S.O |title=Combating the Niger Delta Crisis: an appraisal of Federal Government response to Anti-Oil protect in Niger Delta, 1958-2002. |publisher=Maiduguri journal of Historical studies |year=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dakolo |first=Bubaraye |title=The Riddle of the Oil Thief |publisher=Purple Shelves |year=2021 |isbn=978-978-988-990-7 |location=Lagos |pages=117–170}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Chukwu|first=Ignatius|date=2023-10-01|title=What Nigeria’s independence means for Niger Delta|url=https://businessday.ng/life/article/what-nigerias-independence-means-for-niger-delta/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-11-21|newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpan |first=D. |title=Oil Exploration and environmental degradation in the Niger Delta. A paper presented at the first regional conference. |year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik,&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Niger Delta – Niger Delta Budget Monitoring Group |url=https://www.nigerdeltabudget.org/the-niger-delta/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Edoid languages.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top.&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot; /&gt; 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Writer|first=Guest|date=2018-05-22|title=The revolutionist as the true national knight: Retelling the tale of Isaac Boro 50 years after|url=https://www.thecable.ng/the-revolutionist-as-the-true-national-knight-retelling-major-isaac-boro-fifty-years-after/|access-date=2024-07-04|newspaper=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The International Politics of the Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970 |date=2015-12-31 |pages=xv–xx |chapter=Chronology of Important Events in the Nigerian Civil War |publisher=Princeton University Press |doi=10.1515/9781400871285-003 |isbn=978-1-4008-7128-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Heerten |first1=Lasse |title=The Nigeria-Biafra War |date=2017-07-06 |work=Postcolonial Conflict and the Question of Genocide |pages=3–43 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315229294-1 |isbn=978-1-315-22929-4 |last2=Moses |first2=A. Dirk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ekwe-Ekwe, Herbert. |title=The Biafra War: Nigeria and the aftermath. |date=1991 |publisher=[[Edwin Mellen Press]] |isbn=0-88946-235-6 |location=[[Lewiston, New York]] |oclc=476261625}}&lt;/ref&gt; During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;Strutton, Laine (2014). ''The New Mobilization from Below: Women's Oil Protests in the Niger Delta, Nigeria'' (Thesis). [[:en:ProQuest|ProQuest]] [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1666393541 1666393541].&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=1998-12-30 |title=State of Emergency Declared in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805220129/http://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |archive-date=2012-08-05 |access-date=2018-01-19 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ian Taylor, [http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa &quot;China's environmental footprint in Africa&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223061935/http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa|date=2007-02-23}}, ''China Dialogue'', 2 February 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm &quot;Nigeria militants warn of oil war&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915064938/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm|date=2008-09-15}}, BBC News, 14 September 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Isumonah |first=V. Adelfemi |year=2013 |title=Armed Society in the Niger Delta |journal=Armed Forces &amp; Society |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=331–358 |doi=10.1177/0095327x12446925 |s2cid=110566551}}&lt;/ref&gt; De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Pearson |first=Scott R. |title=Petroleum and the Nigerian Economy |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1970 |isbn=0-8047-0749-9 |location=Stanford |page=13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpeninor |first=James Ohwofasa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ESk7b8iKIU0C&amp;pg=PA576 |title=Giant in the Sun: Echoes of Looming Revolution? |date=2012-08-28 |publisher=AuthorHouse |isbn=978-1-4772-1868-6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Nigeria: Petroleum Pollution and Poverty in the Niger Delta''. United Kingdom: Amnesty International Publications International Secretariat, 2009, p. 10.&lt;/ref&gt; More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=July 4, 2024 |title=A review of the effects of gas flaring on the Niger Delta |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233298409_A_review_of_the_effects_of_gas_flaring_on_the_Niger_Delta_environment |journal=ResearchGate}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=Nov 2003 |title=Nigeria's First National Communication Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/niganc1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115182631/http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/niganc1.pdf |archive-date=15 January 2009 |access-date=24 January 2009 |work=UNFCC}}&lt;/ref&gt; although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTOGMC/EXTGGFR/0,,contentMDK:22137498~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:578069,00.html Global Gas Flaring reduction, The World Bank] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301124210/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTOGMC/EXTGGFR/0,,contentMDK:22137498~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:578069,00.html|date=2012-03-01}}, &quot;Estimated Flared Volumes from Satellite Data, 2006–2010.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=October 2004 |title=Gas Flaring in Nigeria |url=http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/media_briefing/gasflaringinnigeria.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225211133/http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/media_briefing/gasflaringinnigeria.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2009 |access-date=24 January 2009 |work=Friends of the Earth}}&lt;/ref&gt; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sweet Crude: A New Documentary on the Niger Delta by Sandy Cioffi |url=http://www.sweetcrudemovie.com/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=www.sweetcrudemovie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Anejionu |first1=Obinna Chukwubuikem Diony |last2=Blackburn |first2=George Alan |last3=Whyatt |first3=J. Duncan |date=4 March 2014 |title=Satellite survey of gas flares: development and application of a Landsat-based technique in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01431161.2013.879351 |journal=International Journal of Remote Sensing |language=en |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=1900–1925 |bibcode=2014IJRS...35.1900A |doi=10.1080/01431161.2013.879351 |s2cid=53705868 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obida |first1=Christopher B. |last2=Blackburn |first2=George A. |last3=Whyatt |first3=James D. |last4=Semple |first4=Kirk T. |date=25 June 2021 |title=Counting the cost of the Niger Delta's largest oil spills: Satellite remote sensing reveals extensive environmental damage with &gt;1million people in the impact zone |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969721009219 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=775 |bibcode=2021ScTEn.775n5854O |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145854 |s2cid=233538622 |url-access=subscription |article-number=145854}}&lt;/ref&gt; De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot; /&gt;

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot; /&gt;

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ugochukwu |first1=Uzochukwu C. |last2=Ochonogor |first2=Alfred |last3=Jidere |first3=Chika M. |last4=Agu |first4=Chizoba |last5=Nkoloagu |first5=Frida |last6=Ewoh |first6=John |last7=Okwu-Delunzu |first7=Virginia U. |date=1 June 2018 |title=Exposure risks to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by humans and livestock (cattle) due to hydrocarbon spill from petroleum products in Niger-delta wetland |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016041201732158X |journal=Environment International |volume=115 |pages=38–47 |bibcode=2018EnInt.115...38U |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2018.03.010 |pmid=29547867 |s2cid=3902367 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Philibert |first1=Danielle A. |last2=Lyons |first2=Danielle |last3=Philibert |first3=Clara |last4=Tierney |first4=Keith B. |date=10 January 2019 |title=Field-collected crude oil, weathered oil and dispersants differentially affect the early life stages of freshwater and saltwater fishes |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969718330213 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=647 |pages=1148–1157 |bibcode=2019ScTEn.647.1148P |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.052 |pmid=30180323 |s2cid=52156999 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bertollini |first1=Roberto |last2=Teresa |first2=Borges |last3=Pim |first3=deVoogt |last4=Peter |first4=Hoet |date=30 November 2018 |title=OPINION ON the public health impacts and risks resulting from onshore oil and gas exploration and exploitation in the EU |journal=Scientific Committee on Health, Environmental and Emerging Risks SCHEER}}&lt;/ref&gt; Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;The human health risk estimation of&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Afshar-Mohajer |first1=Nima |last2=Fox |first2=Mary A. |last3=Koehler |first3=Kirsten |date=1 March 2019 |title=The human health risk estimation of inhaled oil spill emissions with and without adding dispersant |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969718344656 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=654 |pages=924–932 |bibcode=2019ScTEn.654..924A |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.110 |pmid=30453262 |s2cid=53946118 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses.&lt;ref name=&quot;The human health risk estimation of&quot; /&gt; For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility.&lt;ref name=&quot;The human health risk estimation of&quot; /&gt; Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Nriagu |first1=Jerome |last2=Udofia |first2=Emilia A. |last3=Ekong |first3=Ibanga |last4=Ebuk |first4=Godwin |date=March 2016 |title=Health Risks Associated with Oil Pollution in the Niger Delta, Nigeria |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=13 |issue=3 |page=346 |doi=10.3390/ijerph13030346 |pmc=4809009 |pmid=27007391 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot; /&gt; Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=United Nations |date=1 January 2006 |title=Human Development Report |url=https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report#:~:text=%22The%20Niger%20Delta%20is%20a,conflict%2C%22%20says%20the%20report. |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Osuagwu |first1=Eze Simpson |last2=Olaifa |first2=Eseoghene |date=25 October 2018 |title=Effects of oil spills on fish production in the Niger Delta |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=13 |issue=10 |bibcode=2018PLoSO..1305114O |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0205114 |pmc=6201865 |pmid=30359365 |doi-access=free |article-number=e0205114}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anoda facet of de pippoe ein livelihoods be demma culture. De Niger Delta ein pippoe get strong spiritual den cultural ties to demma environment. De harm inflict for demma land top den waterways wey oil spills cause am dey deeply disrupt sacred sites den dey interfere plus demma cultural practices. De loss of dem cultural elements dey contribute to a sense of displacement den identity crisis among de affected groups/communities.&lt;ref name=&quot;soa&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Aghalino |first=S.O. |date=February 2011 |title=Oil and Cultural Crisis: The Case of the Niger Delta |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301637735 |journal=Africana |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=15 |access-date=December 14, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Additionally, wen communities fight back against de oil industries as an act of protest, violence be often perpetuated. Since de 1990s der already be continuous violence for an effort insyd to give local communities control of de oil for de delta insyd. Dem acts of violence dey include de kidnapping of foreign oil workers den dey hold dem give ransom, vandalization, den even de blowing up of oil installations.&lt;ref name=&quot;soa&quot; /&gt;

== Notes ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== References ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090805174150/http://nigerdeltavine.com/ Niger Delta-Archive of News, Interviews, Articles, Analysis from 1999 to Present]
* ''Proceedings of the Ibibio Union 1928–1937''. Edited by Monday Efiong Noah. Modern Business Press Ltd, Uyo.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd.&lt;ref&gt;C. Michael Hogan, [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166 &quot;Niger River&quot;, in M. McGinley (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Earth''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420075935/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166|date=2013-04-20}}, Washington, DC: National Council for Science and Environment, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Umoh |first1=Unyime U. |last2=Li |first2=Li |last3=Wang |first3=Junjian |last4=Kauluma |first4=Ndamononghenda |last5=Asuquo |first5=Francis E. |last6=Akpan |first6=Ekom R. |date=August 2022 |title=Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether signatures in tropical mesotidal estuary sediments of Qua Iboe River, Gulf of Guinea |journal=Organic Geochemistry |volume=170 |bibcode=2022OrGeo.17004461U |doi=10.1016/j.orggeochem.2022.104461 |s2cid=249615285 |article-number=104461}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Otoabasi |first=Akpan |title=The Niger Delta Question and the peace plan |publisher=Spectrum Books |year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title='Ecocide' movement pushes for a new international crime: Environmental destruction |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ecocide-movement-pushes-new-international-crime-environmental-destruction-n1263142 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 February 2014 |title=Fighting ecocide in Nigeria |url=https://theecologist.org/2014/feb/05/fighting-ecocide-nigeria |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=theecologist.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNPO: Ogoni: An Ecocide in the Making? |url=https://unpo.org/article/19131 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=unpo.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2011-08-22|title=How an ecocide law could prevent another Nigerian oil disaster|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/aug/22/ecocide-law-nigerian-oil-disaster|access-date=2023-07-06|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Aghalino |first=S.O |title=Combating the Niger Delta Crisis: an appraisal of Federal Government response to Anti-Oil protect in Niger Delta, 1958-2002. |publisher=Maiduguri journal of Historical studies |year=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dakolo |first=Bubaraye |title=The Riddle of the Oil Thief |publisher=Purple Shelves |year=2021 |isbn=978-978-988-990-7 |location=Lagos |pages=117–170}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Chukwu|first=Ignatius|date=2023-10-01|title=What Nigeria’s independence means for Niger Delta|url=https://businessday.ng/life/article/what-nigerias-independence-means-for-niger-delta/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-11-21|newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpan |first=D. |title=Oil Exploration and environmental degradation in the Niger Delta. A paper presented at the first regional conference. |year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik,&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Niger Delta – Niger Delta Budget Monitoring Group |url=https://www.nigerdeltabudget.org/the-niger-delta/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Edoid languages.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top.&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot; /&gt; 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Writer|first=Guest|date=2018-05-22|title=The revolutionist as the true national knight: Retelling the tale of Isaac Boro 50 years after|url=https://www.thecable.ng/the-revolutionist-as-the-true-national-knight-retelling-major-isaac-boro-fifty-years-after/|access-date=2024-07-04|newspaper=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The International Politics of the Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970 |date=2015-12-31 |pages=xv–xx |chapter=Chronology of Important Events in the Nigerian Civil War |publisher=Princeton University Press |doi=10.1515/9781400871285-003 |isbn=978-1-4008-7128-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Heerten |first1=Lasse |title=The Nigeria-Biafra War |date=2017-07-06 |work=Postcolonial Conflict and the Question of Genocide |pages=3–43 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315229294-1 |isbn=978-1-315-22929-4 |last2=Moses |first2=A. Dirk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ekwe-Ekwe, Herbert. |title=The Biafra War: Nigeria and the aftermath. |date=1991 |publisher=[[Edwin Mellen Press]] |isbn=0-88946-235-6 |location=[[Lewiston, New York]] |oclc=476261625}}&lt;/ref&gt; During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;Strutton, Laine (2014). ''The New Mobilization from Below: Women's Oil Protests in the Niger Delta, Nigeria'' (Thesis). [[:en:ProQuest|ProQuest]] [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1666393541 1666393541].&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=1998-12-30 |title=State of Emergency Declared in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805220129/http://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |archive-date=2012-08-05 |access-date=2018-01-19 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ian Taylor, [http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa &quot;China's environmental footprint in Africa&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223061935/http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa|date=2007-02-23}}, ''China Dialogue'', 2 February 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm &quot;Nigeria militants warn of oil war&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915064938/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm|date=2008-09-15}}, BBC News, 14 September 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Isumonah |first=V. Adelfemi |year=2013 |title=Armed Society in the Niger Delta |journal=Armed Forces &amp; Society |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=331–358 |doi=10.1177/0095327x12446925 |s2cid=110566551}}&lt;/ref&gt; De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Pearson |first=Scott R. |title=Petroleum and the Nigerian Economy |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1970 |isbn=0-8047-0749-9 |location=Stanford |page=13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpeninor |first=James Ohwofasa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ESk7b8iKIU0C&amp;pg=PA576 |title=Giant in the Sun: Echoes of Looming Revolution? |date=2012-08-28 |publisher=AuthorHouse |isbn=978-1-4772-1868-6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Nigeria: Petroleum Pollution and Poverty in the Niger Delta''. United Kingdom: Amnesty International Publications International Secretariat, 2009, p. 10.&lt;/ref&gt; More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=July 4, 2024 |title=A review of the effects of gas flaring on the Niger Delta |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233298409_A_review_of_the_effects_of_gas_flaring_on_the_Niger_Delta_environment |journal=ResearchGate}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=Nov 2003 |title=Nigeria's First National Communication Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/niganc1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115182631/http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/niganc1.pdf |archive-date=15 January 2009 |access-date=24 January 2009 |work=UNFCC}}&lt;/ref&gt; although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTOGMC/EXTGGFR/0,,contentMDK:22137498~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:578069,00.html Global Gas Flaring reduction, The World Bank] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301124210/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTOGMC/EXTGGFR/0,,contentMDK:22137498~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:578069,00.html|date=2012-03-01}}, &quot;Estimated Flared Volumes from Satellite Data, 2006–2010.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=October 2004 |title=Gas Flaring in Nigeria |url=http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/media_briefing/gasflaringinnigeria.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225211133/http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/media_briefing/gasflaringinnigeria.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2009 |access-date=24 January 2009 |work=Friends of the Earth}}&lt;/ref&gt; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sweet Crude: A New Documentary on the Niger Delta by Sandy Cioffi |url=http://www.sweetcrudemovie.com/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=www.sweetcrudemovie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Anejionu |first1=Obinna Chukwubuikem Diony |last2=Blackburn |first2=George Alan |last3=Whyatt |first3=J. Duncan |date=4 March 2014 |title=Satellite survey of gas flares: development and application of a Landsat-based technique in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01431161.2013.879351 |journal=International Journal of Remote Sensing |language=en |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=1900–1925 |bibcode=2014IJRS...35.1900A |doi=10.1080/01431161.2013.879351 |s2cid=53705868 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obida |first1=Christopher B. |last2=Blackburn |first2=George A. |last3=Whyatt |first3=James D. |last4=Semple |first4=Kirk T. |date=25 June 2021 |title=Counting the cost of the Niger Delta's largest oil spills: Satellite remote sensing reveals extensive environmental damage with &gt;1million people in the impact zone |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969721009219 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=775 |bibcode=2021ScTEn.775n5854O |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145854 |s2cid=233538622 |url-access=subscription |article-number=145854}}&lt;/ref&gt; De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot; /&gt;

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot; /&gt;

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ugochukwu |first1=Uzochukwu C. |last2=Ochonogor |first2=Alfred |last3=Jidere |first3=Chika M. |last4=Agu |first4=Chizoba |last5=Nkoloagu |first5=Frida |last6=Ewoh |first6=John |last7=Okwu-Delunzu |first7=Virginia U. |date=1 June 2018 |title=Exposure risks to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by humans and livestock (cattle) due to hydrocarbon spill from petroleum products in Niger-delta wetland |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016041201732158X |journal=Environment International |volume=115 |pages=38–47 |bibcode=2018EnInt.115...38U |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2018.03.010 |pmid=29547867 |s2cid=3902367 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Philibert |first1=Danielle A. |last2=Lyons |first2=Danielle |last3=Philibert |first3=Clara |last4=Tierney |first4=Keith B. |date=10 January 2019 |title=Field-collected crude oil, weathered oil and dispersants differentially affect the early life stages of freshwater and saltwater fishes |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969718330213 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=647 |pages=1148–1157 |bibcode=2019ScTEn.647.1148P |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.052 |pmid=30180323 |s2cid=52156999 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bertollini |first1=Roberto |last2=Teresa |first2=Borges |last3=Pim |first3=deVoogt |last4=Peter |first4=Hoet |date=30 November 2018 |title=OPINION ON the public health impacts and risks resulting from onshore oil and gas exploration and exploitation in the EU |journal=Scientific Committee on Health, Environmental and Emerging Risks SCHEER}}&lt;/ref&gt; Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;The human health risk estimation of&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Afshar-Mohajer |first1=Nima |last2=Fox |first2=Mary A. |last3=Koehler |first3=Kirsten |date=1 March 2019 |title=The human health risk estimation of inhaled oil spill emissions with and without adding dispersant |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969718344656 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=654 |pages=924–932 |bibcode=2019ScTEn.654..924A |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.110 |pmid=30453262 |s2cid=53946118 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses.&lt;ref name=&quot;The human health risk estimation of&quot; /&gt; For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility.&lt;ref name=&quot;The human health risk estimation of&quot; /&gt; Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Nriagu |first1=Jerome |last2=Udofia |first2=Emilia A. |last3=Ekong |first3=Ibanga |last4=Ebuk |first4=Godwin |date=March 2016 |title=Health Risks Associated with Oil Pollution in the Niger Delta, Nigeria |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=13 |issue=3 |page=346 |doi=10.3390/ijerph13030346 |pmc=4809009 |pmid=27007391 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot; /&gt; Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=United Nations |date=1 January 2006 |title=Human Development Report |url=https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report#:~:text=%22The%20Niger%20Delta%20is%20a,conflict%2C%22%20says%20the%20report. |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Osuagwu |first1=Eze Simpson |last2=Olaifa |first2=Eseoghene |date=25 October 2018 |title=Effects of oil spills on fish production in the Niger Delta |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=13 |issue=10 |bibcode=2018PLoSO..1305114O |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0205114 |pmc=6201865 |pmid=30359365 |doi-access=free |article-number=e0205114}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anoda facet of de pippoe ein livelihoods be demma culture. De Niger Delta ein pippoe get strong spiritual den cultural ties to demma environment. De harm inflict for demma land top den waterways wey oil spills cause am dey deeply disrupt sacred sites den dey interfere plus demma cultural practices. De loss of dem cultural elements dey contribute to a sense of displacement den identity crisis among de affected groups/communities.&lt;ref name=&quot;soa&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Aghalino |first=S.O. |date=February 2011 |title=Oil and Cultural Crisis: The Case of the Niger Delta |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301637735 |journal=Africana |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=15 |access-date=December 14, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Additionally, wen communities fight back against de oil industries as an act of protest, violence be often perpetuated. Since de 1990s der already be continuous violence for an effort insyd to give local communities control of de oil for de delta insyd. Dem acts of violence dey include de kidnapping of foreign oil workers den dey hold dem give ransom, vandalization, den even de blowing up of oil installations.&lt;ref name=&quot;soa&quot; /&gt;

== Notes ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== References ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090805174150/http://nigerdeltavine.com/ Niger Delta-Archive of News, Interviews, Articles, Analysis from 1999 to Present]
* ''Proceedings of the Ibibio Union 1928–1937''. Edited by Monday Efiong Noah. Modern Business Press Ltd, Uyo.
* Urhobo Historical Society (4 August 2003). Urhobo Historical Society Responds to Itsekiri Claims on Warri City and Western Niger Delta.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd.&lt;ref&gt;C. Michael Hogan, [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166 &quot;Niger River&quot;, in M. McGinley (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Earth''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420075935/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166|date=2013-04-20}}, Washington, DC: National Council for Science and Environment, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Umoh |first1=Unyime U. |last2=Li |first2=Li |last3=Wang |first3=Junjian |last4=Kauluma |first4=Ndamononghenda |last5=Asuquo |first5=Francis E. |last6=Akpan |first6=Ekom R. |date=August 2022 |title=Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether signatures in tropical mesotidal estuary sediments of Qua Iboe River, Gulf of Guinea |journal=Organic Geochemistry |volume=170 |bibcode=2022OrGeo.17004461U |doi=10.1016/j.orggeochem.2022.104461 |s2cid=249615285 |article-number=104461}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Otoabasi |first=Akpan |title=The Niger Delta Question and the peace plan |publisher=Spectrum Books |year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title='Ecocide' movement pushes for a new international crime: Environmental destruction |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ecocide-movement-pushes-new-international-crime-environmental-destruction-n1263142 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 February 2014 |title=Fighting ecocide in Nigeria |url=https://theecologist.org/2014/feb/05/fighting-ecocide-nigeria |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=theecologist.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNPO: Ogoni: An Ecocide in the Making? |url=https://unpo.org/article/19131 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=unpo.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2011-08-22|title=How an ecocide law could prevent another Nigerian oil disaster|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/aug/22/ecocide-law-nigerian-oil-disaster|access-date=2023-07-06|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Aghalino |first=S.O |title=Combating the Niger Delta Crisis: an appraisal of Federal Government response to Anti-Oil protect in Niger Delta, 1958-2002. |publisher=Maiduguri journal of Historical studies |year=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dakolo |first=Bubaraye |title=The Riddle of the Oil Thief |publisher=Purple Shelves |year=2021 |isbn=978-978-988-990-7 |location=Lagos |pages=117–170}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Chukwu|first=Ignatius|date=2023-10-01|title=What Nigeria’s independence means for Niger Delta|url=https://businessday.ng/life/article/what-nigerias-independence-means-for-niger-delta/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-11-21|newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpan |first=D. |title=Oil Exploration and environmental degradation in the Niger Delta. A paper presented at the first regional conference. |year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik,&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Niger Delta – Niger Delta Budget Monitoring Group |url=https://www.nigerdeltabudget.org/the-niger-delta/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Edoid languages.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top.&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot; /&gt; 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Writer|first=Guest|date=2018-05-22|title=The revolutionist as the true national knight: Retelling the tale of Isaac Boro 50 years after|url=https://www.thecable.ng/the-revolutionist-as-the-true-national-knight-retelling-major-isaac-boro-fifty-years-after/|access-date=2024-07-04|newspaper=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The International Politics of the Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970 |date=2015-12-31 |pages=xv–xx |chapter=Chronology of Important Events in the Nigerian Civil War |publisher=Princeton University Press |doi=10.1515/9781400871285-003 |isbn=978-1-4008-7128-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Heerten |first1=Lasse |title=The Nigeria-Biafra War |date=2017-07-06 |work=Postcolonial Conflict and the Question of Genocide |pages=3–43 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315229294-1 |isbn=978-1-315-22929-4 |last2=Moses |first2=A. Dirk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ekwe-Ekwe, Herbert. |title=The Biafra War: Nigeria and the aftermath. |date=1991 |publisher=[[Edwin Mellen Press]] |isbn=0-88946-235-6 |location=[[Lewiston, New York]] |oclc=476261625}}&lt;/ref&gt; During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;Strutton, Laine (2014). ''The New Mobilization from Below: Women's Oil Protests in the Niger Delta, Nigeria'' (Thesis). [[:en:ProQuest|ProQuest]] [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1666393541 1666393541].&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=1998-12-30 |title=State of Emergency Declared in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805220129/http://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |archive-date=2012-08-05 |access-date=2018-01-19 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ian Taylor, [http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa &quot;China's environmental footprint in Africa&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223061935/http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa|date=2007-02-23}}, ''China Dialogue'', 2 February 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm &quot;Nigeria militants warn of oil war&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915064938/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm|date=2008-09-15}}, BBC News, 14 September 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Isumonah |first=V. Adelfemi |year=2013 |title=Armed Society in the Niger Delta |journal=Armed Forces &amp; Society |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=331–358 |doi=10.1177/0095327x12446925 |s2cid=110566551}}&lt;/ref&gt; De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Pearson |first=Scott R. |title=Petroleum and the Nigerian Economy |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1970 |isbn=0-8047-0749-9 |location=Stanford |page=13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpeninor |first=James Ohwofasa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ESk7b8iKIU0C&amp;pg=PA576 |title=Giant in the Sun: Echoes of Looming Revolution? |date=2012-08-28 |publisher=AuthorHouse |isbn=978-1-4772-1868-6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Nigeria: Petroleum Pollution and Poverty in the Niger Delta''. United Kingdom: Amnesty International Publications International Secretariat, 2009, p. 10.&lt;/ref&gt; More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=July 4, 2024 |title=A review of the effects of gas flaring on the Niger Delta |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233298409_A_review_of_the_effects_of_gas_flaring_on_the_Niger_Delta_environment |journal=ResearchGate}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=Nov 2003 |title=Nigeria's First National Communication Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/niganc1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115182631/http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/niganc1.pdf |archive-date=15 January 2009 |access-date=24 January 2009 |work=UNFCC}}&lt;/ref&gt; although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTOGMC/EXTGGFR/0,,contentMDK:22137498~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:578069,00.html Global Gas Flaring reduction, The World Bank] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301124210/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTOGMC/EXTGGFR/0,,contentMDK:22137498~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:578069,00.html|date=2012-03-01}}, &quot;Estimated Flared Volumes from Satellite Data, 2006–2010.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=October 2004 |title=Gas Flaring in Nigeria |url=http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/media_briefing/gasflaringinnigeria.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225211133/http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/media_briefing/gasflaringinnigeria.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2009 |access-date=24 January 2009 |work=Friends of the Earth}}&lt;/ref&gt; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sweet Crude: A New Documentary on the Niger Delta by Sandy Cioffi |url=http://www.sweetcrudemovie.com/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=www.sweetcrudemovie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Anejionu |first1=Obinna Chukwubuikem Diony |last2=Blackburn |first2=George Alan |last3=Whyatt |first3=J. Duncan |date=4 March 2014 |title=Satellite survey of gas flares: development and application of a Landsat-based technique in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01431161.2013.879351 |journal=International Journal of Remote Sensing |language=en |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=1900–1925 |bibcode=2014IJRS...35.1900A |doi=10.1080/01431161.2013.879351 |s2cid=53705868 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obida |first1=Christopher B. |last2=Blackburn |first2=George A. |last3=Whyatt |first3=James D. |last4=Semple |first4=Kirk T. |date=25 June 2021 |title=Counting the cost of the Niger Delta's largest oil spills: Satellite remote sensing reveals extensive environmental damage with &gt;1million people in the impact zone |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969721009219 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=775 |bibcode=2021ScTEn.775n5854O |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145854 |s2cid=233538622 |url-access=subscription |article-number=145854}}&lt;/ref&gt; De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot; /&gt;

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot; /&gt;

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ugochukwu |first1=Uzochukwu C. |last2=Ochonogor |first2=Alfred |last3=Jidere |first3=Chika M. |last4=Agu |first4=Chizoba |last5=Nkoloagu |first5=Frida |last6=Ewoh |first6=John |last7=Okwu-Delunzu |first7=Virginia U. |date=1 June 2018 |title=Exposure risks to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by humans and livestock (cattle) due to hydrocarbon spill from petroleum products in Niger-delta wetland |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016041201732158X |journal=Environment International |volume=115 |pages=38–47 |bibcode=2018EnInt.115...38U |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2018.03.010 |pmid=29547867 |s2cid=3902367 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Philibert |first1=Danielle A. |last2=Lyons |first2=Danielle |last3=Philibert |first3=Clara |last4=Tierney |first4=Keith B. |date=10 January 2019 |title=Field-collected crude oil, weathered oil and dispersants differentially affect the early life stages of freshwater and saltwater fishes |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969718330213 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=647 |pages=1148–1157 |bibcode=2019ScTEn.647.1148P |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.052 |pmid=30180323 |s2cid=52156999 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bertollini |first1=Roberto |last2=Teresa |first2=Borges |last3=Pim |first3=deVoogt |last4=Peter |first4=Hoet |date=30 November 2018 |title=OPINION ON the public health impacts and risks resulting from onshore oil and gas exploration and exploitation in the EU |journal=Scientific Committee on Health, Environmental and Emerging Risks SCHEER}}&lt;/ref&gt; Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;The human health risk estimation of&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Afshar-Mohajer |first1=Nima |last2=Fox |first2=Mary A. |last3=Koehler |first3=Kirsten |date=1 March 2019 |title=The human health risk estimation of inhaled oil spill emissions with and without adding dispersant |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969718344656 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=654 |pages=924–932 |bibcode=2019ScTEn.654..924A |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.110 |pmid=30453262 |s2cid=53946118 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses.&lt;ref name=&quot;The human health risk estimation of&quot; /&gt; For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility.&lt;ref name=&quot;The human health risk estimation of&quot; /&gt; Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Nriagu |first1=Jerome |last2=Udofia |first2=Emilia A. |last3=Ekong |first3=Ibanga |last4=Ebuk |first4=Godwin |date=March 2016 |title=Health Risks Associated with Oil Pollution in the Niger Delta, Nigeria |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=13 |issue=3 |page=346 |doi=10.3390/ijerph13030346 |pmc=4809009 |pmid=27007391 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot; /&gt; Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=United Nations |date=1 January 2006 |title=Human Development Report |url=https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report#:~:text=%22The%20Niger%20Delta%20is%20a,conflict%2C%22%20says%20the%20report. |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Osuagwu |first1=Eze Simpson |last2=Olaifa |first2=Eseoghene |date=25 October 2018 |title=Effects of oil spills on fish production in the Niger Delta |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=13 |issue=10 |bibcode=2018PLoSO..1305114O |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0205114 |pmc=6201865 |pmid=30359365 |doi-access=free |article-number=e0205114}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anoda facet of de pippoe ein livelihoods be demma culture. De Niger Delta ein pippoe get strong spiritual den cultural ties to demma environment. De harm inflict for demma land top den waterways wey oil spills cause am dey deeply disrupt sacred sites den dey interfere plus demma cultural practices. De loss of dem cultural elements dey contribute to a sense of displacement den identity crisis among de affected groups/communities.&lt;ref name=&quot;soa&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Aghalino |first=S.O. |date=February 2011 |title=Oil and Cultural Crisis: The Case of the Niger Delta |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301637735 |journal=Africana |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=15 |access-date=December 14, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Additionally, wen communities fight back against de oil industries as an act of protest, violence be often perpetuated. Since de 1990s der already be continuous violence for an effort insyd to give local communities control of de oil for de delta insyd. Dem acts of violence dey include de kidnapping of foreign oil workers den dey hold dem give ransom, vandalization, den even de blowing up of oil installations.&lt;ref name=&quot;soa&quot; /&gt;

== Notes ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== References ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090805174150/http://nigerdeltavine.com/ Niger Delta-Archive of News, Interviews, Articles, Analysis from 1999 to Present]
* ''Proceedings of the Ibibio Union 1928–1937''. Edited by Monday Efiong Noah. Modern Business Press Ltd, Uyo.
* Urhobo Historical Society (4 August 2003). Urhobo Historical Society Responds to Itsekiri Claims on Warri City and Western Niger Delta.
* [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/may/30/oil-spills-nigeria-niger-delta-shell/ &quot;Nigeria's agony dwarfs the Gulf oil spill. The US and Europe ignore it&quot;]</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd.&lt;ref&gt;C. Michael Hogan, [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166 &quot;Niger River&quot;, in M. McGinley (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Earth''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420075935/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166|date=2013-04-20}}, Washington, DC: National Council for Science and Environment, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Umoh |first1=Unyime U. |last2=Li |first2=Li |last3=Wang |first3=Junjian |last4=Kauluma |first4=Ndamononghenda |last5=Asuquo |first5=Francis E. |last6=Akpan |first6=Ekom R. |date=August 2022 |title=Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether signatures in tropical mesotidal estuary sediments of Qua Iboe River, Gulf of Guinea |journal=Organic Geochemistry |volume=170 |bibcode=2022OrGeo.17004461U |doi=10.1016/j.orggeochem.2022.104461 |s2cid=249615285 |article-number=104461}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Otoabasi |first=Akpan |title=The Niger Delta Question and the peace plan |publisher=Spectrum Books |year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title='Ecocide' movement pushes for a new international crime: Environmental destruction |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ecocide-movement-pushes-new-international-crime-environmental-destruction-n1263142 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 February 2014 |title=Fighting ecocide in Nigeria |url=https://theecologist.org/2014/feb/05/fighting-ecocide-nigeria |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=theecologist.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNPO: Ogoni: An Ecocide in the Making? |url=https://unpo.org/article/19131 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=unpo.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2011-08-22|title=How an ecocide law could prevent another Nigerian oil disaster|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/aug/22/ecocide-law-nigerian-oil-disaster|access-date=2023-07-06|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Aghalino |first=S.O |title=Combating the Niger Delta Crisis: an appraisal of Federal Government response to Anti-Oil protect in Niger Delta, 1958-2002. |publisher=Maiduguri journal of Historical studies |year=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dakolo |first=Bubaraye |title=The Riddle of the Oil Thief |publisher=Purple Shelves |year=2021 |isbn=978-978-988-990-7 |location=Lagos |pages=117–170}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Chukwu|first=Ignatius|date=2023-10-01|title=What Nigeria’s independence means for Niger Delta|url=https://businessday.ng/life/article/what-nigerias-independence-means-for-niger-delta/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-11-21|newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpan |first=D. |title=Oil Exploration and environmental degradation in the Niger Delta. A paper presented at the first regional conference. |year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik,&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Niger Delta – Niger Delta Budget Monitoring Group |url=https://www.nigerdeltabudget.org/the-niger-delta/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Edoid languages.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top.&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot; /&gt; 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Writer|first=Guest|date=2018-05-22|title=The revolutionist as the true national knight: Retelling the tale of Isaac Boro 50 years after|url=https://www.thecable.ng/the-revolutionist-as-the-true-national-knight-retelling-major-isaac-boro-fifty-years-after/|access-date=2024-07-04|newspaper=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The International Politics of the Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970 |date=2015-12-31 |pages=xv–xx |chapter=Chronology of Important Events in the Nigerian Civil War |publisher=Princeton University Press |doi=10.1515/9781400871285-003 |isbn=978-1-4008-7128-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Heerten |first1=Lasse |title=The Nigeria-Biafra War |date=2017-07-06 |work=Postcolonial Conflict and the Question of Genocide |pages=3–43 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315229294-1 |isbn=978-1-315-22929-4 |last2=Moses |first2=A. Dirk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ekwe-Ekwe, Herbert. |title=The Biafra War: Nigeria and the aftermath. |date=1991 |publisher=[[Edwin Mellen Press]] |isbn=0-88946-235-6 |location=[[Lewiston, New York]] |oclc=476261625}}&lt;/ref&gt; During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;Strutton, Laine (2014). ''The New Mobilization from Below: Women's Oil Protests in the Niger Delta, Nigeria'' (Thesis). [[:en:ProQuest|ProQuest]] [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1666393541 1666393541].&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=1998-12-30 |title=State of Emergency Declared in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805220129/http://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |archive-date=2012-08-05 |access-date=2018-01-19 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ian Taylor, [http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa &quot;China's environmental footprint in Africa&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223061935/http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa|date=2007-02-23}}, ''China Dialogue'', 2 February 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm &quot;Nigeria militants warn of oil war&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915064938/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm|date=2008-09-15}}, BBC News, 14 September 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Isumonah |first=V. Adelfemi |year=2013 |title=Armed Society in the Niger Delta |journal=Armed Forces &amp; Society |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=331–358 |doi=10.1177/0095327x12446925 |s2cid=110566551}}&lt;/ref&gt; De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Pearson |first=Scott R. |title=Petroleum and the Nigerian Economy |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1970 |isbn=0-8047-0749-9 |location=Stanford |page=13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpeninor |first=James Ohwofasa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ESk7b8iKIU0C&amp;pg=PA576 |title=Giant in the Sun: Echoes of Looming Revolution? |date=2012-08-28 |publisher=AuthorHouse |isbn=978-1-4772-1868-6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Nigeria: Petroleum Pollution and Poverty in the Niger Delta''. United Kingdom: Amnesty International Publications International Secretariat, 2009, p. 10.&lt;/ref&gt; More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=July 4, 2024 |title=A review of the effects of gas flaring on the Niger Delta |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233298409_A_review_of_the_effects_of_gas_flaring_on_the_Niger_Delta_environment |journal=ResearchGate}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=Nov 2003 |title=Nigeria's First National Communication Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/niganc1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115182631/http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/niganc1.pdf |archive-date=15 January 2009 |access-date=24 January 2009 |work=UNFCC}}&lt;/ref&gt; although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTOGMC/EXTGGFR/0,,contentMDK:22137498~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:578069,00.html Global Gas Flaring reduction, The World Bank] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301124210/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTOGMC/EXTGGFR/0,,contentMDK:22137498~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:578069,00.html|date=2012-03-01}}, &quot;Estimated Flared Volumes from Satellite Data, 2006–2010.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=October 2004 |title=Gas Flaring in Nigeria |url=http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/media_briefing/gasflaringinnigeria.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225211133/http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/media_briefing/gasflaringinnigeria.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2009 |access-date=24 January 2009 |work=Friends of the Earth}}&lt;/ref&gt; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sweet Crude: A New Documentary on the Niger Delta by Sandy Cioffi |url=http://www.sweetcrudemovie.com/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=www.sweetcrudemovie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Anejionu |first1=Obinna Chukwubuikem Diony |last2=Blackburn |first2=George Alan |last3=Whyatt |first3=J. Duncan |date=4 March 2014 |title=Satellite survey of gas flares: development and application of a Landsat-based technique in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01431161.2013.879351 |journal=International Journal of Remote Sensing |language=en |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=1900–1925 |bibcode=2014IJRS...35.1900A |doi=10.1080/01431161.2013.879351 |s2cid=53705868 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obida |first1=Christopher B. |last2=Blackburn |first2=George A. |last3=Whyatt |first3=James D. |last4=Semple |first4=Kirk T. |date=25 June 2021 |title=Counting the cost of the Niger Delta's largest oil spills: Satellite remote sensing reveals extensive environmental damage with &gt;1million people in the impact zone |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969721009219 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=775 |bibcode=2021ScTEn.775n5854O |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145854 |s2cid=233538622 |url-access=subscription |article-number=145854}}&lt;/ref&gt; De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot; /&gt;

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot; /&gt;

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ugochukwu |first1=Uzochukwu C. |last2=Ochonogor |first2=Alfred |last3=Jidere |first3=Chika M. |last4=Agu |first4=Chizoba |last5=Nkoloagu |first5=Frida |last6=Ewoh |first6=John |last7=Okwu-Delunzu |first7=Virginia U. |date=1 June 2018 |title=Exposure risks to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by humans and livestock (cattle) due to hydrocarbon spill from petroleum products in Niger-delta wetland |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016041201732158X |journal=Environment International |volume=115 |pages=38–47 |bibcode=2018EnInt.115...38U |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2018.03.010 |pmid=29547867 |s2cid=3902367 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Philibert |first1=Danielle A. |last2=Lyons |first2=Danielle |last3=Philibert |first3=Clara |last4=Tierney |first4=Keith B. |date=10 January 2019 |title=Field-collected crude oil, weathered oil and dispersants differentially affect the early life stages of freshwater and saltwater fishes |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969718330213 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=647 |pages=1148–1157 |bibcode=2019ScTEn.647.1148P |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.052 |pmid=30180323 |s2cid=52156999 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bertollini |first1=Roberto |last2=Teresa |first2=Borges |last3=Pim |first3=deVoogt |last4=Peter |first4=Hoet |date=30 November 2018 |title=OPINION ON the public health impacts and risks resulting from onshore oil and gas exploration and exploitation in the EU |journal=Scientific Committee on Health, Environmental and Emerging Risks SCHEER}}&lt;/ref&gt; Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;The human health risk estimation of&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Afshar-Mohajer |first1=Nima |last2=Fox |first2=Mary A. |last3=Koehler |first3=Kirsten |date=1 March 2019 |title=The human health risk estimation of inhaled oil spill emissions with and without adding dispersant |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969718344656 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=654 |pages=924–932 |bibcode=2019ScTEn.654..924A |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.110 |pmid=30453262 |s2cid=53946118 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses.&lt;ref name=&quot;The human health risk estimation of&quot; /&gt; For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility.&lt;ref name=&quot;The human health risk estimation of&quot; /&gt; Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Nriagu |first1=Jerome |last2=Udofia |first2=Emilia A. |last3=Ekong |first3=Ibanga |last4=Ebuk |first4=Godwin |date=March 2016 |title=Health Risks Associated with Oil Pollution in the Niger Delta, Nigeria |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=13 |issue=3 |page=346 |doi=10.3390/ijerph13030346 |pmc=4809009 |pmid=27007391 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot; /&gt; Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=United Nations |date=1 January 2006 |title=Human Development Report |url=https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report#:~:text=%22The%20Niger%20Delta%20is%20a,conflict%2C%22%20says%20the%20report. |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Osuagwu |first1=Eze Simpson |last2=Olaifa |first2=Eseoghene |date=25 October 2018 |title=Effects of oil spills on fish production in the Niger Delta |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=13 |issue=10 |bibcode=2018PLoSO..1305114O |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0205114 |pmc=6201865 |pmid=30359365 |doi-access=free |article-number=e0205114}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anoda facet of de pippoe ein livelihoods be demma culture. De Niger Delta ein pippoe get strong spiritual den cultural ties to demma environment. De harm inflict for demma land top den waterways wey oil spills cause am dey deeply disrupt sacred sites den dey interfere plus demma cultural practices. De loss of dem cultural elements dey contribute to a sense of displacement den identity crisis among de affected groups/communities.&lt;ref name=&quot;soa&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Aghalino |first=S.O. |date=February 2011 |title=Oil and Cultural Crisis: The Case of the Niger Delta |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301637735 |journal=Africana |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=15 |access-date=December 14, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Additionally, wen communities fight back against de oil industries as an act of protest, violence be often perpetuated. Since de 1990s der already be continuous violence for an effort insyd to give local communities control of de oil for de delta insyd. Dem acts of violence dey include de kidnapping of foreign oil workers den dey hold dem give ransom, vandalization, den even de blowing up of oil installations.&lt;ref name=&quot;soa&quot; /&gt;

== Notes ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== References ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090805174150/http://nigerdeltavine.com/ Niger Delta-Archive of News, Interviews, Articles, Analysis from 1999 to Present]
* ''Proceedings of the Ibibio Union 1928–1937''. Edited by Monday Efiong Noah. Modern Business Press Ltd, Uyo.
* Urhobo Historical Society (4 August 2003). Urhobo Historical Society Responds to Itsekiri Claims on Warri City and Western Niger Delta.
* [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/may/30/oil-spills-nigeria-niger-delta-shell/ &quot;Nigeria's agony dwarfs the Gulf oil spill. The US and Europe ignore it&quot;]

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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd.&lt;ref&gt;C. Michael Hogan, [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166 &quot;Niger River&quot;, in M. McGinley (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Earth''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420075935/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166|date=2013-04-20}}, Washington, DC: National Council for Science and Environment, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Umoh |first1=Unyime U. |last2=Li |first2=Li |last3=Wang |first3=Junjian |last4=Kauluma |first4=Ndamononghenda |last5=Asuquo |first5=Francis E. |last6=Akpan |first6=Ekom R. |date=August 2022 |title=Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether signatures in tropical mesotidal estuary sediments of Qua Iboe River, Gulf of Guinea |journal=Organic Geochemistry |volume=170 |bibcode=2022OrGeo.17004461U |doi=10.1016/j.orggeochem.2022.104461 |s2cid=249615285 |article-number=104461}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Otoabasi |first=Akpan |title=The Niger Delta Question and the peace plan |publisher=Spectrum Books |year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title='Ecocide' movement pushes for a new international crime: Environmental destruction |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ecocide-movement-pushes-new-international-crime-environmental-destruction-n1263142 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 February 2014 |title=Fighting ecocide in Nigeria |url=https://theecologist.org/2014/feb/05/fighting-ecocide-nigeria |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=theecologist.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNPO: Ogoni: An Ecocide in the Making? |url=https://unpo.org/article/19131 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=unpo.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2011-08-22|title=How an ecocide law could prevent another Nigerian oil disaster|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/aug/22/ecocide-law-nigerian-oil-disaster|access-date=2023-07-06|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Aghalino |first=S.O |title=Combating the Niger Delta Crisis: an appraisal of Federal Government response to Anti-Oil protect in Niger Delta, 1958-2002. |publisher=Maiduguri journal of Historical studies |year=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dakolo |first=Bubaraye |title=The Riddle of the Oil Thief |publisher=Purple Shelves |year=2021 |isbn=978-978-988-990-7 |location=Lagos |pages=117–170}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Chukwu|first=Ignatius|date=2023-10-01|title=What Nigeria’s independence means for Niger Delta|url=https://businessday.ng/life/article/what-nigerias-independence-means-for-niger-delta/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-11-21|newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpan |first=D. |title=Oil Exploration and environmental degradation in the Niger Delta. A paper presented at the first regional conference. |year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik,&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Niger Delta – Niger Delta Budget Monitoring Group |url=https://www.nigerdeltabudget.org/the-niger-delta/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Edoid languages.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top.&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot; /&gt; 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Writer|first=Guest|date=2018-05-22|title=The revolutionist as the true national knight: Retelling the tale of Isaac Boro 50 years after|url=https://www.thecable.ng/the-revolutionist-as-the-true-national-knight-retelling-major-isaac-boro-fifty-years-after/|access-date=2024-07-04|newspaper=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The International Politics of the Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970 |date=2015-12-31 |pages=xv–xx |chapter=Chronology of Important Events in the Nigerian Civil War |publisher=Princeton University Press |doi=10.1515/9781400871285-003 |isbn=978-1-4008-7128-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Heerten |first1=Lasse |title=The Nigeria-Biafra War |date=2017-07-06 |work=Postcolonial Conflict and the Question of Genocide |pages=3–43 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315229294-1 |isbn=978-1-315-22929-4 |last2=Moses |first2=A. Dirk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ekwe-Ekwe, Herbert. |title=The Biafra War: Nigeria and the aftermath. |date=1991 |publisher=[[Edwin Mellen Press]] |isbn=0-88946-235-6 |location=[[Lewiston, New York]] |oclc=476261625}}&lt;/ref&gt; During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;Strutton, Laine (2014). ''The New Mobilization from Below: Women's Oil Protests in the Niger Delta, Nigeria'' (Thesis). [[:en:ProQuest|ProQuest]] [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1666393541 1666393541].&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=1998-12-30 |title=State of Emergency Declared in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805220129/http://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |archive-date=2012-08-05 |access-date=2018-01-19 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ian Taylor, [http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa &quot;China's environmental footprint in Africa&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223061935/http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa|date=2007-02-23}}, ''China Dialogue'', 2 February 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm &quot;Nigeria militants warn of oil war&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915064938/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm|date=2008-09-15}}, BBC News, 14 September 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Isumonah |first=V. Adelfemi |year=2013 |title=Armed Society in the Niger Delta |journal=Armed Forces &amp; Society |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=331–358 |doi=10.1177/0095327x12446925 |s2cid=110566551}}&lt;/ref&gt; De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Pearson |first=Scott R. |title=Petroleum and the Nigerian Economy |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1970 |isbn=0-8047-0749-9 |location=Stanford |page=13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpeninor |first=James Ohwofasa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ESk7b8iKIU0C&amp;pg=PA576 |title=Giant in the Sun: Echoes of Looming Revolution? |date=2012-08-28 |publisher=AuthorHouse |isbn=978-1-4772-1868-6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Nigeria: Petroleum Pollution and Poverty in the Niger Delta''. United Kingdom: Amnesty International Publications International Secretariat, 2009, p. 10.&lt;/ref&gt; More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=July 4, 2024 |title=A review of the effects of gas flaring on the Niger Delta |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233298409_A_review_of_the_effects_of_gas_flaring_on_the_Niger_Delta_environment |journal=ResearchGate}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=Nov 2003 |title=Nigeria's First National Communication Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/niganc1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115182631/http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/niganc1.pdf |archive-date=15 January 2009 |access-date=24 January 2009 |work=UNFCC}}&lt;/ref&gt; although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTOGMC/EXTGGFR/0,,contentMDK:22137498~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:578069,00.html Global Gas Flaring reduction, The World Bank] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301124210/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTOGMC/EXTGGFR/0,,contentMDK:22137498~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:578069,00.html|date=2012-03-01}}, &quot;Estimated Flared Volumes from Satellite Data, 2006–2010.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=October 2004 |title=Gas Flaring in Nigeria |url=http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/media_briefing/gasflaringinnigeria.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225211133/http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/media_briefing/gasflaringinnigeria.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2009 |access-date=24 January 2009 |work=Friends of the Earth}}&lt;/ref&gt; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sweet Crude: A New Documentary on the Niger Delta by Sandy Cioffi |url=http://www.sweetcrudemovie.com/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=www.sweetcrudemovie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Anejionu |first1=Obinna Chukwubuikem Diony |last2=Blackburn |first2=George Alan |last3=Whyatt |first3=J. Duncan |date=4 March 2014 |title=Satellite survey of gas flares: development and application of a Landsat-based technique in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01431161.2013.879351 |journal=International Journal of Remote Sensing |language=en |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=1900–1925 |bibcode=2014IJRS...35.1900A |doi=10.1080/01431161.2013.879351 |s2cid=53705868 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obida |first1=Christopher B. |last2=Blackburn |first2=George A. |last3=Whyatt |first3=James D. |last4=Semple |first4=Kirk T. |date=25 June 2021 |title=Counting the cost of the Niger Delta's largest oil spills: Satellite remote sensing reveals extensive environmental damage with &gt;1million people in the impact zone |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969721009219 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=775 |bibcode=2021ScTEn.775n5854O |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145854 |s2cid=233538622 |url-access=subscription |article-number=145854}}&lt;/ref&gt; De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot; /&gt;

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot; /&gt;

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ugochukwu |first1=Uzochukwu C. |last2=Ochonogor |first2=Alfred |last3=Jidere |first3=Chika M. |last4=Agu |first4=Chizoba |last5=Nkoloagu |first5=Frida |last6=Ewoh |first6=John |last7=Okwu-Delunzu |first7=Virginia U. |date=1 June 2018 |title=Exposure risks to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by humans and livestock (cattle) due to hydrocarbon spill from petroleum products in Niger-delta wetland |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016041201732158X |journal=Environment International |volume=115 |pages=38–47 |bibcode=2018EnInt.115...38U |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2018.03.010 |pmid=29547867 |s2cid=3902367 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Philibert |first1=Danielle A. |last2=Lyons |first2=Danielle |last3=Philibert |first3=Clara |last4=Tierney |first4=Keith B. |date=10 January 2019 |title=Field-collected crude oil, weathered oil and dispersants differentially affect the early life stages of freshwater and saltwater fishes |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969718330213 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=647 |pages=1148–1157 |bibcode=2019ScTEn.647.1148P |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.052 |pmid=30180323 |s2cid=52156999 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bertollini |first1=Roberto |last2=Teresa |first2=Borges |last3=Pim |first3=deVoogt |last4=Peter |first4=Hoet |date=30 November 2018 |title=OPINION ON the public health impacts and risks resulting from onshore oil and gas exploration and exploitation in the EU |journal=Scientific Committee on Health, Environmental and Emerging Risks SCHEER}}&lt;/ref&gt; Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;The human health risk estimation of&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Afshar-Mohajer |first1=Nima |last2=Fox |first2=Mary A. |last3=Koehler |first3=Kirsten |date=1 March 2019 |title=The human health risk estimation of inhaled oil spill emissions with and without adding dispersant |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969718344656 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=654 |pages=924–932 |bibcode=2019ScTEn.654..924A |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.110 |pmid=30453262 |s2cid=53946118 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses.&lt;ref name=&quot;The human health risk estimation of&quot; /&gt; For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility.&lt;ref name=&quot;The human health risk estimation of&quot; /&gt; Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Nriagu |first1=Jerome |last2=Udofia |first2=Emilia A. |last3=Ekong |first3=Ibanga |last4=Ebuk |first4=Godwin |date=March 2016 |title=Health Risks Associated with Oil Pollution in the Niger Delta, Nigeria |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=13 |issue=3 |page=346 |doi=10.3390/ijerph13030346 |pmc=4809009 |pmid=27007391 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot; /&gt; Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=United Nations |date=1 January 2006 |title=Human Development Report |url=https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report#:~:text=%22The%20Niger%20Delta%20is%20a,conflict%2C%22%20says%20the%20report. |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Osuagwu |first1=Eze Simpson |last2=Olaifa |first2=Eseoghene |date=25 October 2018 |title=Effects of oil spills on fish production in the Niger Delta |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=13 |issue=10 |bibcode=2018PLoSO..1305114O |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0205114 |pmc=6201865 |pmid=30359365 |doi-access=free |article-number=e0205114}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anoda facet of de pippoe ein livelihoods be demma culture. De Niger Delta ein pippoe get strong spiritual den cultural ties to demma environment. De harm inflict for demma land top den waterways wey oil spills cause am dey deeply disrupt sacred sites den dey interfere plus demma cultural practices. De loss of dem cultural elements dey contribute to a sense of displacement den identity crisis among de affected groups/communities.&lt;ref name=&quot;soa&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Aghalino |first=S.O. |date=February 2011 |title=Oil and Cultural Crisis: The Case of the Niger Delta |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301637735 |journal=Africana |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=15 |access-date=December 14, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Additionally, wen communities fight back against de oil industries as an act of protest, violence be often perpetuated. Since de 1990s der already be continuous violence for an effort insyd to give local communities control of de oil for de delta insyd. Dem acts of violence dey include de kidnapping of foreign oil workers den dey hold dem give ransom, vandalization, den even de blowing up of oil installations.&lt;ref name=&quot;soa&quot; /&gt;

== Notes ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== References ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090805174150/http://nigerdeltavine.com/ Niger Delta-Archive of News, Interviews, Articles, Analysis from 1999 to Present]
* ''Proceedings of the Ibibio Union 1928–1937''. Edited by Monday Efiong Noah. Modern Business Press Ltd, Uyo.
* Urhobo Historical Society (4 August 2003). Urhobo Historical Society Responds to Itsekiri Claims on Warri City and Western Niger Delta.
* [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/may/30/oil-spills-nigeria-niger-delta-shell/ &quot;Nigeria's agony dwarfs the Gulf oil spill. The US and Europe ignore it&quot;]

== External links ==

* [http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/02/nigerian-oil/oneill-text National Geographic Magazine: &quot;Curse of the Black Gold, Hope, and betrayal on the Niger Delta&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080826021356/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/02/nigerian-oil/oneill-text|date=2008-08-26}} — ''February 2007 issue''.</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd.&lt;ref&gt;C. Michael Hogan, [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166 &quot;Niger River&quot;, in M. McGinley (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Earth''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420075935/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166|date=2013-04-20}}, Washington, DC: National Council for Science and Environment, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Umoh |first1=Unyime U. |last2=Li |first2=Li |last3=Wang |first3=Junjian |last4=Kauluma |first4=Ndamononghenda |last5=Asuquo |first5=Francis E. |last6=Akpan |first6=Ekom R. |date=August 2022 |title=Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether signatures in tropical mesotidal estuary sediments of Qua Iboe River, Gulf of Guinea |journal=Organic Geochemistry |volume=170 |bibcode=2022OrGeo.17004461U |doi=10.1016/j.orggeochem.2022.104461 |s2cid=249615285 |article-number=104461}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Otoabasi |first=Akpan |title=The Niger Delta Question and the peace plan |publisher=Spectrum Books |year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title='Ecocide' movement pushes for a new international crime: Environmental destruction |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ecocide-movement-pushes-new-international-crime-environmental-destruction-n1263142 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 February 2014 |title=Fighting ecocide in Nigeria |url=https://theecologist.org/2014/feb/05/fighting-ecocide-nigeria |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=theecologist.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNPO: Ogoni: An Ecocide in the Making? |url=https://unpo.org/article/19131 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=unpo.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2011-08-22|title=How an ecocide law could prevent another Nigerian oil disaster|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/aug/22/ecocide-law-nigerian-oil-disaster|access-date=2023-07-06|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Aghalino |first=S.O |title=Combating the Niger Delta Crisis: an appraisal of Federal Government response to Anti-Oil protect in Niger Delta, 1958-2002. |publisher=Maiduguri journal of Historical studies |year=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dakolo |first=Bubaraye |title=The Riddle of the Oil Thief |publisher=Purple Shelves |year=2021 |isbn=978-978-988-990-7 |location=Lagos |pages=117–170}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Chukwu|first=Ignatius|date=2023-10-01|title=What Nigeria’s independence means for Niger Delta|url=https://businessday.ng/life/article/what-nigerias-independence-means-for-niger-delta/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-11-21|newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpan |first=D. |title=Oil Exploration and environmental degradation in the Niger Delta. A paper presented at the first regional conference. |year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik,&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Niger Delta – Niger Delta Budget Monitoring Group |url=https://www.nigerdeltabudget.org/the-niger-delta/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Edoid languages.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top.&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot; /&gt; 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Writer|first=Guest|date=2018-05-22|title=The revolutionist as the true national knight: Retelling the tale of Isaac Boro 50 years after|url=https://www.thecable.ng/the-revolutionist-as-the-true-national-knight-retelling-major-isaac-boro-fifty-years-after/|access-date=2024-07-04|newspaper=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The International Politics of the Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970 |date=2015-12-31 |pages=xv–xx |chapter=Chronology of Important Events in the Nigerian Civil War |publisher=Princeton University Press |doi=10.1515/9781400871285-003 |isbn=978-1-4008-7128-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Heerten |first1=Lasse |title=The Nigeria-Biafra War |date=2017-07-06 |work=Postcolonial Conflict and the Question of Genocide |pages=3–43 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315229294-1 |isbn=978-1-315-22929-4 |last2=Moses |first2=A. Dirk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ekwe-Ekwe, Herbert. |title=The Biafra War: Nigeria and the aftermath. |date=1991 |publisher=[[Edwin Mellen Press]] |isbn=0-88946-235-6 |location=[[Lewiston, New York]] |oclc=476261625}}&lt;/ref&gt; During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;Strutton, Laine (2014). ''The New Mobilization from Below: Women's Oil Protests in the Niger Delta, Nigeria'' (Thesis). [[:en:ProQuest|ProQuest]] [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1666393541 1666393541].&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=1998-12-30 |title=State of Emergency Declared in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805220129/http://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |archive-date=2012-08-05 |access-date=2018-01-19 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ian Taylor, [http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa &quot;China's environmental footprint in Africa&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223061935/http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa|date=2007-02-23}}, ''China Dialogue'', 2 February 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm &quot;Nigeria militants warn of oil war&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915064938/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm|date=2008-09-15}}, BBC News, 14 September 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Isumonah |first=V. Adelfemi |year=2013 |title=Armed Society in the Niger Delta |journal=Armed Forces &amp; Society |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=331–358 |doi=10.1177/0095327x12446925 |s2cid=110566551}}&lt;/ref&gt; De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Pearson |first=Scott R. |title=Petroleum and the Nigerian Economy |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1970 |isbn=0-8047-0749-9 |location=Stanford |page=13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpeninor |first=James Ohwofasa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ESk7b8iKIU0C&amp;pg=PA576 |title=Giant in the Sun: Echoes of Looming Revolution? |date=2012-08-28 |publisher=AuthorHouse |isbn=978-1-4772-1868-6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Nigeria: Petroleum Pollution and Poverty in the Niger Delta''. United Kingdom: Amnesty International Publications International Secretariat, 2009, p. 10.&lt;/ref&gt; More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=July 4, 2024 |title=A review of the effects of gas flaring on the Niger Delta |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233298409_A_review_of_the_effects_of_gas_flaring_on_the_Niger_Delta_environment |journal=ResearchGate}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=Nov 2003 |title=Nigeria's First National Communication Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/niganc1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115182631/http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/niganc1.pdf |archive-date=15 January 2009 |access-date=24 January 2009 |work=UNFCC}}&lt;/ref&gt; although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTOGMC/EXTGGFR/0,,contentMDK:22137498~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:578069,00.html Global Gas Flaring reduction, The World Bank] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301124210/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTOGMC/EXTGGFR/0,,contentMDK:22137498~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:578069,00.html|date=2012-03-01}}, &quot;Estimated Flared Volumes from Satellite Data, 2006–2010.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=October 2004 |title=Gas Flaring in Nigeria |url=http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/media_briefing/gasflaringinnigeria.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225211133/http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/media_briefing/gasflaringinnigeria.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2009 |access-date=24 January 2009 |work=Friends of the Earth}}&lt;/ref&gt; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sweet Crude: A New Documentary on the Niger Delta by Sandy Cioffi |url=http://www.sweetcrudemovie.com/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=www.sweetcrudemovie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Anejionu |first1=Obinna Chukwubuikem Diony |last2=Blackburn |first2=George Alan |last3=Whyatt |first3=J. Duncan |date=4 March 2014 |title=Satellite survey of gas flares: development and application of a Landsat-based technique in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01431161.2013.879351 |journal=International Journal of Remote Sensing |language=en |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=1900–1925 |bibcode=2014IJRS...35.1900A |doi=10.1080/01431161.2013.879351 |s2cid=53705868 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obida |first1=Christopher B. |last2=Blackburn |first2=George A. |last3=Whyatt |first3=James D. |last4=Semple |first4=Kirk T. |date=25 June 2021 |title=Counting the cost of the Niger Delta's largest oil spills: Satellite remote sensing reveals extensive environmental damage with &gt;1million people in the impact zone |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969721009219 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=775 |bibcode=2021ScTEn.775n5854O |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145854 |s2cid=233538622 |url-access=subscription |article-number=145854}}&lt;/ref&gt; De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot; /&gt;

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot; /&gt;

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ugochukwu |first1=Uzochukwu C. |last2=Ochonogor |first2=Alfred |last3=Jidere |first3=Chika M. |last4=Agu |first4=Chizoba |last5=Nkoloagu |first5=Frida |last6=Ewoh |first6=John |last7=Okwu-Delunzu |first7=Virginia U. |date=1 June 2018 |title=Exposure risks to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by humans and livestock (cattle) due to hydrocarbon spill from petroleum products in Niger-delta wetland |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016041201732158X |journal=Environment International |volume=115 |pages=38–47 |bibcode=2018EnInt.115...38U |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2018.03.010 |pmid=29547867 |s2cid=3902367 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Philibert |first1=Danielle A. |last2=Lyons |first2=Danielle |last3=Philibert |first3=Clara |last4=Tierney |first4=Keith B. |date=10 January 2019 |title=Field-collected crude oil, weathered oil and dispersants differentially affect the early life stages of freshwater and saltwater fishes |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969718330213 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=647 |pages=1148–1157 |bibcode=2019ScTEn.647.1148P |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.052 |pmid=30180323 |s2cid=52156999 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bertollini |first1=Roberto |last2=Teresa |first2=Borges |last3=Pim |first3=deVoogt |last4=Peter |first4=Hoet |date=30 November 2018 |title=OPINION ON the public health impacts and risks resulting from onshore oil and gas exploration and exploitation in the EU |journal=Scientific Committee on Health, Environmental and Emerging Risks SCHEER}}&lt;/ref&gt; Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;The human health risk estimation of&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Afshar-Mohajer |first1=Nima |last2=Fox |first2=Mary A. |last3=Koehler |first3=Kirsten |date=1 March 2019 |title=The human health risk estimation of inhaled oil spill emissions with and without adding dispersant |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969718344656 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=654 |pages=924–932 |bibcode=2019ScTEn.654..924A |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.110 |pmid=30453262 |s2cid=53946118 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses.&lt;ref name=&quot;The human health risk estimation of&quot; /&gt; For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility.&lt;ref name=&quot;The human health risk estimation of&quot; /&gt; Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Nriagu |first1=Jerome |last2=Udofia |first2=Emilia A. |last3=Ekong |first3=Ibanga |last4=Ebuk |first4=Godwin |date=March 2016 |title=Health Risks Associated with Oil Pollution in the Niger Delta, Nigeria |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=13 |issue=3 |page=346 |doi=10.3390/ijerph13030346 |pmc=4809009 |pmid=27007391 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot; /&gt; Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=United Nations |date=1 January 2006 |title=Human Development Report |url=https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report#:~:text=%22The%20Niger%20Delta%20is%20a,conflict%2C%22%20says%20the%20report. |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Osuagwu |first1=Eze Simpson |last2=Olaifa |first2=Eseoghene |date=25 October 2018 |title=Effects of oil spills on fish production in the Niger Delta |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=13 |issue=10 |bibcode=2018PLoSO..1305114O |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0205114 |pmc=6201865 |pmid=30359365 |doi-access=free |article-number=e0205114}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anoda facet of de pippoe ein livelihoods be demma culture. De Niger Delta ein pippoe get strong spiritual den cultural ties to demma environment. De harm inflict for demma land top den waterways wey oil spills cause am dey deeply disrupt sacred sites den dey interfere plus demma cultural practices. De loss of dem cultural elements dey contribute to a sense of displacement den identity crisis among de affected groups/communities.&lt;ref name=&quot;soa&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Aghalino |first=S.O. |date=February 2011 |title=Oil and Cultural Crisis: The Case of the Niger Delta |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301637735 |journal=Africana |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=15 |access-date=December 14, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Additionally, wen communities fight back against de oil industries as an act of protest, violence be often perpetuated. Since de 1990s der already be continuous violence for an effort insyd to give local communities control of de oil for de delta insyd. Dem acts of violence dey include de kidnapping of foreign oil workers den dey hold dem give ransom, vandalization, den even de blowing up of oil installations.&lt;ref name=&quot;soa&quot; /&gt;

== Notes ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== References ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090805174150/http://nigerdeltavine.com/ Niger Delta-Archive of News, Interviews, Articles, Analysis from 1999 to Present]
* ''Proceedings of the Ibibio Union 1928–1937''. Edited by Monday Efiong Noah. Modern Business Press Ltd, Uyo.
* Urhobo Historical Society (4 August 2003). Urhobo Historical Society Responds to Itsekiri Claims on Warri City and Western Niger Delta.
* [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/may/30/oil-spills-nigeria-niger-delta-shell/ &quot;Nigeria's agony dwarfs the Gulf oil spill. The US and Europe ignore it&quot;]

== External links ==

* [http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/02/nigerian-oil/oneill-text National Geographic Magazine: &quot;Curse of the Black Gold, Hope, and betrayal on the Niger Delta&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080826021356/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/02/nigerian-oil/oneill-text|date=2008-08-26}} — ''February 2007 issue''.
* [http://nigerdeltaforum.com/index.php/topic,158.0.html, Nigerdeltaforum.com: forum] [http://nigerdeltaforum.com/index.php/topic,158.0.html, for de Niger Delta top den ein pippoe]
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd.&lt;ref&gt;C. Michael Hogan, [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166 &quot;Niger River&quot;, in M. McGinley (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Earth''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420075935/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166|date=2013-04-20}}, Washington, DC: National Council for Science and Environment, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Umoh |first1=Unyime U. |last2=Li |first2=Li |last3=Wang |first3=Junjian |last4=Kauluma |first4=Ndamononghenda |last5=Asuquo |first5=Francis E. |last6=Akpan |first6=Ekom R. |date=August 2022 |title=Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether signatures in tropical mesotidal estuary sediments of Qua Iboe River, Gulf of Guinea |journal=Organic Geochemistry |volume=170 |bibcode=2022OrGeo.17004461U |doi=10.1016/j.orggeochem.2022.104461 |s2cid=249615285 |article-number=104461}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Otoabasi |first=Akpan |title=The Niger Delta Question and the peace plan |publisher=Spectrum Books |year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title='Ecocide' movement pushes for a new international crime: Environmental destruction |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ecocide-movement-pushes-new-international-crime-environmental-destruction-n1263142 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 February 2014 |title=Fighting ecocide in Nigeria |url=https://theecologist.org/2014/feb/05/fighting-ecocide-nigeria |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=theecologist.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNPO: Ogoni: An Ecocide in the Making? |url=https://unpo.org/article/19131 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=unpo.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2011-08-22|title=How an ecocide law could prevent another Nigerian oil disaster|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/aug/22/ecocide-law-nigerian-oil-disaster|access-date=2023-07-06|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Aghalino |first=S.O |title=Combating the Niger Delta Crisis: an appraisal of Federal Government response to Anti-Oil protect in Niger Delta, 1958-2002. |publisher=Maiduguri journal of Historical studies |year=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dakolo |first=Bubaraye |title=The Riddle of the Oil Thief |publisher=Purple Shelves |year=2021 |isbn=978-978-988-990-7 |location=Lagos |pages=117–170}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Chukwu|first=Ignatius|date=2023-10-01|title=What Nigeria’s independence means for Niger Delta|url=https://businessday.ng/life/article/what-nigerias-independence-means-for-niger-delta/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-11-21|newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpan |first=D. |title=Oil Exploration and environmental degradation in the Niger Delta. A paper presented at the first regional conference. |year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik,&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Niger Delta – Niger Delta Budget Monitoring Group |url=https://www.nigerdeltabudget.org/the-niger-delta/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Edoid languages.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top.&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot; /&gt; 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Writer|first=Guest|date=2018-05-22|title=The revolutionist as the true national knight: Retelling the tale of Isaac Boro 50 years after|url=https://www.thecable.ng/the-revolutionist-as-the-true-national-knight-retelling-major-isaac-boro-fifty-years-after/|access-date=2024-07-04|newspaper=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The International Politics of the Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970 |date=2015-12-31 |pages=xv–xx |chapter=Chronology of Important Events in the Nigerian Civil War |publisher=Princeton University Press |doi=10.1515/9781400871285-003 |isbn=978-1-4008-7128-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Heerten |first1=Lasse |title=The Nigeria-Biafra War |date=2017-07-06 |work=Postcolonial Conflict and the Question of Genocide |pages=3–43 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315229294-1 |isbn=978-1-315-22929-4 |last2=Moses |first2=A. Dirk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ekwe-Ekwe, Herbert. |title=The Biafra War: Nigeria and the aftermath. |date=1991 |publisher=[[Edwin Mellen Press]] |isbn=0-88946-235-6 |location=[[Lewiston, New York]] |oclc=476261625}}&lt;/ref&gt; During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;Strutton, Laine (2014). ''The New Mobilization from Below: Women's Oil Protests in the Niger Delta, Nigeria'' (Thesis). [[:en:ProQuest|ProQuest]] [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1666393541 1666393541].&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=1998-12-30 |title=State of Emergency Declared in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805220129/http://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |archive-date=2012-08-05 |access-date=2018-01-19 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ian Taylor, [http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa &quot;China's environmental footprint in Africa&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223061935/http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa|date=2007-02-23}}, ''China Dialogue'', 2 February 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm &quot;Nigeria militants warn of oil war&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915064938/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm|date=2008-09-15}}, BBC News, 14 September 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Isumonah |first=V. Adelfemi |year=2013 |title=Armed Society in the Niger Delta |journal=Armed Forces &amp; Society |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=331–358 |doi=10.1177/0095327x12446925 |s2cid=110566551}}&lt;/ref&gt; De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Pearson |first=Scott R. |title=Petroleum and the Nigerian Economy |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1970 |isbn=0-8047-0749-9 |location=Stanford |page=13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpeninor |first=James Ohwofasa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ESk7b8iKIU0C&amp;pg=PA576 |title=Giant in the Sun: Echoes of Looming Revolution? |date=2012-08-28 |publisher=AuthorHouse |isbn=978-1-4772-1868-6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Nigeria: Petroleum Pollution and Poverty in the Niger Delta''. United Kingdom: Amnesty International Publications International Secretariat, 2009, p. 10.&lt;/ref&gt; More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=July 4, 2024 |title=A review of the effects of gas flaring on the Niger Delta |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233298409_A_review_of_the_effects_of_gas_flaring_on_the_Niger_Delta_environment |journal=ResearchGate}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=Nov 2003 |title=Nigeria's First National Communication Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/niganc1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115182631/http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/niganc1.pdf |archive-date=15 January 2009 |access-date=24 January 2009 |work=UNFCC}}&lt;/ref&gt; although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTOGMC/EXTGGFR/0,,contentMDK:22137498~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:578069,00.html Global Gas Flaring reduction, The World Bank] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301124210/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTOGMC/EXTGGFR/0,,contentMDK:22137498~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:578069,00.html|date=2012-03-01}}, &quot;Estimated Flared Volumes from Satellite Data, 2006–2010.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=October 2004 |title=Gas Flaring in Nigeria |url=http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/media_briefing/gasflaringinnigeria.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225211133/http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/media_briefing/gasflaringinnigeria.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2009 |access-date=24 January 2009 |work=Friends of the Earth}}&lt;/ref&gt; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sweet Crude: A New Documentary on the Niger Delta by Sandy Cioffi |url=http://www.sweetcrudemovie.com/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=www.sweetcrudemovie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Anejionu |first1=Obinna Chukwubuikem Diony |last2=Blackburn |first2=George Alan |last3=Whyatt |first3=J. Duncan |date=4 March 2014 |title=Satellite survey of gas flares: development and application of a Landsat-based technique in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01431161.2013.879351 |journal=International Journal of Remote Sensing |language=en |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=1900–1925 |bibcode=2014IJRS...35.1900A |doi=10.1080/01431161.2013.879351 |s2cid=53705868 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obida |first1=Christopher B. |last2=Blackburn |first2=George A. |last3=Whyatt |first3=James D. |last4=Semple |first4=Kirk T. |date=25 June 2021 |title=Counting the cost of the Niger Delta's largest oil spills: Satellite remote sensing reveals extensive environmental damage with &gt;1million people in the impact zone |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969721009219 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=775 |bibcode=2021ScTEn.775n5854O |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145854 |s2cid=233538622 |url-access=subscription |article-number=145854}}&lt;/ref&gt; De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot; /&gt;

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot; /&gt;

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ugochukwu |first1=Uzochukwu C. |last2=Ochonogor |first2=Alfred |last3=Jidere |first3=Chika M. |last4=Agu |first4=Chizoba |last5=Nkoloagu |first5=Frida |last6=Ewoh |first6=John |last7=Okwu-Delunzu |first7=Virginia U. |date=1 June 2018 |title=Exposure risks to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by humans and livestock (cattle) due to hydrocarbon spill from petroleum products in Niger-delta wetland |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016041201732158X |journal=Environment International |volume=115 |pages=38–47 |bibcode=2018EnInt.115...38U |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2018.03.010 |pmid=29547867 |s2cid=3902367 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Philibert |first1=Danielle A. |last2=Lyons |first2=Danielle |last3=Philibert |first3=Clara |last4=Tierney |first4=Keith B. |date=10 January 2019 |title=Field-collected crude oil, weathered oil and dispersants differentially affect the early life stages of freshwater and saltwater fishes |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969718330213 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=647 |pages=1148–1157 |bibcode=2019ScTEn.647.1148P |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.052 |pmid=30180323 |s2cid=52156999 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bertollini |first1=Roberto |last2=Teresa |first2=Borges |last3=Pim |first3=deVoogt |last4=Peter |first4=Hoet |date=30 November 2018 |title=OPINION ON the public health impacts and risks resulting from onshore oil and gas exploration and exploitation in the EU |journal=Scientific Committee on Health, Environmental and Emerging Risks SCHEER}}&lt;/ref&gt; Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;The human health risk estimation of&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Afshar-Mohajer |first1=Nima |last2=Fox |first2=Mary A. |last3=Koehler |first3=Kirsten |date=1 March 2019 |title=The human health risk estimation of inhaled oil spill emissions with and without adding dispersant |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969718344656 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=654 |pages=924–932 |bibcode=2019ScTEn.654..924A |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.110 |pmid=30453262 |s2cid=53946118 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses.&lt;ref name=&quot;The human health risk estimation of&quot; /&gt; For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility.&lt;ref name=&quot;The human health risk estimation of&quot; /&gt; Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Nriagu |first1=Jerome |last2=Udofia |first2=Emilia A. |last3=Ekong |first3=Ibanga |last4=Ebuk |first4=Godwin |date=March 2016 |title=Health Risks Associated with Oil Pollution in the Niger Delta, Nigeria |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=13 |issue=3 |page=346 |doi=10.3390/ijerph13030346 |pmc=4809009 |pmid=27007391 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot; /&gt; Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=United Nations |date=1 January 2006 |title=Human Development Report |url=https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report#:~:text=%22The%20Niger%20Delta%20is%20a,conflict%2C%22%20says%20the%20report. |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Osuagwu |first1=Eze Simpson |last2=Olaifa |first2=Eseoghene |date=25 October 2018 |title=Effects of oil spills on fish production in the Niger Delta |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=13 |issue=10 |bibcode=2018PLoSO..1305114O |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0205114 |pmc=6201865 |pmid=30359365 |doi-access=free |article-number=e0205114}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anoda facet of de pippoe ein livelihoods be demma culture. De Niger Delta ein pippoe get strong spiritual den cultural ties to demma environment. De harm inflict for demma land top den waterways wey oil spills cause am dey deeply disrupt sacred sites den dey interfere plus demma cultural practices. De loss of dem cultural elements dey contribute to a sense of displacement den identity crisis among de affected groups/communities.&lt;ref name=&quot;soa&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Aghalino |first=S.O. |date=February 2011 |title=Oil and Cultural Crisis: The Case of the Niger Delta |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301637735 |journal=Africana |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=15 |access-date=December 14, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Additionally, wen communities fight back against de oil industries as an act of protest, violence be often perpetuated. Since de 1990s der already be continuous violence for an effort insyd to give local communities control of de oil for de delta insyd. Dem acts of violence dey include de kidnapping of foreign oil workers den dey hold dem give ransom, vandalization, den even de blowing up of oil installations.&lt;ref name=&quot;soa&quot; /&gt;

== Notes ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== References ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090805174150/http://nigerdeltavine.com/ Niger Delta-Archive of News, Interviews, Articles, Analysis from 1999 to Present]
* ''Proceedings of the Ibibio Union 1928–1937''. Edited by Monday Efiong Noah. Modern Business Press Ltd, Uyo.
* Urhobo Historical Society (4 August 2003). Urhobo Historical Society Responds to Itsekiri Claims on Warri City and Western Niger Delta.
* [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/may/30/oil-spills-nigeria-niger-delta-shell/ &quot;Nigeria's agony dwarfs the Gulf oil spill. The US and Europe ignore it&quot;]

== External links ==

* [http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/02/nigerian-oil/oneill-text National Geographic Magazine: &quot;Curse of the Black Gold, Hope, and betrayal on the Niger Delta&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080826021356/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/02/nigerian-oil/oneill-text|date=2008-08-26}} — ''February 2007 issue''.
* [http://nigerdeltaforum.com/index.php/topic,158.0.html, Nigerdeltaforum.com: forum] [http://nigerdeltaforum.com/index.php/topic,158.0.html, for de Niger Delta top den ein pippoe]
*Niger-Delta Development Commission, [https://web.archive.org/web/20051025160835/http://www.nddconline.org/The_Niger_Delta/ Niger Delta: A Brief History]</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd.&lt;ref&gt;C. Michael Hogan, [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166 &quot;Niger River&quot;, in M. McGinley (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Earth''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420075935/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166|date=2013-04-20}}, Washington, DC: National Council for Science and Environment, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Umoh |first1=Unyime U. |last2=Li |first2=Li |last3=Wang |first3=Junjian |last4=Kauluma |first4=Ndamononghenda |last5=Asuquo |first5=Francis E. |last6=Akpan |first6=Ekom R. |date=August 2022 |title=Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether signatures in tropical mesotidal estuary sediments of Qua Iboe River, Gulf of Guinea |journal=Organic Geochemistry |volume=170 |bibcode=2022OrGeo.17004461U |doi=10.1016/j.orggeochem.2022.104461 |s2cid=249615285 |article-number=104461}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Otoabasi |first=Akpan |title=The Niger Delta Question and the peace plan |publisher=Spectrum Books |year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title='Ecocide' movement pushes for a new international crime: Environmental destruction |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ecocide-movement-pushes-new-international-crime-environmental-destruction-n1263142 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 February 2014 |title=Fighting ecocide in Nigeria |url=https://theecologist.org/2014/feb/05/fighting-ecocide-nigeria |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=theecologist.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNPO: Ogoni: An Ecocide in the Making? |url=https://unpo.org/article/19131 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=unpo.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2011-08-22|title=How an ecocide law could prevent another Nigerian oil disaster|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/aug/22/ecocide-law-nigerian-oil-disaster|access-date=2023-07-06|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Aghalino |first=S.O |title=Combating the Niger Delta Crisis: an appraisal of Federal Government response to Anti-Oil protect in Niger Delta, 1958-2002. |publisher=Maiduguri journal of Historical studies |year=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dakolo |first=Bubaraye |title=The Riddle of the Oil Thief |publisher=Purple Shelves |year=2021 |isbn=978-978-988-990-7 |location=Lagos |pages=117–170}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Chukwu|first=Ignatius|date=2023-10-01|title=What Nigeria’s independence means for Niger Delta|url=https://businessday.ng/life/article/what-nigerias-independence-means-for-niger-delta/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-11-21|newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpan |first=D. |title=Oil Exploration and environmental degradation in the Niger Delta. A paper presented at the first regional conference. |year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik,&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Niger Delta – Niger Delta Budget Monitoring Group |url=https://www.nigerdeltabudget.org/the-niger-delta/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Edoid languages.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top.&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot; /&gt; 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Writer|first=Guest|date=2018-05-22|title=The revolutionist as the true national knight: Retelling the tale of Isaac Boro 50 years after|url=https://www.thecable.ng/the-revolutionist-as-the-true-national-knight-retelling-major-isaac-boro-fifty-years-after/|access-date=2024-07-04|newspaper=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The International Politics of the Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970 |date=2015-12-31 |pages=xv–xx |chapter=Chronology of Important Events in the Nigerian Civil War |publisher=Princeton University Press |doi=10.1515/9781400871285-003 |isbn=978-1-4008-7128-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Heerten |first1=Lasse |title=The Nigeria-Biafra War |date=2017-07-06 |work=Postcolonial Conflict and the Question of Genocide |pages=3–43 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315229294-1 |isbn=978-1-315-22929-4 |last2=Moses |first2=A. Dirk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ekwe-Ekwe, Herbert. |title=The Biafra War: Nigeria and the aftermath. |date=1991 |publisher=[[Edwin Mellen Press]] |isbn=0-88946-235-6 |location=[[Lewiston, New York]] |oclc=476261625}}&lt;/ref&gt; During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;Strutton, Laine (2014). ''The New Mobilization from Below: Women's Oil Protests in the Niger Delta, Nigeria'' (Thesis). [[:en:ProQuest|ProQuest]] [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1666393541 1666393541].&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=1998-12-30 |title=State of Emergency Declared in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805220129/http://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |archive-date=2012-08-05 |access-date=2018-01-19 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ian Taylor, [http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa &quot;China's environmental footprint in Africa&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223061935/http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa|date=2007-02-23}}, ''China Dialogue'', 2 February 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm &quot;Nigeria militants warn of oil war&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915064938/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm|date=2008-09-15}}, BBC News, 14 September 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Isumonah |first=V. Adelfemi |year=2013 |title=Armed Society in the Niger Delta |journal=Armed Forces &amp; Society |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=331–358 |doi=10.1177/0095327x12446925 |s2cid=110566551}}&lt;/ref&gt; De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Pearson |first=Scott R. |title=Petroleum and the Nigerian Economy |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1970 |isbn=0-8047-0749-9 |location=Stanford |page=13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpeninor |first=James Ohwofasa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ESk7b8iKIU0C&amp;pg=PA576 |title=Giant in the Sun: Echoes of Looming Revolution? |date=2012-08-28 |publisher=AuthorHouse |isbn=978-1-4772-1868-6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Nigeria: Petroleum Pollution and Poverty in the Niger Delta''. United Kingdom: Amnesty International Publications International Secretariat, 2009, p. 10.&lt;/ref&gt; More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=July 4, 2024 |title=A review of the effects of gas flaring on the Niger Delta |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233298409_A_review_of_the_effects_of_gas_flaring_on_the_Niger_Delta_environment |journal=ResearchGate}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=Nov 2003 |title=Nigeria's First National Communication Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/niganc1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115182631/http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/niganc1.pdf |archive-date=15 January 2009 |access-date=24 January 2009 |work=UNFCC}}&lt;/ref&gt; although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTOGMC/EXTGGFR/0,,contentMDK:22137498~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:578069,00.html Global Gas Flaring reduction, The World Bank] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301124210/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTOGMC/EXTGGFR/0,,contentMDK:22137498~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:578069,00.html|date=2012-03-01}}, &quot;Estimated Flared Volumes from Satellite Data, 2006–2010.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=October 2004 |title=Gas Flaring in Nigeria |url=http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/media_briefing/gasflaringinnigeria.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225211133/http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/media_briefing/gasflaringinnigeria.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2009 |access-date=24 January 2009 |work=Friends of the Earth}}&lt;/ref&gt; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sweet Crude: A New Documentary on the Niger Delta by Sandy Cioffi |url=http://www.sweetcrudemovie.com/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=www.sweetcrudemovie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Anejionu |first1=Obinna Chukwubuikem Diony |last2=Blackburn |first2=George Alan |last3=Whyatt |first3=J. Duncan |date=4 March 2014 |title=Satellite survey of gas flares: development and application of a Landsat-based technique in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01431161.2013.879351 |journal=International Journal of Remote Sensing |language=en |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=1900–1925 |bibcode=2014IJRS...35.1900A |doi=10.1080/01431161.2013.879351 |s2cid=53705868 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obida |first1=Christopher B. |last2=Blackburn |first2=George A. |last3=Whyatt |first3=James D. |last4=Semple |first4=Kirk T. |date=25 June 2021 |title=Counting the cost of the Niger Delta's largest oil spills: Satellite remote sensing reveals extensive environmental damage with &gt;1million people in the impact zone |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969721009219 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=775 |bibcode=2021ScTEn.775n5854O |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145854 |s2cid=233538622 |url-access=subscription |article-number=145854}}&lt;/ref&gt; De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot; /&gt;

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot; /&gt;

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ugochukwu |first1=Uzochukwu C. |last2=Ochonogor |first2=Alfred |last3=Jidere |first3=Chika M. |last4=Agu |first4=Chizoba |last5=Nkoloagu |first5=Frida |last6=Ewoh |first6=John |last7=Okwu-Delunzu |first7=Virginia U. |date=1 June 2018 |title=Exposure risks to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by humans and livestock (cattle) due to hydrocarbon spill from petroleum products in Niger-delta wetland |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016041201732158X |journal=Environment International |volume=115 |pages=38–47 |bibcode=2018EnInt.115...38U |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2018.03.010 |pmid=29547867 |s2cid=3902367 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Philibert |first1=Danielle A. |last2=Lyons |first2=Danielle |last3=Philibert |first3=Clara |last4=Tierney |first4=Keith B. |date=10 January 2019 |title=Field-collected crude oil, weathered oil and dispersants differentially affect the early life stages of freshwater and saltwater fishes |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969718330213 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=647 |pages=1148–1157 |bibcode=2019ScTEn.647.1148P |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.052 |pmid=30180323 |s2cid=52156999 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bertollini |first1=Roberto |last2=Teresa |first2=Borges |last3=Pim |first3=deVoogt |last4=Peter |first4=Hoet |date=30 November 2018 |title=OPINION ON the public health impacts and risks resulting from onshore oil and gas exploration and exploitation in the EU |journal=Scientific Committee on Health, Environmental and Emerging Risks SCHEER}}&lt;/ref&gt; Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;The human health risk estimation of&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Afshar-Mohajer |first1=Nima |last2=Fox |first2=Mary A. |last3=Koehler |first3=Kirsten |date=1 March 2019 |title=The human health risk estimation of inhaled oil spill emissions with and without adding dispersant |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969718344656 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=654 |pages=924–932 |bibcode=2019ScTEn.654..924A |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.110 |pmid=30453262 |s2cid=53946118 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses.&lt;ref name=&quot;The human health risk estimation of&quot; /&gt; For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility.&lt;ref name=&quot;The human health risk estimation of&quot; /&gt; Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Nriagu |first1=Jerome |last2=Udofia |first2=Emilia A. |last3=Ekong |first3=Ibanga |last4=Ebuk |first4=Godwin |date=March 2016 |title=Health Risks Associated with Oil Pollution in the Niger Delta, Nigeria |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=13 |issue=3 |page=346 |doi=10.3390/ijerph13030346 |pmc=4809009 |pmid=27007391 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot; /&gt; Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=United Nations |date=1 January 2006 |title=Human Development Report |url=https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report#:~:text=%22The%20Niger%20Delta%20is%20a,conflict%2C%22%20says%20the%20report. |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Osuagwu |first1=Eze Simpson |last2=Olaifa |first2=Eseoghene |date=25 October 2018 |title=Effects of oil spills on fish production in the Niger Delta |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=13 |issue=10 |bibcode=2018PLoSO..1305114O |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0205114 |pmc=6201865 |pmid=30359365 |doi-access=free |article-number=e0205114}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anoda facet of de pippoe ein livelihoods be demma culture. De Niger Delta ein pippoe get strong spiritual den cultural ties to demma environment. De harm inflict for demma land top den waterways wey oil spills cause am dey deeply disrupt sacred sites den dey interfere plus demma cultural practices. De loss of dem cultural elements dey contribute to a sense of displacement den identity crisis among de affected groups/communities.&lt;ref name=&quot;soa&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Aghalino |first=S.O. |date=February 2011 |title=Oil and Cultural Crisis: The Case of the Niger Delta |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301637735 |journal=Africana |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=15 |access-date=December 14, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Additionally, wen communities fight back against de oil industries as an act of protest, violence be often perpetuated. Since de 1990s der already be continuous violence for an effort insyd to give local communities control of de oil for de delta insyd. Dem acts of violence dey include de kidnapping of foreign oil workers den dey hold dem give ransom, vandalization, den even de blowing up of oil installations.&lt;ref name=&quot;soa&quot; /&gt;

== Notes ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== References ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090805174150/http://nigerdeltavine.com/ Niger Delta-Archive of News, Interviews, Articles, Analysis from 1999 to Present]
* ''Proceedings of the Ibibio Union 1928–1937''. Edited by Monday Efiong Noah. Modern Business Press Ltd, Uyo.
* Urhobo Historical Society (4 August 2003). Urhobo Historical Society Responds to Itsekiri Claims on Warri City and Western Niger Delta.
* [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/may/30/oil-spills-nigeria-niger-delta-shell/ &quot;Nigeria's agony dwarfs the Gulf oil spill. The US and Europe ignore it&quot;]

== External links ==

* [http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/02/nigerian-oil/oneill-text National Geographic Magazine: &quot;Curse of the Black Gold, Hope, and betrayal on the Niger Delta&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080826021356/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/02/nigerian-oil/oneill-text|date=2008-08-26}} — ''February 2007 issue''.
* [http://nigerdeltaforum.com/index.php/topic,158.0.html, Nigerdeltaforum.com: forum] [http://nigerdeltaforum.com/index.php/topic,158.0.html, for de Niger Delta top den ein pippoe]
*Niger-Delta Development Commission, [https://web.archive.org/web/20051025160835/http://www.nddconline.org/The_Niger_Delta/ Niger Delta: A Brief History]
*American Association give de Advancement of Science, [https://web.archive.org/web/20051119105233/http://www.aaas.org/international/ssd/nigerdelta/ Niger Delta]</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd.&lt;ref&gt;C. Michael Hogan, [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166 &quot;Niger River&quot;, in M. McGinley (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Earth''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420075935/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166|date=2013-04-20}}, Washington, DC: National Council for Science and Environment, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Umoh |first1=Unyime U. |last2=Li |first2=Li |last3=Wang |first3=Junjian |last4=Kauluma |first4=Ndamononghenda |last5=Asuquo |first5=Francis E. |last6=Akpan |first6=Ekom R. |date=August 2022 |title=Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether signatures in tropical mesotidal estuary sediments of Qua Iboe River, Gulf of Guinea |journal=Organic Geochemistry |volume=170 |bibcode=2022OrGeo.17004461U |doi=10.1016/j.orggeochem.2022.104461 |s2cid=249615285 |article-number=104461}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Otoabasi |first=Akpan |title=The Niger Delta Question and the peace plan |publisher=Spectrum Books |year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title='Ecocide' movement pushes for a new international crime: Environmental destruction |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ecocide-movement-pushes-new-international-crime-environmental-destruction-n1263142 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 February 2014 |title=Fighting ecocide in Nigeria |url=https://theecologist.org/2014/feb/05/fighting-ecocide-nigeria |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=theecologist.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNPO: Ogoni: An Ecocide in the Making? |url=https://unpo.org/article/19131 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=unpo.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2011-08-22|title=How an ecocide law could prevent another Nigerian oil disaster|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/aug/22/ecocide-law-nigerian-oil-disaster|access-date=2023-07-06|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Aghalino |first=S.O |title=Combating the Niger Delta Crisis: an appraisal of Federal Government response to Anti-Oil protect in Niger Delta, 1958-2002. |publisher=Maiduguri journal of Historical studies |year=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dakolo |first=Bubaraye |title=The Riddle of the Oil Thief |publisher=Purple Shelves |year=2021 |isbn=978-978-988-990-7 |location=Lagos |pages=117–170}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Chukwu|first=Ignatius|date=2023-10-01|title=What Nigeria’s independence means for Niger Delta|url=https://businessday.ng/life/article/what-nigerias-independence-means-for-niger-delta/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-11-21|newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpan |first=D. |title=Oil Exploration and environmental degradation in the Niger Delta. A paper presented at the first regional conference. |year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik,&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Niger Delta – Niger Delta Budget Monitoring Group |url=https://www.nigerdeltabudget.org/the-niger-delta/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Edoid languages.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top.&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot; /&gt; 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Writer|first=Guest|date=2018-05-22|title=The revolutionist as the true national knight: Retelling the tale of Isaac Boro 50 years after|url=https://www.thecable.ng/the-revolutionist-as-the-true-national-knight-retelling-major-isaac-boro-fifty-years-after/|access-date=2024-07-04|newspaper=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The International Politics of the Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970 |date=2015-12-31 |pages=xv–xx |chapter=Chronology of Important Events in the Nigerian Civil War |publisher=Princeton University Press |doi=10.1515/9781400871285-003 |isbn=978-1-4008-7128-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Heerten |first1=Lasse |title=The Nigeria-Biafra War |date=2017-07-06 |work=Postcolonial Conflict and the Question of Genocide |pages=3–43 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315229294-1 |isbn=978-1-315-22929-4 |last2=Moses |first2=A. Dirk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ekwe-Ekwe, Herbert. |title=The Biafra War: Nigeria and the aftermath. |date=1991 |publisher=[[Edwin Mellen Press]] |isbn=0-88946-235-6 |location=[[Lewiston, New York]] |oclc=476261625}}&lt;/ref&gt; During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;Strutton, Laine (2014). ''The New Mobilization from Below: Women's Oil Protests in the Niger Delta, Nigeria'' (Thesis). [[:en:ProQuest|ProQuest]] [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1666393541 1666393541].&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=1998-12-30 |title=State of Emergency Declared in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805220129/http://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |archive-date=2012-08-05 |access-date=2018-01-19 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ian Taylor, [http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa &quot;China's environmental footprint in Africa&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223061935/http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa|date=2007-02-23}}, ''China Dialogue'', 2 February 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm &quot;Nigeria militants warn of oil war&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915064938/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm|date=2008-09-15}}, BBC News, 14 September 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Isumonah |first=V. Adelfemi |year=2013 |title=Armed Society in the Niger Delta |journal=Armed Forces &amp; Society |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=331–358 |doi=10.1177/0095327x12446925 |s2cid=110566551}}&lt;/ref&gt; De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Pearson |first=Scott R. |title=Petroleum and the Nigerian Economy |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1970 |isbn=0-8047-0749-9 |location=Stanford |page=13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpeninor |first=James Ohwofasa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ESk7b8iKIU0C&amp;pg=PA576 |title=Giant in the Sun: Echoes of Looming Revolution? |date=2012-08-28 |publisher=AuthorHouse |isbn=978-1-4772-1868-6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Nigeria: Petroleum Pollution and Poverty in the Niger Delta''. United Kingdom: Amnesty International Publications International Secretariat, 2009, p. 10.&lt;/ref&gt; More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=July 4, 2024 |title=A review of the effects of gas flaring on the Niger Delta |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233298409_A_review_of_the_effects_of_gas_flaring_on_the_Niger_Delta_environment |journal=ResearchGate}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=Nov 2003 |title=Nigeria's First National Communication Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/niganc1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115182631/http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/niganc1.pdf |archive-date=15 January 2009 |access-date=24 January 2009 |work=UNFCC}}&lt;/ref&gt; although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTOGMC/EXTGGFR/0,,contentMDK:22137498~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:578069,00.html Global Gas Flaring reduction, The World Bank] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301124210/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTOGMC/EXTGGFR/0,,contentMDK:22137498~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:578069,00.html|date=2012-03-01}}, &quot;Estimated Flared Volumes from Satellite Data, 2006–2010.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=October 2004 |title=Gas Flaring in Nigeria |url=http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/media_briefing/gasflaringinnigeria.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225211133/http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/media_briefing/gasflaringinnigeria.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2009 |access-date=24 January 2009 |work=Friends of the Earth}}&lt;/ref&gt; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sweet Crude: A New Documentary on the Niger Delta by Sandy Cioffi |url=http://www.sweetcrudemovie.com/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=www.sweetcrudemovie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Anejionu |first1=Obinna Chukwubuikem Diony |last2=Blackburn |first2=George Alan |last3=Whyatt |first3=J. Duncan |date=4 March 2014 |title=Satellite survey of gas flares: development and application of a Landsat-based technique in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01431161.2013.879351 |journal=International Journal of Remote Sensing |language=en |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=1900–1925 |bibcode=2014IJRS...35.1900A |doi=10.1080/01431161.2013.879351 |s2cid=53705868 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obida |first1=Christopher B. |last2=Blackburn |first2=George A. |last3=Whyatt |first3=James D. |last4=Semple |first4=Kirk T. |date=25 June 2021 |title=Counting the cost of the Niger Delta's largest oil spills: Satellite remote sensing reveals extensive environmental damage with &gt;1million people in the impact zone |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969721009219 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=775 |bibcode=2021ScTEn.775n5854O |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145854 |s2cid=233538622 |url-access=subscription |article-number=145854}}&lt;/ref&gt; De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot; /&gt;

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot; /&gt;

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ugochukwu |first1=Uzochukwu C. |last2=Ochonogor |first2=Alfred |last3=Jidere |first3=Chika M. |last4=Agu |first4=Chizoba |last5=Nkoloagu |first5=Frida |last6=Ewoh |first6=John |last7=Okwu-Delunzu |first7=Virginia U. |date=1 June 2018 |title=Exposure risks to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by humans and livestock (cattle) due to hydrocarbon spill from petroleum products in Niger-delta wetland |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016041201732158X |journal=Environment International |volume=115 |pages=38–47 |bibcode=2018EnInt.115...38U |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2018.03.010 |pmid=29547867 |s2cid=3902367 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Philibert |first1=Danielle A. |last2=Lyons |first2=Danielle |last3=Philibert |first3=Clara |last4=Tierney |first4=Keith B. |date=10 January 2019 |title=Field-collected crude oil, weathered oil and dispersants differentially affect the early life stages of freshwater and saltwater fishes |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969718330213 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=647 |pages=1148–1157 |bibcode=2019ScTEn.647.1148P |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.052 |pmid=30180323 |s2cid=52156999 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bertollini |first1=Roberto |last2=Teresa |first2=Borges |last3=Pim |first3=deVoogt |last4=Peter |first4=Hoet |date=30 November 2018 |title=OPINION ON the public health impacts and risks resulting from onshore oil and gas exploration and exploitation in the EU |journal=Scientific Committee on Health, Environmental and Emerging Risks SCHEER}}&lt;/ref&gt; Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;The human health risk estimation of&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Afshar-Mohajer |first1=Nima |last2=Fox |first2=Mary A. |last3=Koehler |first3=Kirsten |date=1 March 2019 |title=The human health risk estimation of inhaled oil spill emissions with and without adding dispersant |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969718344656 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=654 |pages=924–932 |bibcode=2019ScTEn.654..924A |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.110 |pmid=30453262 |s2cid=53946118 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses.&lt;ref name=&quot;The human health risk estimation of&quot; /&gt; For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility.&lt;ref name=&quot;The human health risk estimation of&quot; /&gt; Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Nriagu |first1=Jerome |last2=Udofia |first2=Emilia A. |last3=Ekong |first3=Ibanga |last4=Ebuk |first4=Godwin |date=March 2016 |title=Health Risks Associated with Oil Pollution in the Niger Delta, Nigeria |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=13 |issue=3 |page=346 |doi=10.3390/ijerph13030346 |pmc=4809009 |pmid=27007391 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot; /&gt; Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=United Nations |date=1 January 2006 |title=Human Development Report |url=https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report#:~:text=%22The%20Niger%20Delta%20is%20a,conflict%2C%22%20says%20the%20report. |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Osuagwu |first1=Eze Simpson |last2=Olaifa |first2=Eseoghene |date=25 October 2018 |title=Effects of oil spills on fish production in the Niger Delta |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=13 |issue=10 |bibcode=2018PLoSO..1305114O |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0205114 |pmc=6201865 |pmid=30359365 |doi-access=free |article-number=e0205114}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anoda facet of de pippoe ein livelihoods be demma culture. De Niger Delta ein pippoe get strong spiritual den cultural ties to demma environment. De harm inflict for demma land top den waterways wey oil spills cause am dey deeply disrupt sacred sites den dey interfere plus demma cultural practices. De loss of dem cultural elements dey contribute to a sense of displacement den identity crisis among de affected groups/communities.&lt;ref name=&quot;soa&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Aghalino |first=S.O. |date=February 2011 |title=Oil and Cultural Crisis: The Case of the Niger Delta |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301637735 |journal=Africana |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=15 |access-date=December 14, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Additionally, wen communities fight back against de oil industries as an act of protest, violence be often perpetuated. Since de 1990s der already be continuous violence for an effort insyd to give local communities control of de oil for de delta insyd. Dem acts of violence dey include de kidnapping of foreign oil workers den dey hold dem give ransom, vandalization, den even de blowing up of oil installations.&lt;ref name=&quot;soa&quot; /&gt;

== Notes ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== References ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090805174150/http://nigerdeltavine.com/ Niger Delta-Archive of News, Interviews, Articles, Analysis from 1999 to Present]
* ''Proceedings of the Ibibio Union 1928–1937''. Edited by Monday Efiong Noah. Modern Business Press Ltd, Uyo.
* Urhobo Historical Society (4 August 2003). Urhobo Historical Society Responds to Itsekiri Claims on Warri City and Western Niger Delta.
* [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/may/30/oil-spills-nigeria-niger-delta-shell/ &quot;Nigeria's agony dwarfs the Gulf oil spill. The US and Europe ignore it&quot;]

== External links ==

* [http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/02/nigerian-oil/oneill-text National Geographic Magazine: &quot;Curse of the Black Gold, Hope, and betrayal on the Niger Delta&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080826021356/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/02/nigerian-oil/oneill-text|date=2008-08-26}} — ''February 2007 issue''.
* [http://nigerdeltaforum.com/index.php/topic,158.0.html, Nigerdeltaforum.com: forum] [http://nigerdeltaforum.com/index.php/topic,158.0.html, for de Niger Delta top den ein pippoe]
*Niger-Delta Development Commission, [https://web.archive.org/web/20051025160835/http://www.nddconline.org/The_Niger_Delta/ Niger Delta: A Brief History]
*American Association give de Advancement of Science, [https://web.archive.org/web/20051119105233/http://www.aaas.org/international/ssd/nigerdelta/ Niger Delta]
*[http://www.eraction.org/ Environmental Rights Action] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050810081722/http://www.eraction.org/|date=2005-08-10}}</text>
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[[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]]
De '''Niger Delta''' be de delta of de Niger River wey dey sit directly for de Gulf of Guinea top for de Atlantic Ocean top for Nigeria insyd.&lt;ref&gt;C. Michael Hogan, [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166 &quot;Niger River&quot;, in M. McGinley (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Earth''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420075935/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166|date=2013-04-20}}, Washington, DC: National Council for Science and Environment, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Umoh |first1=Unyime U. |last2=Li |first2=Li |last3=Wang |first3=Junjian |last4=Kauluma |first4=Ndamononghenda |last5=Asuquo |first5=Francis E. |last6=Akpan |first6=Ekom R. |date=August 2022 |title=Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether signatures in tropical mesotidal estuary sediments of Qua Iboe River, Gulf of Guinea |journal=Organic Geochemistry |volume=170 |bibcode=2022OrGeo.17004461U |doi=10.1016/j.orggeochem.2022.104461 |s2cid=249615285 |article-number=104461}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Otoabasi |first=Akpan |title=The Niger Delta Question and the peace plan |publisher=Spectrum Books |year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. 

De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title='Ecocide' movement pushes for a new international crime: Environmental destruction |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ecocide-movement-pushes-new-international-crime-environmental-destruction-n1263142 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 February 2014 |title=Fighting ecocide in Nigeria |url=https://theecologist.org/2014/feb/05/fighting-ecocide-nigeria |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=theecologist.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNPO: Ogoni: An Ecocide in the Making? |url=https://unpo.org/article/19131 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=unpo.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2011-08-22|title=How an ecocide law could prevent another Nigerian oil disaster|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/aug/22/ecocide-law-nigerian-oil-disaster|access-date=2023-07-06|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Aghalino |first=S.O |title=Combating the Niger Delta Crisis: an appraisal of Federal Government response to Anti-Oil protect in Niger Delta, 1958-2002. |publisher=Maiduguri journal of Historical studies |year=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dakolo |first=Bubaraye |title=The Riddle of the Oil Thief |publisher=Purple Shelves |year=2021 |isbn=978-978-988-990-7 |location=Lagos |pages=117–170}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geography ==
De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Chukwu|first=Ignatius|date=2023-10-01|title=What Nigeria’s independence means for Niger Delta|url=https://businessday.ng/life/article/what-nigerias-independence-means-for-niger-delta/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-11-21|newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpan |first=D. |title=Oil Exploration and environmental degradation in the Niger Delta. A paper presented at the first regional conference. |year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Demographics ==
De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd.

De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik,&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Niger Delta – Niger Delta Budget Monitoring Group |url=https://www.nigerdeltabudget.org/the-niger-delta/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Edoid languages.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== History ==

=== Colonial period ===
De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio.

For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top.&lt;ref name=&quot;nigerdeltabudget.org&quot; /&gt; 

=== Post-colonial period ===
For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi.

A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Writer|first=Guest|date=2018-05-22|title=The revolutionist as the true national knight: Retelling the tale of Isaac Boro 50 years after|url=https://www.thecable.ng/the-revolutionist-as-the-true-national-knight-retelling-major-isaac-boro-fifty-years-after/|access-date=2024-07-04|newspaper=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. 

=== Nigerian Civil War ===
Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The International Politics of the Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970 |date=2015-12-31 |pages=xv–xx |chapter=Chronology of Important Events in the Nigerian Civil War |publisher=Princeton University Press |doi=10.1515/9781400871285-003 |isbn=978-1-4008-7128-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Heerten |first1=Lasse |title=The Nigeria-Biafra War |date=2017-07-06 |work=Postcolonial Conflict and the Question of Genocide |pages=3–43 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315229294-1 |isbn=978-1-315-22929-4 |last2=Moses |first2=A. Dirk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ekwe-Ekwe, Herbert. |title=The Biafra War: Nigeria and the aftermath. |date=1991 |publisher=[[Edwin Mellen Press]] |isbn=0-88946-235-6 |location=[[Lewiston, New York]] |oclc=476261625}}&lt;/ref&gt; During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. 

=== Non-violent resistance ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;Strutton, Laine (2014). ''The New Mobilization from Below: Women's Oil Protests in the Niger Delta, Nigeria'' (Thesis). [[:en:ProQuest|ProQuest]] [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1666393541 1666393541].&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Recent armed conflict ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=1998-12-30 |title=State of Emergency Declared in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805220129/http://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |archive-date=2012-08-05 |access-date=2018-01-19 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: &quot;We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ian Taylor, [http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa &quot;China's environmental footprint in Africa&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223061935/http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa|date=2007-02-23}}, ''China Dialogue'', 2 February 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an &quot;oil war&quot; thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm &quot;Nigeria militants warn of oil war&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915064938/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm|date=2008-09-15}}, BBC News, 14 September 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. 

== Sub-regions ==
'''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate &quot;Treaties of Protection&quot; for demma formation of &quot;Protectorates&quot; insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. 

'''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo &amp; Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd.

'''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). 

== Nigerian oil ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Isumonah |first=V. Adelfemi |year=2013 |title=Armed Society in the Niger Delta |journal=Armed Forces &amp; Society |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=331–358 |doi=10.1177/0095327x12446925 |s2cid=110566551}}&lt;/ref&gt; De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Pearson |first=Scott R. |title=Petroleum and the Nigerian Economy |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1970 |isbn=0-8047-0749-9 |location=Stanford |page=13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akpeninor |first=James Ohwofasa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ESk7b8iKIU0C&amp;pg=PA576 |title=Giant in the Sun: Echoes of Looming Revolution? |date=2012-08-28 |publisher=AuthorHouse |isbn=978-1-4772-1868-6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise &quot;97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Nigeria: Petroleum Pollution and Poverty in the Niger Delta''. United Kingdom: Amnesty International Publications International Secretariat, 2009, p. 10.&lt;/ref&gt; More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=July 4, 2024 |title=A review of the effects of gas flaring on the Niger Delta |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233298409_A_review_of_the_effects_of_gas_flaring_on_the_Niger_Delta_environment |journal=ResearchGate}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=Nov 2003 |title=Nigeria's First National Communication Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/niganc1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115182631/http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/niganc1.pdf |archive-date=15 January 2009 |access-date=24 January 2009 |work=UNFCC}}&lt;/ref&gt; although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTOGMC/EXTGGFR/0,,contentMDK:22137498~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:578069,00.html Global Gas Flaring reduction, The World Bank] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301124210/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTOGMC/EXTGGFR/0,,contentMDK:22137498~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:578069,00.html|date=2012-03-01}}, &quot;Estimated Flared Volumes from Satellite Data, 2006–2010.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, &quot;...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=October 2004 |title=Gas Flaring in Nigeria |url=http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/media_briefing/gasflaringinnigeria.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225211133/http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/media_briefing/gasflaringinnigeria.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2009 |access-date=24 January 2009 |work=Friends of the Earth}}&lt;/ref&gt; De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND.

For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil &amp; Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) of oil per day within four years.

=== Oil revenue derivation ===
Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oil revenue sharing formula
!Year
!Federal
!State*
!Local
!Special Projects
!Derivation Formula**
|-
|1958
|40%
|60%
|0%
|0%
|50%
|-
|1968
|80%
|20%
|0%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1977
|75%
|22%
|3%
|0%
|10%
|-
|1982
|55%
|32.5%
|10%
|2.5%
|10%
|-
|1989
|50%
|24%
|15%
|11%
|10%
|-
|1995
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|-
|2001
|48.5%
|24%
|20%
|7.5%
|13%
|}
''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.''

''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} 

== Media ==
De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sweet Crude: A New Documentary on the Niger Delta by Sandy Cioffi |url=http://www.sweetcrudemovie.com/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=www.sweetcrudemovie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental issues ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Anejionu |first1=Obinna Chukwubuikem Diony |last2=Blackburn |first2=George Alan |last3=Whyatt |first3=J. Duncan |date=4 March 2014 |title=Satellite survey of gas flares: development and application of a Landsat-based technique in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01431161.2013.879351 |journal=International Journal of Remote Sensing |language=en |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=1900–1925 |bibcode=2014IJRS...35.1900A |doi=10.1080/01431161.2013.879351 |s2cid=53705868 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. 

Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obida |first1=Christopher B. |last2=Blackburn |first2=George A. |last3=Whyatt |first3=James D. |last4=Semple |first4=Kirk T. |date=25 June 2021 |title=Counting the cost of the Niger Delta's largest oil spills: Satellite remote sensing reveals extensive environmental damage with &gt;1million people in the impact zone |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969721009219 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=775 |bibcode=2021ScTEn.775n5854O |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145854 |s2cid=233538622 |url-access=subscription |article-number=145854}}&lt;/ref&gt; De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot; /&gt;

Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot; /&gt;

Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ugochukwu |first1=Uzochukwu C. |last2=Ochonogor |first2=Alfred |last3=Jidere |first3=Chika M. |last4=Agu |first4=Chizoba |last5=Nkoloagu |first5=Frida |last6=Ewoh |first6=John |last7=Okwu-Delunzu |first7=Virginia U. |date=1 June 2018 |title=Exposure risks to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by humans and livestock (cattle) due to hydrocarbon spill from petroleum products in Niger-delta wetland |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016041201732158X |journal=Environment International |volume=115 |pages=38–47 |bibcode=2018EnInt.115...38U |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2018.03.010 |pmid=29547867 |s2cid=3902367 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Philibert |first1=Danielle A. |last2=Lyons |first2=Danielle |last3=Philibert |first3=Clara |last4=Tierney |first4=Keith B. |date=10 January 2019 |title=Field-collected crude oil, weathered oil and dispersants differentially affect the early life stages of freshwater and saltwater fishes |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969718330213 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=647 |pages=1148–1157 |bibcode=2019ScTEn.647.1148P |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.052 |pmid=30180323 |s2cid=52156999 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bertollini |first1=Roberto |last2=Teresa |first2=Borges |last3=Pim |first3=deVoogt |last4=Peter |first4=Hoet |date=30 November 2018 |title=OPINION ON the public health impacts and risks resulting from onshore oil and gas exploration and exploitation in the EU |journal=Scientific Committee on Health, Environmental and Emerging Risks SCHEER}}&lt;/ref&gt; Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;The human health risk estimation of&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Afshar-Mohajer |first1=Nima |last2=Fox |first2=Mary A. |last3=Koehler |first3=Kirsten |date=1 March 2019 |title=The human health risk estimation of inhaled oil spill emissions with and without adding dispersant |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969718344656 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=654 |pages=924–932 |bibcode=2019ScTEn.654..924A |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.110 |pmid=30453262 |s2cid=53946118 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses.&lt;ref name=&quot;The human health risk estimation of&quot; /&gt; For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility.&lt;ref name=&quot;The human health risk estimation of&quot; /&gt; Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Nriagu |first1=Jerome |last2=Udofia |first2=Emilia A. |last3=Ekong |first3=Ibanga |last4=Ebuk |first4=Godwin |date=March 2016 |title=Health Risks Associated with Oil Pollution in the Niger Delta, Nigeria |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=13 |issue=3 |page=346 |doi=10.3390/ijerph13030346 |pmc=4809009 |pmid=27007391 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedirect.com&quot; /&gt; Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say &quot;De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=United Nations |date=1 January 2006 |title=Human Development Report |url=https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report#:~:text=%22The%20Niger%20Delta%20is%20a,conflict%2C%22%20says%20the%20report. |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am.

De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Osuagwu |first1=Eze Simpson |last2=Olaifa |first2=Eseoghene |date=25 October 2018 |title=Effects of oil spills on fish production in the Niger Delta |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=13 |issue=10 |bibcode=2018PLoSO..1305114O |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0205114 |pmc=6201865 |pmid=30359365 |doi-access=free |article-number=e0205114}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anoda facet of de pippoe ein livelihoods be demma culture. De Niger Delta ein pippoe get strong spiritual den cultural ties to demma environment. De harm inflict for demma land top den waterways wey oil spills cause am dey deeply disrupt sacred sites den dey interfere plus demma cultural practices. De loss of dem cultural elements dey contribute to a sense of displacement den identity crisis among de affected groups/communities.&lt;ref name=&quot;soa&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Aghalino |first=S.O. |date=February 2011 |title=Oil and Cultural Crisis: The Case of the Niger Delta |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301637735 |journal=Africana |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=15 |access-date=December 14, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Additionally, wen communities fight back against de oil industries as an act of protest, violence be often perpetuated. Since de 1990s der already be continuous violence for an effort insyd to give local communities control of de oil for de delta insyd. Dem acts of violence dey include de kidnapping of foreign oil workers den dey hold dem give ransom, vandalization, den even de blowing up of oil installations.&lt;ref name=&quot;soa&quot; /&gt;

== Notes ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== References ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090805174150/http://nigerdeltavine.com/ Niger Delta-Archive of News, Interviews, Articles, Analysis from 1999 to Present]
* ''Proceedings of the Ibibio Union 1928–1937''. Edited by Monday Efiong Noah. Modern Business Press Ltd, Uyo.
* Urhobo Historical Society (4 August 2003). Urhobo Historical Society Responds to Itsekiri Claims on Warri City and Western Niger Delta.
* [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/may/30/oil-spills-nigeria-niger-delta-shell/ &quot;Nigeria's agony dwarfs the Gulf oil spill. The US and Europe ignore it&quot;]

== External links ==

* [http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/02/nigerian-oil/oneill-text National Geographic Magazine: &quot;Curse of the Black Gold, Hope, and betrayal on the Niger Delta&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080826021356/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/02/nigerian-oil/oneill-text|date=2008-08-26}} — ''February 2007 issue''.
* [http://nigerdeltaforum.com/index.php/topic,158.0.html, Nigerdeltaforum.com: forum] [http://nigerdeltaforum.com/index.php/topic,158.0.html, for de Niger Delta top den ein pippoe]
*Niger-Delta Development Commission, [https://web.archive.org/web/20051025160835/http://www.nddconline.org/The_Niger_Delta/ Niger Delta: A Brief History]
*American Association give de Advancement of Science, [https://web.archive.org/web/20051119105233/http://www.aaas.org/international/ssd/nigerdelta/ Niger Delta]
*[http://www.eraction.org/ Environmental Rights Action] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050810081722/http://www.eraction.org/|date=2005-08-10}}
*[http://www.my-nigeria.com/?tag=niger-delta News] [http://www.my-nigeria.com/?tag=niger-delta for de Niger Delta top]</text>
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[[File:NRCSIA00041 - Iowa (2285)(NRCS Photo Gallery).jpg|thumb|Example for a nature-based solution in the area of [[Water resources|water resource]] management: this [[riparian buffer]] protects a creek in [[Iowa]], United States from the impact of adjacent [[Land use|land uses]]]]</text>
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      <text bytes="4372" sha1="8escyx6q2nwgxz5q0s41u50vkdeima8" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Sustainable use of nature for tackling socio-environmental challenges}}
[[File:NRCSIA00041 - Iowa (2285)(NRCS Photo Gallery).jpg|thumb|Example for a nature-based solution insyd de area of [[Water resources|water resource]] management: dis riparian buffer protects a creek insyd lowa, United States from the impact of adjacent land uses]]
'''Nature-based solutions''' (anaa '''nature-based systems''', den abbreviated as '''NBS''' anaa '''NbS''') describe de development den use of  (biodiversity) den natural processes to address diverse soci-environmental issues.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Girardin |first1=Cécile A. J. |last2=Jenkins |first2=Stuart |last3=Seddon |first3=Nathalie |last4=Allen |first4=Myles |last5=Lewis |first5=Simon L. |last6=Wheeler |first6=Charlotte E. |last7=Griscom |first7=Bronson W. |last8=Malhi |first8=Yadvinder |title=Nature-based solutions can help cool the planet — if we act now |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |date=2021 |volume=593 |issue=7858 |pages=191–194 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-01241-2 |doi-access=free|pmid=33981055 |bibcode=2021Natur.593..191G}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Frantzeskaki |first1=Niki |last2=McPhearson |first2=Timon |last3=Collier |first3=Marcus J |last4=Kendal |first4=Dave |last5=Bulkeley |first5=Harriet |last6=Dumitru |first6=Adina |last7=Walsh |first7=Claire |last8=Noble |first8=Kate |last9=van Wyk |first9=Ernita |last10=Ordóñez |first10=Camilo |last11=Oke |first11=Cathy |last12=Pintér |first12=László |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Climate Change Adaptation: Linking Science, Policy, and Practice Communities for Evidence-Based Decision-Making |journal=[[BioScience]] |date=2019 |volume=69 |issue=6 |pages=455–466 |doi=10.1093/biosci/biz042 |doi-access=free|hdl=2183/36896 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; These issues include climate change mitigation den adaptation, human security issues such as water security den food security, den disaster risk reduction.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Debele |first1=S. E. |last2=Leo |first2=L. S. |last3=Kumar |first3=P. |last4=Sahani |first4=J. |last5=Ommer |first5=J. |last6=Bucchignani |first6=E. |last7=Vranić |first7=S. |last8=Kalas |first8=M. |last9=Amirzada |first9=Z. |last10=Pavlova |first10=I. |last11=Shah |first11=M. A. R. |last12=Gonzalez-Ollauri |first12=A. |last13=Di Sabatino |first13=S. |date=2023 |title=Nature-based solutions can help reduce the impact of natural hazards: A global analysis of NBS case studies |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969723044492 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=902 |article-number=165824 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165824|pmid=37527720 |bibcode=2023ScTEn.90265824D |hdl=11585/953217 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; De aim be dat resilient ecosystems (whether natural, managed, anaa newly created) provide solutions for de benefit of both societies den biodiversity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Nature-based Solutions: New Influence for Environmental Management and Research in Europe|last1=Eggermont|first1=Hilde|last2=Balian|first2=Estelle|date=2015|journal=Gaia - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society|language=en|doi=10.14512/gaia.24.4.9|last3=Azevedo|first3=José Manuel N.|last4=Beumer|first4=Victor|last5=Brodin|first5=Tomas|last6=Claudet|first6=Joachim|last7=Fady|first7=Bruno|last8=Grube|first8=Martin|last9=Keune|first9=Hans|volume=24|issue=4|pages=243–248|s2cid=53518417 |url=https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|access-date=24 May 2020|archive-date=7 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507073138/https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; De 2019 UN Climate Action Summit dey highlight nature-based solutions as an effective method to combat climate change.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Environment |first=U. N. |date=2019 |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Climate |url=http://www.unep.org/nature-based-solutions-climate |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=UNEP - UN Environment Programme |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; For example, nature-based systems for climate change adaptation fit include natural flood management, restoring natural coastal defences, den providing local cooling.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|310}}  

== References ==</text>
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      <text bytes="4689" sha1="g9cu9dtrr4wcl2dnu8yaon86jv0m0b3" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Sustainable use of nature for tackling socio-environmental challenges}}
[[File:NRCSIA00041 - Iowa (2285)(NRCS Photo Gallery).jpg|thumb|Example for a nature-based solution insyd de area of [[Water resources|water resource]] management: dis riparian buffer protects a creek insyd lowa, United States from the impact of adjacent land uses]]
'''Nature-based solutions''' (anaa '''nature-based systems''', den abbreviated as '''NBS''' anaa '''NbS''') describe de development den use of  (biodiversity) den natural processes to address diverse soci-environmental issues.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Girardin |first1=Cécile A. J. |last2=Jenkins |first2=Stuart |last3=Seddon |first3=Nathalie |last4=Allen |first4=Myles |last5=Lewis |first5=Simon L. |last6=Wheeler |first6=Charlotte E. |last7=Griscom |first7=Bronson W. |last8=Malhi |first8=Yadvinder |title=Nature-based solutions can help cool the planet — if we act now |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |date=2021 |volume=593 |issue=7858 |pages=191–194 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-01241-2 |doi-access=free|pmid=33981055 |bibcode=2021Natur.593..191G}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Frantzeskaki |first1=Niki |last2=McPhearson |first2=Timon |last3=Collier |first3=Marcus J |last4=Kendal |first4=Dave |last5=Bulkeley |first5=Harriet |last6=Dumitru |first6=Adina |last7=Walsh |first7=Claire |last8=Noble |first8=Kate |last9=van Wyk |first9=Ernita |last10=Ordóñez |first10=Camilo |last11=Oke |first11=Cathy |last12=Pintér |first12=László |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Climate Change Adaptation: Linking Science, Policy, and Practice Communities for Evidence-Based Decision-Making |journal=[[BioScience]] |date=2019 |volume=69 |issue=6 |pages=455–466 |doi=10.1093/biosci/biz042 |doi-access=free|hdl=2183/36896 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; These issues include climate change mitigation den adaptation, human security issues such as water security den food security, den disaster risk reduction.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Debele |first1=S. E. |last2=Leo |first2=L. S. |last3=Kumar |first3=P. |last4=Sahani |first4=J. |last5=Ommer |first5=J. |last6=Bucchignani |first6=E. |last7=Vranić |first7=S. |last8=Kalas |first8=M. |last9=Amirzada |first9=Z. |last10=Pavlova |first10=I. |last11=Shah |first11=M. A. R. |last12=Gonzalez-Ollauri |first12=A. |last13=Di Sabatino |first13=S. |date=2023 |title=Nature-based solutions can help reduce the impact of natural hazards: A global analysis of NBS case studies |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969723044492 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=902 |article-number=165824 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165824|pmid=37527720 |bibcode=2023ScTEn.90265824D |hdl=11585/953217 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; De aim be dat resilient ecosystems (whether natural, managed, anaa newly created) provide solutions for de benefit of both societies den biodiversity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Nature-based Solutions: New Influence for Environmental Management and Research in Europe|last1=Eggermont|first1=Hilde|last2=Balian|first2=Estelle|date=2015|journal=Gaia - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society|language=en|doi=10.14512/gaia.24.4.9|last3=Azevedo|first3=José Manuel N.|last4=Beumer|first4=Victor|last5=Brodin|first5=Tomas|last6=Claudet|first6=Joachim|last7=Fady|first7=Bruno|last8=Grube|first8=Martin|last9=Keune|first9=Hans|volume=24|issue=4|pages=243–248|s2cid=53518417 |url=https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|access-date=24 May 2020|archive-date=7 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507073138/https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; De 2019 UN Climate Action Summit dey highlight nature-based solutions as an effective method to combat climate change.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Environment |first=U. N. |date=2019 |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Climate |url=http://www.unep.org/nature-based-solutions-climate |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=UNEP - UN Environment Programme |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; For example, nature-based systems for climate change adaptation fit include natural flood management, restoring natural coastal defences, den providing local cooling.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|310}}   

De concept of NBS be related to de concept of ecological engineering&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; den ecosystem-based adaptation.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|284}} NBS are sanso related, conceptually to de practice of ecological restoration. De sustainable management approach be a key aspect of NBS development den implementation. 

== References ==</text>
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[[File:NRCSIA00041 - Iowa (2285)(NRCS Photo Gallery).jpg|thumb|Example for a nature-based solution insyd de area of [[Water resources|water resource]] management: dis riparian buffer protects a creek insyd lowa, United States from the impact of adjacent land uses]]
'''Nature-based solutions''' (anaa '''nature-based systems''', den abbreviated as '''NBS''' anaa '''NbS''') describe de development den use of  (biodiversity) den natural processes to address diverse soci-environmental issues.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Girardin |first1=Cécile A. J. |last2=Jenkins |first2=Stuart |last3=Seddon |first3=Nathalie |last4=Allen |first4=Myles |last5=Lewis |first5=Simon L. |last6=Wheeler |first6=Charlotte E. |last7=Griscom |first7=Bronson W. |last8=Malhi |first8=Yadvinder |title=Nature-based solutions can help cool the planet — if we act now |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |date=2021 |volume=593 |issue=7858 |pages=191–194 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-01241-2 |doi-access=free|pmid=33981055 |bibcode=2021Natur.593..191G}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Frantzeskaki |first1=Niki |last2=McPhearson |first2=Timon |last3=Collier |first3=Marcus J |last4=Kendal |first4=Dave |last5=Bulkeley |first5=Harriet |last6=Dumitru |first6=Adina |last7=Walsh |first7=Claire |last8=Noble |first8=Kate |last9=van Wyk |first9=Ernita |last10=Ordóñez |first10=Camilo |last11=Oke |first11=Cathy |last12=Pintér |first12=László |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Climate Change Adaptation: Linking Science, Policy, and Practice Communities for Evidence-Based Decision-Making |journal=[[BioScience]] |date=2019 |volume=69 |issue=6 |pages=455–466 |doi=10.1093/biosci/biz042 |doi-access=free|hdl=2183/36896 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; These issues include climate change mitigation den adaptation, human security issues such as water security den food security, den disaster risk reduction.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Debele |first1=S. E. |last2=Leo |first2=L. S. |last3=Kumar |first3=P. |last4=Sahani |first4=J. |last5=Ommer |first5=J. |last6=Bucchignani |first6=E. |last7=Vranić |first7=S. |last8=Kalas |first8=M. |last9=Amirzada |first9=Z. |last10=Pavlova |first10=I. |last11=Shah |first11=M. A. R. |last12=Gonzalez-Ollauri |first12=A. |last13=Di Sabatino |first13=S. |date=2023 |title=Nature-based solutions can help reduce the impact of natural hazards: A global analysis of NBS case studies |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969723044492 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=902 |article-number=165824 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165824|pmid=37527720 |bibcode=2023ScTEn.90265824D |hdl=11585/953217 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; De aim be dat resilient ecosystems (whether natural, managed, anaa newly created) provide solutions for de benefit of both societies den biodiversity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Nature-based Solutions: New Influence for Environmental Management and Research in Europe|last1=Eggermont|first1=Hilde|last2=Balian|first2=Estelle|date=2015|journal=Gaia - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society|language=en|doi=10.14512/gaia.24.4.9|last3=Azevedo|first3=José Manuel N.|last4=Beumer|first4=Victor|last5=Brodin|first5=Tomas|last6=Claudet|first6=Joachim|last7=Fady|first7=Bruno|last8=Grube|first8=Martin|last9=Keune|first9=Hans|volume=24|issue=4|pages=243–248|s2cid=53518417 |url=https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|access-date=24 May 2020|archive-date=7 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507073138/https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; De 2019 UN Climate Action Summit dey highlight nature-based solutions as an effective method to combat climate change.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Environment |first=U. N. |date=2019 |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Climate |url=http://www.unep.org/nature-based-solutions-climate |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=UNEP - UN Environment Programme |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; For example, nature-based systems for climate change adaptation fit include natural flood management, restoring natural coastal defences, den providing local cooling.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|310}}   

De concept of NBS be related to de concept of ecological engineering&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; den ecosystem-based adaptation.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|284}} NBS are sanso related, conceptually to de practice of ecological restoration. De sustainable management approach be a key aspect of NBS development den implementation.  

Mangrove restoration efforts along coastlines provide an example of a nature-based solution dat fit achieve multiple goals. Mangroves moderate de impact of waves den wind on coastal settlements anaa cities,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Marois|first1=Darryl E.|last2=Mitsch|first2=William J.|date=2 January 2015|title=Coastal protection from tsunamis and cyclones provided by mangrove wetlands – a review|journal=International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services &amp; Management|volume=11|issue=1|pages=71–83|doi=10.1080/21513732.2014.997292|bibcode=2015IJBSE..11...71M |s2cid=86554474|issn=2151-3732}}&lt;/ref&gt; den  they sequester carbon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Inoue|first=Tomomi|title=Carbon Sequestration in Mangroves|work=Blue Carbon in Shallow Coastal Ecosystems|year=2019|pages=73–99|place=Singapore|publisher=Springer Singapore|doi=10.1007/978-981-13-1295-3_3|isbn=978-981-13-1294-6|s2cid=133839393}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dey sanso provide nursery zones for marine life wich be important for sustaining fisheries. Additionally, mangrove forests fit help to control coastal erosion resulting from sea level rise. 
== References ==</text>
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      <text bytes="6477" sha1="ah4gk458pcl0mtjv1namuyn7e3eyr2h" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Sustainable use of nature for tackling socio-environmental challenges}}
[[File:NRCSIA00041 - Iowa (2285)(NRCS Photo Gallery).jpg|thumb|Example for a nature-based solution insyd de area of [[Water resources|water resource]] management: dis riparian buffer protects a creek insyd lowa, United States from the impact of adjacent land uses]]
'''Nature-based solutions''' (anaa '''nature-based systems''', den abbreviated as '''NBS''' anaa '''NbS''') describe de development den use of  (biodiversity) den natural processes to address diverse soci-environmental issues.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Girardin |first1=Cécile A. J. |last2=Jenkins |first2=Stuart |last3=Seddon |first3=Nathalie |last4=Allen |first4=Myles |last5=Lewis |first5=Simon L. |last6=Wheeler |first6=Charlotte E. |last7=Griscom |first7=Bronson W. |last8=Malhi |first8=Yadvinder |title=Nature-based solutions can help cool the planet — if we act now |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |date=2021 |volume=593 |issue=7858 |pages=191–194 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-01241-2 |doi-access=free|pmid=33981055 |bibcode=2021Natur.593..191G}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Frantzeskaki |first1=Niki |last2=McPhearson |first2=Timon |last3=Collier |first3=Marcus J |last4=Kendal |first4=Dave |last5=Bulkeley |first5=Harriet |last6=Dumitru |first6=Adina |last7=Walsh |first7=Claire |last8=Noble |first8=Kate |last9=van Wyk |first9=Ernita |last10=Ordóñez |first10=Camilo |last11=Oke |first11=Cathy |last12=Pintér |first12=László |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Climate Change Adaptation: Linking Science, Policy, and Practice Communities for Evidence-Based Decision-Making |journal=[[BioScience]] |date=2019 |volume=69 |issue=6 |pages=455–466 |doi=10.1093/biosci/biz042 |doi-access=free|hdl=2183/36896 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; These issues include climate change mitigation den adaptation, human security issues such as water security den food security, den disaster risk reduction.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Debele |first1=S. E. |last2=Leo |first2=L. S. |last3=Kumar |first3=P. |last4=Sahani |first4=J. |last5=Ommer |first5=J. |last6=Bucchignani |first6=E. |last7=Vranić |first7=S. |last8=Kalas |first8=M. |last9=Amirzada |first9=Z. |last10=Pavlova |first10=I. |last11=Shah |first11=M. A. R. |last12=Gonzalez-Ollauri |first12=A. |last13=Di Sabatino |first13=S. |date=2023 |title=Nature-based solutions can help reduce the impact of natural hazards: A global analysis of NBS case studies |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969723044492 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=902 |article-number=165824 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165824|pmid=37527720 |bibcode=2023ScTEn.90265824D |hdl=11585/953217 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; De aim be dat resilient ecosystems (whether natural, managed, anaa newly created) provide solutions for de benefit of both societies den biodiversity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Nature-based Solutions: New Influence for Environmental Management and Research in Europe|last1=Eggermont|first1=Hilde|last2=Balian|first2=Estelle|date=2015|journal=Gaia - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society|language=en|doi=10.14512/gaia.24.4.9|last3=Azevedo|first3=José Manuel N.|last4=Beumer|first4=Victor|last5=Brodin|first5=Tomas|last6=Claudet|first6=Joachim|last7=Fady|first7=Bruno|last8=Grube|first8=Martin|last9=Keune|first9=Hans|volume=24|issue=4|pages=243–248|s2cid=53518417 |url=https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|access-date=24 May 2020|archive-date=7 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507073138/https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; De 2019 UN Climate Action Summit dey highlight nature-based solutions as an effective method to combat climate change.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Environment |first=U. N. |date=2019 |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Climate |url=http://www.unep.org/nature-based-solutions-climate |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=UNEP - UN Environment Programme |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; For example, nature-based systems for climate change adaptation fit include natural flood management, restoring natural coastal defences, den providing local cooling.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|310}}   

De concept of NBS be related to de concept of ecological engineering&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; den ecosystem-based adaptation.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|284}} NBS are sanso related, conceptually to de practice of ecological restoration. De sustainable management approach be a key aspect of NBS development den implementation.  

Mangrove restoration efforts along coastlines provide an example of a nature-based solution dat fit achieve multiple goals. Mangroves moderate de impact of waves den wind on coastal settlements anaa cities,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Marois|first1=Darryl E.|last2=Mitsch|first2=William J.|date=2 January 2015|title=Coastal protection from tsunamis and cyclones provided by mangrove wetlands – a review|journal=International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services &amp; Management|volume=11|issue=1|pages=71–83|doi=10.1080/21513732.2014.997292|bibcode=2015IJBSE..11...71M |s2cid=86554474|issn=2151-3732}}&lt;/ref&gt; den  they sequester carbon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Inoue|first=Tomomi|title=Carbon Sequestration in Mangroves|work=Blue Carbon in Shallow Coastal Ecosystems|year=2019|pages=73–99|place=Singapore|publisher=Springer Singapore|doi=10.1007/978-981-13-1295-3_3|isbn=978-981-13-1294-6|s2cid=133839393}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dey sanso provide nursery zones for marine life wich be important for sustaining fisheries. Additionally, mangrove forests fit help to control coastal erosion resulting from sea level rise. 

Green roofs, blue roofs, den green walls (as part of green infrastructure) are sanso nature-based solutions dat fit be implemented insud urban areas. Dey fit reduce de effects of urban heat islands, capture stormwater, abate pollution, den act as carbon sinks. At de same time, dey fi enhance local biodiversity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 2020 |title=Evaluating the potential of nature-based solutions to reduce ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon dioxide through a multi-type green infrastructure study in Ontario, Canada |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590252020300246 |url-status=live |access-date=3 April 2026 |website=ScienceDirect}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
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        <id>1645</id>
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      <text bytes="8915" sha1="kyjighhksvg98xp2q2dy1cogl3nd0tn" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Sustainable use of nature for tackling socio-environmental challenges}}
[[File:NRCSIA00041 - Iowa (2285)(NRCS Photo Gallery).jpg|thumb|Example for a nature-based solution insyd de area of [[Water resources|water resource]] management: dis riparian buffer protects a creek insyd lowa, United States from the impact of adjacent land uses]]
'''Nature-based solutions''' (anaa '''nature-based systems''', den abbreviated as '''NBS''' anaa '''NbS''') describe de development den use of  (biodiversity) den natural processes to address diverse soci-environmental issues.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Girardin |first1=Cécile A. J. |last2=Jenkins |first2=Stuart |last3=Seddon |first3=Nathalie |last4=Allen |first4=Myles |last5=Lewis |first5=Simon L. |last6=Wheeler |first6=Charlotte E. |last7=Griscom |first7=Bronson W. |last8=Malhi |first8=Yadvinder |title=Nature-based solutions can help cool the planet — if we act now |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |date=2021 |volume=593 |issue=7858 |pages=191–194 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-01241-2 |doi-access=free|pmid=33981055 |bibcode=2021Natur.593..191G}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Frantzeskaki |first1=Niki |last2=McPhearson |first2=Timon |last3=Collier |first3=Marcus J |last4=Kendal |first4=Dave |last5=Bulkeley |first5=Harriet |last6=Dumitru |first6=Adina |last7=Walsh |first7=Claire |last8=Noble |first8=Kate |last9=van Wyk |first9=Ernita |last10=Ordóñez |first10=Camilo |last11=Oke |first11=Cathy |last12=Pintér |first12=László |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Climate Change Adaptation: Linking Science, Policy, and Practice Communities for Evidence-Based Decision-Making |journal=[[BioScience]] |date=2019 |volume=69 |issue=6 |pages=455–466 |doi=10.1093/biosci/biz042 |doi-access=free|hdl=2183/36896 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; These issues include climate change mitigation den adaptation, human security issues such as water security den food security, den disaster risk reduction.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Debele |first1=S. E. |last2=Leo |first2=L. S. |last3=Kumar |first3=P. |last4=Sahani |first4=J. |last5=Ommer |first5=J. |last6=Bucchignani |first6=E. |last7=Vranić |first7=S. |last8=Kalas |first8=M. |last9=Amirzada |first9=Z. |last10=Pavlova |first10=I. |last11=Shah |first11=M. A. R. |last12=Gonzalez-Ollauri |first12=A. |last13=Di Sabatino |first13=S. |date=2023 |title=Nature-based solutions can help reduce the impact of natural hazards: A global analysis of NBS case studies |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969723044492 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=902 |article-number=165824 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165824|pmid=37527720 |bibcode=2023ScTEn.90265824D |hdl=11585/953217 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; De aim be dat resilient ecosystems (whether natural, managed, anaa newly created) provide solutions for de benefit of both societies den biodiversity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Nature-based Solutions: New Influence for Environmental Management and Research in Europe|last1=Eggermont|first1=Hilde|last2=Balian|first2=Estelle|date=2015|journal=Gaia - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society|language=en|doi=10.14512/gaia.24.4.9|last3=Azevedo|first3=José Manuel N.|last4=Beumer|first4=Victor|last5=Brodin|first5=Tomas|last6=Claudet|first6=Joachim|last7=Fady|first7=Bruno|last8=Grube|first8=Martin|last9=Keune|first9=Hans|volume=24|issue=4|pages=243–248|s2cid=53518417 |url=https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|access-date=24 May 2020|archive-date=7 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507073138/https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; De 2019 UN Climate Action Summit dey highlight nature-based solutions as an effective method to combat climate change.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Environment |first=U. N. |date=2019 |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Climate |url=http://www.unep.org/nature-based-solutions-climate |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=UNEP - UN Environment Programme |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; For example, nature-based systems for climate change adaptation fit include natural flood management, restoring natural coastal defences, den providing local cooling.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|310}}   

De concept of NBS be related to de concept of ecological engineering&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; den ecosystem-based adaptation.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|284}} NBS are sanso related, conceptually to de practice of ecological restoration. De sustainable management approach be a key aspect of NBS development den implementation.  

Mangrove restoration efforts along coastlines provide an example of a nature-based solution dat fit achieve multiple goals. Mangroves moderate de impact of waves den wind on coastal settlements anaa cities,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Marois|first1=Darryl E.|last2=Mitsch|first2=William J.|date=2 January 2015|title=Coastal protection from tsunamis and cyclones provided by mangrove wetlands – a review|journal=International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services &amp; Management|volume=11|issue=1|pages=71–83|doi=10.1080/21513732.2014.997292|bibcode=2015IJBSE..11...71M |s2cid=86554474|issn=2151-3732}}&lt;/ref&gt; den they sequester carbon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Inoue|first=Tomomi|title=Carbon Sequestration in Mangroves|work=Blue Carbon in Shallow Coastal Ecosystems|year=2019|pages=73–99|place=Singapore|publisher=Springer Singapore|doi=10.1007/978-981-13-1295-3_3|isbn=978-981-13-1294-6|s2cid=133839393}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem sanso provide nursery zones for marine life wich be important for sustaining fisheries. Additionally, mangrove forests fit help to control coastal erosion resulting from sea level rise. 

Green roofs, blue roofs, den green walls (as part of green infrastructure) are sanso nature-based solutions dat fit be implemented insud urban areas. Dey fit reduce de effects of urban heat islands, capture stormwater, abate pollution, den act as carbon sinks. At de same time, dey fi enhance local biodiversity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 2020 |title=Evaluating the potential of nature-based solutions to reduce ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon dioxide through a multi-type green infrastructure study in Ontario, Canada |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590252020300246 |url-status=live |access-date=3 April 2026 |website=ScienceDirect}}&lt;/ref&gt;

NBS systems den solutions are forming an increasing part of national den international policies on climate change. Dem are included insyd climate change policy, infrastructure investment, den [[climate finance]] mechanisms. De European Commission has paid increasing attention to NBS since 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Faivre|first1=Nicolas|last2=Fritz|first2=Marco|last3=Freitas|first3=Tiago|last4=de Boissezon|first4=Birgit|last5=Vandewoestijne|first5=Sofie|date=2017|title=Nature-Based Solutions in the EU: Innovating with nature to address social, economic and environmental challenges|journal=Environmental Research|volume=159|pages=509–518|doi=10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.032|pmid=28886502|bibcode=2017ER....159..509F|s2cid=42573101|issn=0013-9351}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be reflected insyd de majority of global NBS case studies reviewed by Debele et al (2023) being located insyd Europe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt; While there be much scope for scaling-up nature-based systems den solutions globally, they frequently encounter numerous challenges during planning den implementation.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Wamsler |first1=C. |last2=Wickenberg |first2=B. |last3=Hanson |first3=H. |last4=Alkan Olsson |first4=J. |last5=Stålhammar |first5=S. |last6=Björn |first6=H. |last7=Falck |first7=H. |last8=Gerell |first8=D. |last9=Oskarsson |first9=T. |last10=Simonsson |first10=E. |last11=Torffvit |first11=F. |date=2020 |title=Environmental and climate policy integration: Targeted strategies for overcoming barriers to nature-based solutions and climate change adaptation |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |volume=247 |article-number=119154 |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119154 |issn=0959-6526 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2020JCPro.24719154W }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Chausson |first1=Alexandre |last2=Turner |first2=Beth |last3=Seddon |first3=Dan |last4=Chabaneix |first4=Nicole |last5=Girardin |first5=Cécile A. J. |last6=Kapos |first6=Valerie |last7=Key |first7=Isabel |last8=Roe |first8=Dilys |last9=Smith |first9=Alison |last10=Woroniecki |first10=Stephen |last11=Seddon |first11=Nathalie |date=2020-09-09 |title=Mapping the effectiveness of nature-based solutions for climate change adaptation |journal=Global Change Biology |volume=26 |issue=11 |pages=6134–6155 |bibcode=2020GCBio..26.6134C |doi=10.1111/gcb.15310 |issn=1354-1013 |pmid=32906226 |s2cid=221621517 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==</text>
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      <id>102245</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
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      <comment>Improve am</comment>
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      <text bytes="9350" sha1="p1qspo349k6a0uv9im8pofexvxxdez5" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Sustainable use of nature for tackling socio-environmental challenges}}
[[File:NRCSIA00041 - Iowa (2285)(NRCS Photo Gallery).jpg|thumb|Example for a nature-based solution insyd de area of [[Water resources|water resource]] management: dis riparian buffer protects a creek insyd lowa, United States from the impact of adjacent land uses]]
'''Nature-based solutions''' (anaa '''nature-based systems''', den abbreviated as '''NBS''' anaa '''NbS''') describe de development den use of  (biodiversity) den natural processes to address diverse soci-environmental issues.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Girardin |first1=Cécile A. J. |last2=Jenkins |first2=Stuart |last3=Seddon |first3=Nathalie |last4=Allen |first4=Myles |last5=Lewis |first5=Simon L. |last6=Wheeler |first6=Charlotte E. |last7=Griscom |first7=Bronson W. |last8=Malhi |first8=Yadvinder |title=Nature-based solutions can help cool the planet — if we act now |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |date=2021 |volume=593 |issue=7858 |pages=191–194 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-01241-2 |doi-access=free|pmid=33981055 |bibcode=2021Natur.593..191G}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Frantzeskaki |first1=Niki |last2=McPhearson |first2=Timon |last3=Collier |first3=Marcus J |last4=Kendal |first4=Dave |last5=Bulkeley |first5=Harriet |last6=Dumitru |first6=Adina |last7=Walsh |first7=Claire |last8=Noble |first8=Kate |last9=van Wyk |first9=Ernita |last10=Ordóñez |first10=Camilo |last11=Oke |first11=Cathy |last12=Pintér |first12=László |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Climate Change Adaptation: Linking Science, Policy, and Practice Communities for Evidence-Based Decision-Making |journal=[[BioScience]] |date=2019 |volume=69 |issue=6 |pages=455–466 |doi=10.1093/biosci/biz042 |doi-access=free|hdl=2183/36896 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; These issues include climate change mitigation den adaptation, human security issues such as water security den food security, den disaster risk reduction.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Debele |first1=S. E. |last2=Leo |first2=L. S. |last3=Kumar |first3=P. |last4=Sahani |first4=J. |last5=Ommer |first5=J. |last6=Bucchignani |first6=E. |last7=Vranić |first7=S. |last8=Kalas |first8=M. |last9=Amirzada |first9=Z. |last10=Pavlova |first10=I. |last11=Shah |first11=M. A. R. |last12=Gonzalez-Ollauri |first12=A. |last13=Di Sabatino |first13=S. |date=2023 |title=Nature-based solutions can help reduce the impact of natural hazards: A global analysis of NBS case studies |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969723044492 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=902 |article-number=165824 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165824|pmid=37527720 |bibcode=2023ScTEn.90265824D |hdl=11585/953217 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; De aim be dat resilient ecosystems (whether natural, managed, anaa newly created) provide solutions for de benefit of both societies den biodiversity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Nature-based Solutions: New Influence for Environmental Management and Research in Europe|last1=Eggermont|first1=Hilde|last2=Balian|first2=Estelle|date=2015|journal=Gaia - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society|language=en|doi=10.14512/gaia.24.4.9|last3=Azevedo|first3=José Manuel N.|last4=Beumer|first4=Victor|last5=Brodin|first5=Tomas|last6=Claudet|first6=Joachim|last7=Fady|first7=Bruno|last8=Grube|first8=Martin|last9=Keune|first9=Hans|volume=24|issue=4|pages=243–248|s2cid=53518417 |url=https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|access-date=24 May 2020|archive-date=7 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507073138/https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; De 2019 UN Climate Action Summit dey highlight nature-based solutions as an effective method to combat climate change.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Environment |first=U. N. |date=2019 |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Climate |url=http://www.unep.org/nature-based-solutions-climate |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=UNEP - UN Environment Programme |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; For example, nature-based systems for climate change adaptation fit include natural flood management, restoring natural coastal defences, den providing local cooling.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|310}}   

De concept of NBS be related to de concept of ecological engineering&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; den ecosystem-based adaptation.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|284}} NBS are sanso related, conceptually to de practice of ecological restoration. De sustainable management approach be a key aspect of NBS development den implementation.  

Mangrove restoration efforts along coastlines provide an example of a nature-based solution dat fit achieve multiple goals. Mangroves moderate de impact of waves den wind on coastal settlements anaa cities,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Marois|first1=Darryl E.|last2=Mitsch|first2=William J.|date=2 January 2015|title=Coastal protection from tsunamis and cyclones provided by mangrove wetlands – a review|journal=International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services &amp; Management|volume=11|issue=1|pages=71–83|doi=10.1080/21513732.2014.997292|bibcode=2015IJBSE..11...71M |s2cid=86554474|issn=2151-3732}}&lt;/ref&gt; den they sequester carbon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Inoue|first=Tomomi|title=Carbon Sequestration in Mangroves|work=Blue Carbon in Shallow Coastal Ecosystems|year=2019|pages=73–99|place=Singapore|publisher=Springer Singapore|doi=10.1007/978-981-13-1295-3_3|isbn=978-981-13-1294-6|s2cid=133839393}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem sanso provide nursery zones for marine life wich be important for sustaining fisheries. Additionally, mangrove forests fit help to control coastal erosion resulting from sea level rise. 

Green roofs, blue roofs, den green walls (as part of green infrastructure) are sanso nature-based solutions dat fit be implemented insud urban areas. Dey fit reduce de effects of urban heat islands, capture stormwater, abate pollution, den act as carbon sinks. At de same time, dey fi enhance local biodiversity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 2020 |title=Evaluating the potential of nature-based solutions to reduce ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon dioxide through a multi-type green infrastructure study in Ontario, Canada |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590252020300246 |url-status=live |access-date=3 April 2026 |website=ScienceDirect}}&lt;/ref&gt;

NBS systems den solutions are forming an increasing part of national den international policies on climate change. Dem are included insyd climate change policy, infrastructure investment, den [[climate finance]] mechanisms. De European Commission has paid increasing attention to NBS since 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Faivre|first1=Nicolas|last2=Fritz|first2=Marco|last3=Freitas|first3=Tiago|last4=de Boissezon|first4=Birgit|last5=Vandewoestijne|first5=Sofie|date=2017|title=Nature-Based Solutions in the EU: Innovating with nature to address social, economic and environmental challenges|journal=Environmental Research|volume=159|pages=509–518|doi=10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.032|pmid=28886502|bibcode=2017ER....159..509F|s2cid=42573101|issn=0013-9351}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be reflected insyd de majority of global NBS case studies reviewed by Debele et al (2023) being located insyd Europe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt; While there be much scope for scaling-up nature-based systems den solutions globally, they frequently encounter numerous challenges during planning den implementation.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Wamsler |first1=C. |last2=Wickenberg |first2=B. |last3=Hanson |first3=H. |last4=Alkan Olsson |first4=J. |last5=Stålhammar |first5=S. |last6=Björn |first6=H. |last7=Falck |first7=H. |last8=Gerell |first8=D. |last9=Oskarsson |first9=T. |last10=Simonsson |first10=E. |last11=Torffvit |first11=F. |date=2020 |title=Environmental and climate policy integration: Targeted strategies for overcoming barriers to nature-based solutions and climate change adaptation |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |volume=247 |article-number=119154 |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119154 |issn=0959-6526 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2020JCPro.24719154W }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Chausson |first1=Alexandre |last2=Turner |first2=Beth |last3=Seddon |first3=Dan |last4=Chabaneix |first4=Nicole |last5=Girardin |first5=Cécile A. J. |last6=Kapos |first6=Valerie |last7=Key |first7=Isabel |last8=Roe |first8=Dilys |last9=Smith |first9=Alison |last10=Woroniecki |first10=Stephen |last11=Seddon |first11=Nathalie |date=2020-09-09 |title=Mapping the effectiveness of nature-based solutions for climate change adaptation |journal=Global Change Biology |volume=26 |issue=11 |pages=6134–6155 |bibcode=2020GCBio..26.6134C |doi=10.1111/gcb.15310 |issn=1354-1013 |pmid=32906226 |s2cid=221621517 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De IPCC dey point out dat de term be &quot;de subject of ongoing debate, plus concerns dat e may lead to de misunderstanding dat NbS on its own fi provide a global solution to climate change&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;{{rp|24}} To clarify dis point further, de IPCC sanso stated dat &quot;nature-based systems cannot be regarded as an alternative to, anaa a reason to delay, deep cuts insyd GHG emissions&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|203}} 
{{TOC limit|3}}
== References ==</text>
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      <text bytes="9367" sha1="pg4fttljbialgyp5ujsnw18cxqf0cd5" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Sustainable use of nature for tackling socio-environmental challenges}}
[[File:NRCSIA00041 - Iowa (2285)(NRCS Photo Gallery).jpg|thumb|Example for a nature-based solution insyd de area of [[Water resources|water resource]] management: dis riparian buffer protects a creek insyd lowa, United States from the impact of adjacent land uses]]
'''Nature-based solutions''' (anaa '''nature-based systems''', den abbreviated as '''NBS''' anaa '''NbS''') describe de development den use of  (biodiversity) den natural processes to address diverse soci-environmental issues.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Girardin |first1=Cécile A. J. |last2=Jenkins |first2=Stuart |last3=Seddon |first3=Nathalie |last4=Allen |first4=Myles |last5=Lewis |first5=Simon L. |last6=Wheeler |first6=Charlotte E. |last7=Griscom |first7=Bronson W. |last8=Malhi |first8=Yadvinder |title=Nature-based solutions can help cool the planet — if we act now |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |date=2021 |volume=593 |issue=7858 |pages=191–194 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-01241-2 |doi-access=free|pmid=33981055 |bibcode=2021Natur.593..191G}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Frantzeskaki |first1=Niki |last2=McPhearson |first2=Timon |last3=Collier |first3=Marcus J |last4=Kendal |first4=Dave |last5=Bulkeley |first5=Harriet |last6=Dumitru |first6=Adina |last7=Walsh |first7=Claire |last8=Noble |first8=Kate |last9=van Wyk |first9=Ernita |last10=Ordóñez |first10=Camilo |last11=Oke |first11=Cathy |last12=Pintér |first12=László |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Climate Change Adaptation: Linking Science, Policy, and Practice Communities for Evidence-Based Decision-Making |journal=[[BioScience]] |date=2019 |volume=69 |issue=6 |pages=455–466 |doi=10.1093/biosci/biz042 |doi-access=free|hdl=2183/36896 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; These issues include climate change mitigation den adaptation, human security issues such as water security den food security, den disaster risk reduction.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Debele |first1=S. E. |last2=Leo |first2=L. S. |last3=Kumar |first3=P. |last4=Sahani |first4=J. |last5=Ommer |first5=J. |last6=Bucchignani |first6=E. |last7=Vranić |first7=S. |last8=Kalas |first8=M. |last9=Amirzada |first9=Z. |last10=Pavlova |first10=I. |last11=Shah |first11=M. A. R. |last12=Gonzalez-Ollauri |first12=A. |last13=Di Sabatino |first13=S. |date=2023 |title=Nature-based solutions can help reduce the impact of natural hazards: A global analysis of NBS case studies |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969723044492 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=902 |article-number=165824 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165824|pmid=37527720 |bibcode=2023ScTEn.90265824D |hdl=11585/953217 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; De aim be dat resilient ecosystems (whether natural, managed, anaa newly created) provide solutions for de benefit of both societies den biodiversity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Nature-based Solutions: New Influence for Environmental Management and Research in Europe|last1=Eggermont|first1=Hilde|last2=Balian|first2=Estelle|date=2015|journal=Gaia - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society|language=en|doi=10.14512/gaia.24.4.9|last3=Azevedo|first3=José Manuel N.|last4=Beumer|first4=Victor|last5=Brodin|first5=Tomas|last6=Claudet|first6=Joachim|last7=Fady|first7=Bruno|last8=Grube|first8=Martin|last9=Keune|first9=Hans|volume=24|issue=4|pages=243–248|s2cid=53518417 |url=https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|access-date=24 May 2020|archive-date=7 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507073138/https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; De 2019 UN Climate Action Summit dey highlight nature-based solutions as an effective method to combat climate change.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Environment |first=U. N. |date=2019 |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Climate |url=http://www.unep.org/nature-based-solutions-climate |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=UNEP - UN Environment Programme |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; For example, nature-based systems for climate change adaptation fit include natural flood management, restoring natural coastal defences, den providing local cooling.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|310}}   

De concept of NBS be related to de concept of ecological engineering&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; den ecosystem-based adaptation.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|284}} NBS are sanso related, conceptually to de practice of ecological restoration. De sustainable management approach be a key aspect of NBS development den implementation.  

Mangrove restoration efforts along coastlines provide an example of a nature-based solution dat fit achieve multiple goals. Mangroves moderate de impact of waves den wind on coastal settlements anaa cities,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Marois|first1=Darryl E.|last2=Mitsch|first2=William J.|date=2 January 2015|title=Coastal protection from tsunamis and cyclones provided by mangrove wetlands – a review|journal=International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services &amp; Management|volume=11|issue=1|pages=71–83|doi=10.1080/21513732.2014.997292|bibcode=2015IJBSE..11...71M |s2cid=86554474|issn=2151-3732}}&lt;/ref&gt; den they sequester carbon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Inoue|first=Tomomi|title=Carbon Sequestration in Mangroves|work=Blue Carbon in Shallow Coastal Ecosystems|year=2019|pages=73–99|place=Singapore|publisher=Springer Singapore|doi=10.1007/978-981-13-1295-3_3|isbn=978-981-13-1294-6|s2cid=133839393}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem sanso provide nursery zones for marine life wich be important for sustaining fisheries. Additionally, mangrove forests fit help to control coastal erosion resulting from sea level rise. 

Green roofs, blue roofs, den green walls (as part of green infrastructure) are sanso nature-based solutions dat fit be implemented insud urban areas. Dey fit reduce de effects of urban heat islands, capture stormwater, abate pollution, den act as carbon sinks. At de same time, dey fi enhance local biodiversity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 2020 |title=Evaluating the potential of nature-based solutions to reduce ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon dioxide through a multi-type green infrastructure study in Ontario, Canada |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590252020300246 |url-status=live |access-date=3 April 2026 |website=ScienceDirect}}&lt;/ref&gt;

NBS systems den solutions are forming an increasing part of national den international policies on climate change. Dem are included insyd climate change policy, infrastructure investment, den [[climate finance]] mechanisms. De European Commission has paid increasing attention to NBS since 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Faivre|first1=Nicolas|last2=Fritz|first2=Marco|last3=Freitas|first3=Tiago|last4=de Boissezon|first4=Birgit|last5=Vandewoestijne|first5=Sofie|date=2017|title=Nature-Based Solutions in the EU: Innovating with nature to address social, economic and environmental challenges|journal=Environmental Research|volume=159|pages=509–518|doi=10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.032|pmid=28886502|bibcode=2017ER....159..509F|s2cid=42573101|issn=0013-9351}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be reflected insyd de majority of global NBS case studies reviewed by Debele et al (2023) being located insyd Europe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt; While there be much scope for scaling-up nature-based systems den solutions globally, they frequently encounter numerous challenges during planning den implementation.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Wamsler |first1=C. |last2=Wickenberg |first2=B. |last3=Hanson |first3=H. |last4=Alkan Olsson |first4=J. |last5=Stålhammar |first5=S. |last6=Björn |first6=H. |last7=Falck |first7=H. |last8=Gerell |first8=D. |last9=Oskarsson |first9=T. |last10=Simonsson |first10=E. |last11=Torffvit |first11=F. |date=2020 |title=Environmental and climate policy integration: Targeted strategies for overcoming barriers to nature-based solutions and climate change adaptation |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |volume=247 |article-number=119154 |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119154 |issn=0959-6526 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2020JCPro.24719154W }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Chausson |first1=Alexandre |last2=Turner |first2=Beth |last3=Seddon |first3=Dan |last4=Chabaneix |first4=Nicole |last5=Girardin |first5=Cécile A. J. |last6=Kapos |first6=Valerie |last7=Key |first7=Isabel |last8=Roe |first8=Dilys |last9=Smith |first9=Alison |last10=Woroniecki |first10=Stephen |last11=Seddon |first11=Nathalie |date=2020-09-09 |title=Mapping the effectiveness of nature-based solutions for climate change adaptation |journal=Global Change Biology |volume=26 |issue=11 |pages=6134–6155 |bibcode=2020GCBio..26.6134C |doi=10.1111/gcb.15310 |issn=1354-1013 |pmid=32906226 |s2cid=221621517 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De IPCC dey point out dat de term be &quot;de subject of ongoing debate, plus concerns dat e may lead to de misunderstanding dat NbS on its own fi provide a global solution to climate change&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;{{rp|24}} To clarify dis point further, de IPCC sanso stated dat &quot;nature-based systems cannot be regarded as an alternative to, anaa a reason to delay, deep cuts insyd GHG emissions&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|203}} 
{{TOC limit|3}}
== Definition ==
== References ==</text>
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[[File:NRCSIA00041 - Iowa (2285)(NRCS Photo Gallery).jpg|thumb|Example for a nature-based solution insyd de area of [[Water resources|water resource]] management: dis riparian buffer protects a creek insyd lowa, United States from the impact of adjacent land uses]]
'''Nature-based solutions''' (anaa '''nature-based systems''', den abbreviated as '''NBS''' anaa '''NbS''') describe de development den use of  (biodiversity) den natural processes to address diverse soci-environmental issues.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Girardin |first1=Cécile A. J. |last2=Jenkins |first2=Stuart |last3=Seddon |first3=Nathalie |last4=Allen |first4=Myles |last5=Lewis |first5=Simon L. |last6=Wheeler |first6=Charlotte E. |last7=Griscom |first7=Bronson W. |last8=Malhi |first8=Yadvinder |title=Nature-based solutions can help cool the planet — if we act now |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |date=2021 |volume=593 |issue=7858 |pages=191–194 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-01241-2 |doi-access=free|pmid=33981055 |bibcode=2021Natur.593..191G}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Frantzeskaki |first1=Niki |last2=McPhearson |first2=Timon |last3=Collier |first3=Marcus J |last4=Kendal |first4=Dave |last5=Bulkeley |first5=Harriet |last6=Dumitru |first6=Adina |last7=Walsh |first7=Claire |last8=Noble |first8=Kate |last9=van Wyk |first9=Ernita |last10=Ordóñez |first10=Camilo |last11=Oke |first11=Cathy |last12=Pintér |first12=László |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Climate Change Adaptation: Linking Science, Policy, and Practice Communities for Evidence-Based Decision-Making |journal=[[BioScience]] |date=2019 |volume=69 |issue=6 |pages=455–466 |doi=10.1093/biosci/biz042 |doi-access=free|hdl=2183/36896 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; These issues include climate change mitigation den adaptation, human security issues such as water security den food security, den disaster risk reduction.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Debele |first1=S. E. |last2=Leo |first2=L. S. |last3=Kumar |first3=P. |last4=Sahani |first4=J. |last5=Ommer |first5=J. |last6=Bucchignani |first6=E. |last7=Vranić |first7=S. |last8=Kalas |first8=M. |last9=Amirzada |first9=Z. |last10=Pavlova |first10=I. |last11=Shah |first11=M. A. R. |last12=Gonzalez-Ollauri |first12=A. |last13=Di Sabatino |first13=S. |date=2023 |title=Nature-based solutions can help reduce the impact of natural hazards: A global analysis of NBS case studies |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969723044492 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=902 |article-number=165824 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165824|pmid=37527720 |bibcode=2023ScTEn.90265824D |hdl=11585/953217 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; De aim be dat resilient ecosystems (whether natural, managed, anaa newly created) provide solutions for de benefit of both societies den biodiversity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Nature-based Solutions: New Influence for Environmental Management and Research in Europe|last1=Eggermont|first1=Hilde|last2=Balian|first2=Estelle|date=2015|journal=Gaia - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society|language=en|doi=10.14512/gaia.24.4.9|last3=Azevedo|first3=José Manuel N.|last4=Beumer|first4=Victor|last5=Brodin|first5=Tomas|last6=Claudet|first6=Joachim|last7=Fady|first7=Bruno|last8=Grube|first8=Martin|last9=Keune|first9=Hans|volume=24|issue=4|pages=243–248|s2cid=53518417 |url=https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|access-date=24 May 2020|archive-date=7 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507073138/https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; De 2019 UN Climate Action Summit dey highlight nature-based solutions as an effective method to combat climate change.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Environment |first=U. N. |date=2019 |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Climate |url=http://www.unep.org/nature-based-solutions-climate |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=UNEP - UN Environment Programme |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; For example, nature-based systems for climate change adaptation fit include natural flood management, restoring natural coastal defences, den providing local cooling.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|310}}   

De concept of NBS be related to de concept of ecological engineering&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; den ecosystem-based adaptation.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|284}} NBS are sanso related, conceptually to de practice of ecological restoration. De sustainable management approach be a key aspect of NBS development den implementation.  

Mangrove restoration efforts along coastlines provide an example of a nature-based solution dat fit achieve multiple goals. Mangroves moderate de impact of waves den wind on coastal settlements anaa cities,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Marois|first1=Darryl E.|last2=Mitsch|first2=William J.|date=2 January 2015|title=Coastal protection from tsunamis and cyclones provided by mangrove wetlands – a review|journal=International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services &amp; Management|volume=11|issue=1|pages=71–83|doi=10.1080/21513732.2014.997292|bibcode=2015IJBSE..11...71M |s2cid=86554474|issn=2151-3732}}&lt;/ref&gt; den they sequester carbon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Inoue|first=Tomomi|title=Carbon Sequestration in Mangroves|work=Blue Carbon in Shallow Coastal Ecosystems|year=2019|pages=73–99|place=Singapore|publisher=Springer Singapore|doi=10.1007/978-981-13-1295-3_3|isbn=978-981-13-1294-6|s2cid=133839393}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem sanso provide nursery zones for marine life wich be important for sustaining fisheries. Additionally, mangrove forests fit help to control coastal erosion resulting from sea level rise. 

Green roofs, blue roofs, den green walls (as part of green infrastructure) are sanso nature-based solutions dat fit be implemented insud urban areas. Dey fit reduce de effects of urban heat islands, capture stormwater, abate pollution, den act as carbon sinks. At de same time, dey fi enhance local biodiversity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 2020 |title=Evaluating the potential of nature-based solutions to reduce ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon dioxide through a multi-type green infrastructure study in Ontario, Canada |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590252020300246 |url-status=live |access-date=3 April 2026 |website=ScienceDirect}}&lt;/ref&gt;

NBS systems den solutions are forming an increasing part of national den international policies on climate change. Dem are included insyd climate change policy, infrastructure investment, den [[climate finance]] mechanisms. De European Commission has paid increasing attention to NBS since 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Faivre|first1=Nicolas|last2=Fritz|first2=Marco|last3=Freitas|first3=Tiago|last4=de Boissezon|first4=Birgit|last5=Vandewoestijne|first5=Sofie|date=2017|title=Nature-Based Solutions in the EU: Innovating with nature to address social, economic and environmental challenges|journal=Environmental Research|volume=159|pages=509–518|doi=10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.032|pmid=28886502|bibcode=2017ER....159..509F|s2cid=42573101|issn=0013-9351}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be reflected insyd de majority of global NBS case studies reviewed by Debele et al (2023) being located insyd Europe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt; While there be much scope for scaling-up nature-based systems den solutions globally, they frequently encounter numerous challenges during planning den implementation.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Wamsler |first1=C. |last2=Wickenberg |first2=B. |last3=Hanson |first3=H. |last4=Alkan Olsson |first4=J. |last5=Stålhammar |first5=S. |last6=Björn |first6=H. |last7=Falck |first7=H. |last8=Gerell |first8=D. |last9=Oskarsson |first9=T. |last10=Simonsson |first10=E. |last11=Torffvit |first11=F. |date=2020 |title=Environmental and climate policy integration: Targeted strategies for overcoming barriers to nature-based solutions and climate change adaptation |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |volume=247 |article-number=119154 |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119154 |issn=0959-6526 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2020JCPro.24719154W }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Chausson |first1=Alexandre |last2=Turner |first2=Beth |last3=Seddon |first3=Dan |last4=Chabaneix |first4=Nicole |last5=Girardin |first5=Cécile A. J. |last6=Kapos |first6=Valerie |last7=Key |first7=Isabel |last8=Roe |first8=Dilys |last9=Smith |first9=Alison |last10=Woroniecki |first10=Stephen |last11=Seddon |first11=Nathalie |date=2020-09-09 |title=Mapping the effectiveness of nature-based solutions for climate change adaptation |journal=Global Change Biology |volume=26 |issue=11 |pages=6134–6155 |bibcode=2020GCBio..26.6134C |doi=10.1111/gcb.15310 |issn=1354-1013 |pmid=32906226 |s2cid=221621517 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De IPCC dey point out dat de term be &quot;de subject of ongoing debate, plus concerns dat e may lead to de misunderstanding dat NbS on its own fi provide a global solution to climate change&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;{{rp|24}} To clarify dis point further, de IPCC sanso stated dat &quot;nature-based systems cannot be regarded as an alternative to, anaa a reason to delay, deep cuts insyd GHG emissions&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|203}} 
{{TOC limit|3}}
== Definition ==
[[File:ISS047-E-84351 Cape Coral, Florida (annotated).jpg|thumb|Mangroves protect coastlines against erosion ([[Cape Coral, Florida|Cape Coral]], Florida, United States)]]
De International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) defines NBS as &quot;actions to protect, sustainably manage, den restore natural anaa modified ecosystems, dat address societal challenges effectively den adaptively, simultaneously providing human well-being den biodiversity benefits&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cohen-Shacham10&quot;&gt;Cohen-Shacham, E., G. Walters, C. Janzen, S. Maginnis (eds). 2016. Nature-based solutions to address global societal challenges. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. Xiii + 97 pp. Downloadable from https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46191 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401093813/https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46191|date=1 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Societal challenges'' of relevance here include [[climate change]], food security, disaster risk reduction, water security.

== References ==</text>
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    <title>Category:Crocodilians of Africa</title>
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    <title>Category:Sacred waters</title>
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    <title>Category:IUCN Category IV</title>
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    <title>Category:Coast Province</title>
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    <title>Category:Sobat River</title>
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    <title>Bafing River</title>
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      <text bytes="811" sha1="ncfkgvngithgk5ngyll7rjbm80v5qey" xml:space="preserve">[[File:10.34748W_13.10430N.png|thumb|[[Lake Manantali]] with de [[Manantali Dam]] den de Bafing River]]
[[File:PARK(1800)_p317_Die_hängende_Brücke_über_den_Bafing.jpg|thumb|A hanging bridge over de Bafing (published 1800)]]
De '''Bafing River''' ([[Manding languages|Manding]] for &quot;black river&quot;, [[French language|French]]: ''Rivière Bafing'')&lt;ref name=&quot;CamaraO'Toole2013&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Mohamed Saliou Camara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TfcKAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA38 |title=Historical Dictionary of Guinea |author2=Thomas O'Toole |author3=Janice E. Baker |date=7 November 2013 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-7969-0 |page=38}}&lt;/ref&gt; ebe de upper course den largest [[tributary]] of de [[Senegal River]] way runs dey pass [[Guinea]] den [[Mali]] den ebe about {{convert|350|miles}} long.</text>
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    <title>Category:Religious places</title>
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    <title>Category:Water den religion</title>
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    <title>Category:Cocody</title>
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    <title>Category:Water insyd Ivory Coast</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27505</id>
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    <title>Category:Canals</title>
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    <title>Betsiboka River</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;&quot; |'''Betsiboka River'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; |[[File:Betsiboka.jpg|frameless]]&lt;div class=&quot;infobox-caption&quot;&gt;Rapids in the Betsiboka River&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; |[[File:Madagascar_rivers.svg|289x289px]]&lt;div class=&quot;infobox-caption&quot;&gt;Map of Malagasy rivers (Betsiboka flows from the center to the northwestern coast).&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;&quot; |Location
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Country
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Madagascar]]
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Region
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Boeny]]
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |City
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Mahajanga]], [[Ambato-Boeny]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;&quot; |Physical&amp;nbsp;characteristics
|- class=&quot;infobox-hiddenrow&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Source
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; | 
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;location&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Confluence of Jabo and Amparihibe
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;coordinates&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-inline&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Betsiboka_River&amp;params=18_21_33_S_47_29_12_E_ &lt;span class=&quot;geo-default&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dms&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;latitude&quot;&gt;18°21′33″S&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;longitude&quot;&gt;47°29′12″E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-multi-punct&quot;&gt;&amp;#xFEFF; / &amp;#xFEFF;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-nondefault&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dec&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;18.35917°S 47.48667°E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;&amp;#xFEFF; / &lt;span class=&quot;geo&quot;&gt;-18.35917; 47.48667&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;elevation&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |939&amp;nbsp;m (3,081&amp;nbsp;ft)
|- style=&quot;display:none&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Mouth
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; | 
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;location&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Bombetoka Bay, Mozambique Channel
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;coordinates&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-inline&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Betsiboka_River&amp;params=15_48_55_S_46_16_13_E_type:river &lt;span class=&quot;geo-default&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dms&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;latitude&quot;&gt;15°48′55″S&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;longitude&quot;&gt;46°16′13″E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-multi-punct&quot;&gt;&amp;#xFEFF; / &amp;#xFEFF;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-nondefault&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dec&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;15.81528°S 46.27028°E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;&amp;#xFEFF; / &lt;span class=&quot;geo&quot;&gt;-15.81528; 46.27028&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;indicator name=&quot;coordinates&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;coordinates&quot;&gt;[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Betsiboka_River&amp;params=15_48_55_S_46_16_13_E_type:river &lt;span class=&quot;geo-default&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dms&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;latitude&quot;&gt;15°48′55″S&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;longitude&quot;&gt;46°16′13″E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-multi-punct&quot;&gt;&amp;#xfeff; / &amp;#xfeff;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-nondefault&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dec&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;15.81528°S 46.27028°E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;&amp;#xfeff; / &lt;span class=&quot;geo&quot;&gt;-15.81528; 46.27028&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/indicator&gt;
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;elevation&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |0&amp;nbsp;m (0&amp;nbsp;ft)
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Length
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |525&amp;nbsp;km (326&amp;nbsp;mi) to 605&amp;nbsp;km (376&amp;nbsp;mi)
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; &quot;&gt;Basin size&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |49,000&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (19,000&amp;nbsp;sq&amp;nbsp;mi)
|- class=&quot;infobox-hiddenrow&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Discharge
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; | 
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;location&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Betsiboka Delta
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;average&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |(Period: 1971–2000)1,407.1&amp;nbsp;m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (49,690&amp;nbsp;cu&amp;nbsp;ft/s)
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;minimum&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |400&amp;nbsp;m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (14,000&amp;nbsp;cu&amp;nbsp;ft/s)
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;maximum&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |4,500&amp;nbsp;m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (160,000&amp;nbsp;cu&amp;nbsp;ft/s)
|- style=&quot;display:none&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;&quot; |Basin&amp;nbsp;features
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;River system&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Betsiboka River
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Tributaries
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; | 
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;left&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Jano, Ikopa, Iabohazo
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;right&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Amparihibe, Saharanotra, Mananara, Mananta, Isinko, Kamoro
|}
[[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]]
[[Category:Articles with short description]]</text>
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      <id>102237</id>
      <parentid>102230</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T23:36:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibnali1</username>
        <id>62</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1271889980|Betsiboka River]]&quot;</comment>
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! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;&quot; |'''Betsiboka River'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; |[[File:Betsiboka.jpg|frameless]]&lt;div class=&quot;infobox-caption&quot;&gt;Rapids in the Betsiboka River&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; |[[File:Madagascar_rivers.svg|289x289px]]&lt;div class=&quot;infobox-caption&quot;&gt;Map of Malagasy rivers (Betsiboka flows from the center to the northwestern coast).&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;&quot; |Location
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Country
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Madagascar]]
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Region
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Boeny]]
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |City
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Mahajanga]], [[Ambato-Boeny]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;&quot; |Physical&amp;nbsp;characteristics
|- class=&quot;infobox-hiddenrow&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Source
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; | 
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;location&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Confluence of Jabo and Amparihibe
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;coordinates&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-inline&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Betsiboka_River&amp;params=18_21_33_S_47_29_12_E_ &lt;span class=&quot;geo-default&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dms&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;latitude&quot;&gt;18°21′33″S&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;longitude&quot;&gt;47°29′12″E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-multi-punct&quot;&gt;&amp;#xFEFF; / &amp;#xFEFF;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-nondefault&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dec&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;18.35917°S 47.48667°E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;&amp;#xFEFF; / &lt;span class=&quot;geo&quot;&gt;-18.35917; 47.48667&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;elevation&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |939&amp;nbsp;m (3,081&amp;nbsp;ft)
|- style=&quot;display:none&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Mouth
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; | 
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;location&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Bombetoka Bay, Mozambique Channel
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;coordinates&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-inline&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Betsiboka_River&amp;params=15_48_55_S_46_16_13_E_type:river &lt;span class=&quot;geo-default&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dms&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;latitude&quot;&gt;15°48′55″S&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;longitude&quot;&gt;46°16′13″E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-multi-punct&quot;&gt;&amp;#xFEFF; / &amp;#xFEFF;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-nondefault&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dec&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;15.81528°S 46.27028°E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;&amp;#xFEFF; / &lt;span class=&quot;geo&quot;&gt;-15.81528; 46.27028&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;indicator name=&quot;coordinates&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;coordinates&quot;&gt;[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Betsiboka_River&amp;params=15_48_55_S_46_16_13_E_type:river &lt;span class=&quot;geo-default&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dms&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;latitude&quot;&gt;15°48′55″S&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;longitude&quot;&gt;46°16′13″E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-multi-punct&quot;&gt;&amp;#xfeff; / &amp;#xfeff;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-nondefault&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dec&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;15.81528°S 46.27028°E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;&amp;#xfeff; / &lt;span class=&quot;geo&quot;&gt;-15.81528; 46.27028&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/indicator&gt;
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;elevation&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |0&amp;nbsp;m (0&amp;nbsp;ft)
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Length
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |525&amp;nbsp;km (326&amp;nbsp;mi) to 605&amp;nbsp;km (376&amp;nbsp;mi)
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; &quot;&gt;Basin size&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |49,000&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (19,000&amp;nbsp;sq&amp;nbsp;mi)
|- class=&quot;infobox-hiddenrow&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Discharge
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; | 
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;location&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Betsiboka Delta
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;average&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |(Period: 1971–2000)1,407.1&amp;nbsp;m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (49,690&amp;nbsp;cu&amp;nbsp;ft/s)
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;minimum&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |400&amp;nbsp;m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (14,000&amp;nbsp;cu&amp;nbsp;ft/s)
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;maximum&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |4,500&amp;nbsp;m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (160,000&amp;nbsp;cu&amp;nbsp;ft/s)
|- style=&quot;display:none&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;&quot; |Basin&amp;nbsp;features
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;River system&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Betsiboka River
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Tributaries
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; | 
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;left&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Jano, Ikopa, Iabohazo
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;right&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Amparihibe, Saharanotra, Mananara, Mananta, Isinko, Kamoro
|}
'''Betsiboka River''' be a 525-kilometre (326 mi) long river insyd central-north [[Madagascar]]. E dey flow northwestward den dey empty to Bombetoka Bay, wey dey form a large delta. E dey originate to de east of Antananarivo. De river be surrounded insyd mangroves.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bradt2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bradt |first=Hilary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uTRPnMlOcwgC&amp;pg=PA82 |title=Madagascar: The Bradt Travel Guide |date=17 May 2011 |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |isbn=978-1-84162-341-2 |page=82 |access-date=8 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; De river be distinctive for ein red-coloured water, wich be caused by river sediments. De river dey carry an enormous amount of reddish-orange silt to de sea. Much of dis silt be deposited at de mouth of de river anaa insyd de bay.

De Betsiboka ein largest tributary, de Ikopa River, dey drain de capital city of Antananarivo.
[[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]]
[[Category:Articles with short description]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>102247</id>
      <parentid>102237</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T23:40:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibnali1</username>
        <id>62</id>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1271889980|Betsiboka River]]&quot;</comment>
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! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;&quot; |'''Betsiboka River'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; |[[File:Betsiboka.jpg|frameless]]&lt;div class=&quot;infobox-caption&quot;&gt;Rapids in the Betsiboka River&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; |[[File:Madagascar_rivers.svg|289x289px]]&lt;div class=&quot;infobox-caption&quot;&gt;Map of Malagasy rivers (Betsiboka flows from the center to the northwestern coast).&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;&quot; |Location
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Country
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Madagascar]]
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Region
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Boeny]]
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |City
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Mahajanga]], [[Ambato-Boeny]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;&quot; |Physical&amp;nbsp;characteristics
|- class=&quot;infobox-hiddenrow&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Source
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; | 
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;location&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Confluence of Jabo and Amparihibe
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;coordinates&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-inline&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Betsiboka_River&amp;params=18_21_33_S_47_29_12_E_ &lt;span class=&quot;geo-default&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dms&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;latitude&quot;&gt;18°21′33″S&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;longitude&quot;&gt;47°29′12″E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-multi-punct&quot;&gt;&amp;#xFEFF; / &amp;#xFEFF;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-nondefault&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dec&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;18.35917°S 47.48667°E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;&amp;#xFEFF; / &lt;span class=&quot;geo&quot;&gt;-18.35917; 47.48667&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;elevation&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |939&amp;nbsp;m (3,081&amp;nbsp;ft)
|- style=&quot;display:none&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Mouth
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; | 
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;location&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Bombetoka Bay, Mozambique Channel
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;coordinates&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-inline&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Betsiboka_River&amp;params=15_48_55_S_46_16_13_E_type:river &lt;span class=&quot;geo-default&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dms&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;latitude&quot;&gt;15°48′55″S&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;longitude&quot;&gt;46°16′13″E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-multi-punct&quot;&gt;&amp;#xFEFF; / &amp;#xFEFF;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-nondefault&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dec&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;15.81528°S 46.27028°E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;&amp;#xFEFF; / &lt;span class=&quot;geo&quot;&gt;-15.81528; 46.27028&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;indicator name=&quot;coordinates&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;coordinates&quot;&gt;[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Betsiboka_River&amp;params=15_48_55_S_46_16_13_E_type:river &lt;span class=&quot;geo-default&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dms&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;latitude&quot;&gt;15°48′55″S&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;longitude&quot;&gt;46°16′13″E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-multi-punct&quot;&gt;&amp;#xfeff; / &amp;#xfeff;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-nondefault&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dec&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;15.81528°S 46.27028°E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;&amp;#xfeff; / &lt;span class=&quot;geo&quot;&gt;-15.81528; 46.27028&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/indicator&gt;
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;elevation&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |0&amp;nbsp;m (0&amp;nbsp;ft)
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Length
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |525&amp;nbsp;km (326&amp;nbsp;mi) to 605&amp;nbsp;km (376&amp;nbsp;mi)
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; &quot;&gt;Basin size&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |49,000&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (19,000&amp;nbsp;sq&amp;nbsp;mi)
|- class=&quot;infobox-hiddenrow&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Discharge
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; | 
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;location&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Betsiboka Delta
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;average&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |(Period: 1971–2000)1,407.1&amp;nbsp;m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (49,690&amp;nbsp;cu&amp;nbsp;ft/s)
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;minimum&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |400&amp;nbsp;m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (14,000&amp;nbsp;cu&amp;nbsp;ft/s)
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;maximum&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |4,500&amp;nbsp;m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (160,000&amp;nbsp;cu&amp;nbsp;ft/s)
|- style=&quot;display:none&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;&quot; |Basin&amp;nbsp;features
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;River system&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Betsiboka River
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Tributaries
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; | 
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;left&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Jano, Ikopa, Iabohazo
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;right&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Amparihibe, Saharanotra, Mananara, Mananta, Isinko, Kamoro
|}
'''Betsiboka River''' be a 525-kilometre (326 mi) long river insyd central-north [[Madagascar]]. E dey flow northwestward den dey empty to Bombetoka Bay, wey dey form a large delta. E dey originate to de east of Antananarivo. De river be surrounded insyd mangroves.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bradt2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bradt |first=Hilary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uTRPnMlOcwgC&amp;pg=PA82 |title=Madagascar: The Bradt Travel Guide |date=17 May 2011 |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |isbn=978-1-84162-341-2 |page=82 |access-date=8 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; De river be distinctive for ein red-coloured water, wich be caused by river sediments. De river dey carry an enormous amount of reddish-orange silt to de sea. Much of dis silt be deposited at de mouth of de river anaa insyd de bay.

E be dramatic evidence of de catastrophic erosion of northwestern Madagascar. Removal of de native forest for cultivation den pastureland during de past 50 years lead to massive annual soil losses wey dey approach 250 metric tonnes per hectare (112 tons per acre) insyd sam regions of de island, de largest amount dem record anywer insyd de world. Several fish species be endemic to de river basin, wey dey include de three cichlids ''Paretroplus petiti'', ''P. tsimoly'' den ''P. maculatus''.

De Betsiboka ein largest tributary, de Ikopa River, dey drain de capital city of Antananarivo.&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Betsiboka_estuary.jpg|Betsiboka River estuary dem see from space
File:Betsiboka_River_September_22,_2003.jpg|De Betsiboka River insyd normal conditions
File:Betsiboka_River_January_30,_2009.jpg|De Betsiboka River wen e flood
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== References ==

== External links ==

* [https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/shownh.php3?img_id=14135 Floods in Madagascar]  at NASA Earth Observatory
* [http://www.lpi.usra.edu/publications/slidesets/geology/sgeo/slide_23.html Sediment Laden Drainages] at Lunar and Planetary Institute, USRA
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061010195238/http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/sseop/EFS/photoinfo.pl?PHOTO=STS007-3-58 NASA: Earth from Space]</text>
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    <title>Category:Important Bird Areas of de Republic of the Congo</title>
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    <id>27508</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-13T00:00:05Z</timestamp>
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        <username>DaSupremo</username>
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      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
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    <title>Olifants River (Southern Cape)</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-13T06:43:02Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Yaw tuba</username>
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      <comment>created new article #AWC2026</comment>
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{{Short description|River insyd de Western Cape, South Africa}}{{About|the river in the southern Western Cape Province|other rivers|Olifants River (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}} 

Dee '''Olifants River''' (Afrikaans: ''Olifantsrivier'') be river insy de [[Klein Karoo]] area of de [[Western Cape]], [[South Africa]].

== Ein Course ==
E get ein origins insyd de Traka den Kalkwal Rivers north of de [[Swartberg]], den eturn de Olifants River after e flow through de Toorwaterpoort, wey e dey flow go west through [[Oudtshoorn]] den join de [[Gamka River]] make dem form de [[Gourits River]], den after dat e head go south to ein mouth for [[Gouritsmond]] insyd de southern coast of de Western Cape.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA16Gouritz.jpg Gouritz WMA 16]&lt;/ref&gt;

De northern tributaries of de Olifants River rise insyd de [[Great Karoo]] to de north of de Swartberg Mountains, while de Olifants River itself rise for de east den dey flow go west between de Swartberg den [[Kammanassie]] mountains to ein confluence plus de Gamka River. De southern slopes of de Swartberg Mountains dey drained by de perennial [[Groot River (Western Cape)|Groot River]], [[Kango River]], [[Grobbelaars River]], [[Wynands River]], [[Kansa River]] and [[Vlei River]] tributaries, wey dem dey flow enter de Olifants River. De [[Kammanassie River]] dey rise insyd de Outeniqua den [[Kammanassie Mountains|Kammanassie]] mountains near [[Uniondale, Western Cape|Uniondale]] den join de Olifants River upstream of [[Oudtshoorn]].

== Dams wey dey insyd de Olifants River ==

* [[Stompdrift Dam]] (capacity {{convert|55300000|m3}}),
* [[Kammanassie Dam]] (capacity {{convert|35800000|m3}}),
* [[Koos Raubenheimer]] (capacity {{convert|9200000|m3}}),
* [[Melville Dam]] (capacity {{convert|400000|m3}}).

== Sana spy ==

* [[:en:List_of_rivers_of_South_Africa|List of rivers of South Africa]]

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rivers of de Western Cape]]</text>
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