Wikipedia gpewiki https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.6 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 27033 102732 99167 2026-06-13T22:29:41Z Mr. Drill 123 6413 /* Course den basin */ 102732 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Densu River''' be 116 km long river for [[Ghana]] insyd. It dey flow for de Atewa Range insyd. Edey flow thru agricultural region wey get economic value, wey esana edey supply half of de drinking water give Ghana ein capital city [[Accra]]. De river dey end for wetland delta where iget ecological value<ref>{{Cite web |title=Freshwater Conservation & Sustainability |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/our-work/freshwater/ |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=World Wildlife Fund |language=en-us}}</ref> for de Atlantic Ocean ein coast.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana - Rivers and Lakes |url=https://www.countrystudies.us/ghana/30.htm |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=www.countrystudies.us}}</ref> De Densuano<ref>{{Cite web |title=Densuano Street in Koforidua - Eastern Region - AfricaLocal.net |url=https://www.africalocal.net/GH/Eastern-Region/Cities/Koforidua/Streets/Densuano-Street/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250222090732/https://www.africalocal.net/GH/Eastern-Region/Cities/Koforidua/Streets/Densuano-Street/ |archive-date=2025-02-22 |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=www.africalocal.net |language=en}}</ref> Dam den [[Weija Dam]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Residents stranded as Weija Dam spillage floods homes {{!}} Starr Fm |url=https://starrfm.com.gh/2018/10/residents-stranded-as-weija-dam-spillage-floods-homes/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518153912/https://starrfm.com.gh/2018/10/residents-stranded-as-weija-dam-spillage-floods-homes/ |archive-date=2019-05-18 |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=starrfm.com.gh |language=en-US}}</ref> dey job for de Densu River top. == Course den basin == === Source den drainage basin === De Densu River dey rise for some height inside de Atwiredu Hills, wey be part of de ecologically sensitive Atewa Range Forest Reserve for de Akyem Abuakwa area for Ghana ein [[Eastern Region (Ghana)|Eastern Region]] insyd. From ein source, de river dey flow south go down for like 116 go 120 kilometres (72 to 75 mi) through agricultural den urban area wey get chaw people. De Densu River Basin dey cover total catchment area of like 2,490 to 2,600 square kilometres (960 to 1,000 sq mi).<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Kusimi |first=J. M. |date=2009-09-04 |title=1. Analysis of Sedimentation Rates in the Densu River Channel: The Result of erosion and anthropogenic activities in the Densu basin |url=https://journals.ug.edu.gh/index.php/wajae/article/view/839 |journal=West African Journal of Applied Ecology |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=1–14}}</ref> For administration side, dem share de basin across three regions for Ghana: De Eastern Region get de largest share wey be 72%, then de [[Greater Accra Region]] follow plus 23%, den de [[Central Region (Ghana)|Central Region]] plus 5%. De river ein flow dey get support from network of main rivers (tributaries), wey dey include de Pompon, Kuia, Adaiso, Dobro, Mame, den Nsaki rivers.<ref name=":0" /> === Weija Reservoir den water supply === [[File:River Densu Accra.jpg|thumb|301x301px|Densu River, Accra]] For ein lower course insyd, de river dem block am plus de Weija Dam, wey dem build for 1977 under Executive Instrument 130 to form de Weija Reservoir.<ref name=":0" /> De reservoir dey cover restricted zone of like 54.3 square kilometres (21.0 sq mi).<ref name=":0" /> De Weija Treatment Plant, wey de Ghana Water Company Limited (GWCL) dey manage, dey process like 190,000 cubic metres (6,700,000 cu ft) of water every day from de reservoir. Dis facility dey supply almost 50% of de municipal drinking water give de western areas for Accra, plus Kasoa den other peri-urban communities wey dey around Central Region insyd. === Estuary den Densu Delta === [[File:Densu River 5.jpg|thumb|295x295px|Estuary]] For de Weija Dam down side, de river dey flow through ein final coastal part go enter de Gulf of Guinea (Atlantic Ocean) for de west side of Accra.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Densu Delta Ramsar Site {{!}} Ramsar Sites Information Service |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/564 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251116103017/https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/564 |archive-date=2025-11-16 |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=rsis.ramsar.org |language=en}}</ref> Where de river dey end dey form de Densu Delta, wey be ecologically important estuary den wetland system wey dey cover area of 5,895 hectares (14,570 acres). Dem name de delta as Ramsar site wey get international importance for 1992 insyd. De delta get sand dunes, salt pans, open lagoons, den mangrove forest wey be very important nesting grounds give birds wey dey travel from far den sea turtles.<ref name=":1" /> == Water governance den municipal supply == === Municipal abstraction den treatment === De Densu River be vital source for domestic water supply for southern Ghana insyd, wey edey serve over two million people wey dey live for de Greater Accra den Central regions. De main place wey dem dey draw de water for de town be de Weija Dam, where de Ghana Water Company Limited (GWCL) dey run treatment plant plus capacity of 54.2 million gallons per day (MGD). Dis facility dey supply clean drinking water to western Accra, wey edey include areas like Sowutuom, Achimota, Mallam, den Bortianor, plus de fast-growing city Kasoa. However, rapid urban encroachment den bad waste management along de river corridor affect de water quality badly, wey edey make de Densu one of de most polluted river systems for Ghana insyd.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Water For Death: Sad Story Of How Over 4 Million Ghanaians Survive On Highly Polluted Densu River |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/638976/water-for-death-sad-story-of-how-over-4-million-ghanaians-s.html |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> Runoff wey contain agricultural pesticides, untreated liquid waste from Nsawam-Adoagyiri, den sediment from illegal sand-mining operations dey gather for de Weija Reservoir insyd. Because of dis, de levels of turbidity, iron, phosphorus, den aluminum dey always pass de World Health Organization (WHO) drinking-water guidelines.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chu |first=Yinjuan |date=2020 |title=On English Translation of Chinese Original Picture Books from the Perspective of Multimodality |url=https://www.oalib.com/paper/pdf/5427805 |journal=OALib |volume=07 |issue=03 |pages=1–19 |doi=10.4236/oalib.1106208 |issn=2333-9721}}</ref> To make sure say de public dey safe, GWCL dey force to spend close to 25% of ein total operational expenses for water treatment chemicals, especially alum den chlorine, so say dem go reduce sediment den pathogens.<ref name=":2" /> === Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) === Because of intense developmental den environmental pressures, de Water Resources Commission (WRC) choose de Densu River Basin as Ghana ein highest-priority basin to run pilot Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) policies. Wey dem start am under de UN-Habitat den UNEP "Managing Water for African Cities" program, de basin ein first formal IWRM Plan dem launch am for 2007 insyd. Dis planning process dey use computer-based hydrological scenarios to balance upstream demand sites—like Koforidua den Nsawam—plus downstream environmental needs. One key part of de plan be say dem go keep minimum environmental water flow wey dey equal to de 95th percentile of monthly low-flows below de Weija Dam, so say dem go preserve de ecological health of de Densu Delta Ramsar site. === De Densu Basin Board === So say dem go decentralize water governance, de WRC inaugurate de Densu Basin Board (DBB) for March 2004 insyd as Ghana ein first functional, localized river basin board.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Establishment of Basin Boards to restore water quality in the Densu River, Ghana |url=https://www.iwa-network.org/our-work/densu-basin-board-story |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=www.iwa-network.org |language=en}}</ref> Wey ein head office dey for dedicated secretariat, de DBB dey serve as multi-stakeholder platform wey dey coordinate water-use activities across 22 municipal den district assemblies inside de Eastern, Greater Accra, den Central regions. De board dey bring representatives from local government, non-governmental organizations (like A Rocha Ghana), water user groups, den traditional authorities together. Ein primary mandate include say dem go run de national Riparian Buffer Zone Policy so say dem go stop shoreline encroachment, monitor illegal water abstraction, den run public sanitation education so say dem go reduce pollution for de community level.<ref name=":3" /> == Environment == Dem designate de delta as Ramsar site wey be wetland of international importance. BirdLife International also identify am as Important Bird Area (IBA) because edey support chaw populations of waterbirds wey no dey breed den de ones wey dey spend winter dere, especially terns, wey dey include western reef egrets, spotted redshanks, den little, black, roseate, common, Sandwich den royal terns.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BirdLife DataZone |url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/6342-densu-delta-ramsar-site-and-vicinity |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=datazone.birdlife.org |language=en}}</ref> == Threats == De population density of de Densu Basin be around 240 people per square kilometre.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Water Resources Commission |url=http://www.wrc-gh.org/riverbasinactivities.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120024134/http://www.wrc-gh.org/riverbasinactivities.html |archive-date=2008-11-20 |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=www.wrc-gh.org}}</ref> Part of de Densu River come turn dumping site for some residents wey dey live for de area, wey edey cause water pollution. Other activities wey dey go on der include farming, sand mining, den quarrying.<ref>{{Cite web |title=River Densu chokes on dumped refuse |url=https://www.businessghana.com/ |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=BusinessGhana}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-25 |title=Environment Ministry to include traditional rulers on Densu committee |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/environment-ministry-to-include-traditional-rulers-on-densu-committee.html |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Discover Ghana: Culture & Travel - Experience Ghanas Rich Culture and Warmth Today! |url=https://ghana-net.com/ |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=ghana-net.com |language=en}}</ref> == For popular culture insyd == * Ghanaian artist Kojo Antwi name ein second studio album, wey he release for 2002 insyd, after de river.<ref>{{Citation |title=Densu by Kojo Antwi on Apple Music |date=2002-01-01 |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/densu/301615532 |access-date=2026-05-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> * Osibisa, wey be Afrobeat band, compose song wey dem title Densu, we dem dey explain de different varieties of fishes den de song fishermen dey sing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=- YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SAaGl-ZX3fw |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624215854/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SAaGl-ZX3fw |archive-date=2021-06-24 |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=www.youtube.com |language=en}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Important Bird Areas of Ghana]] [[Category:Ramsar sites insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Rivers of Africa]] [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] cfw4rezilrqgb4nvd8rng3ggzm1bsou 102734 102732 2026-06-13T22:34:12Z Mr. Drill 123 6413 /* Course den basin */ 102734 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Densu River''' be 116 km long river for [[Ghana]] insyd. It dey flow for de Atewa Range insyd. Edey flow thru agricultural region wey get economic value, wey esana edey supply half of de drinking water give Ghana ein capital city [[Accra]]. De river dey end for wetland delta where iget ecological value<ref>{{Cite web |title=Freshwater Conservation & Sustainability |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/our-work/freshwater/ |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=World Wildlife Fund |language=en-us}}</ref> for de Atlantic Ocean ein coast.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana - Rivers and Lakes |url=https://www.countrystudies.us/ghana/30.htm |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=www.countrystudies.us}}</ref> De Densuano<ref>{{Cite web |title=Densuano Street in Koforidua - Eastern Region - AfricaLocal.net |url=https://www.africalocal.net/GH/Eastern-Region/Cities/Koforidua/Streets/Densuano-Street/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250222090732/https://www.africalocal.net/GH/Eastern-Region/Cities/Koforidua/Streets/Densuano-Street/ |archive-date=2025-02-22 |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=www.africalocal.net |language=en}}</ref> Dam den [[Weija Dam]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Residents stranded as Weija Dam spillage floods homes {{!}} Starr Fm |url=https://starrfm.com.gh/2018/10/residents-stranded-as-weija-dam-spillage-floods-homes/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518153912/https://starrfm.com.gh/2018/10/residents-stranded-as-weija-dam-spillage-floods-homes/ |archive-date=2019-05-18 |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=starrfm.com.gh |language=en-US}}</ref> dey job for de Densu River top. == Course den basin == === Source den drainage basin === De Densu River dey flow from some height inside de Atwiredu Hills, wey be part of de ecologically sensitive Atewa Range Forest Reserve for de Akyem Abuakwa area for Ghana [[Eastern Region (Ghana)|Eastern Region]] syd. From ein source, de river dey flow south go down for like 116 go 120 kilometres (72 to 75 mi) through agricultural den urban area wey get chaw people. De Densu River Basin dey cover total catchment area of like 2,490 to 2,600 square kilometres (960 to 1,000 sq mi).<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Kusimi |first=J. M. |date=2009-09-04 |title=1. Analysis of Sedimentation Rates in the Densu River Channel: The Result of erosion and anthropogenic activities in the Densu basin |url=https://journals.ug.edu.gh/index.php/wajae/article/view/839 |journal=West African Journal of Applied Ecology |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=1–14}}</ref> For administration side, dem share de basin across three regions for Ghana: De Eastern Region get de largest share wey be 72%, then de [[Greater Accra Region]] get 23%, den de [[Central Region (Ghana)|Central Region]] get 5%. De river ein flow dey get support from network of main rivers (tributaries), wey dey include de Pompon, Kuia, Adaiso, Dobro, Mame, den Nsaki rivers.<ref name=":0" /> === Weija Reservoir den water supply === [[File:River Densu Accra.jpg|thumb|301x301px|Densu River, Accra]] For ein lower course insyd, de river dem block am plus de Weija Dam, wey dem build for 1977 under Executive Instrument 130 to form de Weija Reservoir.<ref name=":0" /> De reservoir dey cover restricted zone of like 54.3 square kilometres (21.0 sq mi).<ref name=":0" /> De Weija Treatment Plant, wey de Ghana Water Company Limited (GWCL) dey manage, dey process like 190,000 cubic metres (6,700,000 cu ft) of water every day from de reservoir. Dis facility dey supply almost 50% of de municipal drinking water give de western areas for Accra, plus Kasoa den other peri-urban communities wey dey around Central Region insyd. === Estuary den Densu Delta === [[File:Densu River 5.jpg|thumb|295x295px|Estuary]] For de Weija Dam down side, de river dey flow through ein final coastal part go enter de Gulf of Guinea (Atlantic Ocean) for de west side of Accra.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Densu Delta Ramsar Site {{!}} Ramsar Sites Information Service |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/564 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251116103017/https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/564 |archive-date=2025-11-16 |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=rsis.ramsar.org |language=en}}</ref> Where de river dey end dey form de Densu Delta, wey be ecologically important estuary den wetland system wey dey cover area of 5,895 hectares (14,570 acres). Dem name de delta as Ramsar site wey get international importance for 1992 insyd. De delta get sand dunes, salt pans, open lagoons, den mangrove forest wey be very important nesting grounds give birds wey dey travel from far den sea turtles.<ref name=":1" /> == Water governance den municipal supply == === Municipal abstraction den treatment === De Densu River be vital source for domestic water supply for southern Ghana insyd, wey edey serve over two million people wey dey live for de Greater Accra den Central regions. De main place wey dem dey draw de water for de town be de Weija Dam, where de Ghana Water Company Limited (GWCL) dey run treatment plant plus capacity of 54.2 million gallons per day (MGD). Dis facility dey supply clean drinking water to western Accra, wey edey include areas like Sowutuom, Achimota, Mallam, den Bortianor, plus de fast-growing city Kasoa. However, rapid urban encroachment den bad waste management along de river corridor affect de water quality badly, wey edey make de Densu one of de most polluted river systems for Ghana insyd.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Water For Death: Sad Story Of How Over 4 Million Ghanaians Survive On Highly Polluted Densu River |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/638976/water-for-death-sad-story-of-how-over-4-million-ghanaians-s.html |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> Runoff wey contain agricultural pesticides, untreated liquid waste from Nsawam-Adoagyiri, den sediment from illegal sand-mining operations dey gather for de Weija Reservoir insyd. Because of dis, de levels of turbidity, iron, phosphorus, den aluminum dey always pass de World Health Organization (WHO) drinking-water guidelines.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chu |first=Yinjuan |date=2020 |title=On English Translation of Chinese Original Picture Books from the Perspective of Multimodality |url=https://www.oalib.com/paper/pdf/5427805 |journal=OALib |volume=07 |issue=03 |pages=1–19 |doi=10.4236/oalib.1106208 |issn=2333-9721}}</ref> To make sure say de public dey safe, GWCL dey force to spend close to 25% of ein total operational expenses for water treatment chemicals, especially alum den chlorine, so say dem go reduce sediment den pathogens.<ref name=":2" /> === Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) === Because of intense developmental den environmental pressures, de Water Resources Commission (WRC) choose de Densu River Basin as Ghana ein highest-priority basin to run pilot Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) policies. Wey dem start am under de UN-Habitat den UNEP "Managing Water for African Cities" program, de basin ein first formal IWRM Plan dem launch am for 2007 insyd. Dis planning process dey use computer-based hydrological scenarios to balance upstream demand sites—like Koforidua den Nsawam—plus downstream environmental needs. One key part of de plan be say dem go keep minimum environmental water flow wey dey equal to de 95th percentile of monthly low-flows below de Weija Dam, so say dem go preserve de ecological health of de Densu Delta Ramsar site. === De Densu Basin Board === So say dem go decentralize water governance, de WRC inaugurate de Densu Basin Board (DBB) for March 2004 insyd as Ghana ein first functional, localized river basin board.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Establishment of Basin Boards to restore water quality in the Densu River, Ghana |url=https://www.iwa-network.org/our-work/densu-basin-board-story |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=www.iwa-network.org |language=en}}</ref> Wey ein head office dey for dedicated secretariat, de DBB dey serve as multi-stakeholder platform wey dey coordinate water-use activities across 22 municipal den district assemblies inside de Eastern, Greater Accra, den Central regions. De board dey bring representatives from local government, non-governmental organizations (like A Rocha Ghana), water user groups, den traditional authorities together. Ein primary mandate include say dem go run de national Riparian Buffer Zone Policy so say dem go stop shoreline encroachment, monitor illegal water abstraction, den run public sanitation education so say dem go reduce pollution for de community level.<ref name=":3" /> == Environment == Dem designate de delta as Ramsar site wey be wetland of international importance. BirdLife International also identify am as Important Bird Area (IBA) because edey support chaw populations of waterbirds wey no dey breed den de ones wey dey spend winter dere, especially terns, wey dey include western reef egrets, spotted redshanks, den little, black, roseate, common, Sandwich den royal terns.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BirdLife DataZone |url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/6342-densu-delta-ramsar-site-and-vicinity |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=datazone.birdlife.org |language=en}}</ref> == Threats == De population density of de Densu Basin be around 240 people per square kilometre.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Water Resources Commission |url=http://www.wrc-gh.org/riverbasinactivities.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120024134/http://www.wrc-gh.org/riverbasinactivities.html |archive-date=2008-11-20 |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=www.wrc-gh.org}}</ref> Part of de Densu River come turn dumping site for some residents wey dey live for de area, wey edey cause water pollution. Other activities wey dey go on der include farming, sand mining, den quarrying.<ref>{{Cite web |title=River Densu chokes on dumped refuse |url=https://www.businessghana.com/ |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=BusinessGhana}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-25 |title=Environment Ministry to include traditional rulers on Densu committee |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/environment-ministry-to-include-traditional-rulers-on-densu-committee.html |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Discover Ghana: Culture & Travel - Experience Ghanas Rich Culture and Warmth Today! |url=https://ghana-net.com/ |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=ghana-net.com |language=en}}</ref> == For popular culture insyd == * Ghanaian artist Kojo Antwi name ein second studio album, wey he release for 2002 insyd, after de river.<ref>{{Citation |title=Densu by Kojo Antwi on Apple Music |date=2002-01-01 |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/densu/301615532 |access-date=2026-05-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> * Osibisa, wey be Afrobeat band, compose song wey dem title Densu, we dem dey explain de different varieties of fishes den de song fishermen dey sing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=- YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SAaGl-ZX3fw |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624215854/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SAaGl-ZX3fw |archive-date=2021-06-24 |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=www.youtube.com |language=en}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Important Bird Areas of Ghana]] [[Category:Ramsar sites insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Rivers of Africa]] [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] qaxk08yudicixxi25jpv1nfg4n71ryc 102736 102734 2026-06-13T22:50:02Z Mr. Drill 123 6413 /* Weija Reservoir den water supply */ 102736 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Densu River''' be 116 km long river for [[Ghana]] insyd. It dey flow for de Atewa Range insyd. Edey flow thru agricultural region wey get economic value, wey esana edey supply half of de drinking water give Ghana ein capital city [[Accra]]. De river dey end for wetland delta where iget ecological value<ref>{{Cite web |title=Freshwater Conservation & Sustainability |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/our-work/freshwater/ |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=World Wildlife Fund |language=en-us}}</ref> for de Atlantic Ocean ein coast.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana - Rivers and Lakes |url=https://www.countrystudies.us/ghana/30.htm |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=www.countrystudies.us}}</ref> De Densuano<ref>{{Cite web |title=Densuano Street in Koforidua - Eastern Region - AfricaLocal.net |url=https://www.africalocal.net/GH/Eastern-Region/Cities/Koforidua/Streets/Densuano-Street/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250222090732/https://www.africalocal.net/GH/Eastern-Region/Cities/Koforidua/Streets/Densuano-Street/ |archive-date=2025-02-22 |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=www.africalocal.net |language=en}}</ref> Dam den [[Weija Dam]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Residents stranded as Weija Dam spillage floods homes {{!}} Starr Fm |url=https://starrfm.com.gh/2018/10/residents-stranded-as-weija-dam-spillage-floods-homes/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518153912/https://starrfm.com.gh/2018/10/residents-stranded-as-weija-dam-spillage-floods-homes/ |archive-date=2019-05-18 |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=starrfm.com.gh |language=en-US}}</ref> dey job for de Densu River top. == Course den basin == === Source den drainage basin === De Densu River dey flow from some height inside de Atwiredu Hills, wey be part of de ecologically sensitive Atewa Range Forest Reserve for de Akyem Abuakwa area for Ghana [[Eastern Region (Ghana)|Eastern Region]] syd. From ein source, de river dey flow south go down for like 116 go 120 kilometres (72 to 75 mi) through agricultural den urban area wey get chaw people. De Densu River Basin dey cover total catchment area of like 2,490 to 2,600 square kilometres (960 to 1,000 sq mi).<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Kusimi |first=J. M. |date=2009-09-04 |title=1. Analysis of Sedimentation Rates in the Densu River Channel: The Result of erosion and anthropogenic activities in the Densu basin |url=https://journals.ug.edu.gh/index.php/wajae/article/view/839 |journal=West African Journal of Applied Ecology |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=1–14}}</ref> For administration side, dem share de basin across three regions for Ghana: De Eastern Region get de largest share wey be 72%, then de [[Greater Accra Region]] get 23%, den de [[Central Region (Ghana)|Central Region]] get 5%. De river ein flow dey get support from network of main rivers (tributaries), wey dey include de Pompon, Kuia, Adaiso, Dobro, Mame, den Nsaki rivers.<ref name=":0" /> === Weija Reservoir den water supply === [[File:River Densu Accra.jpg|thumb|301x301px|Densu River, Accra]] For de lower course insyd, de river dem block am plus de Weija Dam, dem build am for 1977 under Executive Instrument 130 to form de Weija Reservoir.<ref name=":0" /> De reservoir dey cover restricted zone of like 54.3 square kilometres (21.0 sq mi).<ref name=":0" /> De Weija Treatment Plant, ibe the Ghana Water Company Limited (GWCL) wey dey manage am, dey process like 190,000 cubic metres (6,700,000 cu ft) of water every day from de reservoir. De facility dey supply almost 50% of de municipal drinking water give de western areas inside Accra, plus Kasoa den other peri-urban communities wey dey around Central Region insyd. === Estuary den Densu Delta === [[File:Densu River 5.jpg|thumb|295x295px|Estuary]] For de Weija Dam down side, de river dey flow through ein final coastal part go enter de Gulf of Guinea (Atlantic Ocean) for de west side of Accra.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Densu Delta Ramsar Site {{!}} Ramsar Sites Information Service |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/564 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251116103017/https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/564 |archive-date=2025-11-16 |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=rsis.ramsar.org |language=en}}</ref> Where de river dey end dey form de Densu Delta, wey be ecologically important estuary den wetland system wey dey cover area of 5,895 hectares (14,570 acres). Dem name de delta as Ramsar site wey get international importance for 1992 insyd. De delta get sand dunes, salt pans, open lagoons, den mangrove forest wey be very important nesting grounds give birds wey dey travel from far den sea turtles.<ref name=":1" /> == Water governance den municipal supply == === Municipal abstraction den treatment === De Densu River be vital source for domestic water supply for southern Ghana insyd, wey edey serve over two million people wey dey live for de Greater Accra den Central regions. De main place wey dem dey draw de water for de town be de Weija Dam, where de Ghana Water Company Limited (GWCL) dey run treatment plant plus capacity of 54.2 million gallons per day (MGD). Dis facility dey supply clean drinking water to western Accra, wey edey include areas like Sowutuom, Achimota, Mallam, den Bortianor, plus de fast-growing city Kasoa. However, rapid urban encroachment den bad waste management along de river corridor affect de water quality badly, wey edey make de Densu one of de most polluted river systems for Ghana insyd.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Water For Death: Sad Story Of How Over 4 Million Ghanaians Survive On Highly Polluted Densu River |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/638976/water-for-death-sad-story-of-how-over-4-million-ghanaians-s.html |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> Runoff wey contain agricultural pesticides, untreated liquid waste from Nsawam-Adoagyiri, den sediment from illegal sand-mining operations dey gather for de Weija Reservoir insyd. Because of dis, de levels of turbidity, iron, phosphorus, den aluminum dey always pass de World Health Organization (WHO) drinking-water guidelines.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chu |first=Yinjuan |date=2020 |title=On English Translation of Chinese Original Picture Books from the Perspective of Multimodality |url=https://www.oalib.com/paper/pdf/5427805 |journal=OALib |volume=07 |issue=03 |pages=1–19 |doi=10.4236/oalib.1106208 |issn=2333-9721}}</ref> To make sure say de public dey safe, GWCL dey force to spend close to 25% of ein total operational expenses for water treatment chemicals, especially alum den chlorine, so say dem go reduce sediment den pathogens.<ref name=":2" /> === Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) === Because of intense developmental den environmental pressures, de Water Resources Commission (WRC) choose de Densu River Basin as Ghana ein highest-priority basin to run pilot Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) policies. Wey dem start am under de UN-Habitat den UNEP "Managing Water for African Cities" program, de basin ein first formal IWRM Plan dem launch am for 2007 insyd. Dis planning process dey use computer-based hydrological scenarios to balance upstream demand sites—like Koforidua den Nsawam—plus downstream environmental needs. One key part of de plan be say dem go keep minimum environmental water flow wey dey equal to de 95th percentile of monthly low-flows below de Weija Dam, so say dem go preserve de ecological health of de Densu Delta Ramsar site. === De Densu Basin Board === So say dem go decentralize water governance, de WRC inaugurate de Densu Basin Board (DBB) for March 2004 insyd as Ghana ein first functional, localized river basin board.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Establishment of Basin Boards to restore water quality in the Densu River, Ghana |url=https://www.iwa-network.org/our-work/densu-basin-board-story |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=www.iwa-network.org |language=en}}</ref> Wey ein head office dey for dedicated secretariat, de DBB dey serve as multi-stakeholder platform wey dey coordinate water-use activities across 22 municipal den district assemblies inside de Eastern, Greater Accra, den Central regions. De board dey bring representatives from local government, non-governmental organizations (like A Rocha Ghana), water user groups, den traditional authorities together. Ein primary mandate include say dem go run de national Riparian Buffer Zone Policy so say dem go stop shoreline encroachment, monitor illegal water abstraction, den run public sanitation education so say dem go reduce pollution for de community level.<ref name=":3" /> == Environment == Dem designate de delta as Ramsar site wey be wetland of international importance. BirdLife International also identify am as Important Bird Area (IBA) because edey support chaw populations of waterbirds wey no dey breed den de ones wey dey spend winter dere, especially terns, wey dey include western reef egrets, spotted redshanks, den little, black, roseate, common, Sandwich den royal terns.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BirdLife DataZone |url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/6342-densu-delta-ramsar-site-and-vicinity |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=datazone.birdlife.org |language=en}}</ref> == Threats == De population density of de Densu Basin be around 240 people per square kilometre.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Water Resources Commission |url=http://www.wrc-gh.org/riverbasinactivities.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120024134/http://www.wrc-gh.org/riverbasinactivities.html |archive-date=2008-11-20 |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=www.wrc-gh.org}}</ref> Part of de Densu River come turn dumping site for some residents wey dey live for de area, wey edey cause water pollution. Other activities wey dey go on der include farming, sand mining, den quarrying.<ref>{{Cite web |title=River Densu chokes on dumped refuse |url=https://www.businessghana.com/ |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=BusinessGhana}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-25 |title=Environment Ministry to include traditional rulers on Densu committee |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/environment-ministry-to-include-traditional-rulers-on-densu-committee.html |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Discover Ghana: Culture & Travel - Experience Ghanas Rich Culture and Warmth Today! |url=https://ghana-net.com/ |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=ghana-net.com |language=en}}</ref> == For popular culture insyd == * Ghanaian artist Kojo Antwi name ein second studio album, wey he release for 2002 insyd, after de river.<ref>{{Citation |title=Densu by Kojo Antwi on Apple Music |date=2002-01-01 |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/densu/301615532 |access-date=2026-05-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> * Osibisa, wey be Afrobeat band, compose song wey dem title Densu, we dem dey explain de different varieties of fishes den de song fishermen dey sing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=- YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SAaGl-ZX3fw |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624215854/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SAaGl-ZX3fw |archive-date=2021-06-24 |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=www.youtube.com |language=en}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Important Bird Areas of Ghana]] [[Category:Ramsar sites insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Rivers of Africa]] [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] eq2umvxeae31tovn4ukuobf4jny9ohj 0 27241 102332 101158 2026-06-13T14:19:47Z Saharatu00 6324 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358469902|Kafue River]]" 102332 wikitext text/x-wiki De 1,576 kilometres (979 mi) long '''Kafue River''' be de longest river lying wholly insyde Zambia.<ref name="kambole">{{Cite journal |last=Kambole |first=Michael |year=2003 |title=Managing the water quality of the Kafue River |url=http://bscw-app1.let.ethz.ch/pub/nj_bscw.cgi/d11576701/Kambole_2003_Managing_the.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=28 |issue=20–27 |pages=1105–1109 |bibcode=2003PCE....28.1105K |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2003.08.031 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820094303/http://bscw-app1.let.ethz.ch/pub/nj_bscw.cgi/d11576701/Kambole_2003_Managing_the.pdf |archive-date=20 August 2014 |access-date=19 August 2014}}</ref> Eem use ein water for irrigation en for generating hydroelectric power.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kafue River |url=https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/rivers/kafue/}}</ref> E be de largest tributary for de [[Zambezi]], den of [[Zambia]] principal rivers, E be de most central den de most urban. More dan 50% of Zambia's population live for de Kafue River Basin den 65% of dem be urban.<ref name="kambole" /> [[Category:Short description matches Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] aq790q27ywdjqwrxmvxyc05pxt4esm1 102333 102332 2026-06-13T14:28:17Z Saharatu00 6324 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358469902|Kafue River]]" 102333 wikitext text/x-wiki De 1,576 kilometres (979 mi) long '''Kafue River''' be de longest river lying wholly insyde Zambia.<ref name="kambole">{{Cite journal |last=Kambole |first=Michael |year=2003 |title=Managing the water quality of the Kafue River |url=http://bscw-app1.let.ethz.ch/pub/nj_bscw.cgi/d11576701/Kambole_2003_Managing_the.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=28 |issue=20–27 |pages=1105–1109 |bibcode=2003PCE....28.1105K |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2003.08.031 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820094303/http://bscw-app1.let.ethz.ch/pub/nj_bscw.cgi/d11576701/Kambole_2003_Managing_the.pdf |archive-date=20 August 2014 |access-date=19 August 2014}}</ref> Eem use ein water for irrigation en for generating hydroelectric power.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kafue River |url=https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/rivers/kafue/}}</ref> E be de largest tributary for de [[Zambezi]], den of [[Zambia]] principal rivers, E be de most central den de most urban. More dan 50% of Zambia's population live for de Kafue River Basin den 65% of dem be urban.<ref name="kambole" /> E get mean flow rate of 320 cubic metres per second (11,000 cu ft/s) for in lower half, with high seasonal variations. De river dey discharge 10 cubic kilometres (2.4 cu mi) per year, or de [[Zambezi|Zambezi River]]. [[Category:Short description matches Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] 4h1boh2spcnqhcal89tf5bpmotqpfsx 102334 102333 2026-06-13T14:31:11Z Saharatu00 6324 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358469902|Kafue River]]" 102334 wikitext text/x-wiki De 1,576 kilometres (979 mi) long '''Kafue River''' be de longest river lying wholly insyde Zambia.<ref name="kambole">{{Cite journal |last=Kambole |first=Michael |year=2003 |title=Managing the water quality of the Kafue River |url=http://bscw-app1.let.ethz.ch/pub/nj_bscw.cgi/d11576701/Kambole_2003_Managing_the.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=28 |issue=20–27 |pages=1105–1109 |bibcode=2003PCE....28.1105K |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2003.08.031 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820094303/http://bscw-app1.let.ethz.ch/pub/nj_bscw.cgi/d11576701/Kambole_2003_Managing_the.pdf |archive-date=20 August 2014 |access-date=19 August 2014}}</ref> Eem use ein water for irrigation en for generating hydroelectric power.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kafue River |url=https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/rivers/kafue/}}</ref> E be de largest tributary for de [[Zambezi]], den of [[Zambia]] principal rivers, E be de most central den de most urban. More dan 50% of Zambia's population live for de Kafue River Basin den 65% of dem be urban.<ref name="kambole" /> E get mean flow rate of 320 cubic metres per second (11,000 cu ft/s) for in lower half, plus high seasonal variations. De river dey discharge 10 cubic kilometres (2.4 cu mi) per year, or de [[Zambezi|Zambezi River]]. == Ein Course == === Ein Sources === De Kafue River rise at an elevation of 1,350 metres (4,430 ft) on de relatively flat plateau just south de border between [[Zambia]] den de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] 120 kilometres (75 mi) north-west of Chingola in the Copperbelt Province. The source of the Kafue River is in the North-western Province of Zambia. The area is Miombo woodland on the Congo-Zambezi watershed, with many branching dambos lying 10 to 20 metres (33 to 66 ft) lower than the highest ground, producing a very gently undulating topography. The river starts as a trickle from the marshy dambos (the Munyanshi Swamp is a tributary) and with little slope to speed up river flow, it meanders south-eastwards sluggishly and within 50 kilometres (31 mi) has the character of a mature river. The area receives about 1,200 millimetres (47 in) of rain in the rainy season, and the river's channel soon reaches 100 metres (330 ft) wide with a floodplain of fluvial dambos 1 to 2 kilometres (0.62 to 1.24 mi) wide. [[Category:Short description matches Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] 3nrrklkzjv2qa7msc0gsgbc8b5l8yah 102335 102334 2026-06-13T14:37:20Z Saharatu00 6324 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358469902|Kafue River]]" 102335 wikitext text/x-wiki De 1,576 kilometres (979 mi) long '''Kafue River''' be de longest river lying wholly insyde Zambia.<ref name="kambole">{{Cite journal |last=Kambole |first=Michael |year=2003 |title=Managing the water quality of the Kafue River |url=http://bscw-app1.let.ethz.ch/pub/nj_bscw.cgi/d11576701/Kambole_2003_Managing_the.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=28 |issue=20–27 |pages=1105–1109 |bibcode=2003PCE....28.1105K |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2003.08.031 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820094303/http://bscw-app1.let.ethz.ch/pub/nj_bscw.cgi/d11576701/Kambole_2003_Managing_the.pdf |archive-date=20 August 2014 |access-date=19 August 2014}}</ref> Eem use ein water for irrigation en for generating hydroelectric power.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kafue River |url=https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/rivers/kafue/}}</ref> E be de largest tributary for de [[Zambezi]], den of [[Zambia]] principal rivers, E be de most central den de most urban. More dan 50% of Zambia's population live for de Kafue River Basin den 65% of dem be urban.<ref name="kambole" /> E get mean flow rate of 320 cubic metres per second (11,000 cu ft/s) for in lower half, plus high seasonal variations. De river dey discharge 10 cubic kilometres (2.4 cu mi) per year, or de [[Zambezi|Zambezi River]]. == Ein Course == === Ein Sources === De Kafue River rise at an elevation of 1,350 metres (4,430 ft) on de relatively flat plateau just south de border between [[Zambia]] den de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of de Congo]] 120 kilometres (75 mi) north-west of Chingola in de Copperbelt Province. De source of de Kafue River is in de North-western Province of Zambia. De area is Miombo woodland on de Congo-Zambezi watershed, plus many branching dambos lying 10 to 20 metres (33 to 66 ft) lower dan de highest ground, producing a very gently undulating topography. De river dey start as a trickle from de marshy dambos (de Munyanshi Swamp be tributary) den plus little slope to speed up river flow, e meanders south-eastwards sluggishly den within 50 kilometres (31 mi) e get de character of a mature river. De area dey receive about 1,200 millimetres (47 in) of rain for de rainy season, den de river's channel soon reaches 100 metres (330 ft) wide with a floodplain of fluvial dambos 1 to 2 kilometres (0.62 to 1.24 mi) wide. [[Category:Short description matches Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] mox8rnvrxrel5l1brfb1bmjy5194md5 102752 102335 2026-06-14T02:48:36Z Saharatu00 6324 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358469902|Kafue River]]" 102752 wikitext text/x-wiki De 1,576 kilometres (979 mi) long '''Kafue River''' be de longest river lying wholly within Zambia.<ref name="kambole">{{Cite journal |last=Kambole |first=Michael |year=2003 |title=Managing the water quality of the Kafue River |url=http://bscw-app1.let.ethz.ch/pub/nj_bscw.cgi/d11576701/Kambole_2003_Managing_the.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=28 |issue=20–27 |pages=1105–1109 |bibcode=2003PCE....28.1105K |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2003.08.031 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820094303/http://bscw-app1.let.ethz.ch/pub/nj_bscw.cgi/d11576701/Kambole_2003_Managing_the.pdf |archive-date=20 August 2014 |access-date=19 August 2014}}</ref> Ein water is used for irrigation , wey dem use am for generating hydroelectric power.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kafue River |url=https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/rivers/kafue/}}</ref> E be de largest tributary for de [[Zambezi]], den [[Zambia]] principal rivers, E sanso be de most central den de most urban. More dan 50% of Zambia's population live in de Kafue River Basin wey around 65% of dem are urban.<ref name="kambole" /> [[Category:Short description matches Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] 169y23ueio9fxshkjn2alhcajd4rzmi 102753 102752 2026-06-14T02:49:08Z Saharatu00 6324 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358469902|Kafue River]]" 102753 wikitext text/x-wiki De 1,576 kilometres (979 mi) long '''Kafue River''' be de longest river lying wholly within Zambia.<ref name="kambole">{{Cite journal |last=Kambole |first=Michael |year=2003 |title=Managing the water quality of the Kafue River |url=http://bscw-app1.let.ethz.ch/pub/nj_bscw.cgi/d11576701/Kambole_2003_Managing_the.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=28 |issue=20–27 |pages=1105–1109 |bibcode=2003PCE....28.1105K |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2003.08.031 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820094303/http://bscw-app1.let.ethz.ch/pub/nj_bscw.cgi/d11576701/Kambole_2003_Managing_the.pdf |archive-date=20 August 2014 |access-date=19 August 2014}}</ref> Ein water is used for irrigation , wey dem use am for generating hydroelectric power.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kafue River |url=https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/rivers/kafue/}}</ref> E be de largest tributary for de [[Zambezi]], den [[Zambia]] principal rivers, E sanso be de most central den de most urban. More dan 50% of Zambia's population live in de Kafue River Basin wey around 65% of dem are urban.<ref name="kambole" /> It has a mean flow rate of 320 cubic metres per second (11,000 cu ft/s) through its lower half, with high seasonal variations. The river discharges 10 cubic kilometres (2.4 cu mi) per year into the [[Zambezi|Zambezi River]]. [[Category:Short description matches Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] 57897w2etaeqqkpsjugbslg7ig613l8 102754 102753 2026-06-14T02:57:53Z Saharatu00 6324 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358469902|Kafue River]]" 102754 wikitext text/x-wiki De 1,576 kilometres (979 mi) long '''Kafue River''' be de longest river lying wholly within Zambia.<ref name="kambole">{{Cite journal |last=Kambole |first=Michael |year=2003 |title=Managing the water quality of the Kafue River |url=http://bscw-app1.let.ethz.ch/pub/nj_bscw.cgi/d11576701/Kambole_2003_Managing_the.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=28 |issue=20–27 |pages=1105–1109 |bibcode=2003PCE....28.1105K |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2003.08.031 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820094303/http://bscw-app1.let.ethz.ch/pub/nj_bscw.cgi/d11576701/Kambole_2003_Managing_the.pdf |archive-date=20 August 2014 |access-date=19 August 2014}}</ref> Ein water is used for irrigation , wey dem use am for generating hydroelectric power.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kafue River |url=https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/rivers/kafue/}}</ref> E be de largest tributary for de [[Zambezi]], den [[Zambia]] principal rivers, E sanso be de most central den de most urban. More dan 50% of Zambia's population live in de Kafue River Basin wey around 65% of dem are urban.<ref name="kambole" /> It has a mean flow rate of 320 cubic metres per second (11,000 cu ft/s) through its lower half, with high seasonal variations. The river discharges 10 cubic kilometres (2.4 cu mi) per year into the [[Zambezi|Zambezi River]]. == Ein course == === Ein sources === De Kafue River rise at an elevation of 1,350 metres (4,430 ft) for de relatively flat plateau just south de border between [[Zambia]] den de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of de Congo]] 120 kilometres (75 mi) north-west of Chingola in de Copperbelt Province. De source of de Kafue River is in de North-western Province of Zambia. De area is Miombo woodland for de Congo-Zambezi watershed, plus many branching dambos lying 10 to 20 metres (33 to 66 ft) lower than de highest ground, producing a very gently undulating topography. De river starts as a trickle from de marshy dambos (de Munyanshi Swamp be tributary) plus little slope to speed up river flow, E dey meander south-eastwards sluggishly den within 50 kilometres (31 mi) has de character of a mature river. De area receives about 1,200 millimetres (47 in) of rain in de rainy season, den de river's channel soon reaches 100 metres (330 ft) wide plus a floodplain of fluvial dambos 1 to 2 kilometres (0.62 to 1.24 mi) wide. [[Category:Short description matches Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] fdd8ffpal6adnakh159ig8qghv3h17u 102755 102754 2026-06-14T02:59:03Z Saharatu00 6324 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358469902|Kafue River]]" 102755 wikitext text/x-wiki De 1,576 kilometres (979 mi) long '''Kafue River''' be de longest river lying wholly within Zambia.<ref name="kambole">{{Cite journal |last=Kambole |first=Michael |year=2003 |title=Managing the water quality of the Kafue River |url=http://bscw-app1.let.ethz.ch/pub/nj_bscw.cgi/d11576701/Kambole_2003_Managing_the.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=28 |issue=20–27 |pages=1105–1109 |bibcode=2003PCE....28.1105K |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2003.08.031 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820094303/http://bscw-app1.let.ethz.ch/pub/nj_bscw.cgi/d11576701/Kambole_2003_Managing_the.pdf |archive-date=20 August 2014 |access-date=19 August 2014}}</ref> Ein water is used for irrigation , wey dem use am for generating hydroelectric power.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kafue River |url=https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/rivers/kafue/}}</ref> E be de largest tributary for de [[Zambezi]], den [[Zambia]] principal rivers, E sanso be de most central den de most urban. More dan 50% of Zambia's population live in de Kafue River Basin wey around 65% of dem are urban.<ref name="kambole" /> It has a mean flow rate of 320 cubic metres per second (11,000 cu ft/s) through its lower half, with high seasonal variations. The river discharges 10 cubic kilometres (2.4 cu mi) per year into the [[Zambezi|Zambezi River]]. == Ein course == === Ein sources === De Kafue River rise at an elevation of 1,350 metres (4,430 ft) for de relatively flat plateau just south de border between [[Zambia]] den de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of de Congo]] 120 kilometres (75 mi) north-west of Chingola in de Copperbelt Province. De source of de Kafue River is in de North-western Province of Zambia. De area is Miombo woodland for de Congo-Zambezi watershed, plus many branching dambos lying 10 to 20 metres (33 to 66 ft) lower than de highest ground, producing a very gently undulating topography. De river starts as a trickle from de marshy dambos (de Munyanshi Swamp be tributary) plus little slope to speed up river flow, E dey meander south-eastwards sluggishly den within 50 kilometres (31 mi) has de character of a mature river. De area receives about 1,200 millimetres (47 in) of rain in de rainy season, den de river's channel soon reaches 100 metres (330 ft) wide plus a floodplain of fluvial dambos 1 to 2 kilometres (0.62 to 1.24 mi) wide. === Copperbelt === === Water for irrigation === Commercial plantations, especially those bordering de Kafue flats take large quantities of water for irrigation. Chief of these is de Nakambala Sugar Estate, which draws in excess of 720,000&nbsp;m³ per day to irrigate 134.13 square kilometres of land to grow sugar cane. [[Category:Short description matches Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] qci9nneqns5pie0ctq1wmj4qhu3w77s 102756 102755 2026-06-14T03:00:42Z Saharatu00 6324 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358469902|Kafue River]]" 102756 wikitext text/x-wiki De 1,576 kilometres (979 mi) long '''Kafue River''' be de longest river lying wholly within Zambia.<ref name="kambole">{{Cite journal |last=Kambole |first=Michael |year=2003 |title=Managing the water quality of the Kafue River |url=http://bscw-app1.let.ethz.ch/pub/nj_bscw.cgi/d11576701/Kambole_2003_Managing_the.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=28 |issue=20–27 |pages=1105–1109 |bibcode=2003PCE....28.1105K |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2003.08.031 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820094303/http://bscw-app1.let.ethz.ch/pub/nj_bscw.cgi/d11576701/Kambole_2003_Managing_the.pdf |archive-date=20 August 2014 |access-date=19 August 2014}}</ref> Ein water is used for irrigation , wey dem use am for generating hydroelectric power.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kafue River |url=https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/rivers/kafue/}}</ref> E be de largest tributary for de [[Zambezi]], den [[Zambia]] principal rivers, E sanso be de most central den de most urban. More dan 50% of Zambia's population live in de Kafue River Basin wey around 65% of dem are urban.<ref name="kambole" /> It has a mean flow rate of 320 cubic metres per second (11,000 cu ft/s) through its lower half, with high seasonal variations. The river discharges 10 cubic kilometres (2.4 cu mi) per year into the [[Zambezi|Zambezi River]]. == Ein course == === Ein sources === De Kafue River rise at an elevation of 1,350 metres (4,430 ft) for de relatively flat plateau just south de border between [[Zambia]] den de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of de Congo]] 120 kilometres (75 mi) north-west of Chingola in de Copperbelt Province. De source of de Kafue River is in de North-western Province of Zambia. De area is Miombo woodland for de Congo-Zambezi watershed, plus many branching dambos lying 10 to 20 metres (33 to 66 ft) lower than de highest ground, producing a very gently undulating topography. De river starts as a trickle from de marshy dambos (de Munyanshi Swamp be tributary) plus little slope to speed up river flow, E dey meander south-eastwards sluggishly den within 50 kilometres (31 mi) has de character of a mature river. De area receives about 1,200 millimetres (47 in) of rain in de rainy season, den de river's channel soon reaches 100 metres (330 ft) wide plus a floodplain of fluvial dambos 1 to 2 kilometres (0.62 to 1.24 mi) wide. === Copperbelt === === Water for irrigation === Commercial plantations, especially those bordering de Kafue flats take large quantities of water for irrigation. Chief of these is de Nakambala Sugar Estate, which draws in excess of 720,000&nbsp;m³ per day to irrigate 134.13 square kilometres of land to grow sugar cane. == References == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Category:Short description matches Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] 82qhwpsebna83s3827e1xki5dc5dr7a 102757 102756 2026-06-14T03:02:26Z Saharatu00 6324 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358469902|Kafue River]]" 102757 wikitext text/x-wiki De 1,576 kilometres (979 mi) long '''Kafue River''' be de longest river lying wholly within Zambia.<ref name="kambole">{{Cite journal |last=Kambole |first=Michael |year=2003 |title=Managing the water quality of the Kafue River |url=http://bscw-app1.let.ethz.ch/pub/nj_bscw.cgi/d11576701/Kambole_2003_Managing_the.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=28 |issue=20–27 |pages=1105–1109 |bibcode=2003PCE....28.1105K |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2003.08.031 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820094303/http://bscw-app1.let.ethz.ch/pub/nj_bscw.cgi/d11576701/Kambole_2003_Managing_the.pdf |archive-date=20 August 2014 |access-date=19 August 2014}}</ref> Ein water is used for irrigation , wey dem use am for generating hydroelectric power.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kafue River |url=https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/rivers/kafue/}}</ref> E be de largest tributary for de [[Zambezi]], den [[Zambia]] principal rivers, E sanso be de most central den de most urban. More dan 50% of Zambia's population live in de Kafue River Basin wey around 65% of dem are urban.<ref name="kambole" /> It has a mean flow rate of 320 cubic metres per second (11,000 cu ft/s) through its lower half, with high seasonal variations. The river discharges 10 cubic kilometres (2.4 cu mi) per year into the [[Zambezi|Zambezi River]]. == Ein course == === Ein sources === De Kafue River rise at an elevation of 1,350 metres (4,430 ft) for de relatively flat plateau just south de border between [[Zambia]] den de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of de Congo]] 120 kilometres (75 mi) north-west of Chingola in de Copperbelt Province. De source of de Kafue River is in de North-western Province of Zambia. De area is Miombo woodland for de Congo-Zambezi watershed, plus many branching dambos lying 10 to 20 metres (33 to 66 ft) lower than de highest ground, producing a very gently undulating topography. De river starts as a trickle from de marshy dambos (de Munyanshi Swamp be tributary) plus little slope to speed up river flow, E dey meander south-eastwards sluggishly den within 50 kilometres (31 mi) has de character of a mature river. De area receives about 1,200 millimetres (47 in) of rain in de rainy season, den de river's channel soon reaches 100 metres (330 ft) wide plus a floodplain of fluvial dambos 1 to 2 kilometres (0.62 to 1.24 mi) wide. === Copperbelt === This get major negative environmental effects for de river. === Water for irrigation === Commercial plantations, especially those bordering de Kafue flats take large quantities of water for irrigation. Chief of these is de Nakambala Sugar Estate, which draws in excess of 720,000&nbsp;m³ per day to irrigate 134.13 square kilometres of land to grow sugar cane. == References == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Category:Short description matches Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] 2po8qt5z3as65eqe9ada0ee5t4hikt2 102758 102757 2026-06-14T03:06:13Z Saharatu00 6324 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358469902|Kafue River]]" 102758 wikitext text/x-wiki De 1,576 kilometres (979 mi) long '''Kafue River''' be de longest river lying wholly within Zambia.<ref name="kambole">{{Cite journal |last=Kambole |first=Michael |year=2003 |title=Managing the water quality of the Kafue River |url=http://bscw-app1.let.ethz.ch/pub/nj_bscw.cgi/d11576701/Kambole_2003_Managing_the.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=28 |issue=20–27 |pages=1105–1109 |bibcode=2003PCE....28.1105K |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2003.08.031 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820094303/http://bscw-app1.let.ethz.ch/pub/nj_bscw.cgi/d11576701/Kambole_2003_Managing_the.pdf |archive-date=20 August 2014 |access-date=19 August 2014}}</ref> Ein water is used for irrigation , wey dem use am for generating hydroelectric power.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kafue River |url=https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/rivers/kafue/}}</ref> E be de largest tributary for de [[Zambezi]], den [[Zambia]] principal rivers, E sanso be de most central den de most urban. More dan 50% of Zambia's population live in de Kafue River Basin wey around 65% of dem are urban.<ref name="kambole" /> It has a mean flow rate of 320 cubic metres per second (11,000 cu ft/s) through its lower half, with high seasonal variations. The river discharges 10 cubic kilometres (2.4 cu mi) per year into the [[Zambezi|Zambezi River]]. == Ein course == === Ein sources === De Kafue River rise at an elevation of 1,350 metres (4,430 ft) for de relatively flat plateau just south de border between [[Zambia]] den de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of de Congo]] 120 kilometres (75 mi) north-west of Chingola in de Copperbelt Province. De source of de Kafue River is in de North-western Province of Zambia. De area is Miombo woodland for de Congo-Zambezi watershed, plus many branching dambos lying 10 to 20 metres (33 to 66 ft) lower than de highest ground, producing a very gently undulating topography. De river starts as a trickle from de marshy dambos (de Munyanshi Swamp be tributary) plus little slope to speed up river flow, E dey meander south-eastwards sluggishly den within 50 kilometres (31 mi) has de character of a mature river. De area receives about 1,200 millimetres (47 in) of rain in de rainy season, den de river's channel soon reaches 100 metres (330 ft) wide plus a floodplain of fluvial dambos 1 to 2 kilometres (0.62 to 1.24 mi) wide. === Copperbelt === Before de river reaches the Copperbelt towns, however, e lose ein wide floodplain, de channel narrows to 30–40&nbsp;m den e meanders less for shallow valley only 40&nbsp;m or so lower dan de surrounding plateau. E dey flow close to de Copperbelt towns of Chililabombwe, Chingola den Mufulira, den athrough de outskirts of Kitwe. The popular picnic spot de Hippo Pool north of Chingola is protected as a national monument. In the Copperbelt, water is taken from the river to irrigate small farms and market gardens. At Kitwe it changes course to the south-west and flows through forest and areas of flat rock over which it floods in the wet season, keeping to a channel about 50&nbsp;m wide in the dry season.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Norrgren |first=L. |last2=Pettersson |first2=U. |last3=Örn |first3=S. |last4=Bergqvist |first4=P.-A. |date=2000-04-01 |title=Environmental Monitoring of the Kafue River, Located in the Copperbelt, Zambia |journal=Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=334–341 |bibcode=2000ArECT..38..334N |doi=10.1007/s002449910044 |issn=0090-4341 |pmid=10667931 |s2cid=11407966}}</ref> This get major negative environmental effects for de river. === Water for irrigation === Commercial plantations, especially those bordering de Kafue flats take large quantities of water for irrigation. Chief of these is de Nakambala Sugar Estate, which draws in excess of 720,000&nbsp;m³ per day to irrigate 134.13 square kilometres of land to grow sugar cane. == References == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Category:Short description matches Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] 8gkc3ys7o3wb9thkf1hzkod1132ezhs 102759 102758 2026-06-14T03:07:38Z Saharatu00 6324 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358469902|Kafue River]]" 102759 wikitext text/x-wiki De 1,576 kilometres (979 mi) long '''Kafue River''' be de longest river lying wholly within Zambia.<ref name="kambole">{{Cite journal |last=Kambole |first=Michael |year=2003 |title=Managing the water quality of the Kafue River |url=http://bscw-app1.let.ethz.ch/pub/nj_bscw.cgi/d11576701/Kambole_2003_Managing_the.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=28 |issue=20–27 |pages=1105–1109 |bibcode=2003PCE....28.1105K |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2003.08.031 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820094303/http://bscw-app1.let.ethz.ch/pub/nj_bscw.cgi/d11576701/Kambole_2003_Managing_the.pdf |archive-date=20 August 2014 |access-date=19 August 2014}}</ref> Ein water is used for irrigation , wey dem use am for generating hydroelectric power.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kafue River |url=https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/rivers/kafue/}}</ref> E be de largest tributary for de [[Zambezi]], den [[Zambia]] principal rivers, E sanso be de most central den de most urban. More dan 50% of Zambia's population live in de Kafue River Basin wey around 65% of dem are urban.<ref name="kambole" /> It has a mean flow rate of 320 cubic metres per second (11,000 cu ft/s) through its lower half, with high seasonal variations. The river discharges 10 cubic kilometres (2.4 cu mi) per year into the [[Zambezi|Zambezi River]]. == Ein course == === Ein sources === De Kafue River rise at an elevation of 1,350 metres (4,430 ft) for de relatively flat plateau just south de border between [[Zambia]] den de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of de Congo]] 120 kilometres (75 mi) north-west of Chingola in de Copperbelt Province. De source of de Kafue River is in de North-western Province of Zambia. De area is Miombo woodland for de Congo-Zambezi watershed, plus many branching dambos lying 10 to 20 metres (33 to 66 ft) lower than de highest ground, producing a very gently undulating topography. De river starts as a trickle from de marshy dambos (de Munyanshi Swamp be tributary) plus little slope to speed up river flow, E dey meander south-eastwards sluggishly den within 50 kilometres (31 mi) has de character of a mature river. De area receives about 1,200 millimetres (47 in) of rain in de rainy season, den de river's channel soon reaches 100 metres (330 ft) wide plus a floodplain of fluvial dambos 1 to 2 kilometres (0.62 to 1.24 mi) wide. === Copperbelt === Before de river reaches the Copperbelt towns, however, e lose ein wide floodplain, de channel narrows to 30–40&nbsp;m den e meanders less for shallow valley only 40&nbsp;m or so lower dan de surrounding plateau. E dey flow close to de Copperbelt towns of Chililabombwe, Chingola den Mufulira, den athrough de outskirts of Kitwe. The popular picnic spot de Hippo Pool north of Chingola is protected as a national monument. In the Copperbelt, water is taken from the river to irrigate small farms and market gardens. At Kitwe it changes course to the south-west and flows through forest and areas of flat rock over which it floods in the wet season, keeping to a channel about 50&nbsp;m wide in the dry season.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Norrgren |first=L. |last2=Pettersson |first2=U. |last3=Örn |first3=S. |last4=Bergqvist |first4=P.-A. |date=2000-04-01 |title=Environmental Monitoring of the Kafue River, Located in the Copperbelt, Zambia |journal=Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=334–341 |bibcode=2000ArECT..38..334N |doi=10.1007/s002449910044 |issn=0090-4341 |pmid=10667931 |s2cid=11407966}}</ref> On 18 February 2025, a tailings dam belonging to a copper mine operated by Sino-Metals Leach Zambia collapsed in de Copperbelt Province, causing 50 million liters of waste containing concentrated acid, dissolved solids den heavy metals to enter a tributary of de Kafue River den prompting a shutdown of de water supply in Kitwe. === Itezhi-Tezhi and Kafue Gorge Dams === This get major negative environmental effects for de river. === Water for irrigation === Commercial plantations, especially those bordering de Kafue flats take large quantities of water for irrigation. Chief of these is de Nakambala Sugar Estate, which draws in excess of 720,000&nbsp;m³ per day to irrigate 134.13 square kilometres of land to grow sugar cane. == References == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Category:Short description matches Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] hv48r0decgyngelvg6iyzebz99f63rq 102760 102759 2026-06-14T03:09:08Z Saharatu00 6324 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358469902|Kafue River]]" 102760 wikitext text/x-wiki De 1,576 kilometres (979 mi) long '''Kafue River''' be de longest river lying wholly within Zambia.<ref name="kambole">{{Cite journal |last=Kambole |first=Michael |year=2003 |title=Managing the water quality of the Kafue River |url=http://bscw-app1.let.ethz.ch/pub/nj_bscw.cgi/d11576701/Kambole_2003_Managing_the.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=28 |issue=20–27 |pages=1105–1109 |bibcode=2003PCE....28.1105K |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2003.08.031 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820094303/http://bscw-app1.let.ethz.ch/pub/nj_bscw.cgi/d11576701/Kambole_2003_Managing_the.pdf |archive-date=20 August 2014 |access-date=19 August 2014}}</ref> Ein water is used for irrigation , wey dem use am for generating hydroelectric power.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kafue River |url=https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/rivers/kafue/}}</ref> E be de largest tributary for de [[Zambezi]], den [[Zambia]] principal rivers, E sanso be de most central den de most urban. More dan 50% of Zambia's population live in de Kafue River Basin wey around 65% of dem are urban.<ref name="kambole" /> It has a mean flow rate of 320 cubic metres per second (11,000 cu ft/s) through its lower half, with high seasonal variations. The river discharges 10 cubic kilometres (2.4 cu mi) per year into the [[Zambezi|Zambezi River]]. == Ein course == === Ein sources === De Kafue River rise at an elevation of 1,350 metres (4,430 ft) for de relatively flat plateau just south de border between [[Zambia]] den de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of de Congo]] 120 kilometres (75 mi) north-west of Chingola in de Copperbelt Province. De source of de Kafue River is in de North-western Province of Zambia. De area is Miombo woodland for de Congo-Zambezi watershed, plus many branching dambos lying 10 to 20 metres (33 to 66 ft) lower than de highest ground, producing a very gently undulating topography. De river starts as a trickle from de marshy dambos (de Munyanshi Swamp be tributary) plus little slope to speed up river flow, E dey meander south-eastwards sluggishly den within 50 kilometres (31 mi) has de character of a mature river. De area receives about 1,200 millimetres (47 in) of rain in de rainy season, den de river's channel soon reaches 100 metres (330 ft) wide plus a floodplain of fluvial dambos 1 to 2 kilometres (0.62 to 1.24 mi) wide. === Copperbelt === Before de river reaches the Copperbelt towns, however, e lose ein wide floodplain, de channel narrows to 30–40&nbsp;m den e meanders less for shallow valley only 40&nbsp;m or so lower dan de surrounding plateau. E dey flow close to de Copperbelt towns of Chililabombwe, Chingola den Mufulira, den athrough de outskirts of Kitwe. The popular picnic spot de Hippo Pool north of Chingola is protected as a national monument. In the Copperbelt, water is taken from the river to irrigate small farms and market gardens. At Kitwe it changes course to the south-west and flows through forest and areas of flat rock over which it floods in the wet season, keeping to a channel about 50&nbsp;m wide in the dry season.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Norrgren |first=L. |last2=Pettersson |first2=U. |last3=Örn |first3=S. |last4=Bergqvist |first4=P.-A. |date=2000-04-01 |title=Environmental Monitoring of the Kafue River, Located in the Copperbelt, Zambia |journal=Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=334–341 |bibcode=2000ArECT..38..334N |doi=10.1007/s002449910044 |issn=0090-4341 |pmid=10667931 |s2cid=11407966}}</ref> This project heavily influenced development of Zambian Government policy on water resources and in February 2010, the Zambian Cabinet approved a revised National Water policy that "aims to improve water resources management by establishing institutional coordination, engaging in modern methods of integrated water resource management while decentralising government policy to address diverse interests within the water sector".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Dimensions of Change in River Basins: Threats Linkages and Adaptation |url=http://www.gwsp.org/fileadmin/GCI_conference/Products/GWSP-GCI%20conference%202010%20Proceedings.pdf |access-date=7 November 2011 |publisher=Global Systems Water Project}}</ref> ==== Tailings dam collapse ==== On 18 February 2025, a tailings dam belonging to a copper mine operated by Sino-Metals Leach Zambia collapsed in de Copperbelt Province, causing 50 million liters of waste containing concentrated acid, dissolved solids den heavy metals to enter a tributary of de Kafue River den prompting a shutdown of de water supply in Kitwe. === Itezhi-Tezhi and Kafue Gorge Dams === This get major negative environmental effects for de river. === Water for irrigation === Commercial plantations, especially those bordering de Kafue flats take large quantities of water for irrigation. Chief of these is de Nakambala Sugar Estate, which draws in excess of 720,000&nbsp;m³ per day to irrigate 134.13 square kilometres of land to grow sugar cane. == References == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Category:Short description matches Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] 697gfrknrf86u8blm3tl421yalg5ij6 0 27281 102618 102089 2026-06-13T16:53:14Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102618 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Voi River'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Query: GeoNames (ID: 0) |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/geon-ags/rest/services/RESEARCH/GIS_OUTPUT/MapServer/0/query?outfields=*&where=full_name=+%27Voi%27 |access-date=2026-06-12 |website=geonames.nga.mil}}</ref> ('''Goshi River'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Query: GeoNames (ID: 0) |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/geon-ags/rest/services/RESEARCH/GIS_OUTPUT/MapServer/0/query?outfields=*&where=full_name=+%27Goshi%27 |access-date=2026-06-12 |website=geonames.nga.mil}}</ref>) be a river insyd Coast Province, Kenya, East Africa. E dey originate insyd de Taita Hills den dey flow past de town of Voi den thru de Tsavo East National Park before emptying into de sea at Kilifi.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Muslim, F.|chapter=Kenya National Report|title=Legal aspects of protecting and managing the marine and coastal environment of the East African region: National Reports|series=UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies No. 49|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)|pages=31&ndash;57, page 52|url=http://iwlearn.net/publications/regional-seas-reports/unep-regional-seas-reports-and-studies-no-49/view}} [http://iwlearn.net/publications/regional-seas-reports/unep-regional-seas-reports-and-studies-no-49/at_download/file download rsrs049.pdf]</ref> Ein total length be about {{Convert|210|km|mi|0}}. However, insyd de dry season de last (lower) eighty kilometres per wey get water insyd am. ==Aruba Dam== [[File:Lake of the Aruba Dam next to the Ashnil Aruba Lodge from the east during the evening in the Tsavo East National Park, Kenya 7.jpg|thumb|De reservoir of de Aruba Dam|308x308px]] Na dem build de Aruba Dam insyd 1952 across de Voi River. Dem create de reservoir by de dam wey attract chaw animals den water birds.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Caputo, Philip|chapter=Among the Man-Eaters (from ''National Geographic Adventure'')|year=2002|title=The Best American Travel Writing 2001|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|location=Boston, Massachusetts|pages=47&ndash;74, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6Vzo5glJNgC&pg=PA54 page 54]|isbn=0-618-11877-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ayeni |first=J. S. O. |date=July 1977 |title=Some Aspects of Evolution and Management of Waterholes in Tsavo National Park (East), Kenya |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00128325.1977.11662879 |journal=East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal |language=en |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=45–69 |doi=10.1080/00128325.1977.11662879 |issn=0012-8325|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ==Mouth== At de mouth of de Voi, de river dey flow into de Goshi Estuary. De Goshi Estuary dey flow into a narrow neck wer der be a bridge between de Shauri Moyo beach den Kilifi.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Weiss |first1=Robert |last2=Bahlburg |first2=Heinrich |year=2006 |title=The Coast of Kenya Field Survey after the December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami |journal=Earthquake Spectra |volume=22 |number=S3 |pages=238 |doi=10.1193/1.2201970|bibcode=2006EarSp..22..235W |s2cid=110486072 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1236210 }}</ref> De neck be known as Kilifi Creek wey e be about {{Convert|3|km|mi|2}} long between de estuary den de sea. == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Rivers of Kenya]] [[Category:Coast Province]] kn2mr1hmk85wr2n1dxrczp5cvkvyh1q 0 27310 102727 100740 2026-06-13T22:08:59Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 102727 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Saint John River''' be one of de six main rivers insyd de [[West Africa|West African]] nation for [[Liberia]]. Plus de headwaters den neighboring [[Guinea]], de river dey flow generally southwest thru Liberia den dey empty for de [[Atlantic Ocean]] for Bass-a Cove near Edina den Grand Bassa County. De {{convert|282|km|mi|abbr=on}} river has a drainage basin wey dey cover {{convert|16,157|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TWAP Rivers Portal - Indicators application |url=http://twap-rivers.org/indicators/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117234333/http://twap-rivers.org/indicators/ |archive-date=2024-01-17 |access-date=2026-06-13 |website=twap-rivers.org}}</ref> == Course == De headwaters of de river dey insyd de Nimba Range of de Guinea Highlands insyd de country of [[Guinea]] den dey flow south towards de border plus Liberia.<ref name=eb>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/517385/Saint-John-River Saint John River.] (2008). ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved on September 24, 2008.</ref> Near Yalata, Guinea e dey begin to form de border between Guinea den Bong County insyd Liberia.<ref name="map">{{cite web|url=https://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&ll=6.219743,-9.75174&spn=0.660757,1.757813&t=h&z=10|title=Liberia|publisher=Google Maps|accessdate=2008-10-27}}</ref> E dey flow generally south, e dey form de international boundary for around 9.6&nbsp;km (6 miles).<ref name="map"/> At Niatande, Liberia, e dey meet de Mani River den dey enter Liberia, wey dey form de boundary between Bong den Nimba counties.<ref name="map"/> De river then dey flow to de southwest for approximately {{convert|15|mi|km}} before e dey turn to de southeast for a {{convert|12|mi|km|adj=on}} stretch.<ref name="map"/> Near Zahn e dey take de smaller Yah river, den sanso dey turn southwest.<ref name="map"/> After about {{convert|15|mi|km}} e dey begin to form de boundary between Bong den Grand Bassa counties den dey turn west for about 16&nbsp;km (10 miles).<ref name="map"/> De river then dey continue to de southwest, den after approximately {{convert|30|mi|km}} e dey enter Grand Bassa County.<ref name="map"/> After around {{convert|8|mi|km}} e dey turn south for {{convert|8|mi|km|spell=in}} den then dey flow back to de southwest for approximately 16&nbsp;km (10 miles).<ref name="map"/> Near Shoigabli e dey turn due south for about {{convert|9|mi|km}} wer e dey pass Mount Finley den dey turn more westerly den dey flow generally southwest for anoda 14.5&nbsp;km (9 miles).<ref name="map"/> Between Zoblum den Alfabli the Saint John dey widen den dey flow to de northwest for around {{convert|3|mi|km}} before heading west for a mile to Hartford.<ref name="map"/> De river then dey dive to de southwest for ein final 10.5&nbsp;km (6.5 miles).<ref name="map"/> Hie e dey receive de Mechlin den Benson rivers as e dey empty into de Atlantic Ocean near Edina den Buchanan.<ref name=eb/> == References == lo5sn0vnen5j7s11b7ugid9xn5yl40f 102728 102727 2026-06-13T22:11:22Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 102728 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Saint John River''' be one of de six main rivers insyd de [[West Africa|West African]] nation for [[Liberia]]. Plus de headwaters den neighboring [[Guinea]], de river dey flow generally southwest thru Liberia den dey empty for de [[Atlantic Ocean]] for Bass-a Cove near Edina den Grand Bassa County. De {{convert|282|km|mi|abbr=on}} river has a drainage basin wey dey cover {{convert|16,157|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TWAP Rivers Portal - Indicators application |url=http://twap-rivers.org/indicators/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117234333/http://twap-rivers.org/indicators/ |archive-date=2024-01-17 |access-date=2026-06-13 |website=twap-rivers.org}}</ref> == Course == De headwaters of de river dey insyd de Nimba Range of de Guinea Highlands insyd de country of [[Guinea]] den dey flow south towards de border plus Liberia.<ref name=eb>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/517385/Saint-John-River Saint John River.] (2008). ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved on September 24, 2008.</ref> Near Yalata, Guinea e dey begin to form de border between Guinea den Bong County insyd Liberia.<ref name="map">{{cite web|url=https://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&ll=6.219743,-9.75174&spn=0.660757,1.757813&t=h&z=10|title=Liberia|publisher=Google Maps|accessdate=2008-10-27}}</ref> E dey flow generally south, e dey form de international boundary for around 9.6&nbsp;km (6 miles).<ref name="map"/> At Niatande, Liberia, e dey meet de Mani River den dey enter Liberia, wey dey form de boundary between Bong den Nimba counties.<ref name="map"/> De river then dey flow to de southwest for approximately {{convert|15|mi|km}} before e dey turn to de southeast for a {{convert|12|mi|km|adj=on}} stretch.<ref name="map"/> Near Zahn e dey take de smaller Yah river, den sanso dey turn southwest.<ref name="map"/> After about {{convert|15|mi|km}} e dey begin to form de boundary between Bong den Grand Bassa counties den dey turn west for about 16&nbsp;km (10 miles).<ref name="map"/> De river then dey continue to de southwest, den after approximately {{convert|30|mi|km}} e dey enter Grand Bassa County.<ref name="map"/> After around {{convert|8|mi|km}} e dey turn south for {{convert|8|mi|km|spell=in}} den then dey flow back to de southwest for approximately 16&nbsp;km (10 miles).<ref name="map"/> Near Shoigabli e dey turn due south for about {{convert|9|mi|km}} wer e dey pass Mount Finley den dey turn more westerly den dey flow generally southwest for anoda 14.5&nbsp;km (9 miles).<ref name="map"/> Between Zoblum den Alfabli the Saint John dey widen den dey flow to de northwest for around {{convert|3|mi|km}} before heading west for a mile to Hartford.<ref name="map"/> De river then dey dive to de southwest for ein final 10.5&nbsp;km (6.5 miles).<ref name="map"/> Hie e dey receive de Mechlin den Benson rivers as e dey empty into de Atlantic Ocean near Edina den Buchanan.<ref name=eb/> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Authority control}} [[Category:Rivers of Liberia]] [[Category:Rivers of Guinea]] [[Category:Grand Bassa County]] [[Category:International rivers of Africa]] [[Category:Guinea–Liberia border]] [[Category:Border rivers]] dnmwj9l37eyyrl65kd6nmm882zlcb75 0 27311 102731 100720 2026-06-13T22:27:16Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 102731 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Little Scarcies River''' be a river insyd west [[Africa]] wey dey begin insyd [[Guinea]] den dey flow into [[Sierra Leone]], after wich e dey empty into de [[Atlantic Ocean]]. E be surrounded by extensive marshlands. De river sanso be known as de '''Kaba River'''. De Great Scarcies River dey flow into de same bay of de Atlantic Ocean ({{coord|8|54|00|N|13|11|00|W|display=inline}}), just to de north of de mouth of de Little Scarcies River. Na dis area be settled by de Temne people wey migrate from Futa Jalon to de north.<ref name="short Fyfe">{{cite book|last=Fyfe|first=Christopher|title=A Short History of Sierra Leone|year=1962|publisher=Longmans|location=London}}</ref> Na an earlier alternative form of de name be '''Scassos''';<ref>Carl Bernhard Wadström, ''An Essay on Colonization, Particularly Applied to the Western Coast of Africa, with Some Free Thoughts on Cultivation and Commerce'' (Darton and Harvey, 1794), p. [https://archive.org/details/essayoncolonizat00wads/page/237 237].</ref> de English name be derived from de Portuguese ''Rio dos Carceres''.<ref>P. E. H. Hair (ed.), ''Hawkins in Guinea, 1567-1568'' (Leipzig: Institut fur Afrikanistik, Universitat Leipzig, 2000; {{ISBN|3932632656}}), p. 57: "The 'Causserus' is River Scarcies, an important waterway NW of the Sierra Leone estuary, whose local name was probably Kase but which became known to the Portuguese as first Rio de Case/Caces and then as Rio dos Carceres; hence, by English corruption, 'Scarcies'."</ref> == References == qb3cdujbs2tim7cshgaml97oktuwu4p 102733 102731 2026-06-13T22:32:37Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 102733 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Little Scarcies River''' be a river insyd west [[Africa]] wey dey begin insyd [[Guinea]] den dey flow into [[Sierra Leone]], after wich e dey empty into de [[Atlantic Ocean]]. E be surrounded by extensive marshlands. De river sanso be known as de '''Kaba River'''. De Great Scarcies River dey flow into de same bay of de Atlantic Ocean ({{coord|8|54|00|N|13|11|00|W|display=inline}}), just to de north of de mouth of de Little Scarcies River. Na dis area be settled by de Temne people wey migrate from Futa Jalon to de north.<ref name="short Fyfe">{{cite book|last=Fyfe|first=Christopher|title=A Short History of Sierra Leone|year=1962|publisher=Longmans|location=London}}</ref> Na an earlier alternative form of de name be '''Scassos''';<ref>Carl Bernhard Wadström, ''An Essay on Colonization, Particularly Applied to the Western Coast of Africa, with Some Free Thoughts on Cultivation and Commerce'' (Darton and Harvey, 1794), p. [https://archive.org/details/essayoncolonizat00wads/page/237 237].</ref> de English name be derived from de Portuguese ''Rio dos Carceres''.<ref>P. E. H. Hair (ed.), ''Hawkins in Guinea, 1567-1568'' (Leipzig: Institut fur Afrikanistik, Universitat Leipzig, 2000; {{ISBN|3932632656}}), p. 57: "The 'Causserus' is River Scarcies, an important waterway NW of the Sierra Leone estuary, whose local name was probably Kase but which became known to the Portuguese as first Rio de Case/Caces and then as Rio dos Carceres; hence, by English corruption, 'Scarcies'."</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} [[Category:Rivers of Guinea]] [[Category:Rivers of Sierra Leone]] [[Category:International rivers of Africa]] bmdhho5agkwpk6log3zj2d329xqi716 0 27312 102735 100721 2026-06-13T22:47:21Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 102735 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Ogooué''' (anaa '''Ogowe'''), dem sanso know as de Nazareth River, sam 1,200 km (750 mi) long, be de principal river of [[Gabon]] insyd west-central Africa den de fourth largest river insyd Africa by volume of discharge, wey dey trail only de [[Congo River|Congo]], [[Kasai River|Kasai]] den [[Niger River|Niger]]. Ein watershed dey drain nearly de entire country of Gabon, plus sam tributaries wey dey reach into de [[Republic of the Congo]], [[Cameroon]], den [[Equatorial Guinea]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=0-89577-087-3 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=275 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J.}}</ref> == Geography == === Course === De source of de Ogooué River be discovered insyd 1894 by Mary Kingsley, an English explorer wey travel up de banks by steamboat den canoe. De river dey rise insyd de northwest of de Bateke Plateaux near Kengue, [[Republic of the Congo|Republic of Congo]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=0-89577-087-3 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=275 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J.}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFScheffelWernet1980">Scheffel, Richard L.; Wernet, Susan J., eds. </cite></ref> E dey run northwest, den dey enter [[Gabon]] near ''Boumango''. ''Poubara Falls'' be near Maulongo. From Lastoursville up to Ndjole, de Ogooué be non-navigable secof rapids. From de latter city, e dey run west, den dey enter de [[Gulf of Guinea]] near Ozouri, south of Port Gentil. De Ogowe Delta be quite large, about 100 km long den 100 km wide. === Delta === A 30,000 ha site insyd de delta of de Ogooué River, wey dey include much of Mandji Island, be designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International secof e dey support significant populations of chaw bird species.<ref name="bli">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=2024 |title=Ogooué delta and Mandji island |url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/ogoou%C3%A9-delta-and-mandji-island-iba-gabon |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=BirdLife Data Zone |publisher=BirdLife International}}</ref> === Basin === De Ogooué Basin be 223,000 km² (86,000 mi²), of wich 189,500 km² (73,200 mi²) anaa 85 percent dey lie within Gabon.<ref name="Africa: International River Basin register">{{Cite web |title=Africa: International River Basin register |url=https://www.cawater-info.net/twinbasinxn/africa_e.htm}}</ref> Ogooué River Basin area by country:<ref name="Africa: International River Basin register" /> Distance from river mouth:<ref name="PROSPECTION HYDRO-ÉLECTRIQUE GÉNÉRALE DES BASSINS DE L'OGOOUÉ ET DE LA NYANGA2">{{cite report |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/39891005.pdf |title=PROSPECTION HYDRO-ÉLECTRIQUE GÉNÉRALE DES BASSINS DE L'OGOOUÉ ET DE LA NYANGA |date=1966 |publisher=ÉLECTRICITÉ DE FRANCE (EDF) |page=75}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" !Station !River kilometer (rkm) !Altitude (m) |- |Lambaréné |183 |12 |- |Ngounié* |196 |13 |- |Abanga* |242 |20 |- |Ndjolé |280 |25 |- |Okano* |314 |40 |- |N'golo* |359 |72 |- |Offoué* |424 |142 |- |Booué |451 |161 |- |Ivindo * |481 |180 |- |Dilo* |503 |182 |- |Lolo* |512 |186 |- |Lassio* |535 |200 |- |Lastoursville |616 |226 |- |Sébé* |685 |242 |- |Leyou* |696 |243 |- |Léconi* |714 |248 |- |Lékabi* |725 |249 |- |Lébombi* |774 |270 |- |Mpassa* |802 |280 |- |Baniaka* |871 |426 |} <nowiki>*</nowiki>River insyd confluence Gauging stations along de Ogooué River:<ref name="Central West Coast">{{Cite web |last=Eric |first=Tilman |title=Central West Coast |url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=192&catid=270&Itemid=179}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" |Station ! rowspan="2" |River kilometer (rkm) ! rowspan="2" |Elevation (m) ! rowspan="2" |Drainage basin (km²) ! rowspan="2" |Average discharge (m³/s) * |- |- | colspan="5" | |- |''Ogooué Delta'' |0 |0 |225,217.5 |5,148.05 |- |Lambaréné |183 |12 |205,228.5 |4,485.4 |- |Ndjolé |280 |25 |160,106.9 |3,191.5 |- |Booué |451 |161 |130,931.4 |2,746.9 |- |Lastoursville |616 |226 |45,767.1 |1,305 |- |Franceville |802 |280 |8,570.2 |233.4 |- | colspan="5" | |- | colspan="5" |^* Period: 1971–2000 |} == Discharge == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" |Month ! colspan="3" |Average monthly flow (m³/s) at delta<ref name="Estimates of Freshwater Discharge from Continents: Latitudinal and Seasonal Variations">{{Cite journal |last=Aiguo |first=Dai |last2=Kevin |first2=E. Trenberth |date=2002 |title=Estimates of Freshwater Discharge from Continents: Latitudinal and Seasonal Variations |url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/hydr/3/6/1525-7541_2002_003_0660_eofdfc_2_0_co_2.xml |journal=Journal of Hydrometeorology |volume=3 |issue=6 |pages=660–687 |bibcode=2002JHyMe...3..660D |doi=10.1175/1525-7541(2002)003<0660:EOFDFC>2.0.CO;2}}</ref> |- !Dry years !Normal !Wet years |- |DEC–FEB |3,744.5 |4,285 |4,826.5 |- |MAR–MAY |4,883 |6,336 |7,789 |- |JUN–AUG |1,625.3 |1,997 |2,188.7 |- |SEP–NOV |6,935 |8,041 |9,147 |- | colspan="4" | |- |''Average'' |''4,296.7'' |'''''5,142.25''''' |''5,987.8'' |} {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;" |+Ogooué River discharge (m³/s) at Lambaréné gauging station (period from 1929–2017): !Water year !Min !''Mean'' !Max ! rowspan="41" | !Water year !Min !''Mean'' !Max |- |1929/30 |1,250 |''3,569'' |5,030 |1969/70 |2,193 |''5,386'' |9,533 |- |1930/31 |1,390 |''4,238'' |6,980 |1970/71 |1,649 |''4,214'' |8,220 |- |1931/32 |1,590 |''4,259'' |7,580 |1971/72 |1,739 |''3,826'' |6,871 |- |1932/33 |1,380 |''4,126'' |6,630 |1972/73 |1,720 |''4,199'' |7,100 |- |1933/34 |2,390 |''5,449'' |10,800 |1973/74 |1,570 |''4,252'' |8,260 |- |1934/35 |1,850 |''4,888'' |6,690 |1974/75 |1,670 |''4,642'' |8,940 |- |1935/36 |1,690 |''4,612'' |7,850 | colspan="4" |1975/76–1979/80: No data |- |1936/37 |1,930 |''4,835'' |8,210 |1980/81 |1,550 |''4,290'' |7,820 |- |1937/38 |1,780 |''4,791'' |7,180 |1981/82 |1,740 |''4,100'' |6,900 |- |1938/39 |2,170 |''5,905'' |11,300 |1982/83 |1,140 |''3,520'' |8,550 |- |1939/40 |1,950 |''4,762'' |6,930 |1983/84 |902 |''4,230'' |6,530 |- |1940/41 |1,740 |''3,936'' |6,460 |1984/85 |2,200 |''4,670'' |7,610 |- |1941/42 |1,430 |''3,707'' |5,720 |1985/86 |1,610 |''4,060'' |6,800 |- |1942/43 |1,370 |''4,292'' |6,880 |1986/87 |1,580 |''3,690'' |7,160 |- |1943/44 |2,330 |''5,874'' |9,450 |1987/88 |1,970 |''4,940'' |8,880 |- |1944/45 |2,140 |''5,273'' |7,980 |1988/89 |1,780 |''4,700'' |9,810 |- |1945/46 |1,690 |''4,600'' |8,490 |1989/90 |2,060 |''5,030'' |10,800 |- |1946/47 |2,340 |''5,861'' |9,310 | colspan="4" |1990/91–1994/95: No data |- |1947/48 |2,120 |''5,545'' |9,780 |1995/96 |1,300 |''4,450'' |8,310 |- |1948/49 |2,640 |''5,912'' |10,600 |1996/97 |1,320 |''4,216'' |6,510 |- |1949/50 |1,950 |''5,300'' |9,600 |1997/98 |1,110 |''3,661'' |6,300 |- |1950/51 |1,640 |''5,280'' |9,470 |1998/99 |1,290 |''3,595'' |7,940 |- |1951/52 |2,350 |''5,660'' |9,080 |1999/00 |1,280 |''4,798'' |8,350 |- |1952/53 |2,050 |''4,770'' |7,200 |2000/01 |1,290 |''3,971'' |7,770 |- |1953/54 |1,300 |''3,597'' |5,690 |2001/02 |1,200 |''4,629'' |8,260 |- |1954/55 |1,900 |''4,383'' |7,530 |2002/03 |1,570 |''4,722'' |8,030 |- |1955/56 |1,400 |''4,278'' |8,100 |2003/04 |1,900 |''3,703'' |5,590 |- |1956/57 |1,660 |''4,252'' |7,420 |2004/05 |1,350 |''3,717'' |6,020 |- |1957/58 |979 |''3,093'' |5,110 |2005/06 |1,500 |''4,695'' |8,640 |- |1958/59 |1,580 |''4,179'' |8,250 |2006/07 |1,740 |''4,883'' |8,720 |- |1959/60 |2,160 |''5,073'' |9,350 |2007/08 |1,640 |''5,112'' |11,170 |- |1960/61 |2,190 |''5,970'' |11,000 |2008/09 |2,520 |''5,850'' |9,180 |- |1961/62 |1,910 |''5,227'' |8,210 |2009/10 |1,480 |''3,985'' |7,260 |- |1962/63 |2,170 |''4,799'' |6,830 |2010/11 |1,510 |''3,690'' |5,790 |- |1963/64 |1,810 |''4,647'' |8,500 |2011/12 |2,190 |''4,038'' |9,420 |- |1964/65 |2,100 |''5,074'' |7,510 |2012/13 |960 |''3,931'' |7,270 |- |1965/66 |2,150 |''5,500'' |9,470 |2013/14 |1,420 |''4,588'' |8,370 |- |1966/67 |1,600 |''4,482'' |10,100 |2014/15 |1,090 |''3,890'' |6,930 |- |1967/68 |1,823 |''4,451'' |7,557 |2015/16 |980 |''3,794'' |8,090 |- |1968/69 |2,093 |''5,020'' |7,607 |2016/17 |1,510 |''3,846'' |6,490 |- | colspan="9" | |- | colspan="9" |Source:<ref name="Global River Discharge Database">{{Cite web |title=Global River Discharge Database |url=https://sage.nelson.wisc.edu/riverdata/keysearch.php?keyword=Ogoou%C3%A9&submit=Search}}</ref><ref name="Contrasted Chemical Weathering Rates in Cratonic Basins: The Ogooué and Mbei Rivers, Western Central Africa">{{Cite journal |last=Moquet |first=Jean-Sébastien |last2=Bouchez |first2=Julien |last3=Braun |first3=Jean-Jacques |last4=Bogning |first4=Sakaros |last5=Mbonda |first5=Auguste Paulin |last6=Carretier |first6=Sébastien |last7=Regard |first7=Vincent |last8=Bricquet |first8=Jean-Pierre |last9=Paiz |first9=Marie-Claire |last10=Mambela |first10=Emmanuel |last11=Gaillardet |first11=Jérôme |date=2021 |title=Contrasted Chemical Weathering Rates in Cratonic Basins: The Ogooué and Mbei Rivers, Western Central Africa |journal=Frontiers in Water |volume=2 |bibcode=2021FrWat...2.9070M |doi=10.3389/frwa.2020.589070 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Long-term Hydrological Variations of the Ogooue River Basin">{{Cite journal |last=Sakaros |first=Bogning Dongue |last2=Frédéric |first2=Frappart |last3=Gil |first3=Mahe |last4=Fernando |first4=Niño |last5=Adrien |first5=Paris |last6=Joëlle |first6=Sihon |last7=Franck |first7=Ghomsi |last8=Fabien |first8=Blarel |last9=Jean-Pierre |first9=Bricquet |last10=Raphaël |first10=Onguéné |last11=Jacques |first11=Etame |last12=Frédérique |first12=Seyler |last13=Marie-Claire |first13=Paiz |last14=Jean-Jacques |first14=Braun |date=2021 |title=Long-term Hydrological Variations of the Ogooue River Basin |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348219681 |journal=Hydrology |volume=105 |bibcode=2021esoar.10505633B |doi=10.1002/essoar.10505633.1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |} == Tributaries == [[File:Ogooué.JPG|thumb|Ogooué River]] [[File:Fan_women_and_child,_banks_of_the_Ogoway.jpg|thumb|Fan women den kiddie, banks of de Ogoway. From The earth and its inhabitants, Africa (published 1890-1893 [v.1, 1892] )]] De Ogowe River dey receive water of numerous tributaries wey dey include: * Abanga, wich dey rise insyd de Cristal Mountains, near Medouneu * Baniaka * Dilo * Iyinda, de most important tributary * Letili * Lassio * Lebombi * Lekabi * Lekedi * Lekoni, wich dey flow across Akieni den Leconi * Letili * Leyou * Lolo * Mbine * Ngolo * Ngounie * Nke * Offoue * Okano, wey ein main tributary be de Lara River * Mpassa, wich dey flow across Franceville * Sebe, wich dey flow past Okondja * Wagny == References == <references /> == External links == 9kdyj7hfk6dp914yw95j9nprdqte49r 102737 102735 2026-06-13T22:51:51Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 102737 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Ogooué''' (anaa '''Ogowe'''), dem sanso know as de Nazareth River, sam 1,200 km (750 mi) long, be de principal river of [[Gabon]] insyd west-central Africa den de fourth largest river insyd Africa by volume of discharge, wey dey trail only de [[Congo River|Congo]], [[Kasai River|Kasai]] den [[Niger River|Niger]]. Ein watershed dey drain nearly de entire country of Gabon, plus sam tributaries wey dey reach into de [[Republic of the Congo]], [[Cameroon]], den [[Equatorial Guinea]].<ref name="readersnatural2">{{Cite book |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=0-89577-087-3 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=275 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J.}}</ref> == Geography == === Course === De source of de Ogooué River be discovered insyd 1894 by Mary Kingsley, an English explorer wey travel up de banks by steamboat den canoe. De river dey rise insyd de northwest of de Bateke Plateaux near Kengue, [[Republic of the Congo|Republic of Congo]].<ref name="readersnatural2" /> E dey run northwest, den dey enter [[Gabon]] near ''Boumango''. ''Poubara Falls'' be near Maulongo. From Lastoursville up to Ndjole, de Ogooué be non-navigable secof rapids. From de latter city, e dey run west, den dey enter de [[Gulf of Guinea]] near Ozouri, south of Port Gentil. De Ogowe Delta be quite large, about 100 km long den 100 km wide. === Delta === A 30,000 ha site insyd de delta of de Ogooué River, wey dey include much of Mandji Island, be designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International secof e dey support significant populations of chaw bird species.<ref name="bli">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=2024 |title=Ogooué delta and Mandji island |url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/ogoou%C3%A9-delta-and-mandji-island-iba-gabon |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=BirdLife Data Zone |publisher=BirdLife International}}</ref> === Basin === De Ogooué Basin be 223,000 km² (86,000 mi²), of wich 189,500 km² (73,200 mi²) anaa 85 percent dey lie within Gabon.<ref name="Africa: International River Basin register">{{Cite web |title=Africa: International River Basin register |url=https://www.cawater-info.net/twinbasinxn/africa_e.htm}}</ref> Ogooué River Basin area by country:<ref name="Africa: International River Basin register" /> Distance from river mouth:<ref name="PROSPECTION HYDRO-ÉLECTRIQUE GÉNÉRALE DES BASSINS DE L'OGOOUÉ ET DE LA NYANGA2">{{cite report |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/39891005.pdf |title=PROSPECTION HYDRO-ÉLECTRIQUE GÉNÉRALE DES BASSINS DE L'OGOOUÉ ET DE LA NYANGA |date=1966 |publisher=ÉLECTRICITÉ DE FRANCE (EDF) |page=75}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" !Station !River kilometer (rkm) !Altitude (m) |- |Lambaréné |183 |12 |- |Ngounié* |196 |13 |- |Abanga* |242 |20 |- |Ndjolé |280 |25 |- |Okano* |314 |40 |- |N'golo* |359 |72 |- |Offoué* |424 |142 |- |Booué |451 |161 |- |Ivindo * |481 |180 |- |Dilo* |503 |182 |- |Lolo* |512 |186 |- |Lassio* |535 |200 |- |Lastoursville |616 |226 |- |Sébé* |685 |242 |- |Leyou* |696 |243 |- |Léconi* |714 |248 |- |Lékabi* |725 |249 |- |Lébombi* |774 |270 |- |Mpassa* |802 |280 |- |Baniaka* |871 |426 |} <nowiki>*</nowiki>River insyd confluence Gauging stations along de Ogooué River:<ref name="Central West Coast">{{Cite web |last=Eric |first=Tilman |title=Central West Coast |url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=192&catid=270&Itemid=179}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" |Station ! rowspan="2" |River kilometer (rkm) ! rowspan="2" |Elevation (m) ! rowspan="2" |Drainage basin (km²) ! rowspan="2" |Average discharge (m³/s) * |- |- | colspan="5" | |- |''Ogooué Delta'' |0 |0 |225,217.5 |5,148.05 |- |Lambaréné |183 |12 |205,228.5 |4,485.4 |- |Ndjolé |280 |25 |160,106.9 |3,191.5 |- |Booué |451 |161 |130,931.4 |2,746.9 |- |Lastoursville |616 |226 |45,767.1 |1,305 |- |Franceville |802 |280 |8,570.2 |233.4 |- | colspan="5" | |- | colspan="5" |^* Period: 1971–2000 |} == Discharge == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" |Month ! colspan="3" |Average monthly flow (m³/s) at delta<ref name="Estimates of Freshwater Discharge from Continents: Latitudinal and Seasonal Variations">{{Cite journal |last=Aiguo |first=Dai |last2=Kevin |first2=E. Trenberth |date=2002 |title=Estimates of Freshwater Discharge from Continents: Latitudinal and Seasonal Variations |url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/hydr/3/6/1525-7541_2002_003_0660_eofdfc_2_0_co_2.xml |journal=Journal of Hydrometeorology |volume=3 |issue=6 |pages=660–687 |bibcode=2002JHyMe...3..660D |doi=10.1175/1525-7541(2002)003<0660:EOFDFC>2.0.CO;2}}</ref> |- !Dry years !Normal !Wet years |- |DEC–FEB |3,744.5 |4,285 |4,826.5 |- |MAR–MAY |4,883 |6,336 |7,789 |- |JUN–AUG |1,625.3 |1,997 |2,188.7 |- |SEP–NOV |6,935 |8,041 |9,147 |- | colspan="4" | |- |''Average'' |''4,296.7'' |'''''5,142.25''''' |''5,987.8'' |} {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;" |+Ogooué River discharge (m³/s) at Lambaréné gauging station (period from 1929–2017): !Water year !Min !''Mean'' !Max ! rowspan="41" | !Water year !Min !''Mean'' !Max |- |1929/30 |1,250 |''3,569'' |5,030 |1969/70 |2,193 |''5,386'' |9,533 |- |1930/31 |1,390 |''4,238'' |6,980 |1970/71 |1,649 |''4,214'' |8,220 |- |1931/32 |1,590 |''4,259'' |7,580 |1971/72 |1,739 |''3,826'' |6,871 |- |1932/33 |1,380 |''4,126'' |6,630 |1972/73 |1,720 |''4,199'' |7,100 |- |1933/34 |2,390 |''5,449'' |10,800 |1973/74 |1,570 |''4,252'' |8,260 |- |1934/35 |1,850 |''4,888'' |6,690 |1974/75 |1,670 |''4,642'' |8,940 |- |1935/36 |1,690 |''4,612'' |7,850 | colspan="4" |1975/76–1979/80: No data |- |1936/37 |1,930 |''4,835'' |8,210 |1980/81 |1,550 |''4,290'' |7,820 |- |1937/38 |1,780 |''4,791'' |7,180 |1981/82 |1,740 |''4,100'' |6,900 |- |1938/39 |2,170 |''5,905'' |11,300 |1982/83 |1,140 |''3,520'' |8,550 |- |1939/40 |1,950 |''4,762'' |6,930 |1983/84 |902 |''4,230'' |6,530 |- |1940/41 |1,740 |''3,936'' |6,460 |1984/85 |2,200 |''4,670'' |7,610 |- |1941/42 |1,430 |''3,707'' |5,720 |1985/86 |1,610 |''4,060'' |6,800 |- |1942/43 |1,370 |''4,292'' |6,880 |1986/87 |1,580 |''3,690'' |7,160 |- |1943/44 |2,330 |''5,874'' |9,450 |1987/88 |1,970 |''4,940'' |8,880 |- |1944/45 |2,140 |''5,273'' |7,980 |1988/89 |1,780 |''4,700'' |9,810 |- |1945/46 |1,690 |''4,600'' |8,490 |1989/90 |2,060 |''5,030'' |10,800 |- |1946/47 |2,340 |''5,861'' |9,310 | colspan="4" |1990/91–1994/95: No data |- |1947/48 |2,120 |''5,545'' |9,780 |1995/96 |1,300 |''4,450'' |8,310 |- |1948/49 |2,640 |''5,912'' |10,600 |1996/97 |1,320 |''4,216'' |6,510 |- |1949/50 |1,950 |''5,300'' |9,600 |1997/98 |1,110 |''3,661'' |6,300 |- |1950/51 |1,640 |''5,280'' |9,470 |1998/99 |1,290 |''3,595'' |7,940 |- |1951/52 |2,350 |''5,660'' |9,080 |1999/00 |1,280 |''4,798'' |8,350 |- |1952/53 |2,050 |''4,770'' |7,200 |2000/01 |1,290 |''3,971'' |7,770 |- |1953/54 |1,300 |''3,597'' |5,690 |2001/02 |1,200 |''4,629'' |8,260 |- |1954/55 |1,900 |''4,383'' |7,530 |2002/03 |1,570 |''4,722'' |8,030 |- |1955/56 |1,400 |''4,278'' |8,100 |2003/04 |1,900 |''3,703'' |5,590 |- |1956/57 |1,660 |''4,252'' |7,420 |2004/05 |1,350 |''3,717'' |6,020 |- |1957/58 |979 |''3,093'' |5,110 |2005/06 |1,500 |''4,695'' |8,640 |- |1958/59 |1,580 |''4,179'' |8,250 |2006/07 |1,740 |''4,883'' |8,720 |- |1959/60 |2,160 |''5,073'' |9,350 |2007/08 |1,640 |''5,112'' |11,170 |- |1960/61 |2,190 |''5,970'' |11,000 |2008/09 |2,520 |''5,850'' |9,180 |- |1961/62 |1,910 |''5,227'' |8,210 |2009/10 |1,480 |''3,985'' |7,260 |- |1962/63 |2,170 |''4,799'' |6,830 |2010/11 |1,510 |''3,690'' |5,790 |- |1963/64 |1,810 |''4,647'' |8,500 |2011/12 |2,190 |''4,038'' |9,420 |- |1964/65 |2,100 |''5,074'' |7,510 |2012/13 |960 |''3,931'' |7,270 |- |1965/66 |2,150 |''5,500'' |9,470 |2013/14 |1,420 |''4,588'' |8,370 |- |1966/67 |1,600 |''4,482'' |10,100 |2014/15 |1,090 |''3,890'' |6,930 |- |1967/68 |1,823 |''4,451'' |7,557 |2015/16 |980 |''3,794'' |8,090 |- |1968/69 |2,093 |''5,020'' |7,607 |2016/17 |1,510 |''3,846'' |6,490 |- | colspan="9" | |- | colspan="9" |Source:<ref name="Global River Discharge Database">{{Cite web |title=Global River Discharge Database |url=https://sage.nelson.wisc.edu/riverdata/keysearch.php?keyword=Ogoou%C3%A9&submit=Search}}</ref><ref name="Contrasted Chemical Weathering Rates in Cratonic Basins: The Ogooué and Mbei Rivers, Western Central Africa">{{Cite journal |last=Moquet |first=Jean-Sébastien |last2=Bouchez |first2=Julien |last3=Braun |first3=Jean-Jacques |last4=Bogning |first4=Sakaros |last5=Mbonda |first5=Auguste Paulin |last6=Carretier |first6=Sébastien |last7=Regard |first7=Vincent |last8=Bricquet |first8=Jean-Pierre |last9=Paiz |first9=Marie-Claire |last10=Mambela |first10=Emmanuel |last11=Gaillardet |first11=Jérôme |date=2021 |title=Contrasted Chemical Weathering Rates in Cratonic Basins: The Ogooué and Mbei Rivers, Western Central Africa |journal=Frontiers in Water |volume=2 |bibcode=2021FrWat...2.9070M |doi=10.3389/frwa.2020.589070 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Long-term Hydrological Variations of the Ogooue River Basin">{{Cite journal |last=Sakaros |first=Bogning Dongue |last2=Frédéric |first2=Frappart |last3=Gil |first3=Mahe |last4=Fernando |first4=Niño |last5=Adrien |first5=Paris |last6=Joëlle |first6=Sihon |last7=Franck |first7=Ghomsi |last8=Fabien |first8=Blarel |last9=Jean-Pierre |first9=Bricquet |last10=Raphaël |first10=Onguéné |last11=Jacques |first11=Etame |last12=Frédérique |first12=Seyler |last13=Marie-Claire |first13=Paiz |last14=Jean-Jacques |first14=Braun |date=2021 |title=Long-term Hydrological Variations of the Ogooue River Basin |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348219681 |journal=Hydrology |volume=105 |bibcode=2021esoar.10505633B |doi=10.1002/essoar.10505633.1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |} == Tributaries == [[File:Ogooué.JPG|thumb|Ogooué River]] [[File:Fan_women_and_child,_banks_of_the_Ogoway.jpg|thumb|Fan women den kiddie, banks of de Ogoway. From The earth and its inhabitants, Africa (published 1890-1893 [v.1, 1892] )]] De Ogowe River dey receive water of numerous tributaries wey dey include: * Abanga, wich dey rise insyd de Cristal Mountains, near Medouneu * Baniaka * Dilo * Iyinda, de most important tributary * Letili * Lassio * Lebombi * Lekabi * Lekedi * Lekoni, wich dey flow across Akieni den Leconi * Letili * Leyou * Lolo * Mbine * Ngolo * Ngounie * Nke * Offoue * Okano, wey ein main tributary be de Lara River * Mpassa, wich dey flow across Franceville * Sebe, wich dey flow past Okondja * Wagny == References == <references /> == External links == irciczbr8snvzx5conlrficp3aammc7 102738 102737 2026-06-13T22:57:50Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 102738 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Ogooué''' (anaa '''Ogowe'''), dem sanso know as de Nazareth River, sam 1,200 km (750 mi) long, be de principal river of [[Gabon]] insyd west-central Africa den de fourth largest river insyd Africa by volume of discharge, wey dey trail only de [[Congo River|Congo]], [[Kasai River|Kasai]] den [[Niger River|Niger]]. Ein watershed dey drain nearly de entire country of Gabon, plus sam tributaries wey dey reach into de [[Republic of the Congo]], [[Cameroon]], den [[Equatorial Guinea]].<ref name="readersnatural2">{{Cite book |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=0-89577-087-3 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=275 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J.}}</ref> == Geography == === Course === De source of de Ogooué River be discovered insyd 1894 by Mary Kingsley, an English explorer wey travel up de banks by steamboat den canoe. De river dey rise insyd de northwest of de Bateke Plateaux near Kengue, [[Republic of the Congo|Republic of Congo]].<ref name="readersnatural2" /> E dey run northwest, den dey enter [[Gabon]] near ''Boumango''. ''Poubara Falls'' be near Maulongo. From Lastoursville up to Ndjole, de Ogooué be non-navigable secof rapids. From de latter city, e dey run west, den dey enter de [[Gulf of Guinea]] near Ozouri, south of Port Gentil. De Ogowe Delta be quite large, about 100 km long den 100 km wide. === Delta === A 30,000 ha site insyd de delta of de Ogooué River, wey dey include much of Mandji Island, be designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International secof e dey support significant populations of chaw bird species.<ref name="bli">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=2024 |title=Ogooué delta and Mandji island |url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/ogoou%C3%A9-delta-and-mandji-island-iba-gabon |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=BirdLife Data Zone |publisher=BirdLife International}}</ref> === Basin === De Ogooué Basin be 223,000 km² (86,000 mi²), of wich 189,500 km² (73,200 mi²) anaa 85 percent dey lie within Gabon.<ref name="Africa: International River Basin register">{{Cite web |title=Africa: International River Basin register |url=https://www.cawater-info.net/twinbasinxn/africa_e.htm}}</ref> Ogooué River Basin area by country:<ref name="Africa: International River Basin register" /> Distance from river mouth:<ref name="PROSPECTION HYDRO-ÉLECTRIQUE GÉNÉRALE DES BASSINS DE L'OGOOUÉ ET DE LA NYANGA2">{{cite report |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/39891005.pdf |title=PROSPECTION HYDRO-ÉLECTRIQUE GÉNÉRALE DES BASSINS DE L'OGOOUÉ ET DE LA NYANGA |date=1966 |publisher=ÉLECTRICITÉ DE FRANCE (EDF) |page=75}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" !Station !River kilometer (rkm) !Altitude (m) |- |Lambaréné |183 |12 |- |Ngounié* |196 |13 |- |Abanga* |242 |20 |- |Ndjolé |280 |25 |- |Okano* |314 |40 |- |N'golo* |359 |72 |- |Offoué* |424 |142 |- |Booué |451 |161 |- |Ivindo * |481 |180 |- |Dilo* |503 |182 |- |Lolo* |512 |186 |- |Lassio* |535 |200 |- |Lastoursville |616 |226 |- |Sébé* |685 |242 |- |Leyou* |696 |243 |- |Léconi* |714 |248 |- |Lékabi* |725 |249 |- |Lébombi* |774 |270 |- |Mpassa* |802 |280 |- |Baniaka* |871 |426 |} <nowiki>*</nowiki>River insyd confluence Gauging stations along de Ogooué River:<ref name="Central West Coast">{{Cite web |last=Eric |first=Tilman |title=Central West Coast |url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=192&catid=270&Itemid=179}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" |Station ! rowspan="2" |River kilometer (rkm) ! rowspan="2" |Elevation (m) ! rowspan="2" |Drainage basin (km²) ! rowspan="2" |Average discharge (m³/s) * |- |- | colspan="5" | |- |''Ogooué Delta'' |0 |0 |225,217.5 |5,148.05 |- |Lambaréné |183 |12 |205,228.5 |4,485.4 |- |Ndjolé |280 |25 |160,106.9 |3,191.5 |- |Booué |451 |161 |130,931.4 |2,746.9 |- |Lastoursville |616 |226 |45,767.1 |1,305 |- |Franceville |802 |280 |8,570.2 |233.4 |- | colspan="5" | |- | colspan="5" |^* Period: 1971–2000 |} == Discharge == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" |Month ! colspan="3" |Average monthly flow (m³/s) at delta<ref name="Estimates of Freshwater Discharge from Continents: Latitudinal and Seasonal Variations">{{Cite journal |last=Aiguo |first=Dai |last2=Kevin |first2=E. Trenberth |date=2002 |title=Estimates of Freshwater Discharge from Continents: Latitudinal and Seasonal Variations |url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/hydr/3/6/1525-7541_2002_003_0660_eofdfc_2_0_co_2.xml |journal=Journal of Hydrometeorology |volume=3 |issue=6 |pages=660–687 |bibcode=2002JHyMe...3..660D |doi=10.1175/1525-7541(2002)003<0660:EOFDFC>2.0.CO;2}}</ref> |- !Dry years !Normal !Wet years |- |DEC–FEB |3,744.5 |4,285 |4,826.5 |- |MAR–MAY |4,883 |6,336 |7,789 |- |JUN–AUG |1,625.3 |1,997 |2,188.7 |- |SEP–NOV |6,935 |8,041 |9,147 |- | colspan="4" | |- |''Average'' |''4,296.7'' |'''''5,142.25''''' |''5,987.8'' |} {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;" |+Ogooué River discharge (m³/s) at Lambaréné gauging station (period from 1929–2017): !Water year !Min !''Mean'' !Max ! rowspan="41" | !Water year !Min !''Mean'' !Max |- |1929/30 |1,250 |''3,569'' |5,030 |1969/70 |2,193 |''5,386'' |9,533 |- |1930/31 |1,390 |''4,238'' |6,980 |1970/71 |1,649 |''4,214'' |8,220 |- |1931/32 |1,590 |''4,259'' |7,580 |1971/72 |1,739 |''3,826'' |6,871 |- |1932/33 |1,380 |''4,126'' |6,630 |1972/73 |1,720 |''4,199'' |7,100 |- |1933/34 |2,390 |''5,449'' |10,800 |1973/74 |1,570 |''4,252'' |8,260 |- |1934/35 |1,850 |''4,888'' |6,690 |1974/75 |1,670 |''4,642'' |8,940 |- |1935/36 |1,690 |''4,612'' |7,850 | colspan="4" |1975/76–1979/80: No data |- |1936/37 |1,930 |''4,835'' |8,210 |1980/81 |1,550 |''4,290'' |7,820 |- |1937/38 |1,780 |''4,791'' |7,180 |1981/82 |1,740 |''4,100'' |6,900 |- |1938/39 |2,170 |''5,905'' |11,300 |1982/83 |1,140 |''3,520'' |8,550 |- |1939/40 |1,950 |''4,762'' |6,930 |1983/84 |902 |''4,230'' |6,530 |- |1940/41 |1,740 |''3,936'' |6,460 |1984/85 |2,200 |''4,670'' |7,610 |- |1941/42 |1,430 |''3,707'' |5,720 |1985/86 |1,610 |''4,060'' |6,800 |- |1942/43 |1,370 |''4,292'' |6,880 |1986/87 |1,580 |''3,690'' |7,160 |- |1943/44 |2,330 |''5,874'' |9,450 |1987/88 |1,970 |''4,940'' |8,880 |- |1944/45 |2,140 |''5,273'' |7,980 |1988/89 |1,780 |''4,700'' |9,810 |- |1945/46 |1,690 |''4,600'' |8,490 |1989/90 |2,060 |''5,030'' |10,800 |- |1946/47 |2,340 |''5,861'' |9,310 | colspan="4" |1990/91–1994/95: No data |- |1947/48 |2,120 |''5,545'' |9,780 |1995/96 |1,300 |''4,450'' |8,310 |- |1948/49 |2,640 |''5,912'' |10,600 |1996/97 |1,320 |''4,216'' |6,510 |- |1949/50 |1,950 |''5,300'' |9,600 |1997/98 |1,110 |''3,661'' |6,300 |- |1950/51 |1,640 |''5,280'' |9,470 |1998/99 |1,290 |''3,595'' |7,940 |- |1951/52 |2,350 |''5,660'' |9,080 |1999/00 |1,280 |''4,798'' |8,350 |- |1952/53 |2,050 |''4,770'' |7,200 |2000/01 |1,290 |''3,971'' |7,770 |- |1953/54 |1,300 |''3,597'' |5,690 |2001/02 |1,200 |''4,629'' |8,260 |- |1954/55 |1,900 |''4,383'' |7,530 |2002/03 |1,570 |''4,722'' |8,030 |- |1955/56 |1,400 |''4,278'' |8,100 |2003/04 |1,900 |''3,703'' |5,590 |- |1956/57 |1,660 |''4,252'' |7,420 |2004/05 |1,350 |''3,717'' |6,020 |- |1957/58 |979 |''3,093'' |5,110 |2005/06 |1,500 |''4,695'' |8,640 |- |1958/59 |1,580 |''4,179'' |8,250 |2006/07 |1,740 |''4,883'' |8,720 |- |1959/60 |2,160 |''5,073'' |9,350 |2007/08 |1,640 |''5,112'' |11,170 |- |1960/61 |2,190 |''5,970'' |11,000 |2008/09 |2,520 |''5,850'' |9,180 |- |1961/62 |1,910 |''5,227'' |8,210 |2009/10 |1,480 |''3,985'' |7,260 |- |1962/63 |2,170 |''4,799'' |6,830 |2010/11 |1,510 |''3,690'' |5,790 |- |1963/64 |1,810 |''4,647'' |8,500 |2011/12 |2,190 |''4,038'' |9,420 |- |1964/65 |2,100 |''5,074'' |7,510 |2012/13 |960 |''3,931'' |7,270 |- |1965/66 |2,150 |''5,500'' |9,470 |2013/14 |1,420 |''4,588'' |8,370 |- |1966/67 |1,600 |''4,482'' |10,100 |2014/15 |1,090 |''3,890'' |6,930 |- |1967/68 |1,823 |''4,451'' |7,557 |2015/16 |980 |''3,794'' |8,090 |- |1968/69 |2,093 |''5,020'' |7,607 |2016/17 |1,510 |''3,846'' |6,490 |- | colspan="9" | |- | colspan="9" |Source:<ref name="Global River Discharge Database">{{Cite web |title=Global River Discharge Database |url=https://sage.nelson.wisc.edu/riverdata/keysearch.php?keyword=Ogoou%C3%A9&submit=Search}}</ref><ref name="Contrasted Chemical Weathering Rates in Cratonic Basins: The Ogooué and Mbei Rivers, Western Central Africa">{{Cite journal |last=Moquet |first=Jean-Sébastien |last2=Bouchez |first2=Julien |last3=Braun |first3=Jean-Jacques |last4=Bogning |first4=Sakaros |last5=Mbonda |first5=Auguste Paulin |last6=Carretier |first6=Sébastien |last7=Regard |first7=Vincent |last8=Bricquet |first8=Jean-Pierre |last9=Paiz |first9=Marie-Claire |last10=Mambela |first10=Emmanuel |last11=Gaillardet |first11=Jérôme |date=2021 |title=Contrasted Chemical Weathering Rates in Cratonic Basins: The Ogooué and Mbei Rivers, Western Central Africa |journal=Frontiers in Water |volume=2 |bibcode=2021FrWat...2.9070M |doi=10.3389/frwa.2020.589070 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Long-term Hydrological Variations of the Ogooue River Basin">{{Cite journal |last=Sakaros |first=Bogning Dongue |last2=Frédéric |first2=Frappart |last3=Gil |first3=Mahe |last4=Fernando |first4=Niño |last5=Adrien |first5=Paris |last6=Joëlle |first6=Sihon |last7=Franck |first7=Ghomsi |last8=Fabien |first8=Blarel |last9=Jean-Pierre |first9=Bricquet |last10=Raphaël |first10=Onguéné |last11=Jacques |first11=Etame |last12=Frédérique |first12=Seyler |last13=Marie-Claire |first13=Paiz |last14=Jean-Jacques |first14=Braun |date=2021 |title=Long-term Hydrological Variations of the Ogooue River Basin |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348219681 |journal=Hydrology |volume=105 |bibcode=2021esoar.10505633B |doi=10.1002/essoar.10505633.1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |} == Tributaries == [[File:Ogooué.JPG|thumb|Ogooué River]] [[File:Fan_women_and_child,_banks_of_the_Ogoway.jpg|thumb|Fan women den kiddie, banks of de Ogoway. From The earth and its inhabitants, Africa (published 1890-1893 [v.1, 1892] )]] De Ogowe River dey receive water of numerous tributaries wey dey include: * Abanga, wich dey rise insyd de Cristal Mountains, near Medouneu * Baniaka * Dilo * Iyinda, de most important tributary * Letili * Lassio * Lebombi * Lekabi * Lekedi * Lekoni, wich dey flow across Akieni den Leconi * Letili * Leyou * Lolo * Mbine * Ngolo * Ngounie * Nke * Offoue * Okano, wey ein main tributary be de Lara River * Mpassa, wich dey flow across Franceville * Sebe, wich dey flow past Okondja * Wagny == References == <references /> == External links == {{sister project links||d=Q750021|c=Category:MzGee|n=no|b=no|q=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=Ogowe|wikt=no|species=no}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20031110014559/http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/FRE/maps/301.htm World Resources Institute map of Ogooué watershed] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120813015647/http://www.waterandnature.org/en/resources/publications/thematic-collection/facts-figures/watersheds-world Map of the Ogoué River basin at Water Resources eAtlas] * [https://archive.today/20121204181327/http://www.harvardmag.com/jf97/vita.html Maria Petringa's 1997 "Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza: Brief Life of a Lover of Africa" about Brazza's extensive explorations of the Ogoué River basin] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20031020230344/http://www.mokelembembe.com/ Website about the dinosaur hunt] {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Ogooue River}} [[Category:Ogooué River| ]] [[Category:Rivers of Gabon]] [[Category:Important Bird Areas of Gabon]] [[Category:International rivers of Africa]] [[Category:Rivers of de Republic of the Congo]] [[Category:Ramsar sites insyd Gabon]] t9eugxtfhrrjcj5evaxzpkdcmjweyi5 0 27313 102743 100723 2026-06-13T23:17:53Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 102743 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Nyanga River''', 600&nbsp;km, (French: ''Rivière Nyanga'') be a river wey dey run thru southern [[Gabon]] den northern [[Republic of the Congo]]. E be de second most important river insyd Gabon after de Ogooue. E be well known for de numerous rapids wey dey break up ein otherwise smooth course.<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche|url-access=registration|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=0-89577-087-3|editor-last=Scheffel|editor-first=Richard L.|location=United States of America|pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/271 271]|editor-last2=Wernet|editor-first2=Susan J.}}</ref> == Tributaries == * Moukalaba, wich dey receive water of ein own tributary, de Ganzi River * Douli == References == <references /> == External links == kkokxjt6j8pf733ws29e5tuk55mq43r 102744 102743 2026-06-13T23:24:33Z DaSupremo 9 /* Course */ Improve article 102744 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Nyanga River''', 600&nbsp;km, (French: ''Rivière Nyanga'') be a river wey dey run thru southern [[Gabon]] den northern [[Republic of the Congo]]. E be de second most important river insyd Gabon after de Ogooue. E be well known for de numerous rapids wey dey break up ein otherwise smooth course.<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche|url-access=registration|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=0-89577-087-3|editor-last=Scheffel|editor-first=Richard L.|location=United States of America|pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/271 271]|editor-last2=Wernet|editor-first2=Susan J.}}</ref> == Course == E dey rise on de border between de two countries, near de juncture of N'Gounié den Ogooué-Lolo provinces of Gabon, wey dey run south along de border den then southwest thru de Niari province of Congo, then dey enter de Nyanga province of Gabon den dey make a sharp bend to de northwest. E dey pass thru Nyanga ein capital Tchibanga (de largest city for de river top), then gradually sanso dey bend around to de southwest, wey dey run thru a series of rapids before coming out onto a coastal plain den emptying into de [[Atlantic Ocean]]. == Tributaries == * Moukalaba, wich dey receive water of ein own tributary, de Ganzi River * Douli == References == <references /> == External links == afutwwssvybtolse2km1nyxrf47tsym 102745 102744 2026-06-13T23:29:50Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 102745 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Nyanga River''', 600&nbsp;km, (French: ''Rivière Nyanga'') be a river wey dey run thru southern [[Gabon]] den northern [[Republic of the Congo]]. E be de second most important river insyd Gabon after de Ogooue. E be well known for de numerous rapids wey dey break up ein otherwise smooth course.<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche|url-access=registration|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=0-89577-087-3|editor-last=Scheffel|editor-first=Richard L.|location=United States of America|pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/271 271]|editor-last2=Wernet|editor-first2=Susan J.}}</ref> == Course == E dey rise on de border between de two countries, near de juncture of N'Gounié den Ogooué-Lolo provinces of Gabon, wey dey run south along de border den then southwest thru de Niari province of Congo, then dey enter de Nyanga province of Gabon den dey make a sharp bend to de northwest. E dey pass thru Nyanga ein capital Tchibanga (de largest city for de river top), then gradually sanso dey bend around to de southwest, wey dey run thru a series of rapids before coming out onto a coastal plain den emptying into de [[Atlantic Ocean]]. == Tributaries == * Moukalaba, wich dey receive water of ein own tributary, de Ganzi River * Douli == References == <references /> == External links == * National Geographic. 2003. African Adventure Atlas Pg 24,72. led by Sean Fraser. * Lerique Jacques. 1983. Hydrographie-Hydrologie. in ''Geographie et Cartographie du Gabon, Atlas Illustré'' led by The Ministère de l'Education Nationale de la Republique Gabonaise. Pg 14–15. Paris, France: Edicef. [[Category:Rivers of Gabon]] [[Category:Rivers of de Republic of the Congo]] [[Category:International rivers of Africa]] [[Category:Republic of the Congo–Gabon border]] [[Category:Border rivers]] ietomknse7yhwj4dksypea4g9756ou0 0 27314 102747 100726 2026-06-13T23:41:30Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 102747 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Lúrio''' be a river of northeastern [[Mozambique]]. E dey flow to de south of de [[Ruvuma River]] den dey empty into de sea just south of Pemba Bay.<ref name="Alpers1975">{{cite book|last=Alpers|first=Edward A.|title=Ivory and Slaves: Changing Pattern of International Trade in East Central Africa to the Later Nineteenth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uKYYwVTyOm0C&pg=PA183|date=January 1975|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-02689-6|page=183}}</ref> De river be characterised by seasonal flows den lined by swamps.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregions/details/coastal_east_africa|title=Coastal East Africa|publisher=Feow.org|accessdate=10 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812210200/http://www.feow.org/ecoregions/details/coastal_east_africa|archive-date=12 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Der be a notable waterfall wey locate along de river. De Mozambican government get plans to build a 120-megawatt hydroelectric plant for de river top to supply electricity to de surrounding provinces of Nampula den Cabo Delgado.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.macauhub.com.mo/en/2014/04/01/mozambican-government-plans-to-build-hydroelectric-plant-on-lurio-river/ |title=Mozambican government plans to build hydroelectric plant on Lúrio River|publisher=Macauhub.com|accessdate=10 August 2014|date=1 April 2014}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lurio River}} [[Category:Rivers of Mozambique]] ier93enpbql21l7xvc0ra5w9yf2s052 0 27403 102724 101244 2026-06-13T19:59:40Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 Added more content 102724 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sanitation''' refer to [[:en:Public_health|public health]] conditions wey dey relate to clean [[drinking water]] den treatment plus disposal of human ein excreta den [[:en:Sewage|sewage]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=sanitation {{!}} Definition of sanitation in English by Oxford Dictionaries |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/sanitation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117175208/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/sanitation |archive-date=2017-11-17 |access-date=2026-06-09 |website=Oxford Dictionaries {{!}} English}}</ref> [[:en:Risk_management|Preventing]] human contact plus [[:en:Feces|faeces]] be part of sanitation, like washing your hand plus soap. Sanitation system dey aim to protect human health thru providing clean environment wey go stop de [[:en:Transmission_(medicine)|transmission of disease]], especially thru de fecal–oral route.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SuSanA Library - Sustainable Sanitation Alliance - SuSanA |url=https://www.susana.org/knowledge-hub/resources?id=267 |access-date=2026-06-09 |website=www.susana.org}}</ref> For example, [[:en:Diarrhea|diarrhea]], one of de main cause of [[:en:Undernutrition_in_children|malnutrition]] den [[:en:Stunted_growth|stunted growth]] insyd children, go fit be reduce thru adequate sanitation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diarrhoeal disease |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diarrhoeal-disease |access-date=2026-06-09 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Oda diseases wey be easily transmitted insyd communities dat get low levels of sanitation, be [[:en:Ascariasis|ascariasis]] (a type of intestinal worm infection or [[:en:Helminthiasis|helminthiasis]]), [[:en:Cholera|cholera]], [[:en:Hepatitis|hepatitis]], [[polio]], [[:en:Schistosomiasis|schistosomiasis]], den [[:en:Trachoma|trachoma]], for now. Here be di text rewrite into natural Ghanaian Pidgin, with all references, templates, images, formatting, and citations preserved. Internal wiki links don remove while di visible text still dey. A plenty sanitation technologies plus approaches dey. Some examples be community-led total sanitation, container-based sanitation, ecological sanitation, emergency sanitation, environmental sanitation, onsite sanitation and sustainable sanitation. Sanitation system dey include how dem dey collect, store, transport, treat and finally throw away or reuse human excreta plus wastewater.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://docs.gatesfoundation.org/documents/water-sanitation-hygiene-fact-sheet-2010.pdf|title=Water Sanitation Hygiene Fact Sheet 2010|last=Gates Foundation|date=2010|website=Gates Foundation|access-date=2017-11-17|archive-date=2020-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021134815/https://docs.gatesfoundation.org/documents/water-sanitation-hygiene-fact-sheet-2010.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Di reuse activities inside sanitation system fit focus on di nutrients, water, energy or organic matter wey dey inside excreta plus wastewater. Dem dey call dis one di "sanitation value chain" or "sanitation economy".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.trust.org/item/20170919145350-bovq7|title=The rise of the sanitation economy: how business can help solve a global crisis|last=Paranipe|first=Nitin|date=19 September 2017|website=Thomson Reuters Foundation News|access-date=November 13, 2017|archive-date=29 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229085853/http://news.trust.org/item/20170919145350-bovq7/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.toiletboard.org/media/30-Sanitation_Economy_Final.pdf|title=Introducing the Sanitation Economy|publisher=Toilet Board Coalition|year=2017|access-date=2017-12-19|archive-date=2018-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731222035/http://www.toiletboard.org/media/30-Sanitation_Economy_Final.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> People wey dey clean, maintain, operate or empty any sanitation technology for any stage of di sanitation chain, dem dey call dem "sanitation workers".<ref name=":0.a">World Bank, ILO, WaterAid, and WHO (2019). [https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3719 Health, Safety and Dignity of Sanitation Workers: An Initial Assessment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211030327/https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3719 |date=2022-12-11 }}. World Bank, Washington, DC.</ref>{{rp|2}} Different sanitation "levels" dey wey people dey use compare sanitation service levels inside countries or between countries.<ref name="Sanitation {{!}} JMP">{{Cite web|url=https://washdata.org/monitoring/sanitation|title=Sanitation {{!}} JMP|website=washdata.org|language=en|access-date=2017-11-17|archive-date=2021-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721181243/https://washdata.org/monitoring/sanitation|url-status=live}}</ref> Di sanitation ladder wey Joint Monitoring Programme define for 2016 start from open defecation, then e move go "unimproved", "limited", "basic", and di highest level be "safely managed".<ref name="Sanitation {{!}} JMP" /> Dis one dey mostly apply to developing countries. Di United Nations General Assembly recognize human right to water and sanitation for 2010. Sanitation be one global development priority and e be part of Sustainable Development Goal 6.<ref name="JMP2017">WHO and UNICEF (2017) [https://washdata.org/reports Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725020452/https://washdata.org/reports |date=2019-07-25 }}. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), 2017</ref> According to estimate wey JMP release for 2017, about 4.5 billion people no get safely managed sanitation.<ref name="JMP2017" /> Lack of sanitation no dey affect only public health, e dey also affect human dignity plus personal safety. {{TOC limit|3}} == Definitions == [[File:2011 07-Internal ReinventTheToilet Animation.webm|thumb|Animated video wey dey show why sanitation (especially toilet) important for public health for developing countries]] [[File:Urban sanitation facilities vs. rural sanitation facilities, OWID.svg|thumb|upright=1.6|Urban improved sanitation facilities versus rural improved sanitation facilities, 2015.<ref>{{cite web |title=Urban sanitation facilities vs. rural sanitation facilities |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/urban-sanitation-facilities-vs-rural-sanitation-facilities |website=Our World in Data |access-date=6 March 2020 |archive-date=19 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919224224/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/urban-sanitation-facilities-vs-rural-sanitation-facilities |url-status=live }}</ref>]] Different countries plus organizations dey use di word "sanitation" small differently. World Health Organization define "sanitation" like dis: {{quote|"Sanitation generally refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and faeces. The word 'sanitation' also refers to the maintenance of hygienic conditions, through services such as garbage collection and wastewater disposal."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/topics/sanitation/en/ |publisher=World Health Organization |work=Health topics |title=Sanitation |access-date=2020-10-05 |archive-date=2020-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606233031/https://www.who.int/topics/sanitation/en/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}} Sanitation include all four technical plus non-technical systems: excreta management systems, wastewater management systems (including wastewater treatment plants), solid waste management systems and drainage systems for rainwater, wey dem dey also call stormwater drainage.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}} But plenty people for di WASH sector dey limit sanitation to only excreta management. Another example of wetin sanitation include dey inside di handbook by Sphere on "Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response". Di handbook describe minimum standards for four key response sectors during humanitarian response situations. One of dem be "Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion" (WASH), and e include hygiene promotion, water supply, excreta management, vector control, solid waste management and WASH for disease outbreaks plus healthcare settings.<ref name="Sphere">Sphere Association (2018) [https://www.spherestandards.org/handbook/ The Sphere Handbook: Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512070558/https://www.spherestandards.org/handbook/ |date=2019-05-12 }}, fourth edition, Geneva, Switzerland, 2018.</ref>{{rp|91}} Plenty people see hygiene promotion as important part of sanitation. Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council define sanitation as "The collection, transport, treatment and disposal or reuse of human excreta, domestic wastewater and solid waste, and associated hygiene promotion."<ref>Evans, B., van der Voorden, C., Peal, A. (2009). [http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2010 Public Funding for Sanitation - The many faces of sanitation subsidies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011220914/http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2010 |date=2017-10-11 }}. Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC), Geneva, Switzerland, p. 35</ref> Even though sanitation include wastewater treatment, people plenty times still dey mention di two together as "sanitation and wastewater management". Another definition dey inside DFID guidance manual on water supply and sanitation programmes from 1998:<ref>WELL (1998) [https://www.lboro.ac.uk/orgs/well/resources/Publications/guidance-manual/chapter-1.pdf DFID guidance manual on water supply and sanitation programmes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120043854/https://www.lboro.ac.uk/orgs/well/resources/Publications/guidance-manual/chapter-1.pdf |date=2022-01-20 }} WELL Loughborough University UK</ref> {{quote|"For the purposes of this manual, the word 'sanitation' alone is taken to mean the safe management of human excreta. It therefore includes both the 'hardware' (e.g. latrines and sewers) and the 'software' (regulation, hygiene promotion) needed to reduce faecal-oral disease transmission. It encompasses too the re-use and ultimate disposal of human excreta. The term environmental sanitation is used to cover the wider concept of controlling all the factors in the physical environment which may have deleterious impacts on human health and well-being. In developing countries, it normally includes drainage, solid waste management, and vector control, in addition to the activities covered by the definition of sanitation."|author=|title=|source=}} Sanitation fit include personal sanitation plus public hygiene. Personal sanitation work fit include handling menstrual waste, cleaning household toilets and managing household garbage. Public sanitation work fit include garbage collection, transfer plus treatment (municipal solid waste management), cleaning drains, streets, schools, trains, public spaces, community toilets and public toilets, sewers, operating sewage treatment plants and more.<ref name="PRIA">PRIA (2019): [https://pria.org/knowledge_resource/1560777260_Occasional%20Paper%204%20(2019)%20(Lived%20Realities%20of%20Women%20Sanitation%20Workers%20i....pdf Lived Realities of Women Sanitation Workers in India: Insights from a Participatory Research Conducted in Three Cities of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211030322/https://pria.org/knowledge_resource/1560777260_Occasional%20Paper%204%20%282019%29%20%28Lived%20Realities%20of%20Women%20Sanitation%20Workers%20i....pdf |date=2022-12-11 }}. Participatory Research in Asia, New Delhi, India</ref>{{rp|4}} Workers wey dey provide these services for other people, dem dey call dem sanitation workers. == References == qt8rkdxpf6961k145q6kjkbz229xjxl 102725 102724 2026-06-13T20:06:09Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 Added more content 102725 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sanitation''' refer to [[:en:Public_health|public health]] conditions wey dey relate to clean [[drinking water]] den treatment plus disposal of human ein excreta den [[:en:Sewage|sewage]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=sanitation {{!}} Definition of sanitation in English by Oxford Dictionaries |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/sanitation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117175208/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/sanitation |archive-date=2017-11-17 |access-date=2026-06-09 |website=Oxford Dictionaries {{!}} English}}</ref> [[:en:Risk_management|Preventing]] human contact plus [[:en:Feces|faeces]] be part of sanitation, like washing your hand plus soap. Sanitation system dey aim to protect human health thru providing clean environment wey go stop de [[:en:Transmission_(medicine)|transmission of disease]], especially thru de fecal–oral route.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SuSanA Library - Sustainable Sanitation Alliance - SuSanA |url=https://www.susana.org/knowledge-hub/resources?id=267 |access-date=2026-06-09 |website=www.susana.org}}</ref> For example, [[:en:Diarrhea|diarrhea]], one of de main cause of [[:en:Undernutrition_in_children|malnutrition]] den [[:en:Stunted_growth|stunted growth]] insyd children, go fit be reduce thru adequate sanitation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diarrhoeal disease |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diarrhoeal-disease |access-date=2026-06-09 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Oda diseases wey be easily transmitted insyd communities dat get low levels of sanitation, be [[:en:Ascariasis|ascariasis]] (a type of intestinal worm infection or [[:en:Helminthiasis|helminthiasis]]), [[:en:Cholera|cholera]], [[:en:Hepatitis|hepatitis]], [[polio]], [[:en:Schistosomiasis|schistosomiasis]], den [[:en:Trachoma|trachoma]], for now. Here be di text rewrite into natural Ghanaian Pidgin, with all references, templates, images, formatting, and citations preserved. Internal wiki links don remove while di visible text still dey. A plenty sanitation technologies plus approaches dey. Some examples be community-led total sanitation, container-based sanitation, ecological sanitation, emergency sanitation, environmental sanitation, onsite sanitation and sustainable sanitation. Sanitation system dey include how dem dey collect, store, transport, treat and finally throw away or reuse human excreta plus wastewater.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://docs.gatesfoundation.org/documents/water-sanitation-hygiene-fact-sheet-2010.pdf|title=Water Sanitation Hygiene Fact Sheet 2010|last=Gates Foundation|date=2010|website=Gates Foundation|access-date=2017-11-17|archive-date=2020-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021134815/https://docs.gatesfoundation.org/documents/water-sanitation-hygiene-fact-sheet-2010.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Di reuse activities inside sanitation system fit focus on di nutrients, water, energy or organic matter wey dey inside excreta plus wastewater. Dem dey call dis one di "sanitation value chain" or "sanitation economy".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.trust.org/item/20170919145350-bovq7|title=The rise of the sanitation economy: how business can help solve a global crisis|last=Paranipe|first=Nitin|date=19 September 2017|website=Thomson Reuters Foundation News|access-date=November 13, 2017|archive-date=29 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229085853/http://news.trust.org/item/20170919145350-bovq7/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.toiletboard.org/media/30-Sanitation_Economy_Final.pdf|title=Introducing the Sanitation Economy|publisher=Toilet Board Coalition|year=2017|access-date=2017-12-19|archive-date=2018-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731222035/http://www.toiletboard.org/media/30-Sanitation_Economy_Final.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> People wey dey clean, maintain, operate or empty any sanitation technology for any stage of di sanitation chain, dem dey call dem "sanitation workers".<ref name=":0.a">World Bank, ILO, WaterAid, and WHO (2019). [https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3719 Health, Safety and Dignity of Sanitation Workers: An Initial Assessment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211030327/https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3719 |date=2022-12-11 }}. World Bank, Washington, DC.</ref>{{rp|2}} Different sanitation "levels" dey wey people dey use compare sanitation service levels inside countries or between countries.<ref name="Sanitation {{!}} JMP">{{Cite web|url=https://washdata.org/monitoring/sanitation|title=Sanitation {{!}} JMP|website=washdata.org|language=en|access-date=2017-11-17|archive-date=2021-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721181243/https://washdata.org/monitoring/sanitation|url-status=live}}</ref> Di sanitation ladder wey Joint Monitoring Programme define for 2016 start from open defecation, then e move go "unimproved", "limited", "basic", and di highest level be "safely managed".<ref name="Sanitation {{!}} JMP" /> Dis one dey mostly apply to developing countries. Di United Nations General Assembly recognize human right to water and sanitation for 2010. Sanitation be one global development priority and e be part of Sustainable Development Goal 6.<ref name="JMP2017">WHO and UNICEF (2017) [https://washdata.org/reports Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725020452/https://washdata.org/reports |date=2019-07-25 }}. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), 2017</ref> According to estimate wey JMP release for 2017, about 4.5 billion people no get safely managed sanitation.<ref name="JMP2017" /> Lack of sanitation no dey affect only public health, e dey also affect human dignity plus personal safety. {{TOC limit|3}} == Definitions == [[File:2011 07-Internal ReinventTheToilet Animation.webm|thumb|Animated video wey dey show why sanitation (especially toilet) important for public health for developing countries]] [[File:Urban sanitation facilities vs. rural sanitation facilities, OWID.svg|thumb|upright=1.6|Urban improved sanitation facilities versus rural improved sanitation facilities, 2015.<ref>{{cite web |title=Urban sanitation facilities vs. rural sanitation facilities |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/urban-sanitation-facilities-vs-rural-sanitation-facilities |website=Our World in Data |access-date=6 March 2020 |archive-date=19 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919224224/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/urban-sanitation-facilities-vs-rural-sanitation-facilities |url-status=live }}</ref>]] Different countries plus organizations dey use di word "sanitation" small differently. World Health Organization define "sanitation" like dis: {{quote|"Sanitation generally refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and faeces. The word 'sanitation' also refers to the maintenance of hygienic conditions, through services such as garbage collection and wastewater disposal."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/topics/sanitation/en/ |publisher=World Health Organization |work=Health topics |title=Sanitation |access-date=2020-10-05 |archive-date=2020-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606233031/https://www.who.int/topics/sanitation/en/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}} Sanitation include all four technical plus non-technical systems: excreta management systems, wastewater management systems (including wastewater treatment plants), solid waste management systems and drainage systems for rainwater, wey dem dey also call stormwater drainage.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}} But plenty people for di WASH sector dey limit sanitation to only excreta management. Another example of wetin sanitation include dey inside di handbook by Sphere on "Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response". Di handbook describe minimum standards for four key response sectors during humanitarian response situations. One of dem be "Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion" (WASH), and e include hygiene promotion, water supply, excreta management, vector control, solid waste management and WASH for disease outbreaks plus healthcare settings.<ref name="Sphere">Sphere Association (2018) [https://www.spherestandards.org/handbook/ The Sphere Handbook: Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512070558/https://www.spherestandards.org/handbook/ |date=2019-05-12 }}, fourth edition, Geneva, Switzerland, 2018.</ref>{{rp|91}} Plenty people see hygiene promotion as important part of sanitation. Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council define sanitation as "The collection, transport, treatment and disposal or reuse of human excreta, domestic wastewater and solid waste, and associated hygiene promotion."<ref>Evans, B., van der Voorden, C., Peal, A. (2009). [http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2010 Public Funding for Sanitation - The many faces of sanitation subsidies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011220914/http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2010 |date=2017-10-11 }}. Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC), Geneva, Switzerland, p. 35</ref> Even though sanitation include wastewater treatment, people plenty times still dey mention di two together as "sanitation and wastewater management". Another definition dey inside DFID guidance manual on water supply and sanitation programmes from 1998:<ref>WELL (1998) [https://www.lboro.ac.uk/orgs/well/resources/Publications/guidance-manual/chapter-1.pdf DFID guidance manual on water supply and sanitation programmes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120043854/https://www.lboro.ac.uk/orgs/well/resources/Publications/guidance-manual/chapter-1.pdf |date=2022-01-20 }} WELL Loughborough University UK</ref> {{quote|"For the purposes of this manual, the word 'sanitation' alone is taken to mean the safe management of human excreta. It therefore includes both the 'hardware' (e.g. latrines and sewers) and the 'software' (regulation, hygiene promotion) needed to reduce faecal-oral disease transmission. It encompasses too the re-use and ultimate disposal of human excreta. The term environmental sanitation is used to cover the wider concept of controlling all the factors in the physical environment which may have deleterious impacts on human health and well-being. In developing countries, it normally includes drainage, solid waste management, and vector control, in addition to the activities covered by the definition of sanitation."|author=|title=|source=}} Sanitation fit include personal sanitation plus public hygiene. Personal sanitation work fit include handling menstrual waste, cleaning household toilets and managing household garbage. Public sanitation work fit include garbage collection, transfer plus treatment (municipal solid waste management), cleaning drains, streets, schools, trains, public spaces, community toilets and public toilets, sewers, operating sewage treatment plants and more.<ref name="PRIA">PRIA (2019): [https://pria.org/knowledge_resource/1560777260_Occasional%20Paper%204%20(2019)%20(Lived%20Realities%20of%20Women%20Sanitation%20Workers%20i....pdf Lived Realities of Women Sanitation Workers in India: Insights from a Participatory Research Conducted in Three Cities of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211030322/https://pria.org/knowledge_resource/1560777260_Occasional%20Paper%204%20%282019%29%20%28Lived%20Realities%20of%20Women%20Sanitation%20Workers%20i....pdf |date=2022-12-11 }}. Participatory Research in Asia, New Delhi, India</ref>{{rp|4}} Workers wey dey provide these services for other people, dem dey call dem sanitation workers. == Purposes == {{owidslider |start = 2021 |list = Template:OWID/death rate from unsafe sanitation gbd#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |language = |file = [[File:Death rate from unsafe sanitation gbd, World, 2021 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|upright=1.6|Death rate from unsafe sanitation gbd]] |startingView = World }} [[File:2016 EPI Environmental Health Objective - Water and Sanitation (26170609358).jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.6|Access to safe drinking water and sanitation (2016)]] Di main purpose of sanitation na to make everywhere healthy for everybody to live, protect natural resources like surface water, groundwater and soil, plus make sure say people get safety, security and dignity anytime dem wan ease demselves (defecate or urinate).{{cn|date=May 2024}} The Human Right to Water and Sanitation be recognized by the United Nations (UN) General Assembly for 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/berkley-center/100308UNARES64292.pdf|title=General Assembly|access-date=2019-11-25|archive-date=2017-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319023103/https://s3.amazonaws.com/berkley-center/100308UNARES64292.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Human Rights Council resolution 15/9, ''Human rights and access to safe drinking water and sanitation'', (6 October 2010), available from http://www.right2water.eu/sites/water/files/UNHRC%20Resolution%2015-9.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517121015/http://www.right2water.eu/sites/water/files/UNHRC |date=2017-05-17 }}</ref><ref name="HRWS2015">{{Cite web|url=http://www.endwaterpoverty.org/sites/endwaterpoverty.org/files/The%20Human%20Rights%20To%20Water%20And%20Sanitation%20UN%20resolution.pdf|title=The human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation|access-date=2019-11-25|archive-date=2017-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825141743/http://www.endwaterpoverty.org/sites/endwaterpoverty.org/files/The}}</ref> Dem recognize am too under international law through human rights treaties, declarations and oda standards. E come from di human right to adequate standard of living.<ref>Right to water and sanitation derive from the right to an adequate standard of living. http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=10403&LangID=E {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306080254/http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=10403&LangID=E |date=2022-03-06 }}</ref> Good sanitation systems dey create barrier between human waste and people so diseases no go spread. This one dey break disease transmission cycle, especially diseases wey dey spread through faeces.<ref>Thor Axel Stenström (2005) [http://conference2005.ecosan.org/papers/stenstrom.pdf Breaking the sanitation barriers; WHO Guidelines for excreta use as a baseline for environmental health] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122002145/http://conference2005.ecosan.org/papers/stenstrom.pdf |date=2008-11-22 }}, Ecosan Conference, Durban, South Africa</ref> Dem dey show this concept with the F-diagram, where all di main ways faecal-oral diseases dey spread start with letter F: feces, fingers, flies, fields, fluids and food.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Conant|first1=Jeff|title=Sanitation and Cleanliness for a Healthy Environment|date=2005|publisher=The Hesperian Foundation in collaboration with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Sida|location=Berkeley, California, USA|page=6|url=http://www.unwater.org/downloads/EHB_Sanitation_EN_lowres.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021110930/http://www.unwater.org/downloads/EHB_Sanitation_EN_lowres.pdf|archive-date=2014-10-21}}</ref> Sanitation infrastructure suppose fit the place where e dey, including wetin users expect and the local resources wey dey available.{{cn|date=May 2024}} Sanitation technology fit include big centralized civil engineering structures like sewer systems, sewage treatment plants, surface runoff treatment systems and solid waste landfills. Dem build these systems to treat wastewater and municipal solid waste. E fit also be simple onsite sanitation systems like pit latrines or oda dry toilets for managing human excreta. If people wan get proper sanitation, dem no suppose focus only on toilet, fecal sludge management or wastewater treatment plant alone.<ref name="Tilley">Tilley, E., Ulrich, L., Lüthi, C., Reymond, Ph. and Zurbrügg, C. (2014). [http://www.sandec.ch/compendium Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies. 2nd Revised Edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828225257/https://www.eawag.ch/en/department/sandec/publications/compendium/ |date=2021-08-28 }}. Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Duebendorf, Switzerland</ref> Di whole sanitation chain matter, from how user use am, how dem collect excreta and wastewater, transport am, treat am, then either reuse or dispose am. All these parts need proper planning.<ref name="Tilley"/> === Economic impacts === The benefits wey society get from proper human waste management be plenty, both for public health and the environment. Rough estimate show say every US$1 wey people spend on sanitation dey return about US$5.50 back to society.<ref>{{Cite book|last=WWAP (United Nations World Water Assessment Programme)|url=http://www.unwater.org/publications/publications-detail/en/c/853650/|title=The United Nations World Water Development Report 2017. Wastewater: The Untapped Resource|year=2017|isbn=978-92-3-100201-4|location=Paris|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408061139/http://www.unwater.org/publications/publications-detail/en/c/853650/|archive-date=2017-04-08}}</ref>{{rp|2}} For developing countries, poor sanitation dey cause serious economic losses. According to one World Bank study, India lose about 6.4% of its GDP because sanitation no dey adequate.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=WSP|title=The economic Impacts of Inadequate Sanitation in India.|publisher=Water and Sanitation Programme, The World Bank|year=2011}}</ref> Most of these losses come from premature deaths, time wey people waste to get sanitation services, reduced productivity, plus extra healthcare costs.<ref name=":4" /> Poor sanitation dey also reduce tourism income.<ref name=":4" /> Di study show say poor people, women and children dey suffer pass. On the other hand, when toilet dey house, e dey improve women's economic wellbeing because e dey help increase literacy and participation for labour force.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gius|first1=Mark|last2=Subramanian|first2=Ramesh|date=2015|title=The Relationship between Inadequate Sanitation Facilities and the Economic Well-Being of Women in India|journal=Journal of Economics and Development Studies|volume=3|issue=1|doi=10.15640/jeds.v3n1a2|doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 |issn=2334-2382|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Types and concepts (for excreta management) == [[File:Percentage of population served by different types of sanitation systems.png|thumb|upright=1.4|Percentage of population served by different types of sanitation systems<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.unwater.org/publications/publications-detail/en/c/853650/|title=The United Nations World Water Development Report 2017. Wastewater: The Untapped Resource|last=WWAP (United Nations World Water Assessment Programme)|year=2017|isbn=978-92-3-100201-4|location=Paris|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408061139/http://www.unwater.org/publications/publications-detail/en/c/853650/|archive-date=2017-04-08}}</ref>]] [[File:Shower, double-vault urine-diverting dry toilet (UDDT) and waterless urinal in Lima, Peru.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Example of sanitation infrastructure: Shower, double-vault urine-diverting dry toilet (UDDT) and waterless urinal in Lima, Peru]] Di word "sanitation" dey come with different descriptions to show different sanitation systems. Some dey manage only human excreta while others dey include greywater, stormwater and solid waste management too. ===Basic sanitation=== For 2017, JMP introduce one new term wey dem call "basic sanitation service". This one mean say people dey use improved sanitation facilities wey dem no dey share with other households. Lower level dey called "limited sanitation service", wey mean say two or more households dey share the same improved sanitation facility.<ref name="JMP2017"/> === Container-based sanitation === {{excerpt|Container-based sanitation|paragraphs=1|file=no}} === Community-based sanitation === Community-based sanitation dey relate to decentralized wastewater treatment (DEWATS).{{cn|date=May 2024}} === Community-led total sanitation === {{excerpt|Community-led total sanitation|paragraphs=1|file=no}} === Dry sanitation === The term "dry sanitation" no too common and e no get one clear definition. Normally e mean sanitation system wey dey use dry toilets and no dey use sewers to transport human waste. Plenty times, when people talk "dry sanitation", dem dey refer to systems wey dey use urine-diverting dry toilets (UDDTs).<ref name="Platzer">Platzer, C., Hoffmann, H., Ticona, E. (2008). [http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/961 Alternatives to waterborne sanitation – a comparative study – limits and potentials] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009041929/http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/961 |date=2017-10-09 }}. IRC Symposium: Sanitation for the urban poor – partnerships and governance, Delft, The Netherlands</ref><ref name="Flores">Flores, A. (2010). [http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/1172 ''Towards sustainable sanitation: evaluating the sustainability of resource-oriented sanitation''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629180540/http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/1172 |date=2017-06-29 }}. PhD Thesis, University of Cambridge, UK</ref> === Ecological sanitation === {{excerpt|Ecological sanitation|paragraphs=1|file=no}} [[File:Emergency pit lining kits by Evenproducts (6619616945).jpg|thumb|Emergency pit lining kits by Evenproducts]] === Emergency sanitation === {{Excerpt|Emergency sanitation|paragraphs=1|file=no}} === Environmental sanitation === Environmental sanitation dey involve controlling environmental factors wey fit spread diseases. E include solid waste management, water and wastewater treatment, industrial waste treatment and noise pollution control. According to World Health Organization (WHO), environmental sanitation na control of all physical environmental factors wey fit negatively affect human physical development, health and survival. One of the main purposes of environmental sanitation na to protect public health.{{cn|date=May 2024}} [[File:Environmental_sanitation.jpg|thumb|Environmental sanitation by an NGO member]] [[File:Environmental_clean_up_in_UNN.jpg|thumb|A clean exercise organized by an NGO]] === Fecal sludge management === {{Excerpt|Fecal sludge management|paragraphs=1|file=no}} === Improved and unimproved sanitation === {{Excerpt|Improved sanitation|paragraphs=1|file=no}} === Lack of sanitation === Lack of sanitation mean say sanitation no dey available. For practical terms, e usually mean say toilet no dey or hygienic toilet no dey wey people go like use. The result usually be open defecation, plus open urination, wey dey cause serious public health problems.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Mara|first=Duncan|date=2017|title=The elimination of open defecation and its adverse health effects: a moral imperative for governments and development professionals|url=http://washdev.iwaponline.com/content/7/1/1|journal=Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development|language=en|volume=7|issue=1|pages=1–12|doi=10.2166/washdev.2017.027|issn=2043-9083|doi-access=free|bibcode=2017JWSHD...7....1M |access-date=2017-08-17|archive-date=2018-06-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621085738/http://washdev.iwaponline.com/content/7/1/1|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2015, estimate show say 2.4 billion people still no get improved sanitation facilities, including 660 million people wey no get access to safe drinking water.<ref name="sanitation">WHO and UNICEF ''[http://www.washdata.org/reports Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2015 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212123015/https://washdata.org/reports |date=2021-02-12 }}'', WHO, Geneva and UNICEF, New York</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=On Water|url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/eib-big-ideas-on-water|access-date=2020-12-07|website=European Investment Bank|year=2019|doi=10.2867/509830|language=en|author1=European Investment Bank|publisher=Publications Office |isbn=978-92-861-4319-9|archive-date=2020-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129051604/https://www.eib.org/en/publications/eib-big-ideas-on-water|url-status=live}}</ref> === Onsite sanitation or non-sewered sanitation system === Onsite sanitation (or on-site sanitation) na sanitation system where dem dey collect, store or treat excreta and wastewater for the same place where e come from.<ref name="Tilley" />{{rp|173}} Another name be non-sewered sanitation systems (NSSS), and plenty countries dey use am.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Cheng |first1=Shikun |last2=Long |first2=Jinyun |last3=Evans |first3=Barbara |last4=Zhan |first4=Zhe |last5=Li |first5=Tianxin |last6=Chen |first6=Cong |last7=Mang |first7=Heinz-Peter |last8=Li |first8=Zifu |date=2022 |title=Non-negligible greenhouse gas emissions from non-sewered sanitation systems: A meta-analysis |journal=Environmental Research |language=en |volume=212 |issue=Pt D |article-number=113468 |doi=10.1016/j.envres.2022.113468 |pmc=9227720 |pmid=35597295|bibcode= 2022ER....21213468C|doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016050101/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |date=2017-10-16 }}</ref> NSSS dey play important role for safe fecal sludge management and e account for about half of all sanitation systems wey dey exist.<ref name=":1" /> Treatment level fit range from no treatment at all to advanced treatment. Examples include pit latrines and septic tanks. Onsite sanitation systems often connect to fecal sludge management (FSM), where dem carry the sludge go another place for treatment. Wastewater (sewage) dey happen only where piped water supply dey inside or close to buildings.{{cn|date=May 2024}} One related term be decentralized wastewater system, wey dey refer mainly to the wastewater side of onsite sanitation. In the same way, onsite sewage facility fit treat wastewater locally.{{cn|date=May 2024}} Global methane emissions from NSSS for 2020 be estimated at 377 Mt CO2e every year, about 4.7% of all human-caused methane emissions worldwide. This amount dey almost equal emissions from wastewater treatment plants, meaning say NSSS greenhouse gas emissions no be small issue.<ref name=":1" /> ===Safely managed sanitation=== [[File:Share of population using safely managed sanitation facilities, OWID.svg|thumb|Share of population using safely managed sanitation facilities in 2022<ref>Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina (2018) [https://sdg-tracker.org/water-and-sanitation "Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals." (SDG 6)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101050352/https://sdg-tracker.org/water-and-sanitation |date=2020-11-01 }} ''SDG-Tracker.org, website''</ref>]] [[File:Proportion of population with basic handwashing facilities on premises, OWID.svg|thumb|Number of handwashing facilities in the world, 2022|alt=]] Safely managed sanitation na the highest level of household sanitation under Sustainable Development Goal Number 6.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Joint Monitoring Programme of UNICEF and WHO |title=JMP - Sanitation |url=https://washdata.org/monitoring/sanitation |access-date=25 February 2021 |website=washdata.org |archive-date=21 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721181243/https://washdata.org/monitoring/sanitation |url-status=live }}</ref> Dem dey measure am under Sustainable Development Goal 6.2, Indicator 6.2.1.<ref name="unwater">{{cite web |title=Indicator 6.2.1 - Proportion of population using safely managed sanitation services, including a handwashing facility with soap and water |url=https://www.sdg6monitoring.org/indicator-621/ |website=sdg6monitoring.org |publisher=UN Water |access-date=25 February 2021 |archive-date=3 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303212826/https://www.sdg6monitoring.org/indicator-621/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="JMP2017" /> According to United Nations estimate for 2024, about 3.4 billion people still no get safely managed sanitation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Martin |title=Water and Sanitation |url=https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/water-and-sanitation/ |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=United Nations Sustainable Development |language=en-US}}</ref> Safely managed sanitation mean improved sanitation facility wey households no dey share, plus dem dey safely treat and dispose the excreta either for the same place, carry am elsewhere for treatment, or pass am through sewer before treatment.<ref name="unwater" /><ref name="JMP2017"/> === Sustainable sanitation === {{Excerpt|Sustainable sanitation|paragraphs=1|file=no}} == References == 1uvcg31cds59rxu20zywvz9jjmmlvp2 102726 102725 2026-06-13T20:17:13Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 Added more content 102726 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sanitation''' refer to [[:en:Public_health|public health]] conditions wey dey relate to clean [[drinking water]] den treatment plus disposal of human ein excreta den [[:en:Sewage|sewage]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=sanitation {{!}} Definition of sanitation in English by Oxford Dictionaries |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/sanitation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117175208/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/sanitation |archive-date=2017-11-17 |access-date=2026-06-09 |website=Oxford Dictionaries {{!}} English}}</ref> [[:en:Risk_management|Preventing]] human contact plus [[:en:Feces|faeces]] be part of sanitation, like washing your hand plus soap. Sanitation system dey aim to protect human health thru providing clean environment wey go stop de [[:en:Transmission_(medicine)|transmission of disease]], especially thru de fecal–oral route.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SuSanA Library - Sustainable Sanitation Alliance - SuSanA |url=https://www.susana.org/knowledge-hub/resources?id=267 |access-date=2026-06-09 |website=www.susana.org}}</ref> For example, [[:en:Diarrhea|diarrhea]], one of de main cause of [[:en:Undernutrition_in_children|malnutrition]] den [[:en:Stunted_growth|stunted growth]] insyd children, go fit be reduce thru adequate sanitation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diarrhoeal disease |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diarrhoeal-disease |access-date=2026-06-09 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Oda diseases wey be easily transmitted insyd communities dat get low levels of sanitation, be [[:en:Ascariasis|ascariasis]] (a type of intestinal worm infection or [[:en:Helminthiasis|helminthiasis]]), [[:en:Cholera|cholera]], [[:en:Hepatitis|hepatitis]], [[polio]], [[:en:Schistosomiasis|schistosomiasis]], den [[:en:Trachoma|trachoma]], for now. Here be di text rewrite into natural Ghanaian Pidgin, with all references, templates, images, formatting, and citations preserved. Internal wiki links don remove while di visible text still dey. A plenty sanitation technologies plus approaches dey. Some examples be community-led total sanitation, container-based sanitation, ecological sanitation, emergency sanitation, environmental sanitation, onsite sanitation and sustainable sanitation. Sanitation system dey include how dem dey collect, store, transport, treat and finally throw away or reuse human excreta plus wastewater.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://docs.gatesfoundation.org/documents/water-sanitation-hygiene-fact-sheet-2010.pdf|title=Water Sanitation Hygiene Fact Sheet 2010|last=Gates Foundation|date=2010|website=Gates Foundation|access-date=2017-11-17|archive-date=2020-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021134815/https://docs.gatesfoundation.org/documents/water-sanitation-hygiene-fact-sheet-2010.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Di reuse activities inside sanitation system fit focus on di nutrients, water, energy or organic matter wey dey inside excreta plus wastewater. Dem dey call dis one di "sanitation value chain" or "sanitation economy".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.trust.org/item/20170919145350-bovq7|title=The rise of the sanitation economy: how business can help solve a global crisis|last=Paranipe|first=Nitin|date=19 September 2017|website=Thomson Reuters Foundation News|access-date=November 13, 2017|archive-date=29 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229085853/http://news.trust.org/item/20170919145350-bovq7/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.toiletboard.org/media/30-Sanitation_Economy_Final.pdf|title=Introducing the Sanitation Economy|publisher=Toilet Board Coalition|year=2017|access-date=2017-12-19|archive-date=2018-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731222035/http://www.toiletboard.org/media/30-Sanitation_Economy_Final.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> People wey dey clean, maintain, operate or empty any sanitation technology for any stage of di sanitation chain, dem dey call dem "sanitation workers".<ref name=":0.a">World Bank, ILO, WaterAid, and WHO (2019). [https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3719 Health, Safety and Dignity of Sanitation Workers: An Initial Assessment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211030327/https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3719 |date=2022-12-11 }}. World Bank, Washington, DC.</ref>{{rp|2}} Different sanitation "levels" dey wey people dey use compare sanitation service levels inside countries or between countries.<ref name="Sanitation {{!}} JMP">{{Cite web|url=https://washdata.org/monitoring/sanitation|title=Sanitation {{!}} JMP|website=washdata.org|language=en|access-date=2017-11-17|archive-date=2021-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721181243/https://washdata.org/monitoring/sanitation|url-status=live}}</ref> Di sanitation ladder wey Joint Monitoring Programme define for 2016 start from open defecation, then e move go "unimproved", "limited", "basic", and di highest level be "safely managed".<ref name="Sanitation {{!}} JMP" /> Dis one dey mostly apply to developing countries. Di United Nations General Assembly recognize human right to water and sanitation for 2010. Sanitation be one global development priority and e be part of Sustainable Development Goal 6.<ref name="JMP2017">WHO and UNICEF (2017) [https://washdata.org/reports Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725020452/https://washdata.org/reports |date=2019-07-25 }}. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), 2017</ref> According to estimate wey JMP release for 2017, about 4.5 billion people no get safely managed sanitation.<ref name="JMP2017" /> Lack of sanitation no dey affect only public health, e dey also affect human dignity plus personal safety. {{TOC limit|3}} == Definitions == [[File:2011 07-Internal ReinventTheToilet Animation.webm|thumb|Animated video wey dey show why sanitation (especially toilet) important for public health for developing countries]] [[File:Urban sanitation facilities vs. rural sanitation facilities, OWID.svg|thumb|upright=1.6|Urban improved sanitation facilities versus rural improved sanitation facilities, 2015.<ref>{{cite web |title=Urban sanitation facilities vs. rural sanitation facilities |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/urban-sanitation-facilities-vs-rural-sanitation-facilities |website=Our World in Data |access-date=6 March 2020 |archive-date=19 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919224224/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/urban-sanitation-facilities-vs-rural-sanitation-facilities |url-status=live }}</ref>]] Different countries plus organizations dey use di word "sanitation" small differently. World Health Organization define "sanitation" like dis: {{quote|"Sanitation generally refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and faeces. The word 'sanitation' also refers to the maintenance of hygienic conditions, through services such as garbage collection and wastewater disposal."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/topics/sanitation/en/ |publisher=World Health Organization |work=Health topics |title=Sanitation |access-date=2020-10-05 |archive-date=2020-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606233031/https://www.who.int/topics/sanitation/en/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}} Sanitation include all four technical plus non-technical systems: excreta management systems, wastewater management systems (including wastewater treatment plants), solid waste management systems and drainage systems for rainwater, wey dem dey also call stormwater drainage.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}} But plenty people for di WASH sector dey limit sanitation to only excreta management. Another example of wetin sanitation include dey inside di handbook by Sphere on "Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response". Di handbook describe minimum standards for four key response sectors during humanitarian response situations. One of dem be "Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion" (WASH), and e include hygiene promotion, water supply, excreta management, vector control, solid waste management and WASH for disease outbreaks plus healthcare settings.<ref name="Sphere">Sphere Association (2018) [https://www.spherestandards.org/handbook/ The Sphere Handbook: Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512070558/https://www.spherestandards.org/handbook/ |date=2019-05-12 }}, fourth edition, Geneva, Switzerland, 2018.</ref>{{rp|91}} Plenty people see hygiene promotion as important part of sanitation. Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council define sanitation as "The collection, transport, treatment and disposal or reuse of human excreta, domestic wastewater and solid waste, and associated hygiene promotion."<ref>Evans, B., van der Voorden, C., Peal, A. (2009). [http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2010 Public Funding for Sanitation - The many faces of sanitation subsidies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011220914/http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2010 |date=2017-10-11 }}. Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC), Geneva, Switzerland, p. 35</ref> Even though sanitation include wastewater treatment, people plenty times still dey mention di two together as "sanitation and wastewater management". Another definition dey inside DFID guidance manual on water supply and sanitation programmes from 1998:<ref>WELL (1998) [https://www.lboro.ac.uk/orgs/well/resources/Publications/guidance-manual/chapter-1.pdf DFID guidance manual on water supply and sanitation programmes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120043854/https://www.lboro.ac.uk/orgs/well/resources/Publications/guidance-manual/chapter-1.pdf |date=2022-01-20 }} WELL Loughborough University UK</ref> {{quote|"For the purposes of this manual, the word 'sanitation' alone is taken to mean the safe management of human excreta. It therefore includes both the 'hardware' (e.g. latrines and sewers) and the 'software' (regulation, hygiene promotion) needed to reduce faecal-oral disease transmission. It encompasses too the re-use and ultimate disposal of human excreta. The term environmental sanitation is used to cover the wider concept of controlling all the factors in the physical environment which may have deleterious impacts on human health and well-being. In developing countries, it normally includes drainage, solid waste management, and vector control, in addition to the activities covered by the definition of sanitation."|author=|title=|source=}} Sanitation fit include personal sanitation plus public hygiene. Personal sanitation work fit include handling menstrual waste, cleaning household toilets and managing household garbage. Public sanitation work fit include garbage collection, transfer plus treatment (municipal solid waste management), cleaning drains, streets, schools, trains, public spaces, community toilets and public toilets, sewers, operating sewage treatment plants and more.<ref name="PRIA">PRIA (2019): [https://pria.org/knowledge_resource/1560777260_Occasional%20Paper%204%20(2019)%20(Lived%20Realities%20of%20Women%20Sanitation%20Workers%20i....pdf Lived Realities of Women Sanitation Workers in India: Insights from a Participatory Research Conducted in Three Cities of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211030322/https://pria.org/knowledge_resource/1560777260_Occasional%20Paper%204%20%282019%29%20%28Lived%20Realities%20of%20Women%20Sanitation%20Workers%20i....pdf |date=2022-12-11 }}. Participatory Research in Asia, New Delhi, India</ref>{{rp|4}} Workers wey dey provide these services for other people, dem dey call dem sanitation workers. == Purposes == {{owidslider |start = 2021 |list = Template:OWID/death rate from unsafe sanitation gbd#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |language = |file = [[File:Death rate from unsafe sanitation gbd, World, 2021 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|upright=1.6|Death rate from unsafe sanitation gbd]] |startingView = World }} [[File:2016 EPI Environmental Health Objective - Water and Sanitation (26170609358).jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.6|Access to safe drinking water and sanitation (2016)]] Di main purpose of sanitation na to make everywhere healthy for everybody to live, protect natural resources like surface water, groundwater and soil, plus make sure say people get safety, security and dignity anytime dem wan ease demselves (defecate or urinate).{{cn|date=May 2024}} The Human Right to Water and Sanitation be recognized by the United Nations (UN) General Assembly for 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/berkley-center/100308UNARES64292.pdf|title=General Assembly|access-date=2019-11-25|archive-date=2017-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319023103/https://s3.amazonaws.com/berkley-center/100308UNARES64292.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Human Rights Council resolution 15/9, ''Human rights and access to safe drinking water and sanitation'', (6 October 2010), available from http://www.right2water.eu/sites/water/files/UNHRC%20Resolution%2015-9.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517121015/http://www.right2water.eu/sites/water/files/UNHRC |date=2017-05-17 }}</ref><ref name="HRWS2015">{{Cite web|url=http://www.endwaterpoverty.org/sites/endwaterpoverty.org/files/The%20Human%20Rights%20To%20Water%20And%20Sanitation%20UN%20resolution.pdf|title=The human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation|access-date=2019-11-25|archive-date=2017-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825141743/http://www.endwaterpoverty.org/sites/endwaterpoverty.org/files/The}}</ref> Dem recognize am too under international law through human rights treaties, declarations and oda standards. E come from di human right to adequate standard of living.<ref>Right to water and sanitation derive from the right to an adequate standard of living. http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=10403&LangID=E {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306080254/http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=10403&LangID=E |date=2022-03-06 }}</ref> Good sanitation systems dey create barrier between human waste and people so diseases no go spread. This one dey break disease transmission cycle, especially diseases wey dey spread through faeces.<ref>Thor Axel Stenström (2005) [http://conference2005.ecosan.org/papers/stenstrom.pdf Breaking the sanitation barriers; WHO Guidelines for excreta use as a baseline for environmental health] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122002145/http://conference2005.ecosan.org/papers/stenstrom.pdf |date=2008-11-22 }}, Ecosan Conference, Durban, South Africa</ref> Dem dey show this concept with the F-diagram, where all di main ways faecal-oral diseases dey spread start with letter F: feces, fingers, flies, fields, fluids and food.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Conant|first1=Jeff|title=Sanitation and Cleanliness for a Healthy Environment|date=2005|publisher=The Hesperian Foundation in collaboration with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Sida|location=Berkeley, California, USA|page=6|url=http://www.unwater.org/downloads/EHB_Sanitation_EN_lowres.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021110930/http://www.unwater.org/downloads/EHB_Sanitation_EN_lowres.pdf|archive-date=2014-10-21}}</ref> Sanitation infrastructure suppose fit the place where e dey, including wetin users expect and the local resources wey dey available.{{cn|date=May 2024}} Sanitation technology fit include big centralized civil engineering structures like sewer systems, sewage treatment plants, surface runoff treatment systems and solid waste landfills. Dem build these systems to treat wastewater and municipal solid waste. E fit also be simple onsite sanitation systems like pit latrines or oda dry toilets for managing human excreta. If people wan get proper sanitation, dem no suppose focus only on toilet, fecal sludge management or wastewater treatment plant alone.<ref name="Tilley">Tilley, E., Ulrich, L., Lüthi, C., Reymond, Ph. and Zurbrügg, C. (2014). [http://www.sandec.ch/compendium Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies. 2nd Revised Edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828225257/https://www.eawag.ch/en/department/sandec/publications/compendium/ |date=2021-08-28 }}. Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Duebendorf, Switzerland</ref> Di whole sanitation chain matter, from how user use am, how dem collect excreta and wastewater, transport am, treat am, then either reuse or dispose am. All these parts need proper planning.<ref name="Tilley"/> === Economic impacts === The benefits wey society get from proper human waste management be plenty, both for public health and the environment. Rough estimate show say every US$1 wey people spend on sanitation dey return about US$5.50 back to society.<ref>{{Cite book|last=WWAP (United Nations World Water Assessment Programme)|url=http://www.unwater.org/publications/publications-detail/en/c/853650/|title=The United Nations World Water Development Report 2017. Wastewater: The Untapped Resource|year=2017|isbn=978-92-3-100201-4|location=Paris|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408061139/http://www.unwater.org/publications/publications-detail/en/c/853650/|archive-date=2017-04-08}}</ref>{{rp|2}} For developing countries, poor sanitation dey cause serious economic losses. According to one World Bank study, India lose about 6.4% of its GDP because sanitation no dey adequate.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=WSP|title=The economic Impacts of Inadequate Sanitation in India.|publisher=Water and Sanitation Programme, The World Bank|year=2011}}</ref> Most of these losses come from premature deaths, time wey people waste to get sanitation services, reduced productivity, plus extra healthcare costs.<ref name=":4" /> Poor sanitation dey also reduce tourism income.<ref name=":4" /> Di study show say poor people, women and children dey suffer pass. On the other hand, when toilet dey house, e dey improve women's economic wellbeing because e dey help increase literacy and participation for labour force.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gius|first1=Mark|last2=Subramanian|first2=Ramesh|date=2015|title=The Relationship between Inadequate Sanitation Facilities and the Economic Well-Being of Women in India|journal=Journal of Economics and Development Studies|volume=3|issue=1|doi=10.15640/jeds.v3n1a2|doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 |issn=2334-2382|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Types and concepts (for excreta management) == [[File:Percentage of population served by different types of sanitation systems.png|thumb|upright=1.4|Percentage of population served by different types of sanitation systems<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.unwater.org/publications/publications-detail/en/c/853650/|title=The United Nations World Water Development Report 2017. Wastewater: The Untapped Resource|last=WWAP (United Nations World Water Assessment Programme)|year=2017|isbn=978-92-3-100201-4|location=Paris|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408061139/http://www.unwater.org/publications/publications-detail/en/c/853650/|archive-date=2017-04-08}}</ref>]] [[File:Shower, double-vault urine-diverting dry toilet (UDDT) and waterless urinal in Lima, Peru.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Example of sanitation infrastructure: Shower, double-vault urine-diverting dry toilet (UDDT) and waterless urinal in Lima, Peru]] Di word "sanitation" dey come with different descriptions to show different sanitation systems. Some dey manage only human excreta while others dey include greywater, stormwater and solid waste management too. ===Basic sanitation=== For 2017, JMP introduce one new term wey dem call "basic sanitation service". This one mean say people dey use improved sanitation facilities wey dem no dey share with other households. Lower level dey called "limited sanitation service", wey mean say two or more households dey share the same improved sanitation facility.<ref name="JMP2017"/> === Container-based sanitation === {{excerpt|Container-based sanitation|paragraphs=1|file=no}} === Community-based sanitation === Community-based sanitation dey relate to decentralized wastewater treatment (DEWATS).{{cn|date=May 2024}} === Community-led total sanitation === {{excerpt|Community-led total sanitation|paragraphs=1|file=no}} === Dry sanitation === The term "dry sanitation" no too common and e no get one clear definition. Normally e mean sanitation system wey dey use dry toilets and no dey use sewers to transport human waste. Plenty times, when people talk "dry sanitation", dem dey refer to systems wey dey use urine-diverting dry toilets (UDDTs).<ref name="Platzer">Platzer, C., Hoffmann, H., Ticona, E. (2008). [http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/961 Alternatives to waterborne sanitation – a comparative study – limits and potentials] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009041929/http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/961 |date=2017-10-09 }}. IRC Symposium: Sanitation for the urban poor – partnerships and governance, Delft, The Netherlands</ref><ref name="Flores">Flores, A. (2010). [http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/1172 ''Towards sustainable sanitation: evaluating the sustainability of resource-oriented sanitation''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629180540/http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/1172 |date=2017-06-29 }}. PhD Thesis, University of Cambridge, UK</ref> === Ecological sanitation === {{excerpt|Ecological sanitation|paragraphs=1|file=no}} [[File:Emergency pit lining kits by Evenproducts (6619616945).jpg|thumb|Emergency pit lining kits by Evenproducts]] === Emergency sanitation === {{Excerpt|Emergency sanitation|paragraphs=1|file=no}} === Environmental sanitation === Environmental sanitation dey involve controlling environmental factors wey fit spread diseases. E include solid waste management, water and wastewater treatment, industrial waste treatment and noise pollution control. According to World Health Organization (WHO), environmental sanitation na control of all physical environmental factors wey fit negatively affect human physical development, health and survival. One of the main purposes of environmental sanitation na to protect public health.{{cn|date=May 2024}} [[File:Environmental_sanitation.jpg|thumb|Environmental sanitation by an NGO member]] [[File:Environmental_clean_up_in_UNN.jpg|thumb|A clean exercise organized by an NGO]] === Fecal sludge management === {{Excerpt|Fecal sludge management|paragraphs=1|file=no}} === Improved and unimproved sanitation === {{Excerpt|Improved sanitation|paragraphs=1|file=no}} === Lack of sanitation === Lack of sanitation mean say sanitation no dey available. For practical terms, e usually mean say toilet no dey or hygienic toilet no dey wey people go like use. The result usually be open defecation, plus open urination, wey dey cause serious public health problems.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Mara|first=Duncan|date=2017|title=The elimination of open defecation and its adverse health effects: a moral imperative for governments and development professionals|url=http://washdev.iwaponline.com/content/7/1/1|journal=Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development|language=en|volume=7|issue=1|pages=1–12|doi=10.2166/washdev.2017.027|issn=2043-9083|doi-access=free|bibcode=2017JWSHD...7....1M |access-date=2017-08-17|archive-date=2018-06-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621085738/http://washdev.iwaponline.com/content/7/1/1|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2015, estimate show say 2.4 billion people still no get improved sanitation facilities, including 660 million people wey no get access to safe drinking water.<ref name="sanitation">WHO and UNICEF ''[http://www.washdata.org/reports Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2015 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212123015/https://washdata.org/reports |date=2021-02-12 }}'', WHO, Geneva and UNICEF, New York</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=On Water|url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/eib-big-ideas-on-water|access-date=2020-12-07|website=European Investment Bank|year=2019|doi=10.2867/509830|language=en|author1=European Investment Bank|publisher=Publications Office |isbn=978-92-861-4319-9|archive-date=2020-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129051604/https://www.eib.org/en/publications/eib-big-ideas-on-water|url-status=live}}</ref> === Onsite sanitation or non-sewered sanitation system === Onsite sanitation (or on-site sanitation) na sanitation system where dem dey collect, store or treat excreta and wastewater for the same place where e come from.<ref name="Tilley" />{{rp|173}} Another name be non-sewered sanitation systems (NSSS), and plenty countries dey use am.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Cheng |first1=Shikun |last2=Long |first2=Jinyun |last3=Evans |first3=Barbara |last4=Zhan |first4=Zhe |last5=Li |first5=Tianxin |last6=Chen |first6=Cong |last7=Mang |first7=Heinz-Peter |last8=Li |first8=Zifu |date=2022 |title=Non-negligible greenhouse gas emissions from non-sewered sanitation systems: A meta-analysis |journal=Environmental Research |language=en |volume=212 |issue=Pt D |article-number=113468 |doi=10.1016/j.envres.2022.113468 |pmc=9227720 |pmid=35597295|bibcode= 2022ER....21213468C|doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016050101/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |date=2017-10-16 }}</ref> NSSS dey play important role for safe fecal sludge management and e account for about half of all sanitation systems wey dey exist.<ref name=":1" /> Treatment level fit range from no treatment at all to advanced treatment. Examples include pit latrines and septic tanks. Onsite sanitation systems often connect to fecal sludge management (FSM), where dem carry the sludge go another place for treatment. Wastewater (sewage) dey happen only where piped water supply dey inside or close to buildings.{{cn|date=May 2024}} One related term be decentralized wastewater system, wey dey refer mainly to the wastewater side of onsite sanitation. In the same way, onsite sewage facility fit treat wastewater locally.{{cn|date=May 2024}} Global methane emissions from NSSS for 2020 be estimated at 377 Mt CO2e every year, about 4.7% of all human-caused methane emissions worldwide. This amount dey almost equal emissions from wastewater treatment plants, meaning say NSSS greenhouse gas emissions no be small issue.<ref name=":1" /> ===Safely managed sanitation=== [[File:Share of population using safely managed sanitation facilities, OWID.svg|thumb|Share of population using safely managed sanitation facilities in 2022<ref>Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina (2018) [https://sdg-tracker.org/water-and-sanitation "Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals." (SDG 6)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101050352/https://sdg-tracker.org/water-and-sanitation |date=2020-11-01 }} ''SDG-Tracker.org, website''</ref>]] [[File:Proportion of population with basic handwashing facilities on premises, OWID.svg|thumb|Number of handwashing facilities in the world, 2022|alt=]] Safely managed sanitation na the highest level of household sanitation under Sustainable Development Goal Number 6.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Joint Monitoring Programme of UNICEF and WHO |title=JMP - Sanitation |url=https://washdata.org/monitoring/sanitation |access-date=25 February 2021 |website=washdata.org |archive-date=21 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721181243/https://washdata.org/monitoring/sanitation |url-status=live }}</ref> Dem dey measure am under Sustainable Development Goal 6.2, Indicator 6.2.1.<ref name="unwater">{{cite web |title=Indicator 6.2.1 - Proportion of population using safely managed sanitation services, including a handwashing facility with soap and water |url=https://www.sdg6monitoring.org/indicator-621/ |website=sdg6monitoring.org |publisher=UN Water |access-date=25 February 2021 |archive-date=3 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303212826/https://www.sdg6monitoring.org/indicator-621/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="JMP2017" /> According to United Nations estimate for 2024, about 3.4 billion people still no get safely managed sanitation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Martin |title=Water and Sanitation |url=https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/water-and-sanitation/ |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=United Nations Sustainable Development |language=en-US}}</ref> Safely managed sanitation mean improved sanitation facility wey households no dey share, plus dem dey safely treat and dispose the excreta either for the same place, carry am elsewhere for treatment, or pass am through sewer before treatment.<ref name="unwater" /><ref name="JMP2017"/> === Sustainable sanitation === {{Excerpt|Sustainable sanitation|paragraphs=1|file=no}} == Other types, concepts and systems == === Wastewater management === {{Main|Wastewater|Wastewater treatment}} [[File:Wonga wetlands sewage plant.jpg|thumb|Sewage treatment plant, Australia.]] Wastewater management be di collection, wastewater treatment (whether na municipal or industrial wastewater), disposal or reuse of treated wastewater. Dem dey also call di reuse of treated wastewater "water reclamation".{{cn|date=May 2024}} For developed countries, sanitation systems for urban areas usually include collection of wastewater through gravity-driven sewer systems, treatment for wastewater treatment plants, den reuse or disposal into rivers, lakes or di sea.{{cn|date=May 2024}} For developing countries, most wastewater still dey enter di environment without any treatment.<ref>{{cite web |author=Nallapaneni Sasidhar |year=2026 |url=https://www.ijee.latticescipub.com/wp-content/uploads/papers/v6i1/A187206010526.pdf |title=Economically Viable Nature-based Sewage Treatment Method by Using Life Cycles of Mosquitoes and Non-biting Midges|publisher=Indian Journal of Environment Engineering}}</ref> Other options instead of centralized sewer systems include onsite sanitation, decentralized wastewater systems, dry toilets linked to fecal sludge management. === Stormwater drainage === {{Main|Storm drain}} Sewer systems fit either combine with storm drains or dem separate am as sanitary sewers. Combined sewers mostly dey older central parts of urban areas. Heavy rainfall plus poor maintenance fit cause combined sewer overflows or sanitary sewer overflows, wey mean raw sewage wey dilute small or plenty fit flow enter di environment. Industries too fit discharge wastewater into municipal sewers, and dat one fit make wastewater treatment hard unless dem pre-treat dia wastewater first.<ref>''Environmental Biotechnology: Advancement in Water And Wastewater Application'', edited by Z. Ujang, IWA Proceedings, Malaysia (2003)</ref> ===Solid waste disposal=== {{Main|Waste management}} [[File:Israel hiriya.jpg|thumb|left|Hiriya Landfill, Israel.]] Solid waste disposal mostly happen for landfills, but people dey also use incineration, recycling, composting and conversion into biofuels. For landfills, advanced countries usually get strict rules for covering di waste every day with topsoil, while underdeveloped countries mostly follow less strict rules.<ref>George Tchobanoglous and Frank Kreith ''Handbook of Solid Waste Management'', McGraw Hill (2002)</ref> Daily cover help reduce contact between disease vectors and waste, stop pathogens from spreading, reduce bad smell, and prevent litter from blowing away. Developed countries also usually require proper sealing around landfills with clay-rich soils to stop leachate from entering groundwater and contaminating some drinking water sources. For incineration, one disadvantage be say e fit release air pollutants, including some toxic substances. Recycling and biofuel production generally be more sustainable options because dem usually get lower lifecycle costs, especially when people consider all ecological impacts.<ref>William D. Robinson, ''The Solid Waste Handbook: A Practical Guide'', John Wiley and sons (1986)</ref> Di value of composting finally depend on whether people dey demand compost products for di market.{{cn|date=May 2024}} ===Food safety=== [[File:Canteen kitchen.jpg|thumb|left|Modern restaurant food preparation area.]] {{Main|Food safety}} For di food industry, sanitation mean proper cleaning and treatment of surfaces wey touch food. Di process suppose destroy harmful microorganisms wey fit affect public health and greatly reduce other unwanted microorganisms without affecting di food or making am unsafe for consumers (U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Code of Federal Regulations, 21CFR110, USA). Sanitation Standard Operating Procedures be compulsory for food industries in United States. For Japan too, food hygiene must follow di country's food sanitation law.<ref name="fslj">{{cite web|url=http://www.jetro.go.jp/en/market/regulations/pdf/food-e.pdf|title=Food Sanitation Law in Japan|last=Japan External Trade Organization|author-link=Japan External Trade Organization|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409155125/http://www.jetro.go.jp/en/market/regulations/pdf/food-e.pdf|archive-date=9 April 2008|access-date=1 March 2008}}</ref> For di food and biopharmaceutical industries, "sanitary equipment" mean equipment wey people fit clean completely with clean-in-place (CIP) and sterilization-in-place (SIP) procedures. Di equipment suppose drain cleaning solutions and other liquids completely. Di design too suppose reduce deadlegs, or areas where cleaning no dey create enough turbulence to remove product deposits.<ref>[http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=JFEGA4000127000001000124000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes Treatment of deadleg plumbing areas]</ref> Normally, dem make this equipment from Stainless Steel 316L, an alloy wey contain small amounts of molybdenum. Dem usually electropolish di surface to roughness below 0.5 micrometre to reduce bacterial attachment. === Hygiene promotion === {{Further|Hygiene}} [[File:Hygiene education.jpg|thumb|left|Hygiene education (on proper handwashing) in Afghanistan]] For many places, just providing sanitation facilities no guarantee say people go enjoy good health. Research show say good hygiene practices get almost di same impact on sanitation-related diseases as providing sanitation facilities. Because of dat, hygiene promotion be important part of sanitation and e dey help maintain good health.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Reed|first1=Brian|title=Managing hygiene promotion in WASH programmes|last2=Bevan|first2=Jane|publisher=Water, Engineering and Development Centre (WEDC), Loughborough University|year=2014|isbn=978-1-84380-168-9|location=Leicestershire, UK}}</ref> Hygiene promotion be planned approach wey help people change dia behaviour to reduce or prevent water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) related diseases.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021|title=2021 water, sanitation and hygiene barometer|url=https://www.solidarites.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/water-barometer-2021.pdf|website=SOLIDARITÉS INTERNATIONAL|access-date=2021-04-13|archive-date=2021-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325000242/https://www.solidarites.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/water-barometer-2021.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> E usually involve people directly so dem go take responsibility for WASH services and infrastructure, including operation and maintenance. Di three main parts of hygiene promotion be sharing information and knowledge, mobilizing affected communities, and providing essential materials and facilities.<ref name="Sphere" /> == Health aspects == [[File:F-diagram-01.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|The "F-diagram" (feces, fingers, flies, fields, fluids, food), showing pathways of fecal-oral disease transmission. The vertical blue lines show barriers: toilets, safe water, hygiene and handwashing.]] [[File:Dalberg Water Week Final.webm|thumb|A video wey show di unsafe and undignified working conditions of many sanitation workers for India]] {{Main|WASH#Health aspects}} {{excerpt|WASH#WASH-attributable burden of diseases and injuries|paragraphs=1-2|file=no}} == Environmental aspects == === Indicator organisms === When people dey analyze environmental samples, dem dey use different indicator organisms to check whether fecal pollution dey inside. Common indicators for bacteriological water analysis include di bacterium ''Escherichia coli'' (short form ''E. coli'') and non-specific fecal coliforms. For samples of soil, sewage sludge, biosolids or fecal matter from dry toilets, helminth eggs be one common indicator. During helminth egg analysis, dem extract di eggs from di sample, then carry out viability test to separate viable eggs from non-viable ones. After dat, dem count di viable helminth eggs. == Climate change == {{Main|WASH#Climate change aspects}} == Global mechanisms == === Sustainable Development Goal Number 6 === {{Further|Sustainable Development Goal 6}} [[File:Sustainable Development Goal 6.png|thumb|left|United Nations SDG 6 Logo]] For 2016, di Sustainable Development Goals replace di Millennium Development Goals. Sanitation be one global development priority and e dey inside Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG 6).<ref name="JMP2017" /> Di target be "clean water and sanitation for all" by 2030.<ref name="SDG6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/water-and-sanitation/|title=Goal 6: Ensure access to water and sanitation for all|access-date=2017-11-17|archive-date=2019-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416212832/https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/water-and-sanitation/|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2015, about 660 million people still no get access to safe drinking water.<ref name="sanitation" /><ref name=":5" /> Since di COVID-19 pandemic start for 2020, di fight for clean water and sanitation become even more important. Handwashing be one of di main ways to prevent Coronavirus, but two out of every five people still no get access to handwashing facilities.<ref>{{Cite web|last=UN|title=Water and Sanitation|url=https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/water-and-sanitation/|access-date=2021-01-04|website=United Nations Sustainable Development|language=en-US|archive-date=2019-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416212832/https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/water-and-sanitation/|url-status=live}}</ref> == References == ir4g7hmt1fnhfriqval01tsdp7zf61f 0 27442 102601 101624 2026-06-13T16:41:31Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102601 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:YalaRiver.JPG|thumb|Yala river within Kakamega rainforest, western Kenya]] Di '''Yala River''' na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. [[:en:Soil_erosion|Soil erosion]] dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power. == Course == Di Yala River dey rise for Nandi Escarpment inside Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for 219 kilometre (136 mile) till e reach mouth for Lake Victoria wey dey Siaya County, Kenya.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]]</ref> Na one of di biggest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, e dey discharge average of 27.4 cubic metre per second (970 cubic feet per second)<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 4</ref>. Di river dey contribute about 5% of di yearly water wey dey enter Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFIdentification_of_a_multipurpose_water_resources_...|Identification of a multipurpose water resources .]].</ref> Di Yala River dey pass through one wide, mature valley wey look like say e don rejuvenate during di tilting wey follow rift movement for mid-[[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]]. E dey run fast ontop rocky ground, no get alluvial flats or terraces.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOminde1971|Ominde 1971]], p. 30.</ref> Di main channel wide about 30 metre (98 feet), except for Yala Swamp. Di river dey pass southeast of [[:en:Kakamega_Forest|Kakamega Forest]], and for there e get one big waterfall wey high reach 20 metre (66 feet).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFMwangiChege2019|Mwangi & Chege 2019]], p. 4</ref> Di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] wey dey mouth of di river cover about 175 square kilometre (68 square mile) for di north shore of Lake Victoria. Inside di swamp dey [[:en:Lake_Kanyaboli|Lake Kanyaboli]] wey cover 15 square kilometre (5.8 square mile), na freshwater delta wetland wey get average depth of 3 metre (9.8 feet). Di lake dey collect flood water from [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] and Yala rivers plus backflow water from Lake Victoria. Na di lake dey give safe place for plenty fish species wey no dey Lake Victoria again.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFLake_Kanyaboli_%E2%80%93_Kenya_GNF|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF]].</ref> Before, di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala River]] dey flow pass di east 20% of Yala Swamp enter Lake Kanyaboli, then e go main swamp, then e pass small gulf enter Lake Victoria. Today, dem don drain di east part of di swamp, so di river dey flow direct enter di 80 square kilometre (31 square mile) main swamp. One silt-clay dyke don block am from Lake Kanyaboli. Now Lake Kanyaboli dey get water from di land wey dey around am plus back-seepage from di swamp. Di river gulf don cut off from di lake by one culvert, wey come create Lake Sare (5 square kilometre/1.9 square mile) through back-flooding.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFYala_Swamp_Complex_..._BirdLife|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife]]</ref> Lake Sare get direct link to Lake Victoria, and e dey important to preserve di [[:en:Cichlid|cichlid]] fish wey dey Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005,]] p. 340.</ref> Di river water dey enter Lake Victoria from [[:en:Lake_Sare|Lake Sare]] through one channel wey bridge dey cross, and di bridge dey carry di C27 coastal highway along Goye causeway.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFRelation:_Yala_(8873639)|Relation: Yala (8873639).]]</ref><ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005]], p. 341.</ref> == Basin == Di Yala River drainage basin cover 3,351 square kilometre (1,294 square mile).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]].</ref> One ecosystem management study wey dem do for Yala and [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] river basins release baseline report for 2008. Dem study three representative blocks of land, each one 100 square kilometre (39 square mile), inside di Yala basin. For all di three blocks, plenty of di land don already dey cultivated. Subsistence crops wey dem dey grow include [[:en:Maize|maize]], [[:en:Bean|beans]], [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Banana|banana]], [[:en:Cassava|cassava]] and [[:en:Sweet_potato|sweet potato]], while cash crops include [[:en:Tea|tea]], [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] and [[:en:Mango|mango]].<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 9, 27, 43.</ref> Di Upper Yala Block wey dey [[:en:Uasin_Gishu_District|Uasin Gishu District]] get [[:en:Lake_Lessos|Lake Lessos]], one of di main sources of Yala River. Di block terrain dey level with medium gradient hills and shallow depressions. Wetlands and small permanent streams dey. Di farms big and subsistence agriculture no too plenty. Cultivated land dey mix with grasslands. Dairy production dey important<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 43</ref>. For 2008, 22% of di plots show soil erosion. Di Middle Yala Block wey dey [[:en:Vihiga_District|Vihiga District]] and [[:en:Kakamega_District|Kakamega District]] get mountainous highlands with plenty small streams, and clusters of wetlands. Remnants of forest dey preserved across di block for cultural use, and logging dey happen for Kaimosi forest wey dey southeast of di block. Most of di farms don overcrop, no dey follow traditional rotation or fallow periods. For north side of di block, farm management better, with more trees and hedges. But for south side, steep slopes dey cultivated without conservation measures. About half of di block show evidence of soil erosion.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 29.</ref> Di Lower Yala Block wey dey [[:en:Kisumu_District|Kisumu District]] and [[:en:Siaya_District|Siaya District]] get low to medium gradient terrain with some big hills. Most of di people na [[:en:Luo_people|Luo]], but for some areas na mainly [[:en:Luhya_people|Luhya]].<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 9</ref> About 43% of di land dem dey use for crops, and 55% for grazing livestock. Livestock include cows, bulls, chickens, goats and sheep. Trees no plenty, and soil erosion dey spread everywhere. == Hydroelectric Projects == As of 2016, dem don complete feasibility study for development of Nandi Forest dam to support irrigation, water supply and power generation. Di power plant suppose get two 25 MW Pelton turbines and e go supply 185 GWh every year. For April 2020, dem announce say Tembo Power from Mauritius, together with Metier and WK Construction from South Africa, don sign agreement to develop [[:en:Run-of-the-river_hydroelectricity|run-of-the-river hydroelectricity]] plant for Yala River. Di [[:en:Kaptis_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Kaptis Hydroelectric Power Station]] suppose get 15 MW capacity and e go start work by 2022. Di project cost na $30 million. Di electricity go enter di grid wey [[:en:Kenya_Power_and_Lighting_Company|Kenya Power and Lighting Company]] (KPLC) dey operate. Di power plant location suppose dey near [[:en:Kakamega|Kakamega]] town.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFCreamer2020|Creamer 2020]]</ref> == Reference == le68oio4ss9nw107y86otlj8sgzrxc7 102605 102601 2026-06-13T16:43:57Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102605 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:YalaRiver.JPG|thumb|Yala river within Kakamega rainforest, western Kenya]] Di '''Yala River''' na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. [[:en:Soil_erosion|Soil erosion]] dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power. == Course == Di Yala River dey rise for Nandi Escarpment inside Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for 219 kilometre (136 mile) till e reach mouth for Lake Victoria wey dey Siaya County, Kenya.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]]</ref> Na one of di biggest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, e dey discharge average of 27.4 cubic metre per second (970 cubic feet per second)<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 4</ref>. Di river dey contribute about 5% of di yearly water wey dey enter Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFIdentification_of_a_multipurpose_water_resources_...|Identification of a multipurpose water resources .]].</ref> Di Yala River dey pass through one wide, mature valley wey look like say e don rejuvenate during di tilting wey follow rift movement for mid-[[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]]. E dey run fast ontop rocky ground, no get alluvial flats or terraces.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOminde1971|Ominde 1971]], p. 30.</ref> Di main channel wide about 30 metre (98 feet), except for Yala Swamp. Di river dey pass southeast of [[:en:Kakamega_Forest|Kakamega Forest]], and for there e get one big waterfall wey high reach 20 metre (66 feet).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFMwangiChege2019|Mwangi & Chege 2019]], p. 4</ref> Di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] wey dey mouth of di river cover about 175 square kilometre (68 square mile) for di north shore of Lake Victoria. Inside di swamp dey [[:en:Lake_Kanyaboli|Lake Kanyaboli]] wey cover 15 square kilometre (5.8 square mile), na freshwater delta wetland wey get average depth of 3 metre (9.8 feet). Di lake dey collect flood water from [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] and Yala rivers plus backflow water from Lake Victoria. Na di lake dey give safe place for plenty fish species wey no dey Lake Victoria again.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFLake_Kanyaboli_%E2%80%93_Kenya_GNF|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF]].</ref> Before, di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala River]] dey flow pass di east 20% of Yala Swamp enter Lake Kanyaboli, then e go main swamp, then e pass small gulf enter Lake Victoria. Today, dem don drain di east part of di swamp, so di river dey flow direct enter di 80 square kilometre (31 square mile) main swamp. One silt-clay dyke don block am from Lake Kanyaboli. Now Lake Kanyaboli dey get water from di land wey dey around am plus back-seepage from di swamp. Di river gulf don cut off from di lake by one culvert, wey come create Lake Sare (5 square kilometre/1.9 square mile) through back-flooding.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFYala_Swamp_Complex_..._BirdLife|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife]]</ref> Lake Sare get direct link to Lake Victoria, and e dey important to preserve di [[:en:Cichlid|cichlid]] fish wey dey Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005,]] p. 340.</ref> Di river water dey enter Lake Victoria from [[:en:Lake_Sare|Lake Sare]] through one channel wey bridge dey cross, and di bridge dey carry di C27 coastal highway along Goye causeway.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFRelation:_Yala_(8873639)|Relation: Yala (8873639).]]</ref><ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005]], p. 341.</ref> == Basin == Di Yala River drainage basin cover 3,351 square kilometre (1,294 square mile).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]].</ref> One ecosystem management study wey dem do for Yala and [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] river basins release baseline report for 2008. Dem study three representative blocks of land, each one 100 square kilometre (39 square mile), inside di Yala basin. For all di three blocks, plenty of di land don already dey cultivated. Subsistence crops wey dem dey grow include [[:en:Maize|maize]], [[:en:Bean|beans]], [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Banana|banana]], [[:en:Cassava|cassava]] and [[:en:Sweet_potato|sweet potato]], while cash crops include [[:en:Tea|tea]], [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] and [[:en:Mango|mango]].<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 9, 27, 43.</ref> Di Upper Yala Block wey dey [[:en:Uasin_Gishu_District|Uasin Gishu District]] get [[:en:Lake_Lessos|Lake Lessos]], one of di main sources of Yala River. Di block terrain dey level with medium gradient hills and shallow depressions. Wetlands and small permanent streams dey. Di farms big and subsistence agriculture no too plenty. Cultivated land dey mix with grasslands. Dairy production dey important<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 43</ref>. For 2008, 22% of di plots show soil erosion. Di Middle Yala Block wey dey [[:en:Vihiga_District|Vihiga District]] and [[:en:Kakamega_District|Kakamega District]] get mountainous highlands with plenty small streams, and clusters of wetlands. Remnants of forest dey preserved across di block for cultural use, and logging dey happen for Kaimosi forest wey dey southeast of di block. Most of di farms don overcrop, no dey follow traditional rotation or fallow periods. For north side of di block, farm management better, with more trees and hedges. But for south side, steep slopes dey cultivated without conservation measures. About half of di block show evidence of soil erosion.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 29.</ref> Di Lower Yala Block wey dey [[:en:Kisumu_District|Kisumu District]] and [[:en:Siaya_District|Siaya District]] get low to medium gradient terrain with some big hills. Most of di people na [[:en:Luo_people|Luo]], but for some areas na mainly [[:en:Luhya_people|Luhya]].<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 9</ref> About 43% of di land dem dey use for crops, and 55% for grazing livestock. Livestock include cows, bulls, chickens, goats and sheep. Trees no plenty, and soil erosion dey spread everywhere. == Hydroelectric Projects == As of 2016, dem don complete feasibility study for development of Nandi Forest dam to support irrigation, water supply and power generation. Di power plant suppose get two 25 MW Pelton turbines and e go supply 185 GWh every year. For April 2020, dem announce say Tembo Power from Mauritius, together with Metier and WK Construction from South Africa, don sign agreement to develop [[:en:Run-of-the-river_hydroelectricity|run-of-the-river hydroelectricity]] plant for Yala River. Di [[:en:Kaptis_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Kaptis Hydroelectric Power Station]] suppose get 15 MW capacity and e go start work by 2022. Di project cost na $30 million. Di electricity go enter di grid wey [[:en:Kenya_Power_and_Lighting_Company|Kenya Power and Lighting Company]] (KPLC) dey operate. Di power plant location suppose dey near [[:en:Kakamega|Kakamega]] town.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFCreamer2020|Creamer 2020]]</ref> == Reference == 5c39wh0ywn9p2w9yhfn7c375scpsnmh 102612 102605 2026-06-13T16:47:34Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102612 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:YalaRiver.JPG|thumb|Yala river within Kakamega rainforest, western Kenya|305x305px]] Di '''Yala River''' na one [[:en:River|river]] wey dey western Kenya, e be tributary to [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]. E dey flow fast ontop rocky ground inside wide valley before e join [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia River]] to form [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] for di border of Lake Victoria. Di land wey dey along di river mostly dem dey farm or use am graze animals, original forest no too remain. [[:en:Soil_erosion|Soil erosion]] dey show everywhere for di river basin, especially for di lower side. Dem get projects wey dey run now to use di river for hydroelectric power. == Course == Di Yala River dey rise for Nandi Escarpment inside Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for 219 kilometre (136 mile) till e reach mouth for Lake Victoria wey dey Siaya County, Kenya.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]]</ref> Na one of di biggest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, e dey discharge average of 27.4 cubic metre per second (970 cubic feet per second)<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 4</ref>. Di river dey contribute about 5% of di yearly water wey dey enter Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFIdentification_of_a_multipurpose_water_resources_...|Identification of a multipurpose water resources .]].</ref> Di Yala River dey pass through one wide, mature valley wey look like say e don rejuvenate during di tilting wey follow rift movement for mid-[[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]]. E dey run fast ontop rocky ground, no get alluvial flats or terraces.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOminde1971|Ominde 1971]], p. 30.</ref> Di main channel wide about 30 metre (98 feet), except for Yala Swamp. Di river dey pass southeast of [[:en:Kakamega_Forest|Kakamega Forest]], and for there e get one big waterfall wey high reach 20 metre (66 feet).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFMwangiChege2019|Mwangi & Chege 2019]], p. 4</ref> Di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] wey dey mouth of di river cover about 175 square kilometre (68 square mile) for di north shore of Lake Victoria. Inside di swamp dey [[:en:Lake_Kanyaboli|Lake Kanyaboli]] wey cover 15 square kilometre (5.8 square mile), na freshwater delta wetland wey get average depth of 3 metre (9.8 feet). Di lake dey collect flood water from [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] and Yala rivers plus backflow water from Lake Victoria. Na di lake dey give safe place for plenty fish species wey no dey Lake Victoria again.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFLake_Kanyaboli_%E2%80%93_Kenya_GNF|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF]].</ref> Before, di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala River]] dey flow pass di east 20% of Yala Swamp enter Lake Kanyaboli, then e go main swamp, then e pass small gulf enter Lake Victoria. Today, dem don drain di east part of di swamp, so di river dey flow direct enter di 80 square kilometre (31 square mile) main swamp. One silt-clay dyke don block am from Lake Kanyaboli. Now Lake Kanyaboli dey get water from di land wey dey around am plus back-seepage from di swamp. Di river gulf don cut off from di lake by one culvert, wey come create Lake Sare (5 square kilometre/1.9 square mile) through back-flooding.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFYala_Swamp_Complex_..._BirdLife|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife]]</ref> Lake Sare get direct link to Lake Victoria, and e dey important to preserve di [[:en:Cichlid|cichlid]] fish wey dey Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005,]] p. 340.</ref> Di river water dey enter Lake Victoria from [[:en:Lake_Sare|Lake Sare]] through one channel wey bridge dey cross, and di bridge dey carry di C27 coastal highway along Goye causeway.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFRelation:_Yala_(8873639)|Relation: Yala (8873639).]]</ref><ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005]], p. 341.</ref> == Basin == Di Yala River drainage basin cover 3,351 square kilometre (1,294 square mile).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]].</ref> One ecosystem management study wey dem do for Yala and [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] river basins release baseline report for 2008. Dem study three representative blocks of land, each one 100 square kilometre (39 square mile), inside di Yala basin. For all di three blocks, plenty of di land don already dey cultivated. Subsistence crops wey dem dey grow include [[:en:Maize|maize]], [[:en:Bean|beans]], [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Banana|banana]], [[:en:Cassava|cassava]] and [[:en:Sweet_potato|sweet potato]], while cash crops include [[:en:Tea|tea]], [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] and [[:en:Mango|mango]].<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 9, 27, 43.</ref> Di Upper Yala Block wey dey [[:en:Uasin_Gishu_District|Uasin Gishu District]] get [[:en:Lake_Lessos|Lake Lessos]], one of di main sources of Yala River. Di block terrain dey level with medium gradient hills and shallow depressions. Wetlands and small permanent streams dey. Di farms big and subsistence agriculture no too plenty. Cultivated land dey mix with grasslands. Dairy production dey important<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 43</ref>. For 2008, 22% of di plots show soil erosion. Di Middle Yala Block wey dey [[:en:Vihiga_District|Vihiga District]] and [[:en:Kakamega_District|Kakamega District]] get mountainous highlands with plenty small streams, and clusters of wetlands. Remnants of forest dey preserved across di block for cultural use, and logging dey happen for Kaimosi forest wey dey southeast of di block. Most of di farms don overcrop, no dey follow traditional rotation or fallow periods. For north side of di block, farm management better, with more trees and hedges. But for south side, steep slopes dey cultivated without conservation measures. About half of di block show evidence of soil erosion.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 29.</ref> Di Lower Yala Block wey dey [[:en:Kisumu_District|Kisumu District]] and [[:en:Siaya_District|Siaya District]] get low to medium gradient terrain with some big hills. Most of di people na [[:en:Luo_people|Luo]], but for some areas na mainly [[:en:Luhya_people|Luhya]].<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 9</ref> About 43% of di land dem dey use for crops, and 55% for grazing livestock. Livestock include cows, bulls, chickens, goats and sheep. Trees no plenty, and soil erosion dey spread everywhere. == Hydroelectric Projects == As of 2016, dem don complete feasibility study for development of Nandi Forest dam to support irrigation, water supply and power generation. Di power plant suppose get two 25 MW Pelton turbines and e go supply 185 GWh every year. For April 2020, dem announce say Tembo Power from Mauritius, together with Metier and WK Construction from South Africa, don sign agreement to develop [[:en:Run-of-the-river_hydroelectricity|run-of-the-river hydroelectricity]] plant for Yala River. Di [[:en:Kaptis_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Kaptis Hydroelectric Power Station]] suppose get 15 MW capacity and e go start work by 2022. Di project cost na $30 million. Di electricity go enter di grid wey [[:en:Kenya_Power_and_Lighting_Company|Kenya Power and Lighting Company]] (KPLC) dey operate. Di power plant location suppose dey near [[:en:Kakamega|Kakamega]] town.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFCreamer2020|Creamer 2020]]</ref> == Reference == iuflapnre4abwo4e5z0942u1xwo6mkq 0 27470 102792 102054 2026-06-14T09:14:30Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve am 102792 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{United Nations series}} '''Na Sustainable Development Goal 6''' ('''SDG 6''' anaa '''Global Goal 6''') declares de importance of achieving "clean water den [[sanitation]] for all". E be one of de 17 Sustainable Development Goals wet established by de [[United Nations General Assembly]] to succeed de former Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). According to de United Nations, de overall goal be to: "Ensure availability den sustainable management of water den sanitation for all."<ref name="SDG6">{{cite web |title=Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation |url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation.html |access-date=28 September 2015 |website=UNDP}}</ref> De goal has eight targets to be achieved by 2030 covering de main areas of water supply den sanitation den sustainable water resource management. Progress toward de targets will be measured by using eleven indicators.<ref name=":17" /> <!-- FYI: The second paragraph of the lead is transcluded in the article on [[Sustainable Development Goals]], and should contain a list of the targets --> <noinclude> De six key ''outcome targets'' to be achieved by 2030 include: De two ''means of implementing targets<ref name=":22">{{cite journal |last1=Bartram |first1=Jamie |last2=Brocklehurst |first2=Clarissa |last3=Bradley |first3=David |last4=Muller |first4=Mike |last5=Evans |first5=Barbara |date=December 2018 |title=Policy review of the means of implementation targets and indicators for the sustainable development goal for water and sanitation |url=https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/128504/9/s41545-018-0003-0.pdf |journal=npj Clean Water |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=3 |bibcode=2018npjCW...1....3B |doi=10.1038/s41545-018-0003-0 |s2cid=169226066 |doi-access=free}} {{cc-notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref>'' are to expand international cooperation den capacity-building support to developing countries, den to support local engagement insyd sustainable den participatory water den sanitation management.<ref name=":110">{{Cite book |last=United Nations |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3637 |title=Sustainable Development Goal. 6, Synthesis report 2018 on water and sanitation |publisher=United Nations, New York |year=2018 |isbn=978-92-1-101370-2 |oclc=1107804829}}</ref> # Achieve universal den equitable access to safe den affordable [[drinking water]] for all; # Achieve access to adequate den equitable sanitation den hygiene for all den end [[open defecation]], paying special attention to de needs of women den girls den those insyd vulnerable situations; # Improve water quality, by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping den minimizing release of hazardous chemicals den materials, halving de proportion of untreated wastewater (wastewater treatment) den substantially increasing recycling den safe reuse globally; # Substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors den ensure sustainable withdrawals den supply of fresh water to address water scarcity den substantially reduce de number of people suffering from water scarcity; # Implement integrated water resources management (IWRM), at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate; # Protect den restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers den lakes.</noinclude> Despite Official Development Assistance (ODA) disbursements to de water sector increasing to $9 billion insyd 2018.<ref name=":2" /> de Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) of WHO den UNICEF report insyd 2017 dat 4.5 billion people still did not have safely managed sanitation.<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906"/> Insyd 2017 only 71 percent of de global population used safely managed drinking water, den 2.2 billion persons were still without safely managed drinking water. Oda water-related hazards related to flooding den drought sanso remain significant threats to human development den well being. Like de oda, dis Sustainable Development Goal be closely interwoven plus de oda SDGs. For example, access to clean water fit improve health den wellbeing, leading to a progress insyd SDG3; den, better health leads to a higher school attendance, progressing SDG4, improving quality education. Achieving SDG6 fi only happen if oda SDGs are sanso achieved. == Background == [[File:Niger, Margou (13), water well with tree.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Families collecting water from a water well insyd Niger]] De [[United Nations]] (UN) has determined dat access to clean water den sanitation facilities be a fundamental human right.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-11 |title=World Water Development Report 2019 - Leaving No One Behind |url=https://en.unesco.org/themes/water-security/wwap/wwdr/2019 |access-date=2019-08-01 |website=UNESCO |language=en}}</ref> However, only a few countries have written de human right to water into enforceable legislation creating serious problems for people wishing to use legal means to promote better access.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Staddon |first1=C. |last2=Appleby |first2=T |last3=Grant |first3=E. |date=2011 |editor-last=Sultana |editor-first=F. |editor2-last=Loftus |editor2-first=A. |title=A right to water? Geographico-legal perspectives |journal=The Right to Water: Politics, Governance and Social Struggles |publisher=Routledge |pages=61–77 |isbn=978-1-84971-359-7}}</ref> Even insyd those countries, such as South Africa, plus a clear constitutional commitment to de human right to water den sanitation. E dey prove difficult to obtain legal redress. A review of de progress by de UN insyd 2020 found dat "increasing donor commitments to de water sector fi remain crucial to make progress towards Goal 6".<ref name="UNESC2020" /> Insyd 2022, de OECD dey estimate dat to achieve SDG 6, current global spending on water needs approximately $1 trillion per year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=OECD policy highlights: financing a water secure future. |url=https://www.oecd.org/environment/resources/policy-highlights-financing-a-water-secure-future.pdf}}</ref> ==Targets, indicators den progress== {{Further|List of SDG targets and indicators}} [[File:Share of the population using safely managed drinking water, OWID.svg|thumb|World map for Indicator 6.1.1 insyd 2022: Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services<ref name=":3">Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina (2018) [https://sdg-tracker.org/water-and-sanitation "Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals." (SDG 6)] ''SDG-Tracker.org, website'' {{cc-notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref>|300x300px]] [[File:Share of population using safely managed sanitation facilities, OWID.svg|thumb|World map for Indicator 6.2.1a insyd 2022: Share of population using safely managed sanitation facilities<ref name=":3" />|300x300px]] [[File:Proportion of population with basic handwashing facilities on premises, OWID.svg|thumb|World map for Indicator 6.2.1b insyd 2022: "Share of de population plus basic handwashing facilities on premises"<ref name=":3"/>|300x300px]] SDG 6 dey get eight targets including two so-called "implementing targets". Six of dem are to be achieved by de year 2030, one by de year 2020, den one get no target year.<ref name="SDG6_targets">{{Cite web |title=Goal 6 Targets |url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation/targets/ |access-date=16 November 2017 |website=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> Each of de targets sansk get one anaa two indicators wich fir be used to measure progress. Insyd total there are 11 indicators to monitor progress for SDG6.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=SDGs |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg6 |access-date=17 November 2017 |website=Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform}}</ref> De main data sources for de SDG 6 targets den indicators cam from de Integrated Monitoring Initiative for SDG 6 coordinated by UN-Water.<ref name=":110" /> De six "outcome-oriented targets" include: Safe den affordable [[drinking water]]; end [[open defecation]] den provide access to sanitation, den hygiene, improve water quality, wastewater treatment den safe reuse, increase water-use efficiency den ensure fresh water supplies, implement IWRM, protect den restore water-related ecosystems. De two "means of achieving" targets are to expand water den sanitation support to developing countries, den to support local engagement insyd water den sanitation management.<ref name=":110" /> De first three targets relate to drinking water supply, [[sanitation]] services, den wastewater treatment den reuse.<ref name="SDG6_targets" /> An SDG 6 Baseline Report insyd 2018 found dat "less dan 50 percent of countries have comparable baseline estimates for most SDG 6 global indicators".<ref name=":110" />{{rp|31}} === Target 6.1: Safe den affordable drinking water === De full title of Target 6.1 be: "By 2030, achieve universal den equitable access to safe den affordable [[drinking water]] for all".<ref name=":17">United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, [[:File:A RES 71 313 E.pdf|Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development]] ([https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313 A/RES/71/313])</ref> Dis target get one indicator: Indicator 6.1.1 be de "Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services".<ref name=":3" /> De definition of "safely managed drinking water service" be: "Drinking water from an improved water source dat be located on premises, available wen needed den free from fecal den priority [[Water pollution|chemical contamination]]."<ref name="JMP2017">WHO and UNICEF (2017) [https://web.archive.org/web/20170716004247/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/jmp-2017/en/ Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines]. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), 2017</ref>{{rp|8}} === Target 6.2: End open defecation den provide access to sanitation den hygiene === De full title of Target 6.2 be: "By 2030, achieve access to adequate den equitable [[sanitation]] den hygiene for all and den [[open defecation]], paying special attention to de needs of women den girls den those insyd vulnerable situations."<ref name=":17" /> == References == 6hx1zansddtixyj97i98k1mxmouy514 102793 102792 2026-06-14T09:16:41Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve article 102793 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{United Nations series}} '''Na Sustainable Development Goal 6''' ('''SDG 6''' anaa '''Global Goal 6''') declares de importance of achieving "clean water den [[sanitation]] for all". E be one of de 17 Sustainable Development Goals wet established by de [[United Nations General Assembly]] to succeed de former Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). According to de United Nations, de overall goal be to: "Ensure availability den sustainable management of water den sanitation for all."<ref name="SDG6">{{cite web |title=Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation |url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation.html |access-date=28 September 2015 |website=UNDP}}</ref> De goal has eight targets to be achieved by 2030 covering de main areas of water supply den sanitation den sustainable water resource management. Progress toward de targets will be measured by using eleven indicators.<ref name=":17" /> <!-- FYI: The second paragraph of the lead is transcluded in the article on [[Sustainable Development Goals]], and should contain a list of the targets --> <noinclude> De six key ''outcome targets'' to be achieved by 2030 include: De two ''means of implementing targets<ref name=":22">{{cite journal |last1=Bartram |first1=Jamie |last2=Brocklehurst |first2=Clarissa |last3=Bradley |first3=David |last4=Muller |first4=Mike |last5=Evans |first5=Barbara |date=December 2018 |title=Policy review of the means of implementation targets and indicators for the sustainable development goal for water and sanitation |url=https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/128504/9/s41545-018-0003-0.pdf |journal=npj Clean Water |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=3 |bibcode=2018npjCW...1....3B |doi=10.1038/s41545-018-0003-0 |s2cid=169226066 |doi-access=free}} {{cc-notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref>'' are to expand international cooperation den capacity-building support to developing countries, den to support local engagement insyd sustainable den participatory water den sanitation management.<ref name=":110">{{Cite book |last=United Nations |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3637 |title=Sustainable Development Goal. 6, Synthesis report 2018 on water and sanitation |publisher=United Nations, New York |year=2018 |isbn=978-92-1-101370-2 |oclc=1107804829}}</ref> # Achieve universal den equitable access to safe den affordable [[drinking water]] for all; # Achieve access to adequate den equitable sanitation den hygiene for all den end [[open defecation]], paying special attention to de needs of women den girls den those insyd vulnerable situations; # Improve water quality, by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping den minimizing release of hazardous chemicals den materials, halving de proportion of untreated wastewater (wastewater treatment) den substantially increasing recycling den safe reuse globally; # Substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors den ensure sustainable withdrawals den supply of fresh water to address water scarcity den substantially reduce de number of people suffering from water scarcity; # Implement integrated water resources management (IWRM), at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate; # Protect den restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers den lakes.</noinclude> Despite Official Development Assistance (ODA) disbursements to de water sector increasing to $9 billion insyd 2018.<ref name=":2" /> de Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) of WHO den UNICEF report insyd 2017 dat 4.5 billion people still did not have safely managed sanitation.<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906"/> Insyd 2017 only 71 percent of de global population used safely managed drinking water, den 2.2 billion persons were still without safely managed drinking water. Oda water-related hazards related to flooding den drought sanso remain significant threats to human development den well being. Like de oda, dis Sustainable Development Goal be closely interwoven plus de oda SDGs. For example, access to clean water fit improve health den wellbeing, leading to a progress insyd SDG3; den, better health leads to a higher school attendance, progressing SDG4, improving quality education. Achieving SDG6 fi only happen if oda SDGs are sanso achieved. == Background == [[File:Niger, Margou (13), water well with tree.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Families collecting water from a water well insyd Niger]] De [[United Nations]] (UN) has determined dat access to clean water den sanitation facilities be a fundamental human right.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-11 |title=World Water Development Report 2019 - Leaving No One Behind |url=https://en.unesco.org/themes/water-security/wwap/wwdr/2019 |access-date=2019-08-01 |website=UNESCO |language=en}}</ref> However, only a few countries have written de human right to water into enforceable legislation creating serious problems for people wishing to use legal means to promote better access.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Staddon |first1=C. |last2=Appleby |first2=T |last3=Grant |first3=E. |date=2011 |editor-last=Sultana |editor-first=F. |editor2-last=Loftus |editor2-first=A. |title=A right to water? Geographico-legal perspectives |journal=The Right to Water: Politics, Governance and Social Struggles |publisher=Routledge |pages=61–77 |isbn=978-1-84971-359-7}}</ref> Even insyd those countries, such as South Africa, plus a clear constitutional commitment to de human right to water den sanitation. E dey prove difficult to obtain legal redress. A review of de progress by de UN insyd 2020 found dat "increasing donor commitments to de water sector fi remain crucial to make progress towards Goal 6".<ref name="UNESC2020" /> Insyd 2022, de OECD dey estimate dat to achieve SDG 6, current global spending on water needs approximately $1 trillion per year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=OECD policy highlights: financing a water secure future. |url=https://www.oecd.org/environment/resources/policy-highlights-financing-a-water-secure-future.pdf}}</ref> ==Targets, indicators den progress== {{Further|List of SDG targets and indicators}} [[File:Share of the population using safely managed drinking water, OWID.svg|thumb|World map for Indicator 6.1.1 insyd 2022: Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services<ref name=":3">Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina (2018) [https://sdg-tracker.org/water-and-sanitation "Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals." (SDG 6)] ''SDG-Tracker.org, website'' {{cc-notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref>|300x300px]] [[File:Share of population using safely managed sanitation facilities, OWID.svg|thumb|World map for Indicator 6.2.1a insyd 2022: Share of population using safely managed sanitation facilities<ref name=":3" />|300x300px]] [[File:Proportion of population with basic handwashing facilities on premises, OWID.svg|thumb|World map for Indicator 6.2.1b insyd 2022: "Share of de population plus basic handwashing facilities on premises"<ref name=":3"/>|300x300px]] SDG 6 dey get eight targets including two so-called "implementing targets". Six of dem are to be achieved by de year 2030, one by de year 2020, den one get no target year.<ref name="SDG6_targets">{{Cite web |title=Goal 6 Targets |url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation/targets/ |access-date=16 November 2017 |website=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> Each of de targets sansk get one anaa two indicators wich fir be used to measure progress. Insyd total there are 11 indicators to monitor progress for SDG6.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=SDGs |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg6 |access-date=17 November 2017 |website=Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform}}</ref> De main data sources for de SDG 6 targets den indicators cam from de Integrated Monitoring Initiative for SDG 6 coordinated by UN-Water.<ref name=":110" /> De six "outcome-oriented targets" include: Safe den affordable [[drinking water]]; end [[open defecation]] den provide access to sanitation, den hygiene, improve water quality, wastewater treatment den safe reuse, increase water-use efficiency den ensure fresh water supplies, implement IWRM, protect den restore water-related ecosystems. De two "means of achieving" targets are to expand water den sanitation support to developing countries, den to support local engagement insyd water den sanitation management.<ref name=":110" /> De first three targets relate to drinking water supply, [[sanitation]] services, den wastewater treatment den reuse.<ref name="SDG6_targets" /> An SDG 6 Baseline Report insyd 2018 found dat "less dan 50 percent of countries have comparable baseline estimates for most SDG 6 global indicators".<ref name=":110" />{{rp|31}} === Target 6.1: Safe den affordable drinking water === De full title of Target 6.1 be: "By 2030, achieve universal den equitable access to safe den affordable [[drinking water]] for all".<ref name=":17">United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, [[:File:A RES 71 313 E.pdf|Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development]] ([https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313 A/RES/71/313])</ref> Dis target get one indicator: Indicator 6.1.1 be de "Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services".<ref name=":3" /> De definition of "safely managed drinking water service" be: "Drinking water from an improved water source dat be located on premises, available wen needed den free from fecal den priority [[Water pollution|chemical contamination]]."<ref name="JMP2017">WHO and UNICEF (2017) [https://web.archive.org/web/20170716004247/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/jmp-2017/en/ Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines]. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), 2017</ref>{{rp|8}} === Target 6.2: End open defecation den provide access to sanitation den hygiene === De full title of Target 6.2 be: "By 2030, achieve access to adequate den equitable [[sanitation]] den hygiene for all and den [[open defecation]], paying special attention to de needs of women den girls den those insyd vulnerable situations."<ref name=":17" /> Attending school den work without disruption supports education den employment. Therefore, toilets at school den de workplace are included insyd de second target ("achieve access to adequate den equitable sanitation den hygiene for all"). == References == p9ik6c0722omjcxuvb7x7dr4pl40us7 102794 102793 2026-06-14T09:18:57Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve am 102794 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{United Nations series}} '''Na Sustainable Development Goal 6''' ('''SDG 6''' anaa '''Global Goal 6''') declares de importance of achieving "clean water den [[sanitation]] for all". E be one of de 17 Sustainable Development Goals wet established by de [[United Nations General Assembly]] to succeed de former Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). According to de United Nations, de overall goal be to: "Ensure availability den sustainable management of water den sanitation for all."<ref name="SDG6">{{cite web |title=Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation |url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation.html |access-date=28 September 2015 |website=UNDP}}</ref> De goal has eight targets to be achieved by 2030 covering de main areas of water supply den sanitation den sustainable water resource management. Progress toward de targets will be measured by using eleven indicators.<ref name=":17" /> <!-- FYI: The second paragraph of the lead is transcluded in the article on [[Sustainable Development Goals]], and should contain a list of the targets --> <noinclude> De six key ''outcome targets'' to be achieved by 2030 include: De two ''means of implementing targets<ref name=":22">{{cite journal |last1=Bartram |first1=Jamie |last2=Brocklehurst |first2=Clarissa |last3=Bradley |first3=David |last4=Muller |first4=Mike |last5=Evans |first5=Barbara |date=December 2018 |title=Policy review of the means of implementation targets and indicators for the sustainable development goal for water and sanitation |url=https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/128504/9/s41545-018-0003-0.pdf |journal=npj Clean Water |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=3 |bibcode=2018npjCW...1....3B |doi=10.1038/s41545-018-0003-0 |s2cid=169226066 |doi-access=free}} {{cc-notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref>'' are to expand international cooperation den capacity-building support to developing countries, den to support local engagement insyd sustainable den participatory water den sanitation management.<ref name=":110">{{Cite book |last=United Nations |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3637 |title=Sustainable Development Goal. 6, Synthesis report 2018 on water and sanitation |publisher=United Nations, New York |year=2018 |isbn=978-92-1-101370-2 |oclc=1107804829}}</ref> # Achieve universal den equitable access to safe den affordable [[drinking water]] for all; # Achieve access to adequate den equitable sanitation den hygiene for all den end [[open defecation]], paying special attention to de needs of women den girls den those insyd vulnerable situations; # Improve water quality, by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping den minimizing release of hazardous chemicals den materials, halving de proportion of untreated wastewater (wastewater treatment) den substantially increasing recycling den safe reuse globally; # Substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors den ensure sustainable withdrawals den supply of fresh water to address water scarcity den substantially reduce de number of people suffering from water scarcity; # Implement integrated water resources management (IWRM), at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate; # Protect den restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers den lakes.</noinclude> Despite Official Development Assistance (ODA) disbursements to de water sector increasing to $9 billion insyd 2018.<ref name=":2" /> de Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) of WHO den UNICEF report insyd 2017 dat 4.5 billion people still did not have safely managed sanitation.<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906"/> Insyd 2017 only 71 percent of de global population used safely managed drinking water, den 2.2 billion persons were still without safely managed drinking water. Oda water-related hazards related to flooding den drought sanso remain significant threats to human development den well being. Like de oda, dis Sustainable Development Goal be closely interwoven plus de oda SDGs. For example, access to clean water fit improve health den wellbeing, leading to a progress insyd SDG3; den, better health leads to a higher school attendance, progressing SDG4, improving quality education. Achieving SDG6 fi only happen if oda SDGs are sanso achieved. == Background == [[File:Niger, Margou (13), water well with tree.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Families collecting water from a water well insyd Niger]] De [[United Nations]] (UN) has determined dat access to clean water den sanitation facilities be a fundamental human right.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-11 |title=World Water Development Report 2019 - Leaving No One Behind |url=https://en.unesco.org/themes/water-security/wwap/wwdr/2019 |access-date=2019-08-01 |website=UNESCO |language=en}}</ref> However, only a few countries have written de human right to water into enforceable legislation creating serious problems for people wishing to use legal means to promote better access.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Staddon |first1=C. |last2=Appleby |first2=T |last3=Grant |first3=E. |date=2011 |editor-last=Sultana |editor-first=F. |editor2-last=Loftus |editor2-first=A. |title=A right to water? Geographico-legal perspectives |journal=The Right to Water: Politics, Governance and Social Struggles |publisher=Routledge |pages=61–77 |isbn=978-1-84971-359-7}}</ref> Even insyd those countries, such as South Africa, plus a clear constitutional commitment to de human right to water den sanitation. E dey prove difficult to obtain legal redress. A review of de progress by de UN insyd 2020 found dat "increasing donor commitments to de water sector fi remain crucial to make progress towards Goal 6".<ref name="UNESC2020" /> Insyd 2022, de OECD dey estimate dat to achieve SDG 6, current global spending on water needs approximately $1 trillion per year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=OECD policy highlights: financing a water secure future. |url=https://www.oecd.org/environment/resources/policy-highlights-financing-a-water-secure-future.pdf}}</ref> ==Targets, indicators den progress== {{Further|List of SDG targets and indicators}} [[File:Share of the population using safely managed drinking water, OWID.svg|thumb|World map for Indicator 6.1.1 insyd 2022: Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services<ref name=":3">Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina (2018) [https://sdg-tracker.org/water-and-sanitation "Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals." (SDG 6)] ''SDG-Tracker.org, website'' {{cc-notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref>|300x300px]] [[File:Share of population using safely managed sanitation facilities, OWID.svg|thumb|World map for Indicator 6.2.1a insyd 2022: Share of population using safely managed sanitation facilities<ref name=":3" />|300x300px]] [[File:Proportion of population with basic handwashing facilities on premises, OWID.svg|thumb|World map for Indicator 6.2.1b insyd 2022: "Share of de population plus basic handwashing facilities on premises"<ref name=":3"/>|300x300px]] SDG 6 dey get eight targets including two so-called "implementing targets". Six of dem are to be achieved by de year 2030, one by de year 2020, den one get no target year.<ref name="SDG6_targets">{{Cite web |title=Goal 6 Targets |url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation/targets/ |access-date=16 November 2017 |website=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> Each of de targets sansk get one anaa two indicators wich fir be used to measure progress. Insyd total there are 11 indicators to monitor progress for SDG6.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=SDGs |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg6 |access-date=17 November 2017 |website=Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform}}</ref> De main data sources for de SDG 6 targets den indicators cam from de Integrated Monitoring Initiative for SDG 6 coordinated by UN-Water.<ref name=":110" /> De six "outcome-oriented targets" include: Safe den affordable [[drinking water]]; end [[open defecation]] den provide access to sanitation, den hygiene, improve water quality, wastewater treatment den safe reuse, increase water-use efficiency den ensure fresh water supplies, implement IWRM, protect den restore water-related ecosystems. De two "means of achieving" targets are to expand water den sanitation support to developing countries, den to support local engagement insyd water den sanitation management.<ref name=":110" /> De first three targets relate to drinking water supply, [[sanitation]] services, den wastewater treatment den reuse.<ref name="SDG6_targets" /> An SDG 6 Baseline Report insyd 2018 found dat "less dan 50 percent of countries have comparable baseline estimates for most SDG 6 global indicators".<ref name=":110" />{{rp|31}} === Target 6.1: Safe den affordable drinking water === De full title of Target 6.1 be: "By 2030, achieve universal den equitable access to safe den affordable [[drinking water]] for all".<ref name=":17">United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, [[:File:A RES 71 313 E.pdf|Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development]] ([https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313 A/RES/71/313])</ref> Dis target get one indicator: Indicator 6.1.1 be de "Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services".<ref name=":3" /> De definition of "safely managed drinking water service" be: "Drinking water from an improved water source dat be located on premises, available wen needed den free from fecal den priority [[Water pollution|chemical contamination]]."<ref name="JMP2017">WHO and UNICEF (2017) [https://web.archive.org/web/20170716004247/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/jmp-2017/en/ Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines]. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), 2017</ref>{{rp|8}} === Target 6.2: End open defecation den provide access to sanitation den hygiene === De full title of Target 6.2 be: "By 2030, achieve access to adequate den equitable [[sanitation]] den hygiene for all and den [[open defecation]], paying special attention to de needs of women den girls den those insyd vulnerable situations."<ref name=":17" /> Attending school den work without disruption supports education den employment. Therefore, toilets at school den de workplace are included insyd de second target ("achieve access to adequate den equitable sanitation den hygiene for all"). Equitable sanitation den hygiene solutions address de needs of women den girls den those insyd vulnerable situations, such as de elderly or people plus disabilities. <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wilbur |first1=Jane |last2=Dreibelbis |first2=Robert |last3=Mactaggart |first3=Islay |date=June 11, 2024 |editor-last=Winkler |editor-first=Inga T. |title=Addressing water, sanitation and hygiene inequalities: A review of evidence, gaps, and recommendations for disability-inclusive WASH by 2030 |journal=PLOS Water |language=en |volume=3 |issue=6 |article-number=e0000257 |doi=10.1371/journal.pwat.0000257 |issn=2767-3219 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == References == cpquzfnexqig9swhdkbhxkxlec6ikzf 102795 102794 2026-06-14T09:21:43Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve am 102795 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{United Nations series}} '''Na Sustainable Development Goal 6''' ('''SDG 6''' anaa '''Global Goal 6''') declares de importance of achieving "clean water den [[sanitation]] for all". E be one of de 17 Sustainable Development Goals wet established by de [[United Nations General Assembly]] to succeed de former Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). According to de United Nations, de overall goal be to: "Ensure availability den sustainable management of water den sanitation for all."<ref name="SDG6">{{cite web |title=Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation |url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation.html |access-date=28 September 2015 |website=UNDP}}</ref> De goal has eight targets to be achieved by 2030 covering de main areas of water supply den sanitation den sustainable water resource management. Progress toward de targets will be measured by using eleven indicators.<ref name=":17" /> <!-- FYI: The second paragraph of the lead is transcluded in the article on [[Sustainable Development Goals]], and should contain a list of the targets --> <noinclude> De six key ''outcome targets'' to be achieved by 2030 include: De two ''means of implementing targets<ref name=":22">{{cite journal |last1=Bartram |first1=Jamie |last2=Brocklehurst |first2=Clarissa |last3=Bradley |first3=David |last4=Muller |first4=Mike |last5=Evans |first5=Barbara |date=December 2018 |title=Policy review of the means of implementation targets and indicators for the sustainable development goal for water and sanitation |url=https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/128504/9/s41545-018-0003-0.pdf |journal=npj Clean Water |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=3 |bibcode=2018npjCW...1....3B |doi=10.1038/s41545-018-0003-0 |s2cid=169226066 |doi-access=free}} {{cc-notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref>'' are to expand international cooperation den capacity-building support to developing countries, den to support local engagement insyd sustainable den participatory water den sanitation management.<ref name=":110">{{Cite book |last=United Nations |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3637 |title=Sustainable Development Goal. 6, Synthesis report 2018 on water and sanitation |publisher=United Nations, New York |year=2018 |isbn=978-92-1-101370-2 |oclc=1107804829}}</ref> # Achieve universal den equitable access to safe den affordable [[drinking water]] for all; # Achieve access to adequate den equitable sanitation den hygiene for all den end [[open defecation]], paying special attention to de needs of women den girls den those insyd vulnerable situations; # Improve water quality, by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping den minimizing release of hazardous chemicals den materials, halving de proportion of untreated wastewater (wastewater treatment) den substantially increasing recycling den safe reuse globally; # Substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors den ensure sustainable withdrawals den supply of fresh water to address water scarcity den substantially reduce de number of people suffering from water scarcity; # Implement integrated water resources management (IWRM), at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate; # Protect den restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers den lakes.</noinclude> Despite Official Development Assistance (ODA) disbursements to de water sector increasing to $9 billion insyd 2018.<ref name=":2" /> de Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) of WHO den UNICEF report insyd 2017 dat 4.5 billion people still did not have safely managed sanitation.<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906"/> Insyd 2017 only 71 percent of de global population used safely managed drinking water, den 2.2 billion persons were still without safely managed drinking water. Oda water-related hazards related to flooding den drought sanso remain significant threats to human development den well being. Like de oda, dis Sustainable Development Goal be closely interwoven plus de oda SDGs. For example, access to clean water fit improve health den wellbeing, leading to a progress insyd SDG3; den, better health leads to a higher school attendance, progressing SDG4, improving quality education. Achieving SDG6 fi only happen if oda SDGs are sanso achieved. == Background == [[File:Niger, Margou (13), water well with tree.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Families collecting water from a water well insyd Niger]] De [[United Nations]] (UN) has determined dat access to clean water den sanitation facilities be a fundamental human right.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-11 |title=World Water Development Report 2019 - Leaving No One Behind |url=https://en.unesco.org/themes/water-security/wwap/wwdr/2019 |access-date=2019-08-01 |website=UNESCO |language=en}}</ref> However, only a few countries have written de human right to water into enforceable legislation creating serious problems for people wishing to use legal means to promote better access.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Staddon |first1=C. |last2=Appleby |first2=T |last3=Grant |first3=E. |date=2011 |editor-last=Sultana |editor-first=F. |editor2-last=Loftus |editor2-first=A. |title=A right to water? Geographico-legal perspectives |journal=The Right to Water: Politics, Governance and Social Struggles |publisher=Routledge |pages=61–77 |isbn=978-1-84971-359-7}}</ref> Even insyd those countries, such as South Africa, plus a clear constitutional commitment to de human right to water den sanitation. E dey prove difficult to obtain legal redress. A review of de progress by de UN insyd 2020 found dat "increasing donor commitments to de water sector fi remain crucial to make progress towards Goal 6".<ref name="UNESC2020" /> Insyd 2022, de OECD dey estimate dat to achieve SDG 6, current global spending on water needs approximately $1 trillion per year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=OECD policy highlights: financing a water secure future. |url=https://www.oecd.org/environment/resources/policy-highlights-financing-a-water-secure-future.pdf}}</ref> ==Targets, indicators den progress== {{Further|List of SDG targets and indicators}} [[File:Share of the population using safely managed drinking water, OWID.svg|thumb|World map for Indicator 6.1.1 insyd 2022: Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services<ref name=":3">Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina (2018) [https://sdg-tracker.org/water-and-sanitation "Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals." (SDG 6)] ''SDG-Tracker.org, website'' {{cc-notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref>|300x300px]] [[File:Share of population using safely managed sanitation facilities, OWID.svg|thumb|World map for Indicator 6.2.1a insyd 2022: Share of population using safely managed sanitation facilities<ref name=":3" />|300x300px]] [[File:Proportion of population with basic handwashing facilities on premises, OWID.svg|thumb|World map for Indicator 6.2.1b insyd 2022: "Share of de population plus basic handwashing facilities on premises"<ref name=":3"/>|300x300px]] SDG 6 dey get eight targets including two so-called "implementing targets". Six of dem are to be achieved by de year 2030, one by de year 2020, den one get no target year.<ref name="SDG6_targets">{{Cite web |title=Goal 6 Targets |url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation/targets/ |access-date=16 November 2017 |website=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> Each of de targets sansk get one anaa two indicators wich fir be used to measure progress. Insyd total there are 11 indicators to monitor progress for SDG6.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=SDGs |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg6 |access-date=17 November 2017 |website=Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform}}</ref> De main data sources for de SDG 6 targets den indicators cam from de Integrated Monitoring Initiative for SDG 6 coordinated by UN-Water.<ref name=":110" /> De six "outcome-oriented targets" include: Safe den affordable [[drinking water]]; end [[open defecation]] den provide access to sanitation, den hygiene, improve water quality, wastewater treatment den safe reuse, increase water-use efficiency den ensure fresh water supplies, implement IWRM, protect den restore water-related ecosystems. De two "means of achieving" targets are to expand water den sanitation support to developing countries, den to support local engagement insyd water den sanitation management.<ref name=":110" /> De first three targets relate to drinking water supply, [[sanitation]] services, den wastewater treatment den reuse.<ref name="SDG6_targets" /> An SDG 6 Baseline Report insyd 2018 found dat "less dan 50 percent of countries have comparable baseline estimates for most SDG 6 global indicators".<ref name=":110" />{{rp|31}} === Target 6.1: Safe den affordable drinking water === De full title of Target 6.1 be: "By 2030, achieve universal den equitable access to safe den affordable [[drinking water]] for all".<ref name=":17">United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, [[:File:A RES 71 313 E.pdf|Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development]] ([https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313 A/RES/71/313])</ref> Dis target get one indicator: Indicator 6.1.1 be de "Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services".<ref name=":3" /> De definition of "safely managed drinking water service" be: "Drinking water from an improved water source dat be located on premises, available wen needed den free from fecal den priority [[Water pollution|chemical contamination]]."<ref name="JMP2017">WHO and UNICEF (2017) [https://web.archive.org/web/20170716004247/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/jmp-2017/en/ Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines]. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), 2017</ref>{{rp|8}} === Target 6.2: End open defecation den provide access to sanitation den hygiene === De full title of Target 6.2 be: "By 2030, achieve access to adequate den equitable [[sanitation]] den hygiene for all and den [[open defecation]], paying special attention to de needs of women den girls den those insyd vulnerable situations."<ref name=":17" /> Attending school den work without disruption supports education den employment. Therefore, toilets at school den de workplace are included insyd de second target ("achieve access to adequate den equitable sanitation den hygiene for all"). Equitable sanitation den hygiene solutions address de needs of women den girls den those insyd vulnerable situations, such as de elderly or people plus disabilities. <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wilbur |first1=Jane |last2=Dreibelbis |first2=Robert |last3=Mactaggart |first3=Islay |date=June 11, 2024 |editor-last=Winkler |editor-first=Inga T. |title=Addressing water, sanitation and hygiene inequalities: A review of evidence, gaps, and recommendations for disability-inclusive WASH by 2030 |journal=PLOS Water |language=en |volume=3 |issue=6 |article-number=e0000257 |doi=10.1371/journal.pwat.0000257 |issn=2767-3219 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dis target get one indicator: Indicator 6.2.1 be de "Proportion of population using (a) safely managed sanitation services den (b) a hand-washing facility plus soap den water".<ref name="UN2017" /> == References == 9nsw19vtyca9wemshrjujhwbbfc3fzj 102796 102795 2026-06-14T09:23:29Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve am 102796 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{United Nations series}} '''Na Sustainable Development Goal 6''' ('''SDG 6''' anaa '''Global Goal 6''') declares de importance of achieving "clean water den [[sanitation]] for all". E be one of de 17 Sustainable Development Goals wet established by de [[United Nations General Assembly]] to succeed de former Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). According to de United Nations, de overall goal be to: "Ensure availability den sustainable management of water den sanitation for all."<ref name="SDG6">{{cite web |title=Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation |url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation.html |access-date=28 September 2015 |website=UNDP}}</ref> De goal has eight targets to be achieved by 2030 covering de main areas of water supply den sanitation den sustainable water resource management. Progress toward de targets will be measured by using eleven indicators.<ref name=":17" /> <!-- FYI: The second paragraph of the lead is transcluded in the article on [[Sustainable Development Goals]], and should contain a list of the targets --> <noinclude> De six key ''outcome targets'' to be achieved by 2030 include: De two ''means of implementing targets<ref name=":22">{{cite journal |last1=Bartram |first1=Jamie |last2=Brocklehurst |first2=Clarissa |last3=Bradley |first3=David |last4=Muller |first4=Mike |last5=Evans |first5=Barbara |date=December 2018 |title=Policy review of the means of implementation targets and indicators for the sustainable development goal for water and sanitation |url=https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/128504/9/s41545-018-0003-0.pdf |journal=npj Clean Water |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=3 |bibcode=2018npjCW...1....3B |doi=10.1038/s41545-018-0003-0 |s2cid=169226066 |doi-access=free}} {{cc-notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref>'' are to expand international cooperation den capacity-building support to developing countries, den to support local engagement insyd sustainable den participatory water den sanitation management.<ref name=":110">{{Cite book |last=United Nations |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3637 |title=Sustainable Development Goal. 6, Synthesis report 2018 on water and sanitation |publisher=United Nations, New York |year=2018 |isbn=978-92-1-101370-2 |oclc=1107804829}}</ref> # Achieve universal den equitable access to safe den affordable [[drinking water]] for all; # Achieve access to adequate den equitable sanitation den hygiene for all den end [[open defecation]], paying special attention to de needs of women den girls den those insyd vulnerable situations; # Improve water quality, by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping den minimizing release of hazardous chemicals den materials, halving de proportion of untreated wastewater (wastewater treatment) den substantially increasing recycling den safe reuse globally; # Substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors den ensure sustainable withdrawals den supply of fresh water to address water scarcity den substantially reduce de number of people suffering from water scarcity; # Implement integrated water resources management (IWRM), at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate; # Protect den restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers den lakes.</noinclude> Despite Official Development Assistance (ODA) disbursements to de water sector increasing to $9 billion insyd 2018.<ref name=":2" /> de Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) of WHO den UNICEF report insyd 2017 dat 4.5 billion people still did not have safely managed sanitation.<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906"/> Insyd 2017 only 71 percent of de global population used safely managed drinking water, den 2.2 billion persons were still without safely managed drinking water. Oda water-related hazards related to flooding den drought sanso remain significant threats to human development den well being. Like de oda, dis Sustainable Development Goal be closely interwoven plus de oda SDGs. For example, access to clean water fit improve health den wellbeing, leading to a progress insyd SDG3; den, better health leads to a higher school attendance, progressing SDG4, improving quality education. Achieving SDG6 fi only happen if oda SDGs are sanso achieved. == Background == [[File:Niger, Margou (13), water well with tree.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Families collecting water from a water well insyd Niger]] De [[United Nations]] (UN) has determined dat access to clean water den sanitation facilities be a fundamental human right.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-11 |title=World Water Development Report 2019 - Leaving No One Behind |url=https://en.unesco.org/themes/water-security/wwap/wwdr/2019 |access-date=2019-08-01 |website=UNESCO |language=en}}</ref> However, only a few countries have written de human right to water into enforceable legislation creating serious problems for people wishing to use legal means to promote better access.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Staddon |first1=C. |last2=Appleby |first2=T |last3=Grant |first3=E. |date=2011 |editor-last=Sultana |editor-first=F. |editor2-last=Loftus |editor2-first=A. |title=A right to water? Geographico-legal perspectives |journal=The Right to Water: Politics, Governance and Social Struggles |publisher=Routledge |pages=61–77 |isbn=978-1-84971-359-7}}</ref> Even insyd those countries, such as South Africa, plus a clear constitutional commitment to de human right to water den sanitation. E dey prove difficult to obtain legal redress. A review of de progress by de UN insyd 2020 found dat "increasing donor commitments to de water sector fi remain crucial to make progress towards Goal 6".<ref name="UNESC2020" /> Insyd 2022, de OECD dey estimate dat to achieve SDG 6, current global spending on water needs approximately $1 trillion per year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=OECD policy highlights: financing a water secure future. |url=https://www.oecd.org/environment/resources/policy-highlights-financing-a-water-secure-future.pdf}}</ref> ==Targets, indicators den progress== {{Further|List of SDG targets and indicators}} [[File:Share of the population using safely managed drinking water, OWID.svg|thumb|World map for Indicator 6.1.1 insyd 2022: Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services<ref name=":3">Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina (2018) [https://sdg-tracker.org/water-and-sanitation "Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals." (SDG 6)] ''SDG-Tracker.org, website'' {{cc-notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref>|300x300px]] [[File:Share of population using safely managed sanitation facilities, OWID.svg|thumb|World map for Indicator 6.2.1a insyd 2022: Share of population using safely managed sanitation facilities<ref name=":3" />|300x300px]] [[File:Proportion of population with basic handwashing facilities on premises, OWID.svg|thumb|World map for Indicator 6.2.1b insyd 2022: "Share of de population plus basic handwashing facilities on premises"<ref name=":3"/>|300x300px]] SDG 6 dey get eight targets including two so-called "implementing targets". Six of dem are to be achieved by de year 2030, one by de year 2020, den one get no target year.<ref name="SDG6_targets">{{Cite web |title=Goal 6 Targets |url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation/targets/ |access-date=16 November 2017 |website=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> Each of de targets sansk get one anaa two indicators wich fir be used to measure progress. Insyd total there are 11 indicators to monitor progress for SDG6.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=SDGs |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg6 |access-date=17 November 2017 |website=Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform}}</ref> De main data sources for de SDG 6 targets den indicators cam from de Integrated Monitoring Initiative for SDG 6 coordinated by UN-Water.<ref name=":110" /> De six "outcome-oriented targets" include: Safe den affordable [[drinking water]]; end [[open defecation]] den provide access to sanitation, den hygiene, improve water quality, wastewater treatment den safe reuse, increase water-use efficiency den ensure fresh water supplies, implement IWRM, protect den restore water-related ecosystems. De two "means of achieving" targets are to expand water den sanitation support to developing countries, den to support local engagement insyd water den sanitation management.<ref name=":110" /> De first three targets relate to drinking water supply, [[sanitation]] services, den wastewater treatment den reuse.<ref name="SDG6_targets" /> An SDG 6 Baseline Report insyd 2018 found dat "less dan 50 percent of countries have comparable baseline estimates for most SDG 6 global indicators".<ref name=":110" />{{rp|31}} === Target 6.1: Safe den affordable drinking water === De full title of Target 6.1 be: "By 2030, achieve universal den equitable access to safe den affordable [[drinking water]] for all".<ref name=":17">United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, [[:File:A RES 71 313 E.pdf|Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development]] ([https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313 A/RES/71/313])</ref> Dis target get one indicator: Indicator 6.1.1 be de "Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services".<ref name=":3" /> De definition of "safely managed drinking water service" be: "Drinking water from an improved water source dat be located on premises, available wen needed den free from fecal den priority [[Water pollution|chemical contamination]]."<ref name="JMP2017">WHO and UNICEF (2017) [https://web.archive.org/web/20170716004247/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/jmp-2017/en/ Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines]. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), 2017</ref>{{rp|8}} === Target 6.2: End open defecation den provide access to sanitation den hygiene === De full title of Target 6.2 be: "By 2030, achieve access to adequate den equitable [[sanitation]] den hygiene for all and den [[open defecation]], paying special attention to de needs of women den girls den those insyd vulnerable situations."<ref name=":17" /> Attending school den work without disruption supports education den employment. Therefore, toilets at school den de workplace are included insyd de second target ("achieve access to adequate den equitable sanitation den hygiene for all"). Equitable sanitation den hygiene solutions address de needs of women den girls den those insyd vulnerable situations, such as de elderly or people plus disabilities. <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wilbur |first1=Jane |last2=Dreibelbis |first2=Robert |last3=Mactaggart |first3=Islay |date=June 11, 2024 |editor-last=Winkler |editor-first=Inga T. |title=Addressing water, sanitation and hygiene inequalities: A review of evidence, gaps, and recommendations for disability-inclusive WASH by 2030 |journal=PLOS Water |language=en |volume=3 |issue=6 |article-number=e0000257 |doi=10.1371/journal.pwat.0000257 |issn=2767-3219 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dis target get one indicator: Indicator 6.2.1 be de "Proportion of population using (a) safely managed sanitation services den (b) a hand-washing facility plus soap den water".<ref name="UN2017" /> De definition of "safely managed sanitation" service be: "Use of improved facilities dat are not shared plus oda households den where excreta are safely disposed of insyd situ anaa transported den treated offsite."<ref name="JMP2017" />{{rp|8}} Improved sanitation facilities are those designed to hygienically separate excreta from human contact.<ref name="JMP2017" />{{rp|6}} == References == ce21shk6q5ngcjziabwnhbsg1kdw3wi 102797 102796 2026-06-14T09:28:54Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve am 102797 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{United Nations series}} '''Na Sustainable Development Goal 6''' ('''SDG 6''' anaa '''Global Goal 6''') declares de importance of achieving "clean water den [[sanitation]] for all". E be one of de 17 Sustainable Development Goals wet established by de [[United Nations General Assembly]] to succeed de former Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). According to de United Nations, de overall goal be to: "Ensure availability den sustainable management of water den sanitation for all."<ref name="SDG6">{{cite web |title=Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation |url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation.html |access-date=28 September 2015 |website=UNDP}}</ref> De goal has eight targets to be achieved by 2030 covering de main areas of water supply den sanitation den sustainable water resource management. Progress toward de targets will be measured by using eleven indicators.<ref name=":17" /> <!-- FYI: The second paragraph of the lead is transcluded in the article on [[Sustainable Development Goals]], and should contain a list of the targets --> <noinclude> De six key ''outcome targets'' to be achieved by 2030 include: De two ''means of implementing targets<ref name=":22">{{cite journal |last1=Bartram |first1=Jamie |last2=Brocklehurst |first2=Clarissa |last3=Bradley |first3=David |last4=Muller |first4=Mike |last5=Evans |first5=Barbara |date=December 2018 |title=Policy review of the means of implementation targets and indicators for the sustainable development goal for water and sanitation |url=https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/128504/9/s41545-018-0003-0.pdf |journal=npj Clean Water |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=3 |bibcode=2018npjCW...1....3B |doi=10.1038/s41545-018-0003-0 |s2cid=169226066 |doi-access=free}} {{cc-notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref>'' are to expand international cooperation den capacity-building support to developing countries, den to support local engagement insyd sustainable den participatory water den sanitation management.<ref name=":110">{{Cite book |last=United Nations |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3637 |title=Sustainable Development Goal. 6, Synthesis report 2018 on water and sanitation |publisher=United Nations, New York |year=2018 |isbn=978-92-1-101370-2 |oclc=1107804829}}</ref> # Achieve universal den equitable access to safe den affordable [[drinking water]] for all; # Achieve access to adequate den equitable sanitation den hygiene for all den end [[open defecation]], paying special attention to de needs of women den girls den those insyd vulnerable situations; # Improve water quality, by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping den minimizing release of hazardous chemicals den materials, halving de proportion of untreated wastewater (wastewater treatment) den substantially increasing recycling den safe reuse globally; # Substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors den ensure sustainable withdrawals den supply of fresh water to address water scarcity den substantially reduce de number of people suffering from water scarcity; # Implement integrated water resources management (IWRM), at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate; # Protect den restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers den lakes.</noinclude> Despite Official Development Assistance (ODA) disbursements to de water sector increasing to $9 billion insyd 2018.<ref name=":2" /> de Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) of WHO den UNICEF report insyd 2017 dat 4.5 billion people still did not have safely managed sanitation.<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906"/> Insyd 2017 only 71 percent of de global population used safely managed drinking water, den 2.2 billion persons were still without safely managed drinking water. Oda water-related hazards related to flooding den drought sanso remain significant threats to human development den well being. Like de oda, dis Sustainable Development Goal be closely interwoven plus de oda SDGs. For example, access to clean water fit improve health den wellbeing, leading to a progress insyd SDG3; den, better health leads to a higher school attendance, progressing SDG4, improving quality education. Achieving SDG6 fi only happen if oda SDGs are sanso achieved. == Background == [[File:Niger, Margou (13), water well with tree.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Families collecting water from a water well insyd Niger]] De [[United Nations]] (UN) has determined dat access to clean water den sanitation facilities be a fundamental human right.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-11 |title=World Water Development Report 2019 - Leaving No One Behind |url=https://en.unesco.org/themes/water-security/wwap/wwdr/2019 |access-date=2019-08-01 |website=UNESCO |language=en}}</ref> However, only a few countries have written de human right to water into enforceable legislation creating serious problems for people wishing to use legal means to promote better access.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Staddon |first1=C. |last2=Appleby |first2=T |last3=Grant |first3=E. |date=2011 |editor-last=Sultana |editor-first=F. |editor2-last=Loftus |editor2-first=A. |title=A right to water? Geographico-legal perspectives |journal=The Right to Water: Politics, Governance and Social Struggles |publisher=Routledge |pages=61–77 |isbn=978-1-84971-359-7}}</ref> Even insyd those countries, such as South Africa, plus a clear constitutional commitment to de human right to water den sanitation. E dey prove difficult to obtain legal redress. A review of de progress by de UN insyd 2020 found dat "increasing donor commitments to de water sector fi remain crucial to make progress towards Goal 6".<ref name="UNESC2020" /> Insyd 2022, de OECD dey estimate dat to achieve SDG 6, current global spending on water needs approximately $1 trillion per year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=OECD policy highlights: financing a water secure future. |url=https://www.oecd.org/environment/resources/policy-highlights-financing-a-water-secure-future.pdf}}</ref> ==Targets, indicators den progress== {{Further|List of SDG targets and indicators}} [[File:Share of the population using safely managed drinking water, OWID.svg|thumb|World map for Indicator 6.1.1 insyd 2022: Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services<ref name=":3">Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina (2018) [https://sdg-tracker.org/water-and-sanitation "Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals." (SDG 6)] ''SDG-Tracker.org, website'' {{cc-notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref>|300x300px]] [[File:Share of population using safely managed sanitation facilities, OWID.svg|thumb|World map for Indicator 6.2.1a insyd 2022: Share of population using safely managed sanitation facilities<ref name=":3" />|300x300px]] [[File:Proportion of population with basic handwashing facilities on premises, OWID.svg|thumb|World map for Indicator 6.2.1b insyd 2022: "Share of de population plus basic handwashing facilities on premises"<ref name=":3"/>|300x300px]] SDG 6 dey get eight targets including two so-called "implementing targets". Six of dem are to be achieved by de year 2030, one by de year 2020, den one get no target year.<ref name="SDG6_targets">{{Cite web |title=Goal 6 Targets |url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation/targets/ |access-date=16 November 2017 |website=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> Each of de targets sansk get one anaa two indicators wich fir be used to measure progress. Insyd total there are 11 indicators to monitor progress for SDG6.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=SDGs |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg6 |access-date=17 November 2017 |website=Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform}}</ref> De main data sources for de SDG 6 targets den indicators cam from de Integrated Monitoring Initiative for SDG 6 coordinated by UN-Water.<ref name=":110" /> De six "outcome-oriented targets" include: Safe den affordable [[drinking water]]; end [[open defecation]] den provide access to sanitation, den hygiene, improve water quality, wastewater treatment den safe reuse, increase water-use efficiency den ensure fresh water supplies, implement IWRM, protect den restore water-related ecosystems. De two "means of achieving" targets are to expand water den sanitation support to developing countries, den to support local engagement insyd water den sanitation management.<ref name=":110" /> De first three targets relate to drinking water supply, [[sanitation]] services, den wastewater treatment den reuse.<ref name="SDG6_targets" /> An SDG 6 Baseline Report insyd 2018 found dat "less dan 50 percent of countries have comparable baseline estimates for most SDG 6 global indicators".<ref name=":110" />{{rp|31}} === Target 6.1: Safe den affordable drinking water === De full title of Target 6.1 be: "By 2030, achieve universal den equitable access to safe den affordable [[drinking water]] for all".<ref name=":17">United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, [[:File:A RES 71 313 E.pdf|Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development]] ([https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313 A/RES/71/313])</ref> Dis target get one indicator: Indicator 6.1.1 be de "Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services".<ref name=":3" /> De definition of "safely managed drinking water service" be: "Drinking water from an improved water source dat be located on premises, available wen needed den free from fecal den priority [[Water pollution|chemical contamination]]."<ref name="JMP2017">WHO and UNICEF (2017) [https://web.archive.org/web/20170716004247/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/jmp-2017/en/ Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines]. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), 2017</ref>{{rp|8}} === Target 6.2: End open defecation den provide access to sanitation den hygiene === De full title of Target 6.2 be: "By 2030, achieve access to adequate den equitable [[sanitation]] den hygiene for all and den [[open defecation]], paying special attention to de needs of women den girls den those insyd vulnerable situations."<ref name=":17" /> Attending school den work without disruption supports education den employment. Therefore, toilets at school den de workplace are included insyd de second target ("achieve access to adequate den equitable sanitation den hygiene for all"). Equitable sanitation den hygiene solutions address de needs of women den girls den those insyd vulnerable situations, such as de elderly or people plus disabilities. <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wilbur |first1=Jane |last2=Dreibelbis |first2=Robert |last3=Mactaggart |first3=Islay |date=June 11, 2024 |editor-last=Winkler |editor-first=Inga T. |title=Addressing water, sanitation and hygiene inequalities: A review of evidence, gaps, and recommendations for disability-inclusive WASH by 2030 |journal=PLOS Water |language=en |volume=3 |issue=6 |article-number=e0000257 |doi=10.1371/journal.pwat.0000257 |issn=2767-3219 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dis target get one indicator: Indicator 6.2.1 be de "Proportion of population using (a) safely managed sanitation services den (b) a hand-washing facility plus soap den water".<ref name="UN2017" /> De definition of "safely managed sanitation" service be: "Use of improved facilities dat are not shared plus oda households den where excreta are safely disposed of insyd situ anaa transported den treated offsite."<ref name="JMP2017" />{{rp|8}} Improved sanitation facilities are those designed to hygienically separate excreta from human contact.<ref name="JMP2017" />{{rp|6}} Ending [[open defecation]] fit require de provision of toilets den sanitation for 2.6 billion people as well as behavior change of de population.<ref name="JMP2017" /> To meet SDG targets for sanitation by 2030, nearly "a third of countries fit need to accelerate progress to end open defecation, including [[Brazil]], [[China]], [[Ethiopia]], [[India]], [[Indonesia]], [[Nigeria]], den Pakistan".<ref name="SDGChildren20182">{{cite web |title=Progress for Every Child in the SDG Era |url=https://data.unicef.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Progress_for_Every_Child_V4.pdf |access-date=2 April 2018 |website=UNICEF}}</ref>{{rp|79}} Dis fi require cooperation between governments, civil society den de private sector.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kellogg |first=Diane M. |title=Beyond the bottom line: integrating sustainability into business and management practice |publisher=Greenleaf Publishing |others=Gudić, Milenko,, Tan, Tay Keong,, Flynn, Patricia M. |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-78353-327-5 |location=Saltaire, UK |chapter=The Global Sanitation Crisis: A Role for Business |oclc=982187046}}</ref> == References == lq5k6ppfncihb6x2q115cbbmi5xj6b0 102798 102797 2026-06-14T09:29:59Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Add sub-heading 102798 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{United Nations series}} '''Na Sustainable Development Goal 6''' ('''SDG 6''' anaa '''Global Goal 6''') declares de importance of achieving "clean water den [[sanitation]] for all". E be one of de 17 Sustainable Development Goals wet established by de [[United Nations General Assembly]] to succeed de former Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). According to de United Nations, de overall goal be to: "Ensure availability den sustainable management of water den sanitation for all."<ref name="SDG6">{{cite web |title=Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation |url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation.html |access-date=28 September 2015 |website=UNDP}}</ref> De goal has eight targets to be achieved by 2030 covering de main areas of water supply den sanitation den sustainable water resource management. Progress toward de targets will be measured by using eleven indicators.<ref name=":17" /> <!-- FYI: The second paragraph of the lead is transcluded in the article on [[Sustainable Development Goals]], and should contain a list of the targets --> <noinclude> De six key ''outcome targets'' to be achieved by 2030 include: De two ''means of implementing targets<ref name=":22">{{cite journal |last1=Bartram |first1=Jamie |last2=Brocklehurst |first2=Clarissa |last3=Bradley |first3=David |last4=Muller |first4=Mike |last5=Evans |first5=Barbara |date=December 2018 |title=Policy review of the means of implementation targets and indicators for the sustainable development goal for water and sanitation |url=https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/128504/9/s41545-018-0003-0.pdf |journal=npj Clean Water |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=3 |bibcode=2018npjCW...1....3B |doi=10.1038/s41545-018-0003-0 |s2cid=169226066 |doi-access=free}} {{cc-notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref>'' are to expand international cooperation den capacity-building support to developing countries, den to support local engagement insyd sustainable den participatory water den sanitation management.<ref name=":110">{{Cite book |last=United Nations |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3637 |title=Sustainable Development Goal. 6, Synthesis report 2018 on water and sanitation |publisher=United Nations, New York |year=2018 |isbn=978-92-1-101370-2 |oclc=1107804829}}</ref> # Achieve universal den equitable access to safe den affordable [[drinking water]] for all; # Achieve access to adequate den equitable sanitation den hygiene for all den end [[open defecation]], paying special attention to de needs of women den girls den those insyd vulnerable situations; # Improve water quality, by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping den minimizing release of hazardous chemicals den materials, halving de proportion of untreated wastewater (wastewater treatment) den substantially increasing recycling den safe reuse globally; # Substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors den ensure sustainable withdrawals den supply of fresh water to address water scarcity den substantially reduce de number of people suffering from water scarcity; # Implement integrated water resources management (IWRM), at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate; # Protect den restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers den lakes.</noinclude> Despite Official Development Assistance (ODA) disbursements to de water sector increasing to $9 billion insyd 2018.<ref name=":2" /> de Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) of WHO den UNICEF report insyd 2017 dat 4.5 billion people still did not have safely managed sanitation.<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906"/> Insyd 2017 only 71 percent of de global population used safely managed drinking water, den 2.2 billion persons were still without safely managed drinking water. Oda water-related hazards related to flooding den drought sanso remain significant threats to human development den well being. Like de oda, dis Sustainable Development Goal be closely interwoven plus de oda SDGs. For example, access to clean water fit improve health den wellbeing, leading to a progress insyd SDG3; den, better health leads to a higher school attendance, progressing SDG4, improving quality education. Achieving SDG6 fi only happen if oda SDGs are sanso achieved. == Background == [[File:Niger, Margou (13), water well with tree.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Families collecting water from a water well insyd Niger]] De [[United Nations]] (UN) has determined dat access to clean water den sanitation facilities be a fundamental human right.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-11 |title=World Water Development Report 2019 - Leaving No One Behind |url=https://en.unesco.org/themes/water-security/wwap/wwdr/2019 |access-date=2019-08-01 |website=UNESCO |language=en}}</ref> However, only a few countries have written de human right to water into enforceable legislation creating serious problems for people wishing to use legal means to promote better access.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Staddon |first1=C. |last2=Appleby |first2=T |last3=Grant |first3=E. |date=2011 |editor-last=Sultana |editor-first=F. |editor2-last=Loftus |editor2-first=A. |title=A right to water? Geographico-legal perspectives |journal=The Right to Water: Politics, Governance and Social Struggles |publisher=Routledge |pages=61–77 |isbn=978-1-84971-359-7}}</ref> Even insyd those countries, such as South Africa, plus a clear constitutional commitment to de human right to water den sanitation. E dey prove difficult to obtain legal redress. A review of de progress by de UN insyd 2020 found dat "increasing donor commitments to de water sector fi remain crucial to make progress towards Goal 6".<ref name="UNESC2020" /> Insyd 2022, de OECD dey estimate dat to achieve SDG 6, current global spending on water needs approximately $1 trillion per year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=OECD policy highlights: financing a water secure future. |url=https://www.oecd.org/environment/resources/policy-highlights-financing-a-water-secure-future.pdf}}</ref> ==Targets, indicators den progress== {{Further|List of SDG targets and indicators}} [[File:Share of the population using safely managed drinking water, OWID.svg|thumb|World map for Indicator 6.1.1 insyd 2022: Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services<ref name=":3">Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina (2018) [https://sdg-tracker.org/water-and-sanitation "Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals." (SDG 6)] ''SDG-Tracker.org, website'' {{cc-notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref>|300x300px]] [[File:Share of population using safely managed sanitation facilities, OWID.svg|thumb|World map for Indicator 6.2.1a insyd 2022: Share of population using safely managed sanitation facilities<ref name=":3" />|300x300px]] [[File:Proportion of population with basic handwashing facilities on premises, OWID.svg|thumb|World map for Indicator 6.2.1b insyd 2022: "Share of de population plus basic handwashing facilities on premises"<ref name=":3"/>|300x300px]] SDG 6 dey get eight targets including two so-called "implementing targets". Six of dem are to be achieved by de year 2030, one by de year 2020, den one get no target year.<ref name="SDG6_targets">{{Cite web |title=Goal 6 Targets |url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation/targets/ |access-date=16 November 2017 |website=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> Each of de targets sansk get one anaa two indicators wich fir be used to measure progress. Insyd total there are 11 indicators to monitor progress for SDG6.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=SDGs |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg6 |access-date=17 November 2017 |website=Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform}}</ref> De main data sources for de SDG 6 targets den indicators cam from de Integrated Monitoring Initiative for SDG 6 coordinated by UN-Water.<ref name=":110" /> De six "outcome-oriented targets" include: Safe den affordable [[drinking water]]; end [[open defecation]] den provide access to sanitation, den hygiene, improve water quality, wastewater treatment den safe reuse, increase water-use efficiency den ensure fresh water supplies, implement IWRM, protect den restore water-related ecosystems. De two "means of achieving" targets are to expand water den sanitation support to developing countries, den to support local engagement insyd water den sanitation management.<ref name=":110" /> De first three targets relate to drinking water supply, [[sanitation]] services, den wastewater treatment den reuse.<ref name="SDG6_targets" /> An SDG 6 Baseline Report insyd 2018 found dat "less dan 50 percent of countries have comparable baseline estimates for most SDG 6 global indicators".<ref name=":110" />{{rp|31}} === Target 6.1: Safe den affordable drinking water === De full title of Target 6.1 be: "By 2030, achieve universal den equitable access to safe den affordable [[drinking water]] for all".<ref name=":17">United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, [[:File:A RES 71 313 E.pdf|Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development]] ([https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313 A/RES/71/313])</ref> Dis target get one indicator: Indicator 6.1.1 be de "Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services".<ref name=":3" /> De definition of "safely managed drinking water service" be: "Drinking water from an improved water source dat be located on premises, available wen needed den free from fecal den priority [[Water pollution|chemical contamination]]."<ref name="JMP2017">WHO and UNICEF (2017) [https://web.archive.org/web/20170716004247/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/jmp-2017/en/ Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines]. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), 2017</ref>{{rp|8}} === Target 6.2: End open defecation den provide access to sanitation den hygiene === De full title of Target 6.2 be: "By 2030, achieve access to adequate den equitable [[sanitation]] den hygiene for all and den [[open defecation]], paying special attention to de needs of women den girls den those insyd vulnerable situations."<ref name=":17" /> Attending school den work without disruption supports education den employment. Therefore, toilets at school den de workplace are included insyd de second target ("achieve access to adequate den equitable sanitation den hygiene for all"). Equitable sanitation den hygiene solutions address de needs of women den girls den those insyd vulnerable situations, such as de elderly or people plus disabilities. <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wilbur |first1=Jane |last2=Dreibelbis |first2=Robert |last3=Mactaggart |first3=Islay |date=June 11, 2024 |editor-last=Winkler |editor-first=Inga T. |title=Addressing water, sanitation and hygiene inequalities: A review of evidence, gaps, and recommendations for disability-inclusive WASH by 2030 |journal=PLOS Water |language=en |volume=3 |issue=6 |article-number=e0000257 |doi=10.1371/journal.pwat.0000257 |issn=2767-3219 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dis target get one indicator: Indicator 6.2.1 be de "Proportion of population using (a) safely managed sanitation services den (b) a hand-washing facility plus soap den water".<ref name="UN2017" /> De definition of "safely managed sanitation" service be: "Use of improved facilities dat are not shared plus oda households den where excreta are safely disposed of insyd situ anaa transported den treated offsite."<ref name="JMP2017" />{{rp|8}} Improved sanitation facilities are those designed to hygienically separate excreta from human contact.<ref name="JMP2017" />{{rp|6}} Ending [[open defecation]] fit require de provision of toilets den sanitation for 2.6 billion people as well as behavior change of de population.<ref name="JMP2017" /> To meet SDG targets for sanitation by 2030, nearly "a third of countries fit need to accelerate progress to end open defecation, including [[Brazil]], [[China]], [[Ethiopia]], [[India]], [[Indonesia]], [[Nigeria]], den Pakistan".<ref name="SDGChildren20182">{{cite web |title=Progress for Every Child in the SDG Era |url=https://data.unicef.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Progress_for_Every_Child_V4.pdf |access-date=2 April 2018 |website=UNICEF}}</ref>{{rp|79}} Dis fi require cooperation between governments, civil society den de private sector.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kellogg |first=Diane M. |title=Beyond the bottom line: integrating sustainability into business and management practice |publisher=Greenleaf Publishing |others=Gudić, Milenko,, Tan, Tay Keong,, Flynn, Patricia M. |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-78353-327-5 |location=Saltaire, UK |chapter=The Global Sanitation Crisis: A Role for Business |oclc=982187046}}</ref> ==== Report from 2019 for Target 6.1 den 6.2 ==== == References == jfqi7figo2p6jdkp60ykq23keo946e0 102799 102798 2026-06-14T09:32:34Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve am 102799 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{United Nations series}} '''Na Sustainable Development Goal 6''' ('''SDG 6''' anaa '''Global Goal 6''') declares de importance of achieving "clean water den [[sanitation]] for all". E be one of de 17 Sustainable Development Goals wet established by de [[United Nations General Assembly]] to succeed de former Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). According to de United Nations, de overall goal be to: "Ensure availability den sustainable management of water den sanitation for all."<ref name="SDG6">{{cite web |title=Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation |url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation.html |access-date=28 September 2015 |website=UNDP}}</ref> De goal has eight targets to be achieved by 2030 covering de main areas of water supply den sanitation den sustainable water resource management. Progress toward de targets will be measured by using eleven indicators.<ref name=":17" /> <!-- FYI: The second paragraph of the lead is transcluded in the article on [[Sustainable Development Goals]], and should contain a list of the targets --> <noinclude> De six key ''outcome targets'' to be achieved by 2030 include: De two ''means of implementing targets<ref name=":22">{{cite journal |last1=Bartram |first1=Jamie |last2=Brocklehurst |first2=Clarissa |last3=Bradley |first3=David |last4=Muller |first4=Mike |last5=Evans |first5=Barbara |date=December 2018 |title=Policy review of the means of implementation targets and indicators for the sustainable development goal for water and sanitation |url=https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/128504/9/s41545-018-0003-0.pdf |journal=npj Clean Water |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=3 |bibcode=2018npjCW...1....3B |doi=10.1038/s41545-018-0003-0 |s2cid=169226066 |doi-access=free}} {{cc-notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref>'' are to expand international cooperation den capacity-building support to developing countries, den to support local engagement insyd sustainable den participatory water den sanitation management.<ref name=":110">{{Cite book |last=United Nations |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3637 |title=Sustainable Development Goal. 6, Synthesis report 2018 on water and sanitation |publisher=United Nations, New York |year=2018 |isbn=978-92-1-101370-2 |oclc=1107804829}}</ref> # Achieve universal den equitable access to safe den affordable [[drinking water]] for all; # Achieve access to adequate den equitable sanitation den hygiene for all den end [[open defecation]], paying special attention to de needs of women den girls den those insyd vulnerable situations; # Improve water quality, by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping den minimizing release of hazardous chemicals den materials, halving de proportion of untreated wastewater (wastewater treatment) den substantially increasing recycling den safe reuse globally; # Substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors den ensure sustainable withdrawals den supply of fresh water to address water scarcity den substantially reduce de number of people suffering from water scarcity; # Implement integrated water resources management (IWRM), at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate; # Protect den restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers den lakes.</noinclude> Despite Official Development Assistance (ODA) disbursements to de water sector increasing to $9 billion insyd 2018.<ref name=":2" /> de Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) of WHO den UNICEF report insyd 2017 dat 4.5 billion people still did not have safely managed sanitation.<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906"/> Insyd 2017 only 71 percent of de global population used safely managed drinking water, den 2.2 billion persons were still without safely managed drinking water. Oda water-related hazards related to flooding den drought sanso remain significant threats to human development den well being. Like de oda, dis Sustainable Development Goal be closely interwoven plus de oda SDGs. For example, access to clean water fit improve health den wellbeing, leading to a progress insyd SDG3; den, better health leads to a higher school attendance, progressing SDG4, improving quality education. Achieving SDG6 fi only happen if oda SDGs are sanso achieved. == Background == [[File:Niger, Margou (13), water well with tree.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Families collecting water from a water well insyd Niger]] De [[United Nations]] (UN) has determined dat access to clean water den sanitation facilities be a fundamental human right.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-11 |title=World Water Development Report 2019 - Leaving No One Behind |url=https://en.unesco.org/themes/water-security/wwap/wwdr/2019 |access-date=2019-08-01 |website=UNESCO |language=en}}</ref> However, only a few countries have written de human right to water into enforceable legislation creating serious problems for people wishing to use legal means to promote better access.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Staddon |first1=C. |last2=Appleby |first2=T |last3=Grant |first3=E. |date=2011 |editor-last=Sultana |editor-first=F. |editor2-last=Loftus |editor2-first=A. |title=A right to water? Geographico-legal perspectives |journal=The Right to Water: Politics, Governance and Social Struggles |publisher=Routledge |pages=61–77 |isbn=978-1-84971-359-7}}</ref> Even insyd those countries, such as South Africa, plus a clear constitutional commitment to de human right to water den sanitation. E dey prove difficult to obtain legal redress. A review of de progress by de UN insyd 2020 found dat "increasing donor commitments to de water sector fi remain crucial to make progress towards Goal 6".<ref name="UNESC2020" /> Insyd 2022, de OECD dey estimate dat to achieve SDG 6, current global spending on water needs approximately $1 trillion per year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=OECD policy highlights: financing a water secure future. |url=https://www.oecd.org/environment/resources/policy-highlights-financing-a-water-secure-future.pdf}}</ref> ==Targets, indicators den progress== {{Further|List of SDG targets and indicators}} [[File:Share of the population using safely managed drinking water, OWID.svg|thumb|World map for Indicator 6.1.1 insyd 2022: Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services<ref name=":3">Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina (2018) [https://sdg-tracker.org/water-and-sanitation "Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals." (SDG 6)] ''SDG-Tracker.org, website'' {{cc-notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref>|300x300px]] [[File:Share of population using safely managed sanitation facilities, OWID.svg|thumb|World map for Indicator 6.2.1a insyd 2022: Share of population using safely managed sanitation facilities<ref name=":3" />|300x300px]] [[File:Proportion of population with basic handwashing facilities on premises, OWID.svg|thumb|World map for Indicator 6.2.1b insyd 2022: "Share of de population plus basic handwashing facilities on premises"<ref name=":3"/>|300x300px]] SDG 6 dey get eight targets including two so-called "implementing targets". Six of dem are to be achieved by de year 2030, one by de year 2020, den one get no target year.<ref name="SDG6_targets">{{Cite web |title=Goal 6 Targets |url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation/targets/ |access-date=16 November 2017 |website=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> Each of de targets sansk get one anaa two indicators wich fir be used to measure progress. Insyd total there are 11 indicators to monitor progress for SDG6.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=SDGs |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg6 |access-date=17 November 2017 |website=Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform}}</ref> De main data sources for de SDG 6 targets den indicators cam from de Integrated Monitoring Initiative for SDG 6 coordinated by UN-Water.<ref name=":110" /> De six "outcome-oriented targets" include: Safe den affordable [[drinking water]]; end [[open defecation]] den provide access to sanitation, den hygiene, improve water quality, wastewater treatment den safe reuse, increase water-use efficiency den ensure fresh water supplies, implement IWRM, protect den restore water-related ecosystems. De two "means of achieving" targets are to expand water den sanitation support to developing countries, den to support local engagement insyd water den sanitation management.<ref name=":110" /> De first three targets relate to drinking water supply, [[sanitation]] services, den wastewater treatment den reuse.<ref name="SDG6_targets" /> An SDG 6 Baseline Report insyd 2018 found dat "less dan 50 percent of countries have comparable baseline estimates for most SDG 6 global indicators".<ref name=":110" />{{rp|31}} === Target 6.1: Safe den affordable drinking water === De full title of Target 6.1 be: "By 2030, achieve universal den equitable access to safe den affordable [[drinking water]] for all".<ref name=":17">United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, [[:File:A RES 71 313 E.pdf|Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development]] ([https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313 A/RES/71/313])</ref> Dis target get one indicator: Indicator 6.1.1 be de "Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services".<ref name=":3" /> De definition of "safely managed drinking water service" be: "Drinking water from an improved water source dat be located on premises, available wen needed den free from fecal den priority [[Water pollution|chemical contamination]]."<ref name="JMP2017">WHO and UNICEF (2017) [https://web.archive.org/web/20170716004247/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/jmp-2017/en/ Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines]. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), 2017</ref>{{rp|8}} === Target 6.2: End open defecation den provide access to sanitation den hygiene === De full title of Target 6.2 be: "By 2030, achieve access to adequate den equitable [[sanitation]] den hygiene for all and den [[open defecation]], paying special attention to de needs of women den girls den those insyd vulnerable situations."<ref name=":17" /> Attending school den work without disruption supports education den employment. Therefore, toilets at school den de workplace are included insyd de second target ("achieve access to adequate den equitable sanitation den hygiene for all"). Equitable sanitation den hygiene solutions address de needs of women den girls den those insyd vulnerable situations, such as de elderly or people plus disabilities. <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wilbur |first1=Jane |last2=Dreibelbis |first2=Robert |last3=Mactaggart |first3=Islay |date=June 11, 2024 |editor-last=Winkler |editor-first=Inga T. |title=Addressing water, sanitation and hygiene inequalities: A review of evidence, gaps, and recommendations for disability-inclusive WASH by 2030 |journal=PLOS Water |language=en |volume=3 |issue=6 |article-number=e0000257 |doi=10.1371/journal.pwat.0000257 |issn=2767-3219 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dis target get one indicator: Indicator 6.2.1 be de "Proportion of population using (a) safely managed sanitation services den (b) a hand-washing facility plus soap den water".<ref name="UN2017" /> De definition of "safely managed sanitation" service be: "Use of improved facilities dat are not shared plus oda households den where excreta are safely disposed of insyd situ anaa transported den treated offsite."<ref name="JMP2017" />{{rp|8}} Improved sanitation facilities are those designed to hygienically separate excreta from human contact.<ref name="JMP2017" />{{rp|6}} Ending [[open defecation]] fit require de provision of toilets den sanitation for 2.6 billion people as well as behavior change of de population.<ref name="JMP2017" /> To meet SDG targets for sanitation by 2030, nearly "a third of countries fit need to accelerate progress to end open defecation, including [[Brazil]], [[China]], [[Ethiopia]], [[India]], [[Indonesia]], [[Nigeria]], den Pakistan".<ref name="SDGChildren20182">{{cite web |title=Progress for Every Child in the SDG Era |url=https://data.unicef.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Progress_for_Every_Child_V4.pdf |access-date=2 April 2018 |website=UNICEF}}</ref>{{rp|79}} Dis fi require cooperation between governments, civil society den de private sector.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kellogg |first=Diane M. |title=Beyond the bottom line: integrating sustainability into business and management practice |publisher=Greenleaf Publishing |others=Gudić, Milenko,, Tan, Tay Keong,, Flynn, Patricia M. |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-78353-327-5 |location=Saltaire, UK |chapter=The Global Sanitation Crisis: A Role for Business |oclc=982187046}}</ref> ==== Report from 2019 for Target 6.1 den 6.2 ==== Targets 6.1 den 6.2 are usually reported on together because they are both part of de WASH sector den have de same custodian agency, de Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply den Sanitation (JMP).<ref name="JMP2017" /> == References == mnga2pbm7olc5d0s89jw366u8i2ftzi 102800 102799 2026-06-14T09:34:15Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve article 102800 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{United Nations series}} '''Na Sustainable Development Goal 6''' ('''SDG 6''' anaa '''Global Goal 6''') declares de importance of achieving "clean water den [[sanitation]] for all". E be one of de 17 Sustainable Development Goals wet established by de [[United Nations General Assembly]] to succeed de former Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). According to de United Nations, de overall goal be to: "Ensure availability den sustainable management of water den sanitation for all."<ref name="SDG6">{{cite web |title=Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation |url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation.html |access-date=28 September 2015 |website=UNDP}}</ref> De goal has eight targets to be achieved by 2030 covering de main areas of water supply den sanitation den sustainable water resource management. Progress toward de targets will be measured by using eleven indicators.<ref name=":17" /> <!-- FYI: The second paragraph of the lead is transcluded in the article on [[Sustainable Development Goals]], and should contain a list of the targets --> <noinclude> De six key ''outcome targets'' to be achieved by 2030 include: De two ''means of implementing targets<ref name=":22">{{cite journal |last1=Bartram |first1=Jamie |last2=Brocklehurst |first2=Clarissa |last3=Bradley |first3=David |last4=Muller |first4=Mike |last5=Evans |first5=Barbara |date=December 2018 |title=Policy review of the means of implementation targets and indicators for the sustainable development goal for water and sanitation |url=https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/128504/9/s41545-018-0003-0.pdf |journal=npj Clean Water |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=3 |bibcode=2018npjCW...1....3B |doi=10.1038/s41545-018-0003-0 |s2cid=169226066 |doi-access=free}} {{cc-notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref>'' are to expand international cooperation den capacity-building support to developing countries, den to support local engagement insyd sustainable den participatory water den sanitation management.<ref name=":110">{{Cite book |last=United Nations |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3637 |title=Sustainable Development Goal. 6, Synthesis report 2018 on water and sanitation |publisher=United Nations, New York |year=2018 |isbn=978-92-1-101370-2 |oclc=1107804829}}</ref> # Achieve universal den equitable access to safe den affordable [[drinking water]] for all; # Achieve access to adequate den equitable sanitation den hygiene for all den end [[open defecation]], paying special attention to de needs of women den girls den those insyd vulnerable situations; # Improve water quality, by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping den minimizing release of hazardous chemicals den materials, halving de proportion of untreated wastewater (wastewater treatment) den substantially increasing recycling den safe reuse globally; # Substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors den ensure sustainable withdrawals den supply of fresh water to address water scarcity den substantially reduce de number of people suffering from water scarcity; # Implement integrated water resources management (IWRM), at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate; # Protect den restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers den lakes.</noinclude> Despite Official Development Assistance (ODA) disbursements to de water sector increasing to $9 billion insyd 2018.<ref name=":2" /> de Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) of WHO den UNICEF report insyd 2017 dat 4.5 billion people still did not have safely managed sanitation.<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906"/> Insyd 2017 only 71 percent of de global population used safely managed drinking water, den 2.2 billion persons were still without safely managed drinking water. Oda water-related hazards related to flooding den drought sanso remain significant threats to human development den well being. Like de oda, dis Sustainable Development Goal be closely interwoven plus de oda SDGs. For example, access to clean water fit improve health den wellbeing, leading to a progress insyd SDG3; den, better health leads to a higher school attendance, progressing SDG4, improving quality education. Achieving SDG6 fi only happen if oda SDGs are sanso achieved. == Background == [[File:Niger, Margou (13), water well with tree.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Families collecting water from a water well insyd Niger]] De [[United Nations]] (UN) has determined dat access to clean water den sanitation facilities be a fundamental human right.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-11 |title=World Water Development Report 2019 - Leaving No One Behind |url=https://en.unesco.org/themes/water-security/wwap/wwdr/2019 |access-date=2019-08-01 |website=UNESCO |language=en}}</ref> However, only a few countries have written de human right to water into enforceable legislation creating serious problems for people wishing to use legal means to promote better access.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Staddon |first1=C. |last2=Appleby |first2=T |last3=Grant |first3=E. |date=2011 |editor-last=Sultana |editor-first=F. |editor2-last=Loftus |editor2-first=A. |title=A right to water? Geographico-legal perspectives |journal=The Right to Water: Politics, Governance and Social Struggles |publisher=Routledge |pages=61–77 |isbn=978-1-84971-359-7}}</ref> Even insyd those countries, such as South Africa, plus a clear constitutional commitment to de human right to water den sanitation. E dey prove difficult to obtain legal redress. A review of de progress by de UN insyd 2020 found dat "increasing donor commitments to de water sector fi remain crucial to make progress towards Goal 6".<ref name="UNESC2020" /> Insyd 2022, de OECD dey estimate dat to achieve SDG 6, current global spending on water needs approximately $1 trillion per year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=OECD policy highlights: financing a water secure future. |url=https://www.oecd.org/environment/resources/policy-highlights-financing-a-water-secure-future.pdf}}</ref> ==Targets, indicators den progress== {{Further|List of SDG targets and indicators}} [[File:Share of the population using safely managed drinking water, OWID.svg|thumb|World map for Indicator 6.1.1 insyd 2022: Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services<ref name=":3">Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina (2018) [https://sdg-tracker.org/water-and-sanitation "Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals." (SDG 6)] ''SDG-Tracker.org, website'' {{cc-notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref>|300x300px]] [[File:Share of population using safely managed sanitation facilities, OWID.svg|thumb|World map for Indicator 6.2.1a insyd 2022: Share of population using safely managed sanitation facilities<ref name=":3" />|300x300px]] [[File:Proportion of population with basic handwashing facilities on premises, OWID.svg|thumb|World map for Indicator 6.2.1b insyd 2022: "Share of de population plus basic handwashing facilities on premises"<ref name=":3"/>|300x300px]] SDG 6 dey get eight targets including two so-called "implementing targets". Six of dem are to be achieved by de year 2030, one by de year 2020, den one get no target year.<ref name="SDG6_targets">{{Cite web |title=Goal 6 Targets |url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation/targets/ |access-date=16 November 2017 |website=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> Each of de targets sansk get one anaa two indicators wich fir be used to measure progress. Insyd total there are 11 indicators to monitor progress for SDG6.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=SDGs |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg6 |access-date=17 November 2017 |website=Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform}}</ref> De main data sources for de SDG 6 targets den indicators cam from de Integrated Monitoring Initiative for SDG 6 coordinated by UN-Water.<ref name=":110" /> De six "outcome-oriented targets" include: Safe den affordable [[drinking water]]; end [[open defecation]] den provide access to sanitation, den hygiene, improve water quality, wastewater treatment den safe reuse, increase water-use efficiency den ensure fresh water supplies, implement IWRM, protect den restore water-related ecosystems. De two "means of achieving" targets are to expand water den sanitation support to developing countries, den to support local engagement insyd water den sanitation management.<ref name=":110" /> De first three targets relate to drinking water supply, [[sanitation]] services, den wastewater treatment den reuse.<ref name="SDG6_targets" /> An SDG 6 Baseline Report insyd 2018 found dat "less dan 50 percent of countries have comparable baseline estimates for most SDG 6 global indicators".<ref name=":110" />{{rp|31}} === Target 6.1: Safe den affordable drinking water === De full title of Target 6.1 be: "By 2030, achieve universal den equitable access to safe den affordable [[drinking water]] for all".<ref name=":17">United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, [[:File:A RES 71 313 E.pdf|Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development]] ([https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313 A/RES/71/313])</ref> Dis target get one indicator: Indicator 6.1.1 be de "Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services".<ref name=":3" /> De definition of "safely managed drinking water service" be: "Drinking water from an improved water source dat be located on premises, available wen needed den free from fecal den priority [[Water pollution|chemical contamination]]."<ref name="JMP2017">WHO and UNICEF (2017) [https://web.archive.org/web/20170716004247/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/jmp-2017/en/ Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines]. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), 2017</ref>{{rp|8}} === Target 6.2: End open defecation den provide access to sanitation den hygiene === De full title of Target 6.2 be: "By 2030, achieve access to adequate den equitable [[sanitation]] den hygiene for all and den [[open defecation]], paying special attention to de needs of women den girls den those insyd vulnerable situations."<ref name=":17" /> Attending school den work without disruption supports education den employment. Therefore, toilets at school den de workplace are included insyd de second target ("achieve access to adequate den equitable sanitation den hygiene for all"). Equitable sanitation den hygiene solutions address de needs of women den girls den those insyd vulnerable situations, such as de elderly or people plus disabilities. <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wilbur |first1=Jane |last2=Dreibelbis |first2=Robert |last3=Mactaggart |first3=Islay |date=June 11, 2024 |editor-last=Winkler |editor-first=Inga T. |title=Addressing water, sanitation and hygiene inequalities: A review of evidence, gaps, and recommendations for disability-inclusive WASH by 2030 |journal=PLOS Water |language=en |volume=3 |issue=6 |article-number=e0000257 |doi=10.1371/journal.pwat.0000257 |issn=2767-3219 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dis target get one indicator: Indicator 6.2.1 be de "Proportion of population using (a) safely managed sanitation services den (b) a hand-washing facility plus soap den water".<ref name="UN2017" /> De definition of "safely managed sanitation" service be: "Use of improved facilities dat are not shared plus oda households den where excreta are safely disposed of insyd situ anaa transported den treated offsite."<ref name="JMP2017" />{{rp|8}} Improved sanitation facilities are those designed to hygienically separate excreta from human contact.<ref name="JMP2017" />{{rp|6}} Ending [[open defecation]] fit require de provision of toilets den sanitation for 2.6 billion people as well as behavior change of de population.<ref name="JMP2017" /> To meet SDG targets for sanitation by 2030, nearly "a third of countries fit need to accelerate progress to end open defecation, including [[Brazil]], [[China]], [[Ethiopia]], [[India]], [[Indonesia]], [[Nigeria]], den Pakistan".<ref name="SDGChildren20182">{{cite web |title=Progress for Every Child in the SDG Era |url=https://data.unicef.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Progress_for_Every_Child_V4.pdf |access-date=2 April 2018 |website=UNICEF}}</ref>{{rp|79}} Dis fi require cooperation between governments, civil society den de private sector.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kellogg |first=Diane M. |title=Beyond the bottom line: integrating sustainability into business and management practice |publisher=Greenleaf Publishing |others=Gudić, Milenko,, Tan, Tay Keong,, Flynn, Patricia M. |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-78353-327-5 |location=Saltaire, UK |chapter=The Global Sanitation Crisis: A Role for Business |oclc=982187046}}</ref> ==== Report from 2019 for Target 6.1 den 6.2 ==== Targets 6.1 den 6.2 are usually reported on together because they are both part of de WASH sector den have de same custodian agency, de Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply den Sanitation (JMP).<ref name="JMP2017" /> Insyd June 2019, de JMP released their 138-page report "Progress on household drinking water, sanitation, den hygiene 2000-2017: special focus on inequalities."<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906">{{Cite report |url=https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/jmp-2019-full-report.pdf |title=Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000-2017: Special focus on inequalities |date=June 2019 |location=New York |page=138 |isbn=978-92-415-1623-5 |access-date=30 March 2021 |work=[[United Nations Children's Fund]] (UNICEF) and [[World Health Organization]]}}</ref> == References == 7w8ayh8j61xeqdd98gh4pfyzcdil9fj 102801 102800 2026-06-14T09:35:07Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Add sub-heading 102801 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{United Nations series}} '''Na Sustainable Development Goal 6''' ('''SDG 6''' anaa '''Global Goal 6''') declares de importance of achieving "clean water den [[sanitation]] for all". E be one of de 17 Sustainable Development Goals wet established by de [[United Nations General Assembly]] to succeed de former Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). According to de United Nations, de overall goal be to: "Ensure availability den sustainable management of water den sanitation for all."<ref name="SDG6">{{cite web |title=Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation |url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation.html |access-date=28 September 2015 |website=UNDP}}</ref> De goal has eight targets to be achieved by 2030 covering de main areas of water supply den sanitation den sustainable water resource management. Progress toward de targets will be measured by using eleven indicators.<ref name=":17" /> <!-- FYI: The second paragraph of the lead is transcluded in the article on [[Sustainable Development Goals]], and should contain a list of the targets --> <noinclude> De six key ''outcome targets'' to be achieved by 2030 include: De two ''means of implementing targets<ref name=":22">{{cite journal |last1=Bartram |first1=Jamie |last2=Brocklehurst |first2=Clarissa |last3=Bradley |first3=David |last4=Muller |first4=Mike |last5=Evans |first5=Barbara |date=December 2018 |title=Policy review of the means of implementation targets and indicators for the sustainable development goal for water and sanitation |url=https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/128504/9/s41545-018-0003-0.pdf |journal=npj Clean Water |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=3 |bibcode=2018npjCW...1....3B |doi=10.1038/s41545-018-0003-0 |s2cid=169226066 |doi-access=free}} {{cc-notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref>'' are to expand international cooperation den capacity-building support to developing countries, den to support local engagement insyd sustainable den participatory water den sanitation management.<ref name=":110">{{Cite book |last=United Nations |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3637 |title=Sustainable Development Goal. 6, Synthesis report 2018 on water and sanitation |publisher=United Nations, New York |year=2018 |isbn=978-92-1-101370-2 |oclc=1107804829}}</ref> # Achieve universal den equitable access to safe den affordable [[drinking water]] for all; # Achieve access to adequate den equitable sanitation den hygiene for all den end [[open defecation]], paying special attention to de needs of women den girls den those insyd vulnerable situations; # Improve water quality, by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping den minimizing release of hazardous chemicals den materials, halving de proportion of untreated wastewater (wastewater treatment) den substantially increasing recycling den safe reuse globally; # Substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors den ensure sustainable withdrawals den supply of fresh water to address water scarcity den substantially reduce de number of people suffering from water scarcity; # Implement integrated water resources management (IWRM), at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate; # Protect den restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers den lakes.</noinclude> Despite Official Development Assistance (ODA) disbursements to de water sector increasing to $9 billion insyd 2018.<ref name=":2" /> de Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) of WHO den UNICEF report insyd 2017 dat 4.5 billion people still did not have safely managed sanitation.<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906"/> Insyd 2017 only 71 percent of de global population used safely managed drinking water, den 2.2 billion persons were still without safely managed drinking water. Oda water-related hazards related to flooding den drought sanso remain significant threats to human development den well being. Like de oda, dis Sustainable Development Goal be closely interwoven plus de oda SDGs. For example, access to clean water fit improve health den wellbeing, leading to a progress insyd SDG3; den, better health leads to a higher school attendance, progressing SDG4, improving quality education. Achieving SDG6 fi only happen if oda SDGs are sanso achieved. == Background == [[File:Niger, Margou (13), water well with tree.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Families collecting water from a water well insyd Niger]] De [[United Nations]] (UN) has determined dat access to clean water den sanitation facilities be a fundamental human right.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-11 |title=World Water Development Report 2019 - Leaving No One Behind |url=https://en.unesco.org/themes/water-security/wwap/wwdr/2019 |access-date=2019-08-01 |website=UNESCO |language=en}}</ref> However, only a few countries have written de human right to water into enforceable legislation creating serious problems for people wishing to use legal means to promote better access.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Staddon |first1=C. |last2=Appleby |first2=T |last3=Grant |first3=E. |date=2011 |editor-last=Sultana |editor-first=F. |editor2-last=Loftus |editor2-first=A. |title=A right to water? Geographico-legal perspectives |journal=The Right to Water: Politics, Governance and Social Struggles |publisher=Routledge |pages=61–77 |isbn=978-1-84971-359-7}}</ref> Even insyd those countries, such as South Africa, plus a clear constitutional commitment to de human right to water den sanitation. E dey prove difficult to obtain legal redress. A review of de progress by de UN insyd 2020 found dat "increasing donor commitments to de water sector fi remain crucial to make progress towards Goal 6".<ref name="UNESC2020" /> Insyd 2022, de OECD dey estimate dat to achieve SDG 6, current global spending on water needs approximately $1 trillion per year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=OECD policy highlights: financing a water secure future. |url=https://www.oecd.org/environment/resources/policy-highlights-financing-a-water-secure-future.pdf}}</ref> ==Targets, indicators den progress== {{Further|List of SDG targets and indicators}} [[File:Share of the population using safely managed drinking water, OWID.svg|thumb|World map for Indicator 6.1.1 insyd 2022: Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services<ref name=":3">Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina (2018) [https://sdg-tracker.org/water-and-sanitation "Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals." (SDG 6)] ''SDG-Tracker.org, website'' {{cc-notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref>|300x300px]] [[File:Share of population using safely managed sanitation facilities, OWID.svg|thumb|World map for Indicator 6.2.1a insyd 2022: Share of population using safely managed sanitation facilities<ref name=":3" />|300x300px]] [[File:Proportion of population with basic handwashing facilities on premises, OWID.svg|thumb|World map for Indicator 6.2.1b insyd 2022: "Share of de population plus basic handwashing facilities on premises"<ref name=":3"/>|300x300px]] SDG 6 dey get eight targets including two so-called "implementing targets". Six of dem are to be achieved by de year 2030, one by de year 2020, den one get no target year.<ref name="SDG6_targets">{{Cite web |title=Goal 6 Targets |url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation/targets/ |access-date=16 November 2017 |website=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> Each of de targets sansk get one anaa two indicators wich fir be used to measure progress. Insyd total there are 11 indicators to monitor progress for SDG6.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=SDGs |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg6 |access-date=17 November 2017 |website=Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform}}</ref> De main data sources for de SDG 6 targets den indicators cam from de Integrated Monitoring Initiative for SDG 6 coordinated by UN-Water.<ref name=":110" /> De six "outcome-oriented targets" include: Safe den affordable [[drinking water]]; end [[open defecation]] den provide access to sanitation, den hygiene, improve water quality, wastewater treatment den safe reuse, increase water-use efficiency den ensure fresh water supplies, implement IWRM, protect den restore water-related ecosystems. De two "means of achieving" targets are to expand water den sanitation support to developing countries, den to support local engagement insyd water den sanitation management.<ref name=":110" /> De first three targets relate to drinking water supply, [[sanitation]] services, den wastewater treatment den reuse.<ref name="SDG6_targets" /> An SDG 6 Baseline Report insyd 2018 found dat "less dan 50 percent of countries have comparable baseline estimates for most SDG 6 global indicators".<ref name=":110" />{{rp|31}} === Target 6.1: Safe den affordable drinking water === De full title of Target 6.1 be: "By 2030, achieve universal den equitable access to safe den affordable [[drinking water]] for all".<ref name=":17">United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, [[:File:A RES 71 313 E.pdf|Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development]] ([https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313 A/RES/71/313])</ref> Dis target get one indicator: Indicator 6.1.1 be de "Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services".<ref name=":3" /> De definition of "safely managed drinking water service" be: "Drinking water from an improved water source dat be located on premises, available wen needed den free from fecal den priority [[Water pollution|chemical contamination]]."<ref name="JMP2017">WHO and UNICEF (2017) [https://web.archive.org/web/20170716004247/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/jmp-2017/en/ Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines]. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), 2017</ref>{{rp|8}} === Target 6.2: End open defecation den provide access to sanitation den hygiene === De full title of Target 6.2 be: "By 2030, achieve access to adequate den equitable [[sanitation]] den hygiene for all and den [[open defecation]], paying special attention to de needs of women den girls den those insyd vulnerable situations."<ref name=":17" /> Attending school den work without disruption supports education den employment. Therefore, toilets at school den de workplace are included insyd de second target ("achieve access to adequate den equitable sanitation den hygiene for all"). Equitable sanitation den hygiene solutions address de needs of women den girls den those insyd vulnerable situations, such as de elderly or people plus disabilities. <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wilbur |first1=Jane |last2=Dreibelbis |first2=Robert |last3=Mactaggart |first3=Islay |date=June 11, 2024 |editor-last=Winkler |editor-first=Inga T. |title=Addressing water, sanitation and hygiene inequalities: A review of evidence, gaps, and recommendations for disability-inclusive WASH by 2030 |journal=PLOS Water |language=en |volume=3 |issue=6 |article-number=e0000257 |doi=10.1371/journal.pwat.0000257 |issn=2767-3219 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dis target get one indicator: Indicator 6.2.1 be de "Proportion of population using (a) safely managed sanitation services den (b) a hand-washing facility plus soap den water".<ref name="UN2017" /> De definition of "safely managed sanitation" service be: "Use of improved facilities dat are not shared plus oda households den where excreta are safely disposed of insyd situ anaa transported den treated offsite."<ref name="JMP2017" />{{rp|8}} Improved sanitation facilities are those designed to hygienically separate excreta from human contact.<ref name="JMP2017" />{{rp|6}} Ending [[open defecation]] fit require de provision of toilets den sanitation for 2.6 billion people as well as behavior change of de population.<ref name="JMP2017" /> To meet SDG targets for sanitation by 2030, nearly "a third of countries fit need to accelerate progress to end open defecation, including [[Brazil]], [[China]], [[Ethiopia]], [[India]], [[Indonesia]], [[Nigeria]], den Pakistan".<ref name="SDGChildren20182">{{cite web |title=Progress for Every Child in the SDG Era |url=https://data.unicef.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Progress_for_Every_Child_V4.pdf |access-date=2 April 2018 |website=UNICEF}}</ref>{{rp|79}} Dis fi require cooperation between governments, civil society den de private sector.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kellogg |first=Diane M. |title=Beyond the bottom line: integrating sustainability into business and management practice |publisher=Greenleaf Publishing |others=Gudić, Milenko,, Tan, Tay Keong,, Flynn, Patricia M. |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-78353-327-5 |location=Saltaire, UK |chapter=The Global Sanitation Crisis: A Role for Business |oclc=982187046}}</ref> ==== Report from 2019 for Target 6.1 den 6.2 ==== Targets 6.1 den 6.2 are usually reported on together because they are both part of de WASH sector den have de same custodian agency, de Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply den Sanitation (JMP).<ref name="JMP2017" /> Insyd June 2019, de JMP released their 138-page report "Progress on household drinking water, sanitation, den hygiene 2000-2017: special focus on inequalities."<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906">{{Cite report |url=https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/jmp-2019-full-report.pdf |title=Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000-2017: Special focus on inequalities |date=June 2019 |location=New York |page=138 |isbn=978-92-415-1623-5 |access-date=30 March 2021 |work=[[United Nations Children's Fund]] (UNICEF) and [[World Health Organization]]}}</ref> ===== Drinking water (Target 6.1) ===== == References == 6b8javuezet8ds8zddwhv4jqlol0bqb 102802 102801 2026-06-14T09:38:02Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve am 102802 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{United Nations series}} '''Na Sustainable Development Goal 6''' ('''SDG 6''' anaa '''Global Goal 6''') declares de importance of achieving "clean water den [[sanitation]] for all". E be one of de 17 Sustainable Development Goals wet established by de [[United Nations General Assembly]] to succeed de former Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). According to de United Nations, de overall goal be to: "Ensure availability den sustainable management of water den sanitation for all."<ref name="SDG6">{{cite web |title=Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation |url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation.html |access-date=28 September 2015 |website=UNDP}}</ref> De goal has eight targets to be achieved by 2030 covering de main areas of water supply den sanitation den sustainable water resource management. Progress toward de targets will be measured by using eleven indicators.<ref name=":17" /> <!-- FYI: The second paragraph of the lead is transcluded in the article on [[Sustainable Development Goals]], and should contain a list of the targets --> <noinclude> De six key ''outcome targets'' to be achieved by 2030 include: De two ''means of implementing targets<ref name=":22">{{cite journal |last1=Bartram |first1=Jamie |last2=Brocklehurst |first2=Clarissa |last3=Bradley |first3=David |last4=Muller |first4=Mike |last5=Evans |first5=Barbara |date=December 2018 |title=Policy review of the means of implementation targets and indicators for the sustainable development goal for water and sanitation |url=https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/128504/9/s41545-018-0003-0.pdf |journal=npj Clean Water |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=3 |bibcode=2018npjCW...1....3B |doi=10.1038/s41545-018-0003-0 |s2cid=169226066 |doi-access=free}} {{cc-notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref>'' are to expand international cooperation den capacity-building support to developing countries, den to support local engagement insyd sustainable den participatory water den sanitation management.<ref name=":110">{{Cite book |last=United Nations |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3637 |title=Sustainable Development Goal. 6, Synthesis report 2018 on water and sanitation |publisher=United Nations, New York |year=2018 |isbn=978-92-1-101370-2 |oclc=1107804829}}</ref> # Achieve universal den equitable access to safe den affordable [[drinking water]] for all; # Achieve access to adequate den equitable sanitation den hygiene for all den end [[open defecation]], paying special attention to de needs of women den girls den those insyd vulnerable situations; # Improve water quality, by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping den minimizing release of hazardous chemicals den materials, halving de proportion of untreated wastewater (wastewater treatment) den substantially increasing recycling den safe reuse globally; # Substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors den ensure sustainable withdrawals den supply of fresh water to address water scarcity den substantially reduce de number of people suffering from water scarcity; # Implement integrated water resources management (IWRM), at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate; # Protect den restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers den lakes.</noinclude> Despite Official Development Assistance (ODA) disbursements to de water sector increasing to $9 billion insyd 2018.<ref name=":2" /> de Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) of WHO den UNICEF report insyd 2017 dat 4.5 billion people still did not have safely managed sanitation.<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906"/> Insyd 2017 only 71 percent of de global population used safely managed drinking water, den 2.2 billion persons were still without safely managed drinking water. Oda water-related hazards related to flooding den drought sanso remain significant threats to human development den well being. Like de oda, dis Sustainable Development Goal be closely interwoven plus de oda SDGs. For example, access to clean water fit improve health den wellbeing, leading to a progress insyd SDG3; den, better health leads to a higher school attendance, progressing SDG4, improving quality education. Achieving SDG6 fi only happen if oda SDGs are sanso achieved. == Background == [[File:Niger, Margou (13), water well with tree.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Families collecting water from a water well insyd Niger]] De [[United Nations]] (UN) has determined dat access to clean water den sanitation facilities be a fundamental human right.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-11 |title=World Water Development Report 2019 - Leaving No One Behind |url=https://en.unesco.org/themes/water-security/wwap/wwdr/2019 |access-date=2019-08-01 |website=UNESCO |language=en}}</ref> However, only a few countries have written de human right to water into enforceable legislation creating serious problems for people wishing to use legal means to promote better access.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Staddon |first1=C. |last2=Appleby |first2=T |last3=Grant |first3=E. |date=2011 |editor-last=Sultana |editor-first=F. |editor2-last=Loftus |editor2-first=A. |title=A right to water? Geographico-legal perspectives |journal=The Right to Water: Politics, Governance and Social Struggles |publisher=Routledge |pages=61–77 |isbn=978-1-84971-359-7}}</ref> Even insyd those countries, such as South Africa, plus a clear constitutional commitment to de human right to water den sanitation. E dey prove difficult to obtain legal redress. A review of de progress by de UN insyd 2020 found dat "increasing donor commitments to de water sector fi remain crucial to make progress towards Goal 6".<ref name="UNESC2020" /> Insyd 2022, de OECD dey estimate dat to achieve SDG 6, current global spending on water needs approximately $1 trillion per year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=OECD policy highlights: financing a water secure future. |url=https://www.oecd.org/environment/resources/policy-highlights-financing-a-water-secure-future.pdf}}</ref> ==Targets, indicators den progress== {{Further|List of SDG targets and indicators}} [[File:Share of the population using safely managed drinking water, OWID.svg|thumb|World map for Indicator 6.1.1 insyd 2022: Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services<ref name=":3">Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina (2018) [https://sdg-tracker.org/water-and-sanitation "Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals." (SDG 6)] ''SDG-Tracker.org, website'' {{cc-notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref>|300x300px]] [[File:Share of population using safely managed sanitation facilities, OWID.svg|thumb|World map for Indicator 6.2.1a insyd 2022: Share of population using safely managed sanitation facilities<ref name=":3" />|300x300px]] [[File:Proportion of population with basic handwashing facilities on premises, OWID.svg|thumb|World map for Indicator 6.2.1b insyd 2022: "Share of de population plus basic handwashing facilities on premises"<ref name=":3"/>|300x300px]] SDG 6 dey get eight targets including two so-called "implementing targets". Six of dem are to be achieved by de year 2030, one by de year 2020, den one get no target year.<ref name="SDG6_targets">{{Cite web |title=Goal 6 Targets |url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation/targets/ |access-date=16 November 2017 |website=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> Each of de targets sansk get one anaa two indicators wich fir be used to measure progress. Insyd total there are 11 indicators to monitor progress for SDG6.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=SDGs |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg6 |access-date=17 November 2017 |website=Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform}}</ref> De main data sources for de SDG 6 targets den indicators cam from de Integrated Monitoring Initiative for SDG 6 coordinated by UN-Water.<ref name=":110" /> De six "outcome-oriented targets" include: Safe den affordable [[drinking water]]; end [[open defecation]] den provide access to sanitation, den hygiene, improve water quality, wastewater treatment den safe reuse, increase water-use efficiency den ensure fresh water supplies, implement IWRM, protect den restore water-related ecosystems. De two "means of achieving" targets are to expand water den sanitation support to developing countries, den to support local engagement insyd water den sanitation management.<ref name=":110" /> De first three targets relate to drinking water supply, [[sanitation]] services, den wastewater treatment den reuse.<ref name="SDG6_targets" /> An SDG 6 Baseline Report insyd 2018 found dat "less dan 50 percent of countries have comparable baseline estimates for most SDG 6 global indicators".<ref name=":110" />{{rp|31}} === Target 6.1: Safe den affordable drinking water === De full title of Target 6.1 be: "By 2030, achieve universal den equitable access to safe den affordable [[drinking water]] for all".<ref name=":17">United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, [[:File:A RES 71 313 E.pdf|Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development]] ([https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313 A/RES/71/313])</ref> Dis target get one indicator: Indicator 6.1.1 be de "Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services".<ref name=":3" /> De definition of "safely managed drinking water service" be: "Drinking water from an improved water source dat be located on premises, available wen needed den free from fecal den priority [[Water pollution|chemical contamination]]."<ref name="JMP2017">WHO and UNICEF (2017) [https://web.archive.org/web/20170716004247/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/jmp-2017/en/ Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines]. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), 2017</ref>{{rp|8}} === Target 6.2: End open defecation den provide access to sanitation den hygiene === De full title of Target 6.2 be: "By 2030, achieve access to adequate den equitable [[sanitation]] den hygiene for all and den [[open defecation]], paying special attention to de needs of women den girls den those insyd vulnerable situations."<ref name=":17" /> Attending school den work without disruption supports education den employment. Therefore, toilets at school den de workplace are included insyd de second target ("achieve access to adequate den equitable sanitation den hygiene for all"). Equitable sanitation den hygiene solutions address de needs of women den girls den those insyd vulnerable situations, such as de elderly or people plus disabilities. <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wilbur |first1=Jane |last2=Dreibelbis |first2=Robert |last3=Mactaggart |first3=Islay |date=June 11, 2024 |editor-last=Winkler |editor-first=Inga T. |title=Addressing water, sanitation and hygiene inequalities: A review of evidence, gaps, and recommendations for disability-inclusive WASH by 2030 |journal=PLOS Water |language=en |volume=3 |issue=6 |article-number=e0000257 |doi=10.1371/journal.pwat.0000257 |issn=2767-3219 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dis target get one indicator: Indicator 6.2.1 be de "Proportion of population using (a) safely managed sanitation services den (b) a hand-washing facility plus soap den water".<ref name="UN2017" /> De definition of "safely managed sanitation" service be: "Use of improved facilities dat are not shared plus oda households den where excreta are safely disposed of insyd situ anaa transported den treated offsite."<ref name="JMP2017" />{{rp|8}} Improved sanitation facilities are those designed to hygienically separate excreta from human contact.<ref name="JMP2017" />{{rp|6}} Ending [[open defecation]] fit require de provision of toilets den sanitation for 2.6 billion people as well as behavior change of de population.<ref name="JMP2017" /> To meet SDG targets for sanitation by 2030, nearly "a third of countries fit need to accelerate progress to end open defecation, including [[Brazil]], [[China]], [[Ethiopia]], [[India]], [[Indonesia]], [[Nigeria]], den Pakistan".<ref name="SDGChildren20182">{{cite web |title=Progress for Every Child in the SDG Era |url=https://data.unicef.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Progress_for_Every_Child_V4.pdf |access-date=2 April 2018 |website=UNICEF}}</ref>{{rp|79}} Dis fi require cooperation between governments, civil society den de private sector.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kellogg |first=Diane M. |title=Beyond the bottom line: integrating sustainability into business and management practice |publisher=Greenleaf Publishing |others=Gudić, Milenko,, Tan, Tay Keong,, Flynn, Patricia M. |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-78353-327-5 |location=Saltaire, UK |chapter=The Global Sanitation Crisis: A Role for Business |oclc=982187046}}</ref> ==== Report from 2019 for Target 6.1 den 6.2 ==== Targets 6.1 den 6.2 are usually reported on together because they are both part of de WASH sector den have de same custodian agency, de Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply den Sanitation (JMP).<ref name="JMP2017" /> Insyd June 2019, de JMP released their 138-page report "Progress on household drinking water, sanitation, den hygiene 2000-2017: special focus on inequalities."<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906">{{Cite report |url=https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/jmp-2019-full-report.pdf |title=Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000-2017: Special focus on inequalities |date=June 2019 |location=New York |page=138 |isbn=978-92-415-1623-5 |access-date=30 March 2021 |work=[[United Nations Children's Fund]] (UNICEF) and [[World Health Organization]]}}</ref> ===== Drinking water (Target 6.1) ===== De report say dat insyd 2017, 5.3 billion people—representing 71% of de population of de world—used a "safely managed drinking-water service—one dat be "located on premises, available wen needed, den free from contamination".<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> == References == jp8ltgpwsog3bhqvd0x7m4124omfjdw 102803 102802 2026-06-14T09:41:13Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve am 102803 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{United Nations series}} '''Na Sustainable Development Goal 6''' ('''SDG 6''' anaa '''Global Goal 6''') declares de importance of achieving "clean water den [[sanitation]] for all". E be one of de 17 Sustainable Development Goals wet established by de [[United Nations General Assembly]] to succeed de former Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). According to de United Nations, de overall goal be to: "Ensure availability den sustainable management of water den sanitation for all."<ref name="SDG6">{{cite web |title=Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation |url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation.html |access-date=28 September 2015 |website=UNDP}}</ref> De goal has eight targets to be achieved by 2030 covering de main areas of water supply den sanitation den sustainable water resource management. Progress toward de targets will be measured by using eleven indicators.<ref name=":17" /> <!-- FYI: The second paragraph of the lead is transcluded in the article on [[Sustainable Development Goals]], and should contain a list of the targets --> <noinclude> De six key ''outcome targets'' to be achieved by 2030 include: De two ''means of implementing targets<ref name=":22">{{cite journal |last1=Bartram |first1=Jamie |last2=Brocklehurst |first2=Clarissa |last3=Bradley |first3=David |last4=Muller |first4=Mike |last5=Evans |first5=Barbara |date=December 2018 |title=Policy review of the means of implementation targets and indicators for the sustainable development goal for water and sanitation |url=https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/128504/9/s41545-018-0003-0.pdf |journal=npj Clean Water |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=3 |bibcode=2018npjCW...1....3B |doi=10.1038/s41545-018-0003-0 |s2cid=169226066 |doi-access=free}} {{cc-notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref>'' are to expand international cooperation den capacity-building support to developing countries, den to support local engagement insyd sustainable den participatory water den sanitation management.<ref name=":110">{{Cite book |last=United Nations |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3637 |title=Sustainable Development Goal. 6, Synthesis report 2018 on water and sanitation |publisher=United Nations, New York |year=2018 |isbn=978-92-1-101370-2 |oclc=1107804829}}</ref> # Achieve universal den equitable access to safe den affordable [[drinking water]] for all; # Achieve access to adequate den equitable sanitation den hygiene for all den end [[open defecation]], paying special attention to de needs of women den girls den those insyd vulnerable situations; # Improve water quality, by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping den minimizing release of hazardous chemicals den materials, halving de proportion of untreated wastewater (wastewater treatment) den substantially increasing recycling den safe reuse globally; # Substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors den ensure sustainable withdrawals den supply of fresh water to address water scarcity den substantially reduce de number of people suffering from water scarcity; # Implement integrated water resources management (IWRM), at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate; # Protect den restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers den lakes.</noinclude> Despite Official Development Assistance (ODA) disbursements to de water sector increasing to $9 billion insyd 2018.<ref name=":2" /> de Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) of WHO den UNICEF report insyd 2017 dat 4.5 billion people still did not have safely managed sanitation.<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906"/> Insyd 2017 only 71 percent of de global population used safely managed drinking water, den 2.2 billion persons were still without safely managed drinking water. Oda water-related hazards related to flooding den drought sanso remain significant threats to human development den well being. Like de oda, dis Sustainable Development Goal be closely interwoven plus de oda SDGs. For example, access to clean water fit improve health den wellbeing, leading to a progress insyd SDG3; den, better health leads to a higher school attendance, progressing SDG4, improving quality education. Achieving SDG6 fi only happen if oda SDGs are sanso achieved. == Background == [[File:Niger, Margou (13), water well with tree.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Families collecting water from a water well insyd Niger]] De [[United Nations]] (UN) has determined dat access to clean water den sanitation facilities be a fundamental human right.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-11 |title=World Water Development Report 2019 - Leaving No One Behind |url=https://en.unesco.org/themes/water-security/wwap/wwdr/2019 |access-date=2019-08-01 |website=UNESCO |language=en}}</ref> However, only a few countries have written de human right to water into enforceable legislation creating serious problems for people wishing to use legal means to promote better access.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Staddon |first1=C. |last2=Appleby |first2=T |last3=Grant |first3=E. |date=2011 |editor-last=Sultana |editor-first=F. |editor2-last=Loftus |editor2-first=A. |title=A right to water? Geographico-legal perspectives |journal=The Right to Water: Politics, Governance and Social Struggles |publisher=Routledge |pages=61–77 |isbn=978-1-84971-359-7}}</ref> Even insyd those countries, such as South Africa, plus a clear constitutional commitment to de human right to water den sanitation. E dey prove difficult to obtain legal redress. A review of de progress by de UN insyd 2020 found dat "increasing donor commitments to de water sector fi remain crucial to make progress towards Goal 6".<ref name="UNESC2020" /> Insyd 2022, de OECD dey estimate dat to achieve SDG 6, current global spending on water needs approximately $1 trillion per year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=OECD policy highlights: financing a water secure future. |url=https://www.oecd.org/environment/resources/policy-highlights-financing-a-water-secure-future.pdf}}</ref> ==Targets, indicators den progress== {{Further|List of SDG targets and indicators}} [[File:Share of the population using safely managed drinking water, OWID.svg|thumb|World map for Indicator 6.1.1 insyd 2022: Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services<ref name=":3">Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina (2018) [https://sdg-tracker.org/water-and-sanitation "Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals." (SDG 6)] ''SDG-Tracker.org, website'' {{cc-notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref>|300x300px]] [[File:Share of population using safely managed sanitation facilities, OWID.svg|thumb|World map for Indicator 6.2.1a insyd 2022: Share of population using safely managed sanitation facilities<ref name=":3" />|300x300px]] [[File:Proportion of population with basic handwashing facilities on premises, OWID.svg|thumb|World map for Indicator 6.2.1b insyd 2022: "Share of de population plus basic handwashing facilities on premises"<ref name=":3"/>|300x300px]] SDG 6 dey get eight targets including two so-called "implementing targets". Six of dem are to be achieved by de year 2030, one by de year 2020, den one get no target year.<ref name="SDG6_targets">{{Cite web |title=Goal 6 Targets |url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation/targets/ |access-date=16 November 2017 |website=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> Each of de targets sansk get one anaa two indicators wich fir be used to measure progress. Insyd total there are 11 indicators to monitor progress for SDG6.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=SDGs |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg6 |access-date=17 November 2017 |website=Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform}}</ref> De main data sources for de SDG 6 targets den indicators cam from de Integrated Monitoring Initiative for SDG 6 coordinated by UN-Water.<ref name=":110" /> De six "outcome-oriented targets" include: Safe den affordable [[drinking water]]; end [[open defecation]] den provide access to sanitation, den hygiene, improve water quality, wastewater treatment den safe reuse, increase water-use efficiency den ensure fresh water supplies, implement IWRM, protect den restore water-related ecosystems. De two "means of achieving" targets are to expand water den sanitation support to developing countries, den to support local engagement insyd water den sanitation management.<ref name=":110" /> De first three targets relate to drinking water supply, [[sanitation]] services, den wastewater treatment den reuse.<ref name="SDG6_targets" /> An SDG 6 Baseline Report insyd 2018 found dat "less dan 50 percent of countries have comparable baseline estimates for most SDG 6 global indicators".<ref name=":110" />{{rp|31}} === Target 6.1: Safe den affordable drinking water === De full title of Target 6.1 be: "By 2030, achieve universal den equitable access to safe den affordable [[drinking water]] for all".<ref name=":17">United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, [[:File:A RES 71 313 E.pdf|Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development]] ([https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313 A/RES/71/313])</ref> Dis target get one indicator: Indicator 6.1.1 be de "Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services".<ref name=":3" /> De definition of "safely managed drinking water service" be: "Drinking water from an improved water source dat be located on premises, available wen needed den free from fecal den priority [[Water pollution|chemical contamination]]."<ref name="JMP2017">WHO and UNICEF (2017) [https://web.archive.org/web/20170716004247/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/jmp-2017/en/ Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines]. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), 2017</ref>{{rp|8}} === Target 6.2: End open defecation den provide access to sanitation den hygiene === De full title of Target 6.2 be: "By 2030, achieve access to adequate den equitable [[sanitation]] den hygiene for all and den [[open defecation]], paying special attention to de needs of women den girls den those insyd vulnerable situations."<ref name=":17" /> Attending school den work without disruption supports education den employment. Therefore, toilets at school den de workplace are included insyd de second target ("achieve access to adequate den equitable sanitation den hygiene for all"). Equitable sanitation den hygiene solutions address de needs of women den girls den those insyd vulnerable situations, such as de elderly or people plus disabilities. <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wilbur |first1=Jane |last2=Dreibelbis |first2=Robert |last3=Mactaggart |first3=Islay |date=June 11, 2024 |editor-last=Winkler |editor-first=Inga T. |title=Addressing water, sanitation and hygiene inequalities: A review of evidence, gaps, and recommendations for disability-inclusive WASH by 2030 |journal=PLOS Water |language=en |volume=3 |issue=6 |article-number=e0000257 |doi=10.1371/journal.pwat.0000257 |issn=2767-3219 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dis target get one indicator: Indicator 6.2.1 be de "Proportion of population using (a) safely managed sanitation services den (b) a hand-washing facility plus soap den water".<ref name="UN2017" /> De definition of "safely managed sanitation" service be: "Use of improved facilities dat are not shared plus oda households den where excreta are safely disposed of insyd situ anaa transported den treated offsite."<ref name="JMP2017" />{{rp|8}} Improved sanitation facilities are those designed to hygienically separate excreta from human contact.<ref name="JMP2017" />{{rp|6}} Ending [[open defecation]] fit require de provision of toilets den sanitation for 2.6 billion people as well as behavior change of de population.<ref name="JMP2017" /> To meet SDG targets for sanitation by 2030, nearly "a third of countries fit need to accelerate progress to end open defecation, including [[Brazil]], [[China]], [[Ethiopia]], [[India]], [[Indonesia]], [[Nigeria]], den Pakistan".<ref name="SDGChildren20182">{{cite web |title=Progress for Every Child in the SDG Era |url=https://data.unicef.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Progress_for_Every_Child_V4.pdf |access-date=2 April 2018 |website=UNICEF}}</ref>{{rp|79}} Dis fi require cooperation between governments, civil society den de private sector.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kellogg |first=Diane M. |title=Beyond the bottom line: integrating sustainability into business and management practice |publisher=Greenleaf Publishing |others=Gudić, Milenko,, Tan, Tay Keong,, Flynn, Patricia M. |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-78353-327-5 |location=Saltaire, UK |chapter=The Global Sanitation Crisis: A Role for Business |oclc=982187046}}</ref> ==== Report from 2019 for Target 6.1 den 6.2 ==== Targets 6.1 den 6.2 are usually reported on together because they are both part of de WASH sector den have de same custodian agency, de Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply den Sanitation (JMP).<ref name="JMP2017" /> Insyd June 2019, de JMP released their 138-page report "Progress on household drinking water, sanitation, den hygiene 2000-2017: special focus on inequalities."<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906">{{Cite report |url=https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/jmp-2019-full-report.pdf |title=Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000-2017: Special focus on inequalities |date=June 2019 |location=New York |page=138 |isbn=978-92-415-1623-5 |access-date=30 March 2021 |work=[[United Nations Children's Fund]] (UNICEF) and [[World Health Organization]]}}</ref> ===== Drinking water (Target 6.1) ===== De report say dat insyd 2017, 5.3 billion people—representing 71% of de population of de world—used a "safely managed drinking-water service—one dat be "located on premises, available wen needed, den free from contamination".<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> By 2017, 6.8 billion people—representing 90% of de world's population—used "at least a basic service", wich included "an improved drinking-water source within a round trip of 30 minutes to collect water".<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> However, insyd 2017, there were still 785 million people hu lacked "even a basic drinking-water service, including 144 million people hu [were] dependent on surface water."<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> == References == 9kk0sachuocdgayfizi1xlx3h4swfxj 102804 102803 2026-06-14T09:45:50Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve am 102804 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{United Nations series}} '''Na Sustainable Development Goal 6''' ('''SDG 6''' anaa '''Global Goal 6''') declares de importance of achieving "clean water den [[sanitation]] for all". E be one of de 17 Sustainable Development Goals wet established by de [[United Nations General Assembly]] to succeed de former Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). According to de United Nations, de overall goal be to: "Ensure availability den sustainable management of water den sanitation for all."<ref name="SDG6">{{cite web |title=Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation |url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation.html |access-date=28 September 2015 |website=UNDP}}</ref> De goal has eight targets to be achieved by 2030 covering de main areas of water supply den sanitation den sustainable water resource management. Progress toward de targets will be measured by using eleven indicators.<ref name=":17" /> <!-- FYI: The second paragraph of the lead is transcluded in the article on [[Sustainable Development Goals]], and should contain a list of the targets --> <noinclude> De six key ''outcome targets'' to be achieved by 2030 include: De two ''means of implementing targets<ref name=":22">{{cite journal |last1=Bartram |first1=Jamie |last2=Brocklehurst |first2=Clarissa |last3=Bradley |first3=David |last4=Muller |first4=Mike |last5=Evans |first5=Barbara |date=December 2018 |title=Policy review of the means of implementation targets and indicators for the sustainable development goal for water and sanitation |url=https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/128504/9/s41545-018-0003-0.pdf |journal=npj Clean Water |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=3 |bibcode=2018npjCW...1....3B |doi=10.1038/s41545-018-0003-0 |s2cid=169226066 |doi-access=free}} {{cc-notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref>'' are to expand international cooperation den capacity-building support to developing countries, den to support local engagement insyd sustainable den participatory water den sanitation management.<ref name=":110">{{Cite book |last=United Nations |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3637 |title=Sustainable Development Goal. 6, Synthesis report 2018 on water and sanitation |publisher=United Nations, New York |year=2018 |isbn=978-92-1-101370-2 |oclc=1107804829}}</ref> # Achieve universal den equitable access to safe den affordable [[drinking water]] for all; # Achieve access to adequate den equitable sanitation den hygiene for all den end [[open defecation]], paying special attention to de needs of women den girls den those insyd vulnerable situations; # Improve water quality, by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping den minimizing release of hazardous chemicals den materials, halving de proportion of untreated wastewater (wastewater treatment) den substantially increasing recycling den safe reuse globally; # Substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors den ensure sustainable withdrawals den supply of fresh water to address water scarcity den substantially reduce de number of people suffering from water scarcity; # Implement integrated water resources management (IWRM), at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate; # Protect den restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers den lakes.</noinclude> Despite Official Development Assistance (ODA) disbursements to de water sector increasing to $9 billion insyd 2018.<ref name=":2" /> de Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) of WHO den UNICEF report insyd 2017 dat 4.5 billion people still did not have safely managed sanitation.<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906"/> Insyd 2017 only 71 percent of de global population used safely managed drinking water, den 2.2 billion persons were still without safely managed drinking water. Oda water-related hazards related to flooding den drought sanso remain significant threats to human development den well being. Like de oda, dis Sustainable Development Goal be closely interwoven plus de oda SDGs. For example, access to clean water fit improve health den wellbeing, leading to a progress insyd SDG3; den, better health leads to a higher school attendance, progressing SDG4, improving quality education. Achieving SDG6 fi only happen if oda SDGs are sanso achieved. == Background == [[File:Niger, Margou (13), water well with tree.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Families collecting water from a water well insyd Niger]] De [[United Nations]] (UN) has determined dat access to clean water den sanitation facilities be a fundamental human right.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-11 |title=World Water Development Report 2019 - Leaving No One Behind |url=https://en.unesco.org/themes/water-security/wwap/wwdr/2019 |access-date=2019-08-01 |website=UNESCO |language=en}}</ref> However, only a few countries have written de human right to water into enforceable legislation creating serious problems for people wishing to use legal means to promote better access.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Staddon |first1=C. |last2=Appleby |first2=T |last3=Grant |first3=E. |date=2011 |editor-last=Sultana |editor-first=F. |editor2-last=Loftus |editor2-first=A. |title=A right to water? Geographico-legal perspectives |journal=The Right to Water: Politics, Governance and Social Struggles |publisher=Routledge |pages=61–77 |isbn=978-1-84971-359-7}}</ref> Even insyd those countries, such as South Africa, plus a clear constitutional commitment to de human right to water den sanitation. E dey prove difficult to obtain legal redress. A review of de progress by de UN insyd 2020 found dat "increasing donor commitments to de water sector fi remain crucial to make progress towards Goal 6".<ref name="UNESC2020" /> Insyd 2022, de OECD dey estimate dat to achieve SDG 6, current global spending on water needs approximately $1 trillion per year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=OECD policy highlights: financing a water secure future. |url=https://www.oecd.org/environment/resources/policy-highlights-financing-a-water-secure-future.pdf}}</ref> ==Targets, indicators den progress== {{Further|List of SDG targets and indicators}} [[File:Share of the population using safely managed drinking water, OWID.svg|thumb|World map for Indicator 6.1.1 insyd 2022: Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services<ref name=":3">Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina (2018) [https://sdg-tracker.org/water-and-sanitation "Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals." (SDG 6)] ''SDG-Tracker.org, website'' {{cc-notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref>|300x300px]] [[File:Share of population using safely managed sanitation facilities, OWID.svg|thumb|World map for Indicator 6.2.1a insyd 2022: Share of population using safely managed sanitation facilities<ref name=":3" />|300x300px]] [[File:Proportion of population with basic handwashing facilities on premises, OWID.svg|thumb|World map for Indicator 6.2.1b insyd 2022: "Share of de population plus basic handwashing facilities on premises"<ref name=":3"/>|300x300px]] SDG 6 dey get eight targets including two so-called "implementing targets". Six of dem are to be achieved by de year 2030, one by de year 2020, den one get no target year.<ref name="SDG6_targets">{{Cite web |title=Goal 6 Targets |url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation/targets/ |access-date=16 November 2017 |website=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> Each of de targets sansk get one anaa two indicators wich fir be used to measure progress. Insyd total there are 11 indicators to monitor progress for SDG6.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=SDGs |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg6 |access-date=17 November 2017 |website=Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform}}</ref> De main data sources for de SDG 6 targets den indicators cam from de Integrated Monitoring Initiative for SDG 6 coordinated by UN-Water.<ref name=":110" /> De six "outcome-oriented targets" include: Safe den affordable [[drinking water]]; end [[open defecation]] den provide access to sanitation, den hygiene, improve water quality, wastewater treatment den safe reuse, increase water-use efficiency den ensure fresh water supplies, implement IWRM, protect den restore water-related ecosystems. De two "means of achieving" targets are to expand water den sanitation support to developing countries, den to support local engagement insyd water den sanitation management.<ref name=":110" /> De first three targets relate to drinking water supply, [[sanitation]] services, den wastewater treatment den reuse.<ref name="SDG6_targets" /> An SDG 6 Baseline Report insyd 2018 found dat "less dan 50 percent of countries have comparable baseline estimates for most SDG 6 global indicators".<ref name=":110" />{{rp|31}} === Target 6.1: Safe den affordable drinking water === De full title of Target 6.1 be: "By 2030, achieve universal den equitable access to safe den affordable [[drinking water]] for all".<ref name=":17">United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, [[:File:A RES 71 313 E.pdf|Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development]] ([https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313 A/RES/71/313])</ref> Dis target get one indicator: Indicator 6.1.1 be de "Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services".<ref name=":3" /> De definition of "safely managed drinking water service" be: "Drinking water from an improved water source dat be located on premises, available wen needed den free from fecal den priority [[Water pollution|chemical contamination]]."<ref name="JMP2017">WHO and UNICEF (2017) [https://web.archive.org/web/20170716004247/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/jmp-2017/en/ Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines]. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), 2017</ref>{{rp|8}} === Target 6.2: End open defecation den provide access to sanitation den hygiene === De full title of Target 6.2 be: "By 2030, achieve access to adequate den equitable [[sanitation]] den hygiene for all and den [[open defecation]], paying special attention to de needs of women den girls den those insyd vulnerable situations."<ref name=":17" /> Attending school den work without disruption supports education den employment. Therefore, toilets at school den de workplace are included insyd de second target ("achieve access to adequate den equitable sanitation den hygiene for all"). Equitable sanitation den hygiene solutions address de needs of women den girls den those insyd vulnerable situations, such as de elderly or people plus disabilities. <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wilbur |first1=Jane |last2=Dreibelbis |first2=Robert |last3=Mactaggart |first3=Islay |date=June 11, 2024 |editor-last=Winkler |editor-first=Inga T. |title=Addressing water, sanitation and hygiene inequalities: A review of evidence, gaps, and recommendations for disability-inclusive WASH by 2030 |journal=PLOS Water |language=en |volume=3 |issue=6 |article-number=e0000257 |doi=10.1371/journal.pwat.0000257 |issn=2767-3219 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dis target get one indicator: Indicator 6.2.1 be de "Proportion of population using (a) safely managed sanitation services den (b) a hand-washing facility plus soap den water".<ref name="UN2017" /> De definition of "safely managed sanitation" service be: "Use of improved facilities dat are not shared plus oda households den where excreta are safely disposed of insyd situ anaa transported den treated offsite."<ref name="JMP2017" />{{rp|8}} Improved sanitation facilities are those designed to hygienically separate excreta from human contact.<ref name="JMP2017" />{{rp|6}} Ending [[open defecation]] fit require de provision of toilets den sanitation for 2.6 billion people as well as behavior change of de population.<ref name="JMP2017" /> To meet SDG targets for sanitation by 2030, nearly "a third of countries fit need to accelerate progress to end open defecation, including [[Brazil]], [[China]], [[Ethiopia]], [[India]], [[Indonesia]], [[Nigeria]], den Pakistan".<ref name="SDGChildren20182">{{cite web |title=Progress for Every Child in the SDG Era |url=https://data.unicef.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Progress_for_Every_Child_V4.pdf |access-date=2 April 2018 |website=UNICEF}}</ref>{{rp|79}} Dis fi require cooperation between governments, civil society den de private sector.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kellogg |first=Diane M. |title=Beyond the bottom line: integrating sustainability into business and management practice |publisher=Greenleaf Publishing |others=Gudić, Milenko,, Tan, Tay Keong,, Flynn, Patricia M. |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-78353-327-5 |location=Saltaire, UK |chapter=The Global Sanitation Crisis: A Role for Business |oclc=982187046}}</ref> ==== Report from 2019 for Target 6.1 den 6.2 ==== Targets 6.1 den 6.2 are usually reported on together because they are both part of de WASH sector den have de same custodian agency, de Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply den Sanitation (JMP).<ref name="JMP2017" /> Insyd June 2019, de JMP released their 138-page report "Progress on household drinking water, sanitation, den hygiene 2000-2017: special focus on inequalities."<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906">{{Cite report |url=https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/jmp-2019-full-report.pdf |title=Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000-2017: Special focus on inequalities |date=June 2019 |location=New York |page=138 |isbn=978-92-415-1623-5 |access-date=30 March 2021 |work=[[United Nations Children's Fund]] (UNICEF) and [[World Health Organization]]}}</ref> ===== Drinking water (Target 6.1) ===== De report say dat insyd 2017, 5.3 billion people—representing 71% of de population of de world—used a "safely managed drinking-water service—one dat be "located on premises, available wen needed, den free from contamination".<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> By 2017, 6.8 billion people—representing 90% of de world's population—used "at least a basic service", wich included "an improved drinking-water source within a round trip of 30 minutes to collect water".<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> However, insyd 2017, there were still 785 million people hu lacked "even a basic drinking-water service, including 144 million people hu [were] dependent on surface water."<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> De report say dat approximately 2 billion people used a "drinking water source contaminated plus feces".<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> De report warned dat diseases, including "[[Diarrhea|diarrhoea,]] [[Cholera|,cholera]] [[dysentery]], [[Typhoid fever|typhoid]], den [[polio]]" are transmitted by [[Water pollution|contaminated water]], wich cause about 485, 000 [[diarrhea]] deaths each year.<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> E cautioned dat 50% of de global population fit be "living insyd water-stressed areas" by 2025.<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> == References == kihvnvzoet2tsdap10t8ouwf6gsqgh2 102805 102804 2026-06-14T09:48:28Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve am 102805 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{United Nations series}} '''Na Sustainable Development Goal 6''' ('''SDG 6''' anaa '''Global Goal 6''') declares de importance of achieving "clean water den [[sanitation]] for all". E be one of de 17 Sustainable Development Goals wet established by de [[United Nations General Assembly]] to succeed de former Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). According to de United Nations, de overall goal be to: "Ensure availability den sustainable management of water den sanitation for all."<ref name="SDG6">{{cite web |title=Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation |url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation.html |access-date=28 September 2015 |website=UNDP}}</ref> De goal has eight targets to be achieved by 2030 covering de main areas of water supply den sanitation den sustainable water resource management. Progress toward de targets will be measured by using eleven indicators.<ref name=":17" /> <!-- FYI: The second paragraph of the lead is transcluded in the article on [[Sustainable Development Goals]], and should contain a list of the targets --> <noinclude> De six key ''outcome targets'' to be achieved by 2030 include: De two ''means of implementing targets<ref name=":22">{{cite journal |last1=Bartram |first1=Jamie |last2=Brocklehurst |first2=Clarissa |last3=Bradley |first3=David |last4=Muller |first4=Mike |last5=Evans |first5=Barbara |date=December 2018 |title=Policy review of the means of implementation targets and indicators for the sustainable development goal for water and sanitation |url=https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/128504/9/s41545-018-0003-0.pdf |journal=npj Clean Water |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=3 |bibcode=2018npjCW...1....3B |doi=10.1038/s41545-018-0003-0 |s2cid=169226066 |doi-access=free}} {{cc-notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref>'' are to expand international cooperation den capacity-building support to developing countries, den to support local engagement insyd sustainable den participatory water den sanitation management.<ref name=":110">{{Cite book |last=United Nations |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3637 |title=Sustainable Development Goal. 6, Synthesis report 2018 on water and sanitation |publisher=United Nations, New York |year=2018 |isbn=978-92-1-101370-2 |oclc=1107804829}}</ref> # Achieve universal den equitable access to safe den affordable [[drinking water]] for all; # Achieve access to adequate den equitable sanitation den hygiene for all den end [[open defecation]], paying special attention to de needs of women den girls den those insyd vulnerable situations; # Improve water quality, by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping den minimizing release of hazardous chemicals den materials, halving de proportion of untreated wastewater (wastewater treatment) den substantially increasing recycling den safe reuse globally; # Substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors den ensure sustainable withdrawals den supply of fresh water to address water scarcity den substantially reduce de number of people suffering from water scarcity; # Implement integrated water resources management (IWRM), at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate; # Protect den restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers den lakes.</noinclude> Despite Official Development Assistance (ODA) disbursements to de water sector increasing to $9 billion insyd 2018.<ref name=":2" /> de Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) of WHO den UNICEF report insyd 2017 dat 4.5 billion people still did not have safely managed sanitation.<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906"/> Insyd 2017 only 71 percent of de global population used safely managed drinking water, den 2.2 billion persons were still without safely managed drinking water. Oda water-related hazards related to flooding den drought sanso remain significant threats to human development den well being. Like de oda, dis Sustainable Development Goal be closely interwoven plus de oda SDGs. For example, access to clean water fit improve health den wellbeing, leading to a progress insyd SDG3; den, better health leads to a higher school attendance, progressing SDG4, improving quality education. Achieving SDG6 fi only happen if oda SDGs are sanso achieved. == Background == [[File:Niger, Margou (13), water well with tree.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Families collecting water from a water well insyd Niger]] De [[United Nations]] (UN) has determined dat access to clean water den sanitation facilities be a fundamental human right.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-11 |title=World Water Development Report 2019 - Leaving No One Behind |url=https://en.unesco.org/themes/water-security/wwap/wwdr/2019 |access-date=2019-08-01 |website=UNESCO |language=en}}</ref> However, only a few countries have written de human right to water into enforceable legislation creating serious problems for people wishing to use legal means to promote better access.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Staddon |first1=C. |last2=Appleby |first2=T |last3=Grant |first3=E. |date=2011 |editor-last=Sultana |editor-first=F. |editor2-last=Loftus |editor2-first=A. |title=A right to water? Geographico-legal perspectives |journal=The Right to Water: Politics, Governance and Social Struggles |publisher=Routledge |pages=61–77 |isbn=978-1-84971-359-7}}</ref> Even insyd those countries, such as South Africa, plus a clear constitutional commitment to de human right to water den sanitation. E dey prove difficult to obtain legal redress. A review of de progress by de UN insyd 2020 found dat "increasing donor commitments to de water sector fi remain crucial to make progress towards Goal 6".<ref name="UNESC2020" /> Insyd 2022, de OECD dey estimate dat to achieve SDG 6, current global spending on water needs approximately $1 trillion per year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=OECD policy highlights: financing a water secure future. |url=https://www.oecd.org/environment/resources/policy-highlights-financing-a-water-secure-future.pdf}}</ref> ==Targets, indicators den progress== {{Further|List of SDG targets and indicators}} [[File:Share of the population using safely managed drinking water, OWID.svg|thumb|World map for Indicator 6.1.1 insyd 2022: Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services<ref name=":3">Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina (2018) [https://sdg-tracker.org/water-and-sanitation "Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals." (SDG 6)] ''SDG-Tracker.org, website'' {{cc-notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref>|300x300px]] [[File:Share of population using safely managed sanitation facilities, OWID.svg|thumb|World map for Indicator 6.2.1a insyd 2022: Share of population using safely managed sanitation facilities<ref name=":3" />|300x300px]] [[File:Proportion of population with basic handwashing facilities on premises, OWID.svg|thumb|World map for Indicator 6.2.1b insyd 2022: "Share of de population plus basic handwashing facilities on premises"<ref name=":3"/>|300x300px]] SDG 6 dey get eight targets including two so-called "implementing targets". Six of dem are to be achieved by de year 2030, one by de year 2020, den one get no target year.<ref name="SDG6_targets">{{Cite web |title=Goal 6 Targets |url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation/targets/ |access-date=16 November 2017 |website=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> Each of de targets sansk get one anaa two indicators wich fir be used to measure progress. Insyd total there are 11 indicators to monitor progress for SDG6.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=SDGs |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg6 |access-date=17 November 2017 |website=Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform}}</ref> De main data sources for de SDG 6 targets den indicators cam from de Integrated Monitoring Initiative for SDG 6 coordinated by UN-Water.<ref name=":110" /> De six "outcome-oriented targets" include: Safe den affordable [[drinking water]]; end [[open defecation]] den provide access to sanitation, den hygiene, improve water quality, wastewater treatment den safe reuse, increase water-use efficiency den ensure fresh water supplies, implement IWRM, protect den restore water-related ecosystems. De two "means of achieving" targets are to expand water den sanitation support to developing countries, den to support local engagement insyd water den sanitation management.<ref name=":110" /> De first three targets relate to drinking water supply, [[sanitation]] services, den wastewater treatment den reuse.<ref name="SDG6_targets" /> An SDG 6 Baseline Report insyd 2018 found dat "less dan 50 percent of countries have comparable baseline estimates for most SDG 6 global indicators".<ref name=":110" />{{rp|31}} === Target 6.1: Safe den affordable drinking water === De full title of Target 6.1 be: "By 2030, achieve universal den equitable access to safe den affordable [[drinking water]] for all".<ref name=":17">United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, [[:File:A RES 71 313 E.pdf|Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development]] ([https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313 A/RES/71/313])</ref> Dis target get one indicator: Indicator 6.1.1 be de "Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services".<ref name=":3" /> De definition of "safely managed drinking water service" be: "Drinking water from an improved water source dat be located on premises, available wen needed den free from fecal den priority [[Water pollution|chemical contamination]]."<ref name="JMP2017">WHO and UNICEF (2017) [https://web.archive.org/web/20170716004247/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/jmp-2017/en/ Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines]. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), 2017</ref>{{rp|8}} === Target 6.2: End open defecation den provide access to sanitation den hygiene === De full title of Target 6.2 be: "By 2030, achieve access to adequate den equitable [[sanitation]] den hygiene for all and den [[open defecation]], paying special attention to de needs of women den girls den those insyd vulnerable situations."<ref name=":17" /> Attending school den work without disruption supports education den employment. Therefore, toilets at school den de workplace are included insyd de second target ("achieve access to adequate den equitable sanitation den hygiene for all"). Equitable sanitation den hygiene solutions address de needs of women den girls den those insyd vulnerable situations, such as de elderly or people plus disabilities. <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wilbur |first1=Jane |last2=Dreibelbis |first2=Robert |last3=Mactaggart |first3=Islay |date=June 11, 2024 |editor-last=Winkler |editor-first=Inga T. |title=Addressing water, sanitation and hygiene inequalities: A review of evidence, gaps, and recommendations for disability-inclusive WASH by 2030 |journal=PLOS Water |language=en |volume=3 |issue=6 |article-number=e0000257 |doi=10.1371/journal.pwat.0000257 |issn=2767-3219 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dis target get one indicator: Indicator 6.2.1 be de "Proportion of population using (a) safely managed sanitation services den (b) a hand-washing facility plus soap den water".<ref name="UN2017" /> De definition of "safely managed sanitation" service be: "Use of improved facilities dat are not shared plus oda households den where excreta are safely disposed of insyd situ anaa transported den treated offsite."<ref name="JMP2017" />{{rp|8}} Improved sanitation facilities are those designed to hygienically separate excreta from human contact.<ref name="JMP2017" />{{rp|6}} Ending [[open defecation]] fit require de provision of toilets den sanitation for 2.6 billion people as well as behavior change of de population.<ref name="JMP2017" /> To meet SDG targets for sanitation by 2030, nearly "a third of countries fit need to accelerate progress to end open defecation, including [[Brazil]], [[China]], [[Ethiopia]], [[India]], [[Indonesia]], [[Nigeria]], den Pakistan".<ref name="SDGChildren20182">{{cite web |title=Progress for Every Child in the SDG Era |url=https://data.unicef.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Progress_for_Every_Child_V4.pdf |access-date=2 April 2018 |website=UNICEF}}</ref>{{rp|79}} Dis fi require cooperation between governments, civil society den de private sector.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kellogg |first=Diane M. |title=Beyond the bottom line: integrating sustainability into business and management practice |publisher=Greenleaf Publishing |others=Gudić, Milenko,, Tan, Tay Keong,, Flynn, Patricia M. |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-78353-327-5 |location=Saltaire, UK |chapter=The Global Sanitation Crisis: A Role for Business |oclc=982187046}}</ref> ==== Report from 2019 for Target 6.1 den 6.2 ==== Targets 6.1 den 6.2 are usually reported on together because they are both part of de WASH sector den have de same custodian agency, de Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply den Sanitation (JMP).<ref name="JMP2017" /> Insyd June 2019, de JMP released their 138-page report "Progress on household drinking water, sanitation, den hygiene 2000-2017: special focus on inequalities."<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906">{{Cite report |url=https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/jmp-2019-full-report.pdf |title=Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000-2017: Special focus on inequalities |date=June 2019 |location=New York |page=138 |isbn=978-92-415-1623-5 |access-date=30 March 2021 |work=[[United Nations Children's Fund]] (UNICEF) and [[World Health Organization]]}}</ref> ===== Drinking water (Target 6.1) ===== De report say dat insyd 2017, 5.3 billion people—representing 71% of de population of de world—used a "safely managed drinking-water service—one dat be "located on premises, available wen needed, den free from contamination".<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> By 2017, 6.8 billion people—representing 90% of de world's population—used "at least a basic service", wich included "an improved drinking-water source within a round trip of 30 minutes to collect water".<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> However, insyd 2017, there were still 785 million people hu lacked "even a basic drinking-water service, including 144 million people hu [were] dependent on surface water."<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> De report say dat approximately 2 billion people used a "drinking water source contaminated plus feces".<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> De report warned dat diseases, including "[[Diarrhea|diarrhoea,]] [[Cholera|,cholera]] [[dysentery]], [[Typhoid fever|typhoid]], den [[polio]]" are transmitted by [[Water pollution|contaminated water]], wich cause about 485, 000 [[diarrhea]] deaths each year.<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> E cautioned dat 50% of de global population fit be "living insyd water-stressed areas" by 2025.<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> By 2017, eighty countries provided access to clean water for more dan 99% of their population.<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_2014">{{Cite report |title=Progress on sanitation and drinking-water: 2014 update |date=28 July 2014 |publisher=World Health Organization |isbn=978-92-4-069281-7 |oclc=889699199 |work=[[United Nations Children's Fund]] (UNICEF) and [[World Health Organization]]}}</ref> From 2000 to 2017, de global population dat lacked access to clean water decreased from nearly 20% to roughly 10%.<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> == References == 2k8o764mwz16nrwz2slqbfbpj2xhqac 102806 102805 2026-06-14T09:49:25Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve am 102806 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{United Nations series}} '''Na Sustainable Development Goal 6''' ('''SDG 6''' anaa '''Global Goal 6''') declares de importance of achieving "clean water den [[sanitation]] for all". E be one of de 17 Sustainable Development Goals wet established by de [[United Nations General Assembly]] to succeed de former Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). According to de United Nations, de overall goal be to: "Ensure availability den sustainable management of water den sanitation for all."<ref name="SDG6">{{cite web |title=Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation |url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation.html |access-date=28 September 2015 |website=UNDP}}</ref> De goal has eight targets to be achieved by 2030 covering de main areas of water supply den sanitation den sustainable water resource management. Progress toward de targets will be measured by using eleven indicators.<ref name=":17" /> <!-- FYI: The second paragraph of the lead is transcluded in the article on [[Sustainable Development Goals]], and should contain a list of the targets --> <noinclude> De six key ''outcome targets'' to be achieved by 2030 include: De two ''means of implementing targets<ref name=":22">{{cite journal |last1=Bartram |first1=Jamie |last2=Brocklehurst |first2=Clarissa |last3=Bradley |first3=David |last4=Muller |first4=Mike |last5=Evans |first5=Barbara |date=December 2018 |title=Policy review of the means of implementation targets and indicators for the sustainable development goal for water and sanitation |url=https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/128504/9/s41545-018-0003-0.pdf |journal=npj Clean Water |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=3 |bibcode=2018npjCW...1....3B |doi=10.1038/s41545-018-0003-0 |s2cid=169226066 |doi-access=free}} {{cc-notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref>'' are to expand international cooperation den capacity-building support to developing countries, den to support local engagement insyd sustainable den participatory water den sanitation management.<ref name=":110">{{Cite book |last=United Nations |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3637 |title=Sustainable Development Goal. 6, Synthesis report 2018 on water and sanitation |publisher=United Nations, New York |year=2018 |isbn=978-92-1-101370-2 |oclc=1107804829}}</ref> # Achieve universal den equitable access to safe den affordable [[drinking water]] for all; # Achieve access to adequate den equitable sanitation den hygiene for all den end [[open defecation]], paying special attention to de needs of women den girls den those insyd vulnerable situations; # Improve water quality, by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping den minimizing release of hazardous chemicals den materials, halving de proportion of untreated wastewater (wastewater treatment) den substantially increasing recycling den safe reuse globally; # Substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors den ensure sustainable withdrawals den supply of fresh water to address water scarcity den substantially reduce de number of people suffering from water scarcity; # Implement integrated water resources management (IWRM), at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate; # Protect den restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers den lakes.</noinclude> Despite Official Development Assistance (ODA) disbursements to de water sector increasing to $9 billion insyd 2018.<ref name=":2" /> de Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) of WHO den UNICEF report insyd 2017 dat 4.5 billion people still did not have safely managed sanitation.<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906"/> Insyd 2017 only 71 percent of de global population used safely managed drinking water, den 2.2 billion persons were still without safely managed drinking water. Oda water-related hazards related to flooding den drought sanso remain significant threats to human development den well being. Like de oda, dis Sustainable Development Goal be closely interwoven plus de oda SDGs. For example, access to clean water fit improve health den wellbeing, leading to a progress insyd SDG3; den, better health leads to a higher school attendance, progressing SDG4, improving quality education. Achieving SDG6 fi only happen if oda SDGs are sanso achieved. == Background == [[File:Niger, Margou (13), water well with tree.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Families collecting water from a water well insyd Niger]] De [[United Nations]] (UN) has determined dat access to clean water den sanitation facilities be a fundamental human right.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-11 |title=World Water Development Report 2019 - Leaving No One Behind |url=https://en.unesco.org/themes/water-security/wwap/wwdr/2019 |access-date=2019-08-01 |website=UNESCO |language=en}}</ref> However, only a few countries have written de human right to water into enforceable legislation creating serious problems for people wishing to use legal means to promote better access.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Staddon |first1=C. |last2=Appleby |first2=T |last3=Grant |first3=E. |date=2011 |editor-last=Sultana |editor-first=F. |editor2-last=Loftus |editor2-first=A. |title=A right to water? Geographico-legal perspectives |journal=The Right to Water: Politics, Governance and Social Struggles |publisher=Routledge |pages=61–77 |isbn=978-1-84971-359-7}}</ref> Even insyd those countries, such as South Africa, plus a clear constitutional commitment to de human right to water den sanitation. E dey prove difficult to obtain legal redress. A review of de progress by de UN insyd 2020 found dat "increasing donor commitments to de water sector fi remain crucial to make progress towards Goal 6".<ref name="UNESC2020" /> Insyd 2022, de OECD dey estimate dat to achieve SDG 6, current global spending on water needs approximately $1 trillion per year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=OECD policy highlights: financing a water secure future. |url=https://www.oecd.org/environment/resources/policy-highlights-financing-a-water-secure-future.pdf}}</ref> ==Targets, indicators den progress== {{Further|List of SDG targets and indicators}} [[File:Share of the population using safely managed drinking water, OWID.svg|thumb|World map for Indicator 6.1.1 insyd 2022: Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services<ref name=":3">Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina (2018) [https://sdg-tracker.org/water-and-sanitation "Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals." (SDG 6)] ''SDG-Tracker.org, website'' {{cc-notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref>|300x300px]] [[File:Share of population using safely managed sanitation facilities, OWID.svg|thumb|World map for Indicator 6.2.1a insyd 2022: Share of population using safely managed sanitation facilities<ref name=":3" />|300x300px]] [[File:Proportion of population with basic handwashing facilities on premises, OWID.svg|thumb|World map for Indicator 6.2.1b insyd 2022: "Share of de population plus basic handwashing facilities on premises"<ref name=":3"/>|300x300px]] SDG 6 dey get eight targets including two so-called "implementing targets". Six of dem are to be achieved by de year 2030, one by de year 2020, den one get no target year.<ref name="SDG6_targets">{{Cite web |title=Goal 6 Targets |url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation/targets/ |access-date=16 November 2017 |website=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> Each of de targets sansk get one anaa two indicators wich fir be used to measure progress. Insyd total there are 11 indicators to monitor progress for SDG6.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=SDGs |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg6 |access-date=17 November 2017 |website=Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform}}</ref> De main data sources for de SDG 6 targets den indicators cam from de Integrated Monitoring Initiative for SDG 6 coordinated by UN-Water.<ref name=":110" /> De six "outcome-oriented targets" include: Safe den affordable [[drinking water]]; end [[open defecation]] den provide access to sanitation, den hygiene, improve water quality, wastewater treatment den safe reuse, increase water-use efficiency den ensure fresh water supplies, implement IWRM, protect den restore water-related ecosystems. De two "means of achieving" targets are to expand water den sanitation support to developing countries, den to support local engagement insyd water den sanitation management.<ref name=":110" /> De first three targets relate to drinking water supply, [[sanitation]] services, den wastewater treatment den reuse.<ref name="SDG6_targets" /> An SDG 6 Baseline Report insyd 2018 found dat "less dan 50 percent of countries have comparable baseline estimates for most SDG 6 global indicators".<ref name=":110" />{{rp|31}} === Target 6.1: Safe den affordable drinking water === De full title of Target 6.1 be: "By 2030, achieve universal den equitable access to safe den affordable [[drinking water]] for all".<ref name=":17">United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, [[:File:A RES 71 313 E.pdf|Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development]] ([https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313 A/RES/71/313])</ref> Dis target get one indicator: Indicator 6.1.1 be de "Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services".<ref name=":3" /> De definition of "safely managed drinking water service" be: "Drinking water from an improved water source dat be located on premises, available wen needed den free from fecal den priority [[Water pollution|chemical contamination]]."<ref name="JMP2017">WHO and UNICEF (2017) [https://web.archive.org/web/20170716004247/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/jmp-2017/en/ Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines]. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), 2017</ref>{{rp|8}} === Target 6.2: End open defecation den provide access to sanitation den hygiene === De full title of Target 6.2 be: "By 2030, achieve access to adequate den equitable [[sanitation]] den hygiene for all and den [[open defecation]], paying special attention to de needs of women den girls den those insyd vulnerable situations."<ref name=":17" /> Attending school den work without disruption supports education den employment. Therefore, toilets at school den de workplace are included insyd de second target ("achieve access to adequate den equitable sanitation den hygiene for all"). Equitable sanitation den hygiene solutions address de needs of women den girls den those insyd vulnerable situations, such as de elderly or people plus disabilities. <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wilbur |first1=Jane |last2=Dreibelbis |first2=Robert |last3=Mactaggart |first3=Islay |date=June 11, 2024 |editor-last=Winkler |editor-first=Inga T. |title=Addressing water, sanitation and hygiene inequalities: A review of evidence, gaps, and recommendations for disability-inclusive WASH by 2030 |journal=PLOS Water |language=en |volume=3 |issue=6 |article-number=e0000257 |doi=10.1371/journal.pwat.0000257 |issn=2767-3219 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dis target get one indicator: Indicator 6.2.1 be de "Proportion of population using (a) safely managed sanitation services den (b) a hand-washing facility plus soap den water".<ref name="UN2017" /> De definition of "safely managed sanitation" service be: "Use of improved facilities dat are not shared plus oda households den where excreta are safely disposed of insyd situ anaa transported den treated offsite."<ref name="JMP2017" />{{rp|8}} Improved sanitation facilities are those designed to hygienically separate excreta from human contact.<ref name="JMP2017" />{{rp|6}} Ending [[open defecation]] fit require de provision of toilets den sanitation for 2.6 billion people as well as behavior change of de population.<ref name="JMP2017" /> To meet SDG targets for sanitation by 2030, nearly "a third of countries fit need to accelerate progress to end open defecation, including [[Brazil]], [[China]], [[Ethiopia]], [[India]], [[Indonesia]], [[Nigeria]], den Pakistan".<ref name="SDGChildren20182">{{cite web |title=Progress for Every Child in the SDG Era |url=https://data.unicef.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Progress_for_Every_Child_V4.pdf |access-date=2 April 2018 |website=UNICEF}}</ref>{{rp|79}} Dis fi require cooperation between governments, civil society den de private sector.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kellogg |first=Diane M. |title=Beyond the bottom line: integrating sustainability into business and management practice |publisher=Greenleaf Publishing |others=Gudić, Milenko,, Tan, Tay Keong,, Flynn, Patricia M. |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-78353-327-5 |location=Saltaire, UK |chapter=The Global Sanitation Crisis: A Role for Business |oclc=982187046}}</ref> ==== Report from 2019 for Target 6.1 den 6.2 ==== Targets 6.1 den 6.2 are usually reported on together because they are both part of de WASH sector den have de same custodian agency, de Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply den Sanitation (JMP).<ref name="JMP2017" /> Insyd June 2019, de JMP released their 138-page report "Progress on household drinking water, sanitation, den hygiene 2000-2017: special focus on inequalities."<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906">{{Cite report |url=https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/jmp-2019-full-report.pdf |title=Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000-2017: Special focus on inequalities |date=June 2019 |location=New York |page=138 |isbn=978-92-415-1623-5 |access-date=30 March 2021 |work=[[United Nations Children's Fund]] (UNICEF) and [[World Health Organization]]}}</ref> ===== Drinking water (Target 6.1) ===== De report say dat insyd 2017, 5.3 billion people—representing 71% of de population of de world—used a "safely managed drinking-water service—one dat be "located on premises, available wen needed, den free from contamination".<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> By 2017, 6.8 billion people—representing 90% of de world's population—used "at least a basic service", wich included "an improved drinking-water source within a round trip of 30 minutes to collect water".<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> However, insyd 2017, there were still 785 million people hu lacked "even a basic drinking-water service, including 144 million people hu [were] dependent on surface water."<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> De report say dat approximately 2 billion people used a "drinking water source contaminated plus feces".<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> De report warned dat diseases, including "[[Diarrhea|diarrhoea,]] [[Cholera|,cholera]] [[dysentery]], [[Typhoid fever|typhoid]], den [[polio]]" are transmitted by [[Water pollution|contaminated water]], wich cause about 485, 000 [[diarrhea]] deaths each year.<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> E cautioned dat 50% of de global population fit be "living insyd water-stressed areas" by 2025.<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> By 2017, eighty countries provided access to clean water for more dan 99% of their population.<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_2014">{{Cite report |title=Progress on sanitation and drinking-water: 2014 update |date=28 July 2014 |publisher=World Health Organization |isbn=978-92-4-069281-7 |oclc=889699199 |work=[[United Nations Children's Fund]] (UNICEF) and [[World Health Organization]]}}</ref> From 2000 to 2017, de global population dat lacked access to clean water decreased from nearly 20% to roughly 10%.<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> ===== Sanitation den hygiene (Target 6.2) ===== == References == m72xhpxojf84rk63ckgpvb8rtpkoedf 102807 102806 2026-06-14T09:50:49Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Dey add category 102807 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{United Nations series}} '''Na Sustainable Development Goal 6''' ('''SDG 6''' anaa '''Global Goal 6''') declares de importance of achieving "clean water den [[sanitation]] for all". E be one of de 17 Sustainable Development Goals wet established by de [[United Nations General Assembly]] to succeed de former Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). According to de United Nations, de overall goal be to: "Ensure availability den sustainable management of water den sanitation for all."<ref name="SDG6">{{cite web |title=Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation |url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation.html |access-date=28 September 2015 |website=UNDP}}</ref> De goal has eight targets to be achieved by 2030 covering de main areas of water supply den sanitation den sustainable water resource management. Progress toward de targets will be measured by using eleven indicators.<ref name=":17" /> <!-- FYI: The second paragraph of the lead is transcluded in the article on [[Sustainable Development Goals]], and should contain a list of the targets --> <noinclude> De six key ''outcome targets'' to be achieved by 2030 include: De two ''means of implementing targets<ref name=":22">{{cite journal |last1=Bartram |first1=Jamie |last2=Brocklehurst |first2=Clarissa |last3=Bradley |first3=David |last4=Muller |first4=Mike |last5=Evans |first5=Barbara |date=December 2018 |title=Policy review of the means of implementation targets and indicators for the sustainable development goal for water and sanitation |url=https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/128504/9/s41545-018-0003-0.pdf |journal=npj Clean Water |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=3 |bibcode=2018npjCW...1....3B |doi=10.1038/s41545-018-0003-0 |s2cid=169226066 |doi-access=free}} {{cc-notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref>'' are to expand international cooperation den capacity-building support to developing countries, den to support local engagement insyd sustainable den participatory water den sanitation management.<ref name=":110">{{Cite book |last=United Nations |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3637 |title=Sustainable Development Goal. 6, Synthesis report 2018 on water and sanitation |publisher=United Nations, New York |year=2018 |isbn=978-92-1-101370-2 |oclc=1107804829}}</ref> # Achieve universal den equitable access to safe den affordable [[drinking water]] for all; # Achieve access to adequate den equitable sanitation den hygiene for all den end [[open defecation]], paying special attention to de needs of women den girls den those insyd vulnerable situations; # Improve water quality, by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping den minimizing release of hazardous chemicals den materials, halving de proportion of untreated wastewater (wastewater treatment) den substantially increasing recycling den safe reuse globally; # Substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors den ensure sustainable withdrawals den supply of fresh water to address water scarcity den substantially reduce de number of people suffering from water scarcity; # Implement integrated water resources management (IWRM), at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate; # Protect den restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers den lakes.</noinclude> Despite Official Development Assistance (ODA) disbursements to de water sector increasing to $9 billion insyd 2018.<ref name=":2" /> de Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) of WHO den UNICEF report insyd 2017 dat 4.5 billion people still did not have safely managed sanitation.<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906"/> Insyd 2017 only 71 percent of de global population used safely managed drinking water, den 2.2 billion persons were still without safely managed drinking water. Oda water-related hazards related to flooding den drought sanso remain significant threats to human development den well being. Like de oda, dis Sustainable Development Goal be closely interwoven plus de oda SDGs. For example, access to clean water fit improve health den wellbeing, leading to a progress insyd SDG3; den, better health leads to a higher school attendance, progressing SDG4, improving quality education. Achieving SDG6 fi only happen if oda SDGs are sanso achieved. == Background == [[File:Niger, Margou (13), water well with tree.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Families collecting water from a water well insyd Niger]] De [[United Nations]] (UN) has determined dat access to clean water den sanitation facilities be a fundamental human right.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-11 |title=World Water Development Report 2019 - Leaving No One Behind |url=https://en.unesco.org/themes/water-security/wwap/wwdr/2019 |access-date=2019-08-01 |website=UNESCO |language=en}}</ref> However, only a few countries have written de human right to water into enforceable legislation creating serious problems for people wishing to use legal means to promote better access.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Staddon |first1=C. |last2=Appleby |first2=T |last3=Grant |first3=E. |date=2011 |editor-last=Sultana |editor-first=F. |editor2-last=Loftus |editor2-first=A. |title=A right to water? Geographico-legal perspectives |journal=The Right to Water: Politics, Governance and Social Struggles |publisher=Routledge |pages=61–77 |isbn=978-1-84971-359-7}}</ref> Even insyd those countries, such as South Africa, plus a clear constitutional commitment to de human right to water den sanitation. E dey prove difficult to obtain legal redress. A review of de progress by de UN insyd 2020 found dat "increasing donor commitments to de water sector fi remain crucial to make progress towards Goal 6".<ref name="UNESC2020" /> Insyd 2022, de OECD dey estimate dat to achieve SDG 6, current global spending on water needs approximately $1 trillion per year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=OECD policy highlights: financing a water secure future. |url=https://www.oecd.org/environment/resources/policy-highlights-financing-a-water-secure-future.pdf}}</ref> ==Targets, indicators den progress== {{Further|List of SDG targets and indicators}} [[File:Share of the population using safely managed drinking water, OWID.svg|thumb|World map for Indicator 6.1.1 insyd 2022: Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services<ref name=":3">Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina (2018) [https://sdg-tracker.org/water-and-sanitation "Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals." (SDG 6)] ''SDG-Tracker.org, website'' {{cc-notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref>|300x300px]] [[File:Share of population using safely managed sanitation facilities, OWID.svg|thumb|World map for Indicator 6.2.1a insyd 2022: Share of population using safely managed sanitation facilities<ref name=":3" />|300x300px]] [[File:Proportion of population with basic handwashing facilities on premises, OWID.svg|thumb|World map for Indicator 6.2.1b insyd 2022: "Share of de population plus basic handwashing facilities on premises"<ref name=":3"/>|300x300px]] SDG 6 dey get eight targets including two so-called "implementing targets". Six of dem are to be achieved by de year 2030, one by de year 2020, den one get no target year.<ref name="SDG6_targets">{{Cite web |title=Goal 6 Targets |url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation/targets/ |access-date=16 November 2017 |website=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> Each of de targets sansk get one anaa two indicators wich fir be used to measure progress. Insyd total there are 11 indicators to monitor progress for SDG6.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=SDGs |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg6 |access-date=17 November 2017 |website=Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform}}</ref> De main data sources for de SDG 6 targets den indicators cam from de Integrated Monitoring Initiative for SDG 6 coordinated by UN-Water.<ref name=":110" /> De six "outcome-oriented targets" include: Safe den affordable [[drinking water]]; end [[open defecation]] den provide access to sanitation, den hygiene, improve water quality, wastewater treatment den safe reuse, increase water-use efficiency den ensure fresh water supplies, implement IWRM, protect den restore water-related ecosystems. De two "means of achieving" targets are to expand water den sanitation support to developing countries, den to support local engagement insyd water den sanitation management.<ref name=":110" /> De first three targets relate to drinking water supply, [[sanitation]] services, den wastewater treatment den reuse.<ref name="SDG6_targets" /> An SDG 6 Baseline Report insyd 2018 found dat "less dan 50 percent of countries have comparable baseline estimates for most SDG 6 global indicators".<ref name=":110" />{{rp|31}} === Target 6.1: Safe den affordable drinking water === De full title of Target 6.1 be: "By 2030, achieve universal den equitable access to safe den affordable [[drinking water]] for all".<ref name=":17">United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, [[:File:A RES 71 313 E.pdf|Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development]] ([https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313 A/RES/71/313])</ref> Dis target get one indicator: Indicator 6.1.1 be de "Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services".<ref name=":3" /> De definition of "safely managed drinking water service" be: "Drinking water from an improved water source dat be located on premises, available wen needed den free from fecal den priority [[Water pollution|chemical contamination]]."<ref name="JMP2017">WHO and UNICEF (2017) [https://web.archive.org/web/20170716004247/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/jmp-2017/en/ Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines]. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), 2017</ref>{{rp|8}} === Target 6.2: End open defecation den provide access to sanitation den hygiene === De full title of Target 6.2 be: "By 2030, achieve access to adequate den equitable [[sanitation]] den hygiene for all and den [[open defecation]], paying special attention to de needs of women den girls den those insyd vulnerable situations."<ref name=":17" /> Attending school den work without disruption supports education den employment. Therefore, toilets at school den de workplace are included insyd de second target ("achieve access to adequate den equitable sanitation den hygiene for all"). Equitable sanitation den hygiene solutions address de needs of women den girls den those insyd vulnerable situations, such as de elderly or people plus disabilities. <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wilbur |first1=Jane |last2=Dreibelbis |first2=Robert |last3=Mactaggart |first3=Islay |date=June 11, 2024 |editor-last=Winkler |editor-first=Inga T. |title=Addressing water, sanitation and hygiene inequalities: A review of evidence, gaps, and recommendations for disability-inclusive WASH by 2030 |journal=PLOS Water |language=en |volume=3 |issue=6 |article-number=e0000257 |doi=10.1371/journal.pwat.0000257 |issn=2767-3219 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dis target get one indicator: Indicator 6.2.1 be de "Proportion of population using (a) safely managed sanitation services den (b) a hand-washing facility plus soap den water".<ref name="UN2017" /> De definition of "safely managed sanitation" service be: "Use of improved facilities dat are not shared plus oda households den where excreta are safely disposed of insyd situ anaa transported den treated offsite."<ref name="JMP2017" />{{rp|8}} Improved sanitation facilities are those designed to hygienically separate excreta from human contact.<ref name="JMP2017" />{{rp|6}} Ending [[open defecation]] fit require de provision of toilets den sanitation for 2.6 billion people as well as behavior change of de population.<ref name="JMP2017" /> To meet SDG targets for sanitation by 2030, nearly "a third of countries fit need to accelerate progress to end open defecation, including [[Brazil]], [[China]], [[Ethiopia]], [[India]], [[Indonesia]], [[Nigeria]], den Pakistan".<ref name="SDGChildren20182">{{cite web |title=Progress for Every Child in the SDG Era |url=https://data.unicef.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Progress_for_Every_Child_V4.pdf |access-date=2 April 2018 |website=UNICEF}}</ref>{{rp|79}} Dis fi require cooperation between governments, civil society den de private sector.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kellogg |first=Diane M. |title=Beyond the bottom line: integrating sustainability into business and management practice |publisher=Greenleaf Publishing |others=Gudić, Milenko,, Tan, Tay Keong,, Flynn, Patricia M. |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-78353-327-5 |location=Saltaire, UK |chapter=The Global Sanitation Crisis: A Role for Business |oclc=982187046}}</ref> ==== Report from 2019 for Target 6.1 den 6.2 ==== Targets 6.1 den 6.2 are usually reported on together because they are both part of de WASH sector den have de same custodian agency, de Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply den Sanitation (JMP).<ref name="JMP2017" /> Insyd June 2019, de JMP released their 138-page report "Progress on household drinking water, sanitation, den hygiene 2000-2017: special focus on inequalities."<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906">{{Cite report |url=https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/jmp-2019-full-report.pdf |title=Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000-2017: Special focus on inequalities |date=June 2019 |location=New York |page=138 |isbn=978-92-415-1623-5 |access-date=30 March 2021 |work=[[United Nations Children's Fund]] (UNICEF) and [[World Health Organization]]}}</ref> ===== Drinking water (Target 6.1) ===== De report say dat insyd 2017, 5.3 billion people—representing 71% of de population of de world—used a "safely managed drinking-water service—one dat be "located on premises, available wen needed, den free from contamination".<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> By 2017, 6.8 billion people—representing 90% of de world's population—used "at least a basic service", wich included "an improved drinking-water source within a round trip of 30 minutes to collect water".<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> However, insyd 2017, there were still 785 million people hu lacked "even a basic drinking-water service, including 144 million people hu [were] dependent on surface water."<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> De report say dat approximately 2 billion people used a "drinking water source contaminated plus feces".<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> De report warned dat diseases, including "[[Diarrhea|diarrhoea,]] [[Cholera|,cholera]] [[dysentery]], [[Typhoid fever|typhoid]], den [[polio]]" are transmitted by [[Water pollution|contaminated water]], wich cause about 485, 000 [[diarrhea]] deaths each year.<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> E cautioned dat 50% of de global population fit be "living insyd water-stressed areas" by 2025.<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> By 2017, eighty countries provided access to clean water for more dan 99% of their population.<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_2014">{{Cite report |title=Progress on sanitation and drinking-water: 2014 update |date=28 July 2014 |publisher=World Health Organization |isbn=978-92-4-069281-7 |oclc=889699199 |work=[[United Nations Children's Fund]] (UNICEF) and [[World Health Organization]]}}</ref> From 2000 to 2017, de global population dat lacked access to clean water decreased from nearly 20% to roughly 10%.<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> ===== Sanitation den hygiene (Target 6.2) ===== == References == <references /> [[Category:Sanitation]] onq0yx3aa89i353nle146h5ne0f9i56 102808 102807 2026-06-14T09:51:50Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Dey add category 102808 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{United Nations series}} '''Na Sustainable Development Goal 6''' ('''SDG 6''' anaa '''Global Goal 6''') declares de importance of achieving "clean water den [[sanitation]] for all". E be one of de 17 Sustainable Development Goals wet established by de [[United Nations General Assembly]] to succeed de former Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). According to de United Nations, de overall goal be to: "Ensure availability den sustainable management of water den sanitation for all."<ref name="SDG6">{{cite web |title=Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation |url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation.html |access-date=28 September 2015 |website=UNDP}}</ref> De goal has eight targets to be achieved by 2030 covering de main areas of water supply den sanitation den sustainable water resource management. Progress toward de targets will be measured by using eleven indicators.<ref name=":17" /> <!-- FYI: The second paragraph of the lead is transcluded in the article on [[Sustainable Development Goals]], and should contain a list of the targets --> <noinclude> De six key ''outcome targets'' to be achieved by 2030 include: De two ''means of implementing targets<ref name=":22">{{cite journal |last1=Bartram |first1=Jamie |last2=Brocklehurst |first2=Clarissa |last3=Bradley |first3=David |last4=Muller |first4=Mike |last5=Evans |first5=Barbara |date=December 2018 |title=Policy review of the means of implementation targets and indicators for the sustainable development goal for water and sanitation |url=https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/128504/9/s41545-018-0003-0.pdf |journal=npj Clean Water |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=3 |bibcode=2018npjCW...1....3B |doi=10.1038/s41545-018-0003-0 |s2cid=169226066 |doi-access=free}} {{cc-notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref>'' are to expand international cooperation den capacity-building support to developing countries, den to support local engagement insyd sustainable den participatory water den sanitation management.<ref name=":110">{{Cite book |last=United Nations |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3637 |title=Sustainable Development Goal. 6, Synthesis report 2018 on water and sanitation |publisher=United Nations, New York |year=2018 |isbn=978-92-1-101370-2 |oclc=1107804829}}</ref> # Achieve universal den equitable access to safe den affordable [[drinking water]] for all; # Achieve access to adequate den equitable sanitation den hygiene for all den end [[open defecation]], paying special attention to de needs of women den girls den those insyd vulnerable situations; # Improve water quality, by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping den minimizing release of hazardous chemicals den materials, halving de proportion of untreated wastewater (wastewater treatment) den substantially increasing recycling den safe reuse globally; # Substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors den ensure sustainable withdrawals den supply of fresh water to address water scarcity den substantially reduce de number of people suffering from water scarcity; # Implement integrated water resources management (IWRM), at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate; # Protect den restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers den lakes.</noinclude> Despite Official Development Assistance (ODA) disbursements to de water sector increasing to $9 billion insyd 2018.<ref name=":2" /> de Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) of WHO den UNICEF report insyd 2017 dat 4.5 billion people still did not have safely managed sanitation.<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906"/> Insyd 2017 only 71 percent of de global population used safely managed drinking water, den 2.2 billion persons were still without safely managed drinking water. Oda water-related hazards related to flooding den drought sanso remain significant threats to human development den well being. Like de oda, dis Sustainable Development Goal be closely interwoven plus de oda SDGs. For example, access to clean water fit improve health den wellbeing, leading to a progress insyd SDG3; den, better health leads to a higher school attendance, progressing SDG4, improving quality education. Achieving SDG6 fi only happen if oda SDGs are sanso achieved. == Background == [[File:Niger, Margou (13), water well with tree.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Families collecting water from a water well insyd Niger]] De [[United Nations]] (UN) has determined dat access to clean water den sanitation facilities be a fundamental human right.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-11 |title=World Water Development Report 2019 - Leaving No One Behind |url=https://en.unesco.org/themes/water-security/wwap/wwdr/2019 |access-date=2019-08-01 |website=UNESCO |language=en}}</ref> However, only a few countries have written de human right to water into enforceable legislation creating serious problems for people wishing to use legal means to promote better access.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Staddon |first1=C. |last2=Appleby |first2=T |last3=Grant |first3=E. |date=2011 |editor-last=Sultana |editor-first=F. |editor2-last=Loftus |editor2-first=A. |title=A right to water? Geographico-legal perspectives |journal=The Right to Water: Politics, Governance and Social Struggles |publisher=Routledge |pages=61–77 |isbn=978-1-84971-359-7}}</ref> Even insyd those countries, such as South Africa, plus a clear constitutional commitment to de human right to water den sanitation. E dey prove difficult to obtain legal redress. A review of de progress by de UN insyd 2020 found dat "increasing donor commitments to de water sector fi remain crucial to make progress towards Goal 6".<ref name="UNESC2020" /> Insyd 2022, de OECD dey estimate dat to achieve SDG 6, current global spending on water needs approximately $1 trillion per year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=OECD policy highlights: financing a water secure future. |url=https://www.oecd.org/environment/resources/policy-highlights-financing-a-water-secure-future.pdf}}</ref> ==Targets, indicators den progress== {{Further|List of SDG targets and indicators}} [[File:Share of the population using safely managed drinking water, OWID.svg|thumb|World map for Indicator 6.1.1 insyd 2022: Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services<ref name=":3">Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina (2018) [https://sdg-tracker.org/water-and-sanitation "Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals." (SDG 6)] ''SDG-Tracker.org, website'' {{cc-notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref>|300x300px]] [[File:Share of population using safely managed sanitation facilities, OWID.svg|thumb|World map for Indicator 6.2.1a insyd 2022: Share of population using safely managed sanitation facilities<ref name=":3" />|300x300px]] [[File:Proportion of population with basic handwashing facilities on premises, OWID.svg|thumb|World map for Indicator 6.2.1b insyd 2022: "Share of de population plus basic handwashing facilities on premises"<ref name=":3"/>|300x300px]] SDG 6 dey get eight targets including two so-called "implementing targets". Six of dem are to be achieved by de year 2030, one by de year 2020, den one get no target year.<ref name="SDG6_targets">{{Cite web |title=Goal 6 Targets |url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation/targets/ |access-date=16 November 2017 |website=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> Each of de targets sansk get one anaa two indicators wich fir be used to measure progress. Insyd total there are 11 indicators to monitor progress for SDG6.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=SDGs |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg6 |access-date=17 November 2017 |website=Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform}}</ref> De main data sources for de SDG 6 targets den indicators cam from de Integrated Monitoring Initiative for SDG 6 coordinated by UN-Water.<ref name=":110" /> De six "outcome-oriented targets" include: Safe den affordable [[drinking water]]; end [[open defecation]] den provide access to sanitation, den hygiene, improve water quality, wastewater treatment den safe reuse, increase water-use efficiency den ensure fresh water supplies, implement IWRM, protect den restore water-related ecosystems. De two "means of achieving" targets are to expand water den sanitation support to developing countries, den to support local engagement insyd water den sanitation management.<ref name=":110" /> De first three targets relate to drinking water supply, [[sanitation]] services, den wastewater treatment den reuse.<ref name="SDG6_targets" /> An SDG 6 Baseline Report insyd 2018 found dat "less dan 50 percent of countries have comparable baseline estimates for most SDG 6 global indicators".<ref name=":110" />{{rp|31}} === Target 6.1: Safe den affordable drinking water === De full title of Target 6.1 be: "By 2030, achieve universal den equitable access to safe den affordable [[drinking water]] for all".<ref name=":17">United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, [[:File:A RES 71 313 E.pdf|Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development]] ([https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313 A/RES/71/313])</ref> Dis target get one indicator: Indicator 6.1.1 be de "Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services".<ref name=":3" /> De definition of "safely managed drinking water service" be: "Drinking water from an improved water source dat be located on premises, available wen needed den free from fecal den priority [[Water pollution|chemical contamination]]."<ref name="JMP2017">WHO and UNICEF (2017) [https://web.archive.org/web/20170716004247/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/jmp-2017/en/ Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines]. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), 2017</ref>{{rp|8}} === Target 6.2: End open defecation den provide access to sanitation den hygiene === De full title of Target 6.2 be: "By 2030, achieve access to adequate den equitable [[sanitation]] den hygiene for all and den [[open defecation]], paying special attention to de needs of women den girls den those insyd vulnerable situations."<ref name=":17" /> Attending school den work without disruption supports education den employment. Therefore, toilets at school den de workplace are included insyd de second target ("achieve access to adequate den equitable sanitation den hygiene for all"). Equitable sanitation den hygiene solutions address de needs of women den girls den those insyd vulnerable situations, such as de elderly or people plus disabilities. <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wilbur |first1=Jane |last2=Dreibelbis |first2=Robert |last3=Mactaggart |first3=Islay |date=June 11, 2024 |editor-last=Winkler |editor-first=Inga T. |title=Addressing water, sanitation and hygiene inequalities: A review of evidence, gaps, and recommendations for disability-inclusive WASH by 2030 |journal=PLOS Water |language=en |volume=3 |issue=6 |article-number=e0000257 |doi=10.1371/journal.pwat.0000257 |issn=2767-3219 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dis target get one indicator: Indicator 6.2.1 be de "Proportion of population using (a) safely managed sanitation services den (b) a hand-washing facility plus soap den water".<ref name="UN2017" /> De definition of "safely managed sanitation" service be: "Use of improved facilities dat are not shared plus oda households den where excreta are safely disposed of insyd situ anaa transported den treated offsite."<ref name="JMP2017" />{{rp|8}} Improved sanitation facilities are those designed to hygienically separate excreta from human contact.<ref name="JMP2017" />{{rp|6}} Ending [[open defecation]] fit require de provision of toilets den sanitation for 2.6 billion people as well as behavior change of de population.<ref name="JMP2017" /> To meet SDG targets for sanitation by 2030, nearly "a third of countries fit need to accelerate progress to end open defecation, including [[Brazil]], [[China]], [[Ethiopia]], [[India]], [[Indonesia]], [[Nigeria]], den Pakistan".<ref name="SDGChildren20182">{{cite web |title=Progress for Every Child in the SDG Era |url=https://data.unicef.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Progress_for_Every_Child_V4.pdf |access-date=2 April 2018 |website=UNICEF}}</ref>{{rp|79}} Dis fi require cooperation between governments, civil society den de private sector.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kellogg |first=Diane M. |title=Beyond the bottom line: integrating sustainability into business and management practice |publisher=Greenleaf Publishing |others=Gudić, Milenko,, Tan, Tay Keong,, Flynn, Patricia M. |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-78353-327-5 |location=Saltaire, UK |chapter=The Global Sanitation Crisis: A Role for Business |oclc=982187046}}</ref> ==== Report from 2019 for Target 6.1 den 6.2 ==== Targets 6.1 den 6.2 are usually reported on together because they are both part of de WASH sector den have de same custodian agency, de Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply den Sanitation (JMP).<ref name="JMP2017" /> Insyd June 2019, de JMP released their 138-page report "Progress on household drinking water, sanitation, den hygiene 2000-2017: special focus on inequalities."<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906">{{Cite report |url=https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/jmp-2019-full-report.pdf |title=Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000-2017: Special focus on inequalities |date=June 2019 |location=New York |page=138 |isbn=978-92-415-1623-5 |access-date=30 March 2021 |work=[[United Nations Children's Fund]] (UNICEF) and [[World Health Organization]]}}</ref> ===== Drinking water (Target 6.1) ===== De report say dat insyd 2017, 5.3 billion people—representing 71% of de population of de world—used a "safely managed drinking-water service—one dat be "located on premises, available wen needed, den free from contamination".<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> By 2017, 6.8 billion people—representing 90% of de world's population—used "at least a basic service", wich included "an improved drinking-water source within a round trip of 30 minutes to collect water".<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> However, insyd 2017, there were still 785 million people hu lacked "even a basic drinking-water service, including 144 million people hu [were] dependent on surface water."<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> De report say dat approximately 2 billion people used a "drinking water source contaminated plus feces".<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> De report warned dat diseases, including "[[Diarrhea|diarrhoea,]] [[Cholera|,cholera]] [[dysentery]], [[Typhoid fever|typhoid]], den [[polio]]" are transmitted by [[Water pollution|contaminated water]], wich cause about 485, 000 [[diarrhea]] deaths each year.<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> E cautioned dat 50% of de global population fit be "living insyd water-stressed areas" by 2025.<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> By 2017, eighty countries provided access to clean water for more dan 99% of their population.<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_2014">{{Cite report |title=Progress on sanitation and drinking-water: 2014 update |date=28 July 2014 |publisher=World Health Organization |isbn=978-92-4-069281-7 |oclc=889699199 |work=[[United Nations Children's Fund]] (UNICEF) and [[World Health Organization]]}}</ref> From 2000 to 2017, de global population dat lacked access to clean water decreased from nearly 20% to roughly 10%.<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> ===== Sanitation den hygiene (Target 6.2) ===== == References == <references /> [[Category:Sanitation]] [[Category:United Nations documents]] oqgyavbxt7elk6qf707l6jansvzyjeg 102809 102808 2026-06-14T09:52:56Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve am 102809 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{United Nations series}} '''Na Sustainable Development Goal 6''' ('''SDG 6''' anaa '''Global Goal 6''') declares de importance of achieving "clean water den [[sanitation]] for all". E be one of de 17 Sustainable Development Goals wet established by de [[United Nations General Assembly]] to succeed de former Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). According to de United Nations, de overall goal be to: "Ensure availability den sustainable management of water den sanitation for all."<ref name="SDG6">{{cite web |title=Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation |url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation.html |access-date=28 September 2015 |website=UNDP}}</ref> De goal has eight targets to be achieved by 2030 covering de main areas of water supply den sanitation den sustainable water resource management. Progress toward de targets will be measured by using eleven indicators.<ref name=":17" /> <!-- FYI: The second paragraph of the lead is transcluded in the article on [[Sustainable Development Goals]], and should contain a list of the targets --> <noinclude> De six key ''outcome targets'' to be achieved by 2030 include: De two ''means of implementing targets<ref name=":22">{{cite journal |last1=Bartram |first1=Jamie |last2=Brocklehurst |first2=Clarissa |last3=Bradley |first3=David |last4=Muller |first4=Mike |last5=Evans |first5=Barbara |date=December 2018 |title=Policy review of the means of implementation targets and indicators for the sustainable development goal for water and sanitation |url=https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/128504/9/s41545-018-0003-0.pdf |journal=npj Clean Water |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=3 |bibcode=2018npjCW...1....3B |doi=10.1038/s41545-018-0003-0 |s2cid=169226066 |doi-access=free}} {{cc-notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref>'' are to expand international cooperation den capacity-building support to developing countries, den to support local engagement insyd sustainable den participatory water den sanitation management.<ref name=":110">{{Cite book |last=United Nations |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3637 |title=Sustainable Development Goal. 6, Synthesis report 2018 on water and sanitation |publisher=United Nations, New York |year=2018 |isbn=978-92-1-101370-2 |oclc=1107804829}}</ref> # Achieve universal den equitable access to safe den affordable [[drinking water]] for all; # Achieve access to adequate den equitable sanitation den hygiene for all den end [[open defecation]], paying special attention to de needs of women den girls den those insyd vulnerable situations; # Improve water quality, by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping den minimizing release of hazardous chemicals den materials, halving de proportion of untreated wastewater (wastewater treatment) den substantially increasing recycling den safe reuse globally; # Substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors den ensure sustainable withdrawals den supply of fresh water to address water scarcity den substantially reduce de number of people suffering from water scarcity; # Implement integrated water resources management (IWRM), at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate; # Protect den restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers den lakes.</noinclude> Despite Official Development Assistance (ODA) disbursements to de water sector increasing to $9 billion insyd 2018.<ref name=":2" /> de Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) of WHO den UNICEF report insyd 2017 dat 4.5 billion people still did not have safely managed sanitation.<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906"/> Insyd 2017 only 71 percent of de global population used safely managed drinking water, den 2.2 billion persons were still without safely managed drinking water. Oda water-related hazards related to flooding den drought sanso remain significant threats to human development den well being. Like de oda, dis Sustainable Development Goal be closely interwoven plus de oda SDGs. For example, access to clean water fit improve health den wellbeing, leading to a progress insyd SDG3; den, better health leads to a higher school attendance, progressing SDG4, improving quality education. Achieving SDG6 fi only happen if oda SDGs are sanso achieved. == Background == [[File:Niger, Margou (13), water well with tree.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Families collecting water from a water well insyd Niger]] De [[United Nations]] (UN) has determined dat access to clean water den sanitation facilities be a fundamental human right.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-11 |title=World Water Development Report 2019 - Leaving No One Behind |url=https://en.unesco.org/themes/water-security/wwap/wwdr/2019 |access-date=2019-08-01 |website=UNESCO |language=en}}</ref> However, only a few countries have written de human right to water into enforceable legislation creating serious problems for people wishing to use legal means to promote better access.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Staddon |first1=C. |last2=Appleby |first2=T |last3=Grant |first3=E. |date=2011 |editor-last=Sultana |editor-first=F. |editor2-last=Loftus |editor2-first=A. |title=A right to water? Geographico-legal perspectives |journal=The Right to Water: Politics, Governance and Social Struggles |publisher=Routledge |pages=61–77 |isbn=978-1-84971-359-7}}</ref> Even insyd those countries, such as South Africa, plus a clear constitutional commitment to de human right to water den sanitation. E dey prove difficult to obtain legal redress. A review of de progress by de UN insyd 2020 found dat "increasing donor commitments to de water sector fi remain crucial to make progress towards Goal 6".<ref name="UNESC2020" /> Insyd 2022, de OECD dey estimate dat to achieve SDG 6, current global spending on water needs approximately $1 trillion per year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=OECD policy highlights: financing a water secure future. |url=https://www.oecd.org/environment/resources/policy-highlights-financing-a-water-secure-future.pdf}}</ref> ==Targets, indicators den progress== {{Further|List of SDG targets and indicators}} [[File:Share of the population using safely managed drinking water, OWID.svg|thumb|World map for Indicator 6.1.1 insyd 2022: Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services<ref name=":3">Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina (2018) [https://sdg-tracker.org/water-and-sanitation "Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals." (SDG 6)] ''SDG-Tracker.org, website'' {{cc-notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref>|300x300px]] [[File:Share of population using safely managed sanitation facilities, OWID.svg|thumb|World map for Indicator 6.2.1a insyd 2022: Share of population using safely managed sanitation facilities<ref name=":3" />|300x300px]] [[File:Proportion of population with basic handwashing facilities on premises, OWID.svg|thumb|World map for Indicator 6.2.1b insyd 2022: "Share of de population plus basic handwashing facilities on premises"<ref name=":3"/>|300x300px]] SDG 6 dey get eight targets including two so-called "implementing targets". Six of dem are to be achieved by de year 2030, one by de year 2020, den one get no target year.<ref name="SDG6_targets">{{Cite web |title=Goal 6 Targets |url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation/targets/ |access-date=16 November 2017 |website=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> Each of de targets sansk get one anaa two indicators wich fir be used to measure progress. Insyd total there are 11 indicators to monitor progress for SDG6.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=SDGs |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg6 |access-date=17 November 2017 |website=Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform}}</ref> De main data sources for de SDG 6 targets den indicators cam from de Integrated Monitoring Initiative for SDG 6 coordinated by UN-Water.<ref name=":110" /> De six "outcome-oriented targets" include: Safe den affordable [[drinking water]]; end [[open defecation]] den provide access to sanitation, den hygiene, improve water quality, wastewater treatment den safe reuse, increase water-use efficiency den ensure fresh water supplies, implement IWRM, protect den restore water-related ecosystems. De two "means of achieving" targets are to expand water den sanitation support to developing countries, den to support local engagement insyd water den sanitation management.<ref name=":110" /> De first three targets relate to drinking water supply, [[sanitation]] services, den wastewater treatment den reuse.<ref name="SDG6_targets" /> An SDG 6 Baseline Report insyd 2018 found dat "less dan 50 percent of countries have comparable baseline estimates for most SDG 6 global indicators".<ref name=":110" />{{rp|31}} === Target 6.1: Safe den affordable drinking water === De full title of Target 6.1 be: "By 2030, achieve universal den equitable access to safe den affordable [[drinking water]] for all".<ref name=":17">United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, [[:File:A RES 71 313 E.pdf|Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development]] ([https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313 A/RES/71/313])</ref> Dis target get one indicator: Indicator 6.1.1 be de "Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services".<ref name=":3" /> De definition of "safely managed drinking water service" be: "Drinking water from an improved water source dat be located on premises, available wen needed den free from fecal den priority [[Water pollution|chemical contamination]]."<ref name="JMP2017">WHO and UNICEF (2017) [https://web.archive.org/web/20170716004247/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/jmp-2017/en/ Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines]. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), 2017</ref>{{rp|8}} === Target 6.2: End open defecation den provide access to sanitation den hygiene === De full title of Target 6.2 be: "By 2030, achieve access to adequate den equitable [[sanitation]] den hygiene for all and den [[open defecation]], paying special attention to de needs of women den girls den those insyd vulnerable situations."<ref name=":17" /> Attending school den work without disruption supports education den employment. Therefore, toilets at school den de workplace are included insyd de second target ("achieve access to adequate den equitable sanitation den hygiene for all"). Equitable sanitation den hygiene solutions address de needs of women den girls den those insyd vulnerable situations, such as de elderly or people plus disabilities. <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wilbur |first1=Jane |last2=Dreibelbis |first2=Robert |last3=Mactaggart |first3=Islay |date=June 11, 2024 |editor-last=Winkler |editor-first=Inga T. |title=Addressing water, sanitation and hygiene inequalities: A review of evidence, gaps, and recommendations for disability-inclusive WASH by 2030 |journal=PLOS Water |language=en |volume=3 |issue=6 |article-number=e0000257 |doi=10.1371/journal.pwat.0000257 |issn=2767-3219 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dis target get one indicator: Indicator 6.2.1 be de "Proportion of population using (a) safely managed sanitation services den (b) a hand-washing facility plus soap den water".<ref name="UN2017" /> De definition of "safely managed sanitation" service be: "Use of improved facilities dat are not shared plus oda households den where excreta are safely disposed of insyd situ anaa transported den treated offsite."<ref name="JMP2017" />{{rp|8}} Improved sanitation facilities are those designed to hygienically separate excreta from human contact.<ref name="JMP2017" />{{rp|6}} Ending [[open defecation]] fit require de provision of toilets den sanitation for 2.6 billion people as well as behavior change of de population.<ref name="JMP2017" /> To meet SDG targets for sanitation by 2030, nearly "a third of countries fit need to accelerate progress to end open defecation, including [[Brazil]], [[China]], [[Ethiopia]], [[India]], [[Indonesia]], [[Nigeria]], den Pakistan".<ref name="SDGChildren20182">{{cite web |title=Progress for Every Child in the SDG Era |url=https://data.unicef.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Progress_for_Every_Child_V4.pdf |access-date=2 April 2018 |website=UNICEF}}</ref>{{rp|79}} Dis fi require cooperation between governments, civil society den de private sector.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kellogg |first=Diane M. |title=Beyond the bottom line: integrating sustainability into business and management practice |publisher=Greenleaf Publishing |others=Gudić, Milenko,, Tan, Tay Keong,, Flynn, Patricia M. |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-78353-327-5 |location=Saltaire, UK |chapter=The Global Sanitation Crisis: A Role for Business |oclc=982187046}}</ref> ==== Report from 2019 for Target 6.1 den 6.2 ==== Targets 6.1 den 6.2 are usually reported on together because they are both part of de WASH sector den have de same custodian agency, de Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply den Sanitation (JMP).<ref name="JMP2017" /> Insyd June 2019, de JMP released their 138-page report "Progress on household drinking water, sanitation, den hygiene 2000-2017: special focus on inequalities."<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906">{{Cite report |url=https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/jmp-2019-full-report.pdf |title=Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000-2017: Special focus on inequalities |date=June 2019 |location=New York |page=138 |isbn=978-92-415-1623-5 |access-date=30 March 2021 |work=[[United Nations Children's Fund]] (UNICEF) and [[World Health Organization]]}}</ref> ===== Drinking water (Target 6.1) ===== De report say dat insyd 2017, 5.3 billion people—representing 71% of de population of de world—used a "safely managed drinking-water service—one dat be "located on premises, available wen needed, den free from contamination".<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> By 2017, 6.8 billion people—representing 90% of de world's population—used "at least a basic service", wich included "an improved drinking-water source within a round trip of 30 minutes to collect water".<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> However, insyd 2017, there were still 785 million people hu lacked "even a basic drinking-water service, including 144 million people hu [were] dependent on surface water."<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> De report say dat approximately 2 billion people used a "drinking water source contaminated plus feces".<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> De report warned dat diseases, including "[[Diarrhea|diarrhoea,]] [[Cholera|,cholera]] [[dysentery]], [[Typhoid fever|typhoid]], den [[polio]]" are transmitted by [[Water pollution|contaminated water]], wich cause about 485, 000 [[diarrhea]] deaths each year.<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> E cautioned dat 50% of de global population fit be "living insyd water-stressed areas" by 2025.<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> By 2017, eighty countries provided access to clean water for more dan 99% of their population.<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_2014">{{Cite report |title=Progress on sanitation and drinking-water: 2014 update |date=28 July 2014 |publisher=World Health Organization |isbn=978-92-4-069281-7 |oclc=889699199 |work=[[United Nations Children's Fund]] (UNICEF) and [[World Health Organization]]}}</ref> From 2000 to 2017, de global population dat lacked access to clean water decreased from nearly 20% to roughly 10%.<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> ===== Sanitation den hygiene (Target 6.2) ===== == References == <references /> [[Category:Sanitation]] [[Category:United Nations documents]] [[Category:Global policy organizations]] brub949nad7f7kf7r96dwzzlk07rm6f 102810 102809 2026-06-14T09:54:10Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve am 102810 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{United Nations series}} '''Na Sustainable Development Goal 6''' ('''SDG 6''' anaa '''Global Goal 6''') declares de importance of achieving "clean water den [[sanitation]] for all". E be one of de 17 Sustainable Development Goals wet established by de [[United Nations General Assembly]] to succeed de former Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). According to de United Nations, de overall goal be to: "Ensure availability den sustainable management of water den sanitation for all."<ref name="SDG6">{{cite web |title=Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation |url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation.html |access-date=28 September 2015 |website=UNDP}}</ref> De goal has eight targets to be achieved by 2030 covering de main areas of water supply den sanitation den sustainable water resource management. Progress toward de targets will be measured by using eleven indicators.<ref name=":17" /> <!-- FYI: The second paragraph of the lead is transcluded in the article on [[Sustainable Development Goals]], and should contain a list of the targets --> <noinclude> De six key ''outcome targets'' to be achieved by 2030 include: De two ''means of implementing targets<ref name=":22">{{cite journal |last1=Bartram |first1=Jamie |last2=Brocklehurst |first2=Clarissa |last3=Bradley |first3=David |last4=Muller |first4=Mike |last5=Evans |first5=Barbara |date=December 2018 |title=Policy review of the means of implementation targets and indicators for the sustainable development goal for water and sanitation |url=https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/128504/9/s41545-018-0003-0.pdf |journal=npj Clean Water |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=3 |bibcode=2018npjCW...1....3B |doi=10.1038/s41545-018-0003-0 |s2cid=169226066 |doi-access=free}} {{cc-notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref>'' are to expand international cooperation den capacity-building support to developing countries, den to support local engagement insyd sustainable den participatory water den sanitation management.<ref name=":110">{{Cite book |last=United Nations |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3637 |title=Sustainable Development Goal. 6, Synthesis report 2018 on water and sanitation |publisher=United Nations, New York |year=2018 |isbn=978-92-1-101370-2 |oclc=1107804829}}</ref> # Achieve universal den equitable access to safe den affordable [[drinking water]] for all; # Achieve access to adequate den equitable sanitation den hygiene for all den end [[open defecation]], paying special attention to de needs of women den girls den those insyd vulnerable situations; # Improve water quality, by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping den minimizing release of hazardous chemicals den materials, halving de proportion of untreated wastewater (wastewater treatment) den substantially increasing recycling den safe reuse globally; # Substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors den ensure sustainable withdrawals den supply of fresh water to address water scarcity den substantially reduce de number of people suffering from water scarcity; # Implement integrated water resources management (IWRM), at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate; # Protect den restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers den lakes.</noinclude> Despite Official Development Assistance (ODA) disbursements to de water sector increasing to $9 billion insyd 2018.<ref name=":2" /> de Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) of WHO den UNICEF report insyd 2017 dat 4.5 billion people still did not have safely managed sanitation.<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906"/> Insyd 2017 only 71 percent of de global population used safely managed drinking water, den 2.2 billion persons were still without safely managed drinking water. Oda water-related hazards related to flooding den drought sanso remain significant threats to human development den well being. Like de oda, dis Sustainable Development Goal be closely interwoven plus de oda SDGs. For example, access to clean water fit improve health den wellbeing, leading to a progress insyd SDG3; den, better health leads to a higher school attendance, progressing SDG4, improving quality education. Achieving SDG6 fi only happen if oda SDGs are sanso achieved. == Background == [[File:Niger, Margou (13), water well with tree.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Families collecting water from a water well insyd Niger]] De [[United Nations]] (UN) has determined dat access to clean water den sanitation facilities be a fundamental human right.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-11 |title=World Water Development Report 2019 - Leaving No One Behind |url=https://en.unesco.org/themes/water-security/wwap/wwdr/2019 |access-date=2019-08-01 |website=UNESCO |language=en}}</ref> However, only a few countries have written de human right to water into enforceable legislation creating serious problems for people wishing to use legal means to promote better access.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Staddon |first1=C. |last2=Appleby |first2=T |last3=Grant |first3=E. |date=2011 |editor-last=Sultana |editor-first=F. |editor2-last=Loftus |editor2-first=A. |title=A right to water? Geographico-legal perspectives |journal=The Right to Water: Politics, Governance and Social Struggles |publisher=Routledge |pages=61–77 |isbn=978-1-84971-359-7}}</ref> Even insyd those countries, such as South Africa, plus a clear constitutional commitment to de human right to water den sanitation. E dey prove difficult to obtain legal redress. A review of de progress by de UN insyd 2020 found dat "increasing donor commitments to de water sector fi remain crucial to make progress towards Goal 6".<ref name="UNESC2020" /> Insyd 2022, de OECD dey estimate dat to achieve SDG 6, current global spending on water needs approximately $1 trillion per year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=OECD policy highlights: financing a water secure future. |url=https://www.oecd.org/environment/resources/policy-highlights-financing-a-water-secure-future.pdf}}</ref> ==Targets, indicators den progress== {{Further|List of SDG targets and indicators}} [[File:Share of the population using safely managed drinking water, OWID.svg|thumb|World map for Indicator 6.1.1 insyd 2022: Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services<ref name=":3">Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina (2018) [https://sdg-tracker.org/water-and-sanitation "Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals." (SDG 6)] ''SDG-Tracker.org, website'' {{cc-notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref>|300x300px]] [[File:Share of population using safely managed sanitation facilities, OWID.svg|thumb|World map for Indicator 6.2.1a insyd 2022: Share of population using safely managed sanitation facilities<ref name=":3" />|300x300px]] [[File:Proportion of population with basic handwashing facilities on premises, OWID.svg|thumb|World map for Indicator 6.2.1b insyd 2022: "Share of de population plus basic handwashing facilities on premises"<ref name=":3"/>|300x300px]] SDG 6 dey get eight targets including two so-called "implementing targets". Six of dem are to be achieved by de year 2030, one by de year 2020, den one get no target year.<ref name="SDG6_targets">{{Cite web |title=Goal 6 Targets |url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation/targets/ |access-date=16 November 2017 |website=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> Each of de targets sansk get one anaa two indicators wich fir be used to measure progress. Insyd total there are 11 indicators to monitor progress for SDG6.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=SDGs |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg6 |access-date=17 November 2017 |website=Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform}}</ref> De main data sources for de SDG 6 targets den indicators cam from de Integrated Monitoring Initiative for SDG 6 coordinated by UN-Water.<ref name=":110" /> De six "outcome-oriented targets" include: Safe den affordable [[drinking water]]; end [[open defecation]] den provide access to sanitation, den hygiene, improve water quality, wastewater treatment den safe reuse, increase water-use efficiency den ensure fresh water supplies, implement IWRM, protect den restore water-related ecosystems. De two "means of achieving" targets are to expand water den sanitation support to developing countries, den to support local engagement insyd water den sanitation management.<ref name=":110" /> De first three targets relate to drinking water supply, [[sanitation]] services, den wastewater treatment den reuse.<ref name="SDG6_targets" /> An SDG 6 Baseline Report insyd 2018 found dat "less dan 50 percent of countries have comparable baseline estimates for most SDG 6 global indicators".<ref name=":110" />{{rp|31}} === Target 6.1: Safe den affordable drinking water === De full title of Target 6.1 be: "By 2030, achieve universal den equitable access to safe den affordable [[drinking water]] for all".<ref name=":17">United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, [[:File:A RES 71 313 E.pdf|Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development]] ([https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313 A/RES/71/313])</ref> Dis target get one indicator: Indicator 6.1.1 be de "Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services".<ref name=":3" /> De definition of "safely managed drinking water service" be: "Drinking water from an improved water source dat be located on premises, available wen needed den free from fecal den priority [[Water pollution|chemical contamination]]."<ref name="JMP2017">WHO and UNICEF (2017) [https://web.archive.org/web/20170716004247/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/jmp-2017/en/ Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines]. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), 2017</ref>{{rp|8}} === Target 6.2: End open defecation den provide access to sanitation den hygiene === De full title of Target 6.2 be: "By 2030, achieve access to adequate den equitable [[sanitation]] den hygiene for all and den [[open defecation]], paying special attention to de needs of women den girls den those insyd vulnerable situations."<ref name=":17" /> Attending school den work without disruption supports education den employment. Therefore, toilets at school den de workplace are included insyd de second target ("achieve access to adequate den equitable sanitation den hygiene for all"). Equitable sanitation den hygiene solutions address de needs of women den girls den those insyd vulnerable situations, such as de elderly or people plus disabilities. <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wilbur |first1=Jane |last2=Dreibelbis |first2=Robert |last3=Mactaggart |first3=Islay |date=June 11, 2024 |editor-last=Winkler |editor-first=Inga T. |title=Addressing water, sanitation and hygiene inequalities: A review of evidence, gaps, and recommendations for disability-inclusive WASH by 2030 |journal=PLOS Water |language=en |volume=3 |issue=6 |article-number=e0000257 |doi=10.1371/journal.pwat.0000257 |issn=2767-3219 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dis target get one indicator: Indicator 6.2.1 be de "Proportion of population using (a) safely managed sanitation services den (b) a hand-washing facility plus soap den water".<ref name="UN2017" /> De definition of "safely managed sanitation" service be: "Use of improved facilities dat are not shared plus oda households den where excreta are safely disposed of insyd situ anaa transported den treated offsite."<ref name="JMP2017" />{{rp|8}} Improved sanitation facilities are those designed to hygienically separate excreta from human contact.<ref name="JMP2017" />{{rp|6}} Ending [[open defecation]] fit require de provision of toilets den sanitation for 2.6 billion people as well as behavior change of de population.<ref name="JMP2017" /> To meet SDG targets for sanitation by 2030, nearly "a third of countries fit need to accelerate progress to end open defecation, including [[Brazil]], [[China]], [[Ethiopia]], [[India]], [[Indonesia]], [[Nigeria]], den Pakistan".<ref name="SDGChildren20182">{{cite web |title=Progress for Every Child in the SDG Era |url=https://data.unicef.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Progress_for_Every_Child_V4.pdf |access-date=2 April 2018 |website=UNICEF}}</ref>{{rp|79}} Dis fi require cooperation between governments, civil society den de private sector.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kellogg |first=Diane M. |title=Beyond the bottom line: integrating sustainability into business and management practice |publisher=Greenleaf Publishing |others=Gudić, Milenko,, Tan, Tay Keong,, Flynn, Patricia M. |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-78353-327-5 |location=Saltaire, UK |chapter=The Global Sanitation Crisis: A Role for Business |oclc=982187046}}</ref> ==== Report from 2019 for Target 6.1 den 6.2 ==== Targets 6.1 den 6.2 are usually reported on together because they are both part of de WASH sector den have de same custodian agency, de Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply den Sanitation (JMP).<ref name="JMP2017" /> Insyd June 2019, de JMP released their 138-page report "Progress on household drinking water, sanitation, den hygiene 2000-2017: special focus on inequalities."<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906">{{Cite report |url=https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/jmp-2019-full-report.pdf |title=Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000-2017: Special focus on inequalities |date=June 2019 |location=New York |page=138 |isbn=978-92-415-1623-5 |access-date=30 March 2021 |work=[[United Nations Children's Fund]] (UNICEF) and [[World Health Organization]]}}</ref> ===== Drinking water (Target 6.1) ===== De report say dat insyd 2017, 5.3 billion people—representing 71% of de population of de world—used a "safely managed drinking-water service—one dat be "located on premises, available wen needed, den free from contamination".<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> By 2017, 6.8 billion people—representing 90% of de world's population—used "at least a basic service", wich included "an improved drinking-water source within a round trip of 30 minutes to collect water".<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> However, insyd 2017, there were still 785 million people hu lacked "even a basic drinking-water service, including 144 million people hu [were] dependent on surface water."<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> De report say dat approximately 2 billion people used a "drinking water source contaminated plus feces".<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> De report warned dat diseases, including "[[Diarrhea|diarrhoea,]] [[Cholera|,cholera]] [[dysentery]], [[Typhoid fever|typhoid]], den [[polio]]" are transmitted by [[Water pollution|contaminated water]], wich cause about 485, 000 [[diarrhea]] deaths each year.<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> E cautioned dat 50% of de global population fit be "living insyd water-stressed areas" by 2025.<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> By 2017, eighty countries provided access to clean water for more dan 99% of their population.<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_2014">{{Cite report |title=Progress on sanitation and drinking-water: 2014 update |date=28 July 2014 |publisher=World Health Organization |isbn=978-92-4-069281-7 |oclc=889699199 |work=[[United Nations Children's Fund]] (UNICEF) and [[World Health Organization]]}}</ref> From 2000 to 2017, de global population dat lacked access to clean water decreased from nearly 20% to roughly 10%.<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> ===== Sanitation den hygiene (Target 6.2) ===== == References == <references /> [[Category:Sanitation]] [[Category:United Nations documents]] [[Category:Global policy organizations]] [[Category:Projects wey establish insyd 2015]] 2spna4zqyno4785ttrjiigols2zrmhe 102811 102810 2026-06-14T09:54:46Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Dey add category 102811 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{United Nations series}} '''Na Sustainable Development Goal 6''' ('''SDG 6''' anaa '''Global Goal 6''') declares de importance of achieving "clean water den [[sanitation]] for all". E be one of de 17 Sustainable Development Goals wet established by de [[United Nations General Assembly]] to succeed de former Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). According to de United Nations, de overall goal be to: "Ensure availability den sustainable management of water den sanitation for all."<ref name="SDG6">{{cite web |title=Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation |url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation.html |access-date=28 September 2015 |website=UNDP}}</ref> De goal has eight targets to be achieved by 2030 covering de main areas of water supply den sanitation den sustainable water resource management. Progress toward de targets will be measured by using eleven indicators.<ref name=":17" /> <!-- FYI: The second paragraph of the lead is transcluded in the article on [[Sustainable Development Goals]], and should contain a list of the targets --> <noinclude> De six key ''outcome targets'' to be achieved by 2030 include: De two ''means of implementing targets<ref name=":22">{{cite journal |last1=Bartram |first1=Jamie |last2=Brocklehurst |first2=Clarissa |last3=Bradley |first3=David |last4=Muller |first4=Mike |last5=Evans |first5=Barbara |date=December 2018 |title=Policy review of the means of implementation targets and indicators for the sustainable development goal for water and sanitation |url=https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/128504/9/s41545-018-0003-0.pdf |journal=npj Clean Water |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=3 |bibcode=2018npjCW...1....3B |doi=10.1038/s41545-018-0003-0 |s2cid=169226066 |doi-access=free}} {{cc-notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref>'' are to expand international cooperation den capacity-building support to developing countries, den to support local engagement insyd sustainable den participatory water den sanitation management.<ref name=":110">{{Cite book |last=United Nations |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3637 |title=Sustainable Development Goal. 6, Synthesis report 2018 on water and sanitation |publisher=United Nations, New York |year=2018 |isbn=978-92-1-101370-2 |oclc=1107804829}}</ref> # Achieve universal den equitable access to safe den affordable [[drinking water]] for all; # Achieve access to adequate den equitable sanitation den hygiene for all den end [[open defecation]], paying special attention to de needs of women den girls den those insyd vulnerable situations; # Improve water quality, by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping den minimizing release of hazardous chemicals den materials, halving de proportion of untreated wastewater (wastewater treatment) den substantially increasing recycling den safe reuse globally; # Substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors den ensure sustainable withdrawals den supply of fresh water to address water scarcity den substantially reduce de number of people suffering from water scarcity; # Implement integrated water resources management (IWRM), at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate; # Protect den restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers den lakes.</noinclude> Despite Official Development Assistance (ODA) disbursements to de water sector increasing to $9 billion insyd 2018.<ref name=":2" /> de Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) of WHO den UNICEF report insyd 2017 dat 4.5 billion people still did not have safely managed sanitation.<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906"/> Insyd 2017 only 71 percent of de global population used safely managed drinking water, den 2.2 billion persons were still without safely managed drinking water. Oda water-related hazards related to flooding den drought sanso remain significant threats to human development den well being. Like de oda, dis Sustainable Development Goal be closely interwoven plus de oda SDGs. For example, access to clean water fit improve health den wellbeing, leading to a progress insyd SDG3; den, better health leads to a higher school attendance, progressing SDG4, improving quality education. Achieving SDG6 fi only happen if oda SDGs are sanso achieved. == Background == [[File:Niger, Margou (13), water well with tree.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Families collecting water from a water well insyd Niger]] De [[United Nations]] (UN) has determined dat access to clean water den sanitation facilities be a fundamental human right.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-11 |title=World Water Development Report 2019 - Leaving No One Behind |url=https://en.unesco.org/themes/water-security/wwap/wwdr/2019 |access-date=2019-08-01 |website=UNESCO |language=en}}</ref> However, only a few countries have written de human right to water into enforceable legislation creating serious problems for people wishing to use legal means to promote better access.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Staddon |first1=C. |last2=Appleby |first2=T |last3=Grant |first3=E. |date=2011 |editor-last=Sultana |editor-first=F. |editor2-last=Loftus |editor2-first=A. |title=A right to water? Geographico-legal perspectives |journal=The Right to Water: Politics, Governance and Social Struggles |publisher=Routledge |pages=61–77 |isbn=978-1-84971-359-7}}</ref> Even insyd those countries, such as South Africa, plus a clear constitutional commitment to de human right to water den sanitation. E dey prove difficult to obtain legal redress. A review of de progress by de UN insyd 2020 found dat "increasing donor commitments to de water sector fi remain crucial to make progress towards Goal 6".<ref name="UNESC2020" /> Insyd 2022, de OECD dey estimate dat to achieve SDG 6, current global spending on water needs approximately $1 trillion per year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=OECD policy highlights: financing a water secure future. |url=https://www.oecd.org/environment/resources/policy-highlights-financing-a-water-secure-future.pdf}}</ref> ==Targets, indicators den progress== {{Further|List of SDG targets and indicators}} [[File:Share of the population using safely managed drinking water, OWID.svg|thumb|World map for Indicator 6.1.1 insyd 2022: Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services<ref name=":3">Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina (2018) [https://sdg-tracker.org/water-and-sanitation "Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals." (SDG 6)] ''SDG-Tracker.org, website'' {{cc-notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref>|300x300px]] [[File:Share of population using safely managed sanitation facilities, OWID.svg|thumb|World map for Indicator 6.2.1a insyd 2022: Share of population using safely managed sanitation facilities<ref name=":3" />|300x300px]] [[File:Proportion of population with basic handwashing facilities on premises, OWID.svg|thumb|World map for Indicator 6.2.1b insyd 2022: "Share of de population plus basic handwashing facilities on premises"<ref name=":3"/>|300x300px]] SDG 6 dey get eight targets including two so-called "implementing targets". Six of dem are to be achieved by de year 2030, one by de year 2020, den one get no target year.<ref name="SDG6_targets">{{Cite web |title=Goal 6 Targets |url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation/targets/ |access-date=16 November 2017 |website=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> Each of de targets sansk get one anaa two indicators wich fir be used to measure progress. Insyd total there are 11 indicators to monitor progress for SDG6.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=SDGs |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg6 |access-date=17 November 2017 |website=Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform}}</ref> De main data sources for de SDG 6 targets den indicators cam from de Integrated Monitoring Initiative for SDG 6 coordinated by UN-Water.<ref name=":110" /> De six "outcome-oriented targets" include: Safe den affordable [[drinking water]]; end [[open defecation]] den provide access to sanitation, den hygiene, improve water quality, wastewater treatment den safe reuse, increase water-use efficiency den ensure fresh water supplies, implement IWRM, protect den restore water-related ecosystems. De two "means of achieving" targets are to expand water den sanitation support to developing countries, den to support local engagement insyd water den sanitation management.<ref name=":110" /> De first three targets relate to drinking water supply, [[sanitation]] services, den wastewater treatment den reuse.<ref name="SDG6_targets" /> An SDG 6 Baseline Report insyd 2018 found dat "less dan 50 percent of countries have comparable baseline estimates for most SDG 6 global indicators".<ref name=":110" />{{rp|31}} === Target 6.1: Safe den affordable drinking water === De full title of Target 6.1 be: "By 2030, achieve universal den equitable access to safe den affordable [[drinking water]] for all".<ref name=":17">United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, [[:File:A RES 71 313 E.pdf|Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development]] ([https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313 A/RES/71/313])</ref> Dis target get one indicator: Indicator 6.1.1 be de "Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services".<ref name=":3" /> De definition of "safely managed drinking water service" be: "Drinking water from an improved water source dat be located on premises, available wen needed den free from fecal den priority [[Water pollution|chemical contamination]]."<ref name="JMP2017">WHO and UNICEF (2017) [https://web.archive.org/web/20170716004247/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/jmp-2017/en/ Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines]. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), 2017</ref>{{rp|8}} === Target 6.2: End open defecation den provide access to sanitation den hygiene === De full title of Target 6.2 be: "By 2030, achieve access to adequate den equitable [[sanitation]] den hygiene for all and den [[open defecation]], paying special attention to de needs of women den girls den those insyd vulnerable situations."<ref name=":17" /> Attending school den work without disruption supports education den employment. Therefore, toilets at school den de workplace are included insyd de second target ("achieve access to adequate den equitable sanitation den hygiene for all"). Equitable sanitation den hygiene solutions address de needs of women den girls den those insyd vulnerable situations, such as de elderly or people plus disabilities. <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wilbur |first1=Jane |last2=Dreibelbis |first2=Robert |last3=Mactaggart |first3=Islay |date=June 11, 2024 |editor-last=Winkler |editor-first=Inga T. |title=Addressing water, sanitation and hygiene inequalities: A review of evidence, gaps, and recommendations for disability-inclusive WASH by 2030 |journal=PLOS Water |language=en |volume=3 |issue=6 |article-number=e0000257 |doi=10.1371/journal.pwat.0000257 |issn=2767-3219 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dis target get one indicator: Indicator 6.2.1 be de "Proportion of population using (a) safely managed sanitation services den (b) a hand-washing facility plus soap den water".<ref name="UN2017" /> De definition of "safely managed sanitation" service be: "Use of improved facilities dat are not shared plus oda households den where excreta are safely disposed of insyd situ anaa transported den treated offsite."<ref name="JMP2017" />{{rp|8}} Improved sanitation facilities are those designed to hygienically separate excreta from human contact.<ref name="JMP2017" />{{rp|6}} Ending [[open defecation]] fit require de provision of toilets den sanitation for 2.6 billion people as well as behavior change of de population.<ref name="JMP2017" /> To meet SDG targets for sanitation by 2030, nearly "a third of countries fit need to accelerate progress to end open defecation, including [[Brazil]], [[China]], [[Ethiopia]], [[India]], [[Indonesia]], [[Nigeria]], den Pakistan".<ref name="SDGChildren20182">{{cite web |title=Progress for Every Child in the SDG Era |url=https://data.unicef.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Progress_for_Every_Child_V4.pdf |access-date=2 April 2018 |website=UNICEF}}</ref>{{rp|79}} Dis fi require cooperation between governments, civil society den de private sector.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kellogg |first=Diane M. |title=Beyond the bottom line: integrating sustainability into business and management practice |publisher=Greenleaf Publishing |others=Gudić, Milenko,, Tan, Tay Keong,, Flynn, Patricia M. |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-78353-327-5 |location=Saltaire, UK |chapter=The Global Sanitation Crisis: A Role for Business |oclc=982187046}}</ref> ==== Report from 2019 for Target 6.1 den 6.2 ==== Targets 6.1 den 6.2 are usually reported on together because they are both part of de WASH sector den have de same custodian agency, de Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply den Sanitation (JMP).<ref name="JMP2017" /> Insyd June 2019, de JMP released their 138-page report "Progress on household drinking water, sanitation, den hygiene 2000-2017: special focus on inequalities."<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906">{{Cite report |url=https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/jmp-2019-full-report.pdf |title=Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000-2017: Special focus on inequalities |date=June 2019 |location=New York |page=138 |isbn=978-92-415-1623-5 |access-date=30 March 2021 |work=[[United Nations Children's Fund]] (UNICEF) and [[World Health Organization]]}}</ref> ===== Drinking water (Target 6.1) ===== De report say dat insyd 2017, 5.3 billion people—representing 71% of de population of de world—used a "safely managed drinking-water service—one dat be "located on premises, available wen needed, den free from contamination".<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> By 2017, 6.8 billion people—representing 90% of de world's population—used "at least a basic service", wich included "an improved drinking-water source within a round trip of 30 minutes to collect water".<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> However, insyd 2017, there were still 785 million people hu lacked "even a basic drinking-water service, including 144 million people hu [were] dependent on surface water."<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> De report say dat approximately 2 billion people used a "drinking water source contaminated plus feces".<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> De report warned dat diseases, including "[[Diarrhea|diarrhoea,]] [[Cholera|,cholera]] [[dysentery]], [[Typhoid fever|typhoid]], den [[polio]]" are transmitted by [[Water pollution|contaminated water]], wich cause about 485, 000 [[diarrhea]] deaths each year.<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> E cautioned dat 50% of de global population fit be "living insyd water-stressed areas" by 2025.<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> By 2017, eighty countries provided access to clean water for more dan 99% of their population.<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_2014">{{Cite report |title=Progress on sanitation and drinking-water: 2014 update |date=28 July 2014 |publisher=World Health Organization |isbn=978-92-4-069281-7 |oclc=889699199 |work=[[United Nations Children's Fund]] (UNICEF) and [[World Health Organization]]}}</ref> From 2000 to 2017, de global population dat lacked access to clean water decreased from nearly 20% to roughly 10%.<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> ===== Sanitation den hygiene (Target 6.2) ===== == References == <references /> [[Category:Sanitation]] [[Category:United Nations documents]] [[Category:Global policy organizations]] [[Category:Projects wey establish insyd 2015]] [[Category:Water management]] nepn6k46xbxtrhp2rhl2ek4s7oea84n 102812 102811 2026-06-14T09:55:11Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Dey add category 102812 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{United Nations series}} '''Na Sustainable Development Goal 6''' ('''SDG 6''' anaa '''Global Goal 6''') declares de importance of achieving "clean water den [[sanitation]] for all". E be one of de 17 Sustainable Development Goals wet established by de [[United Nations General Assembly]] to succeed de former Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). According to de United Nations, de overall goal be to: "Ensure availability den sustainable management of water den sanitation for all."<ref name="SDG6">{{cite web |title=Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation |url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation.html |access-date=28 September 2015 |website=UNDP}}</ref> De goal has eight targets to be achieved by 2030 covering de main areas of water supply den sanitation den sustainable water resource management. Progress toward de targets will be measured by using eleven indicators.<ref name=":17" /> <!-- FYI: The second paragraph of the lead is transcluded in the article on [[Sustainable Development Goals]], and should contain a list of the targets --> <noinclude> De six key ''outcome targets'' to be achieved by 2030 include: De two ''means of implementing targets<ref name=":22">{{cite journal |last1=Bartram |first1=Jamie |last2=Brocklehurst |first2=Clarissa |last3=Bradley |first3=David |last4=Muller |first4=Mike |last5=Evans |first5=Barbara |date=December 2018 |title=Policy review of the means of implementation targets and indicators for the sustainable development goal for water and sanitation |url=https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/128504/9/s41545-018-0003-0.pdf |journal=npj Clean Water |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=3 |bibcode=2018npjCW...1....3B |doi=10.1038/s41545-018-0003-0 |s2cid=169226066 |doi-access=free}} {{cc-notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref>'' are to expand international cooperation den capacity-building support to developing countries, den to support local engagement insyd sustainable den participatory water den sanitation management.<ref name=":110">{{Cite book |last=United Nations |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3637 |title=Sustainable Development Goal. 6, Synthesis report 2018 on water and sanitation |publisher=United Nations, New York |year=2018 |isbn=978-92-1-101370-2 |oclc=1107804829}}</ref> # Achieve universal den equitable access to safe den affordable [[drinking water]] for all; # Achieve access to adequate den equitable sanitation den hygiene for all den end [[open defecation]], paying special attention to de needs of women den girls den those insyd vulnerable situations; # Improve water quality, by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping den minimizing release of hazardous chemicals den materials, halving de proportion of untreated wastewater (wastewater treatment) den substantially increasing recycling den safe reuse globally; # Substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors den ensure sustainable withdrawals den supply of fresh water to address water scarcity den substantially reduce de number of people suffering from water scarcity; # Implement integrated water resources management (IWRM), at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate; # Protect den restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers den lakes.</noinclude> Despite Official Development Assistance (ODA) disbursements to de water sector increasing to $9 billion insyd 2018.<ref name=":2" /> de Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) of WHO den UNICEF report insyd 2017 dat 4.5 billion people still did not have safely managed sanitation.<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906"/> Insyd 2017 only 71 percent of de global population used safely managed drinking water, den 2.2 billion persons were still without safely managed drinking water. Oda water-related hazards related to flooding den drought sanso remain significant threats to human development den well being. Like de oda, dis Sustainable Development Goal be closely interwoven plus de oda SDGs. For example, access to clean water fit improve health den wellbeing, leading to a progress insyd SDG3; den, better health leads to a higher school attendance, progressing SDG4, improving quality education. Achieving SDG6 fi only happen if oda SDGs are sanso achieved. == Background == [[File:Niger, Margou (13), water well with tree.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Families collecting water from a water well insyd Niger]] De [[United Nations]] (UN) has determined dat access to clean water den sanitation facilities be a fundamental human right.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-11 |title=World Water Development Report 2019 - Leaving No One Behind |url=https://en.unesco.org/themes/water-security/wwap/wwdr/2019 |access-date=2019-08-01 |website=UNESCO |language=en}}</ref> However, only a few countries have written de human right to water into enforceable legislation creating serious problems for people wishing to use legal means to promote better access.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Staddon |first1=C. |last2=Appleby |first2=T |last3=Grant |first3=E. |date=2011 |editor-last=Sultana |editor-first=F. |editor2-last=Loftus |editor2-first=A. |title=A right to water? Geographico-legal perspectives |journal=The Right to Water: Politics, Governance and Social Struggles |publisher=Routledge |pages=61–77 |isbn=978-1-84971-359-7}}</ref> Even insyd those countries, such as South Africa, plus a clear constitutional commitment to de human right to water den sanitation. E dey prove difficult to obtain legal redress. A review of de progress by de UN insyd 2020 found dat "increasing donor commitments to de water sector fi remain crucial to make progress towards Goal 6".<ref name="UNESC2020" /> Insyd 2022, de OECD dey estimate dat to achieve SDG 6, current global spending on water needs approximately $1 trillion per year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=OECD policy highlights: financing a water secure future. |url=https://www.oecd.org/environment/resources/policy-highlights-financing-a-water-secure-future.pdf}}</ref> ==Targets, indicators den progress== {{Further|List of SDG targets and indicators}} [[File:Share of the population using safely managed drinking water, OWID.svg|thumb|World map for Indicator 6.1.1 insyd 2022: Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services<ref name=":3">Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina (2018) [https://sdg-tracker.org/water-and-sanitation "Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals." (SDG 6)] ''SDG-Tracker.org, website'' {{cc-notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref>|300x300px]] [[File:Share of population using safely managed sanitation facilities, OWID.svg|thumb|World map for Indicator 6.2.1a insyd 2022: Share of population using safely managed sanitation facilities<ref name=":3" />|300x300px]] [[File:Proportion of population with basic handwashing facilities on premises, OWID.svg|thumb|World map for Indicator 6.2.1b insyd 2022: "Share of de population plus basic handwashing facilities on premises"<ref name=":3"/>|300x300px]] SDG 6 dey get eight targets including two so-called "implementing targets". Six of dem are to be achieved by de year 2030, one by de year 2020, den one get no target year.<ref name="SDG6_targets">{{Cite web |title=Goal 6 Targets |url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation/targets/ |access-date=16 November 2017 |website=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> Each of de targets sansk get one anaa two indicators wich fir be used to measure progress. Insyd total there are 11 indicators to monitor progress for SDG6.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=SDGs |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg6 |access-date=17 November 2017 |website=Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform}}</ref> De main data sources for de SDG 6 targets den indicators cam from de Integrated Monitoring Initiative for SDG 6 coordinated by UN-Water.<ref name=":110" /> De six "outcome-oriented targets" include: Safe den affordable [[drinking water]]; end [[open defecation]] den provide access to sanitation, den hygiene, improve water quality, wastewater treatment den safe reuse, increase water-use efficiency den ensure fresh water supplies, implement IWRM, protect den restore water-related ecosystems. De two "means of achieving" targets are to expand water den sanitation support to developing countries, den to support local engagement insyd water den sanitation management.<ref name=":110" /> De first three targets relate to drinking water supply, [[sanitation]] services, den wastewater treatment den reuse.<ref name="SDG6_targets" /> An SDG 6 Baseline Report insyd 2018 found dat "less dan 50 percent of countries have comparable baseline estimates for most SDG 6 global indicators".<ref name=":110" />{{rp|31}} === Target 6.1: Safe den affordable drinking water === De full title of Target 6.1 be: "By 2030, achieve universal den equitable access to safe den affordable [[drinking water]] for all".<ref name=":17">United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, [[:File:A RES 71 313 E.pdf|Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development]] ([https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313 A/RES/71/313])</ref> Dis target get one indicator: Indicator 6.1.1 be de "Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services".<ref name=":3" /> De definition of "safely managed drinking water service" be: "Drinking water from an improved water source dat be located on premises, available wen needed den free from fecal den priority [[Water pollution|chemical contamination]]."<ref name="JMP2017">WHO and UNICEF (2017) [https://web.archive.org/web/20170716004247/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/jmp-2017/en/ Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines]. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), 2017</ref>{{rp|8}} === Target 6.2: End open defecation den provide access to sanitation den hygiene === De full title of Target 6.2 be: "By 2030, achieve access to adequate den equitable [[sanitation]] den hygiene for all and den [[open defecation]], paying special attention to de needs of women den girls den those insyd vulnerable situations."<ref name=":17" /> Attending school den work without disruption supports education den employment. Therefore, toilets at school den de workplace are included insyd de second target ("achieve access to adequate den equitable sanitation den hygiene for all"). Equitable sanitation den hygiene solutions address de needs of women den girls den those insyd vulnerable situations, such as de elderly or people plus disabilities. <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wilbur |first1=Jane |last2=Dreibelbis |first2=Robert |last3=Mactaggart |first3=Islay |date=June 11, 2024 |editor-last=Winkler |editor-first=Inga T. |title=Addressing water, sanitation and hygiene inequalities: A review of evidence, gaps, and recommendations for disability-inclusive WASH by 2030 |journal=PLOS Water |language=en |volume=3 |issue=6 |article-number=e0000257 |doi=10.1371/journal.pwat.0000257 |issn=2767-3219 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dis target get one indicator: Indicator 6.2.1 be de "Proportion of population using (a) safely managed sanitation services den (b) a hand-washing facility plus soap den water".<ref name="UN2017" /> De definition of "safely managed sanitation" service be: "Use of improved facilities dat are not shared plus oda households den where excreta are safely disposed of insyd situ anaa transported den treated offsite."<ref name="JMP2017" />{{rp|8}} Improved sanitation facilities are those designed to hygienically separate excreta from human contact.<ref name="JMP2017" />{{rp|6}} Ending [[open defecation]] fit require de provision of toilets den sanitation for 2.6 billion people as well as behavior change of de population.<ref name="JMP2017" /> To meet SDG targets for sanitation by 2030, nearly "a third of countries fit need to accelerate progress to end open defecation, including [[Brazil]], [[China]], [[Ethiopia]], [[India]], [[Indonesia]], [[Nigeria]], den Pakistan".<ref name="SDGChildren20182">{{cite web |title=Progress for Every Child in the SDG Era |url=https://data.unicef.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Progress_for_Every_Child_V4.pdf |access-date=2 April 2018 |website=UNICEF}}</ref>{{rp|79}} Dis fi require cooperation between governments, civil society den de private sector.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kellogg |first=Diane M. |title=Beyond the bottom line: integrating sustainability into business and management practice |publisher=Greenleaf Publishing |others=Gudić, Milenko,, Tan, Tay Keong,, Flynn, Patricia M. |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-78353-327-5 |location=Saltaire, UK |chapter=The Global Sanitation Crisis: A Role for Business |oclc=982187046}}</ref> ==== Report from 2019 for Target 6.1 den 6.2 ==== Targets 6.1 den 6.2 are usually reported on together because they are both part of de WASH sector den have de same custodian agency, de Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply den Sanitation (JMP).<ref name="JMP2017" /> Insyd June 2019, de JMP released their 138-page report "Progress on household drinking water, sanitation, den hygiene 2000-2017: special focus on inequalities."<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906">{{Cite report |url=https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/jmp-2019-full-report.pdf |title=Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000-2017: Special focus on inequalities |date=June 2019 |location=New York |page=138 |isbn=978-92-415-1623-5 |access-date=30 March 2021 |work=[[United Nations Children's Fund]] (UNICEF) and [[World Health Organization]]}}</ref> ===== Drinking water (Target 6.1) ===== De report say dat insyd 2017, 5.3 billion people—representing 71% of de population of de world—used a "safely managed drinking-water service—one dat be "located on premises, available wen needed, den free from contamination".<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> By 2017, 6.8 billion people—representing 90% of de world's population—used "at least a basic service", wich included "an improved drinking-water source within a round trip of 30 minutes to collect water".<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> However, insyd 2017, there were still 785 million people hu lacked "even a basic drinking-water service, including 144 million people hu [were] dependent on surface water."<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> De report say dat approximately 2 billion people used a "drinking water source contaminated plus feces".<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> De report warned dat diseases, including "[[Diarrhea|diarrhoea,]] [[Cholera|,cholera]] [[dysentery]], [[Typhoid fever|typhoid]], den [[polio]]" are transmitted by [[Water pollution|contaminated water]], wich cause about 485, 000 [[diarrhea]] deaths each year.<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> E cautioned dat 50% of de global population fit be "living insyd water-stressed areas" by 2025.<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> By 2017, eighty countries provided access to clean water for more dan 99% of their population.<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_2014">{{Cite report |title=Progress on sanitation and drinking-water: 2014 update |date=28 July 2014 |publisher=World Health Organization |isbn=978-92-4-069281-7 |oclc=889699199 |work=[[United Nations Children's Fund]] (UNICEF) and [[World Health Organization]]}}</ref> From 2000 to 2017, de global population dat lacked access to clean water decreased from nearly 20% to roughly 10%.<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> ===== Sanitation den hygiene (Target 6.2) ===== == References == <references /> [[Category:Sanitation]] [[Category:United Nations documents]] [[Category:Global policy organizations]] [[Category:Projects wey establish insyd 2015]] [[Category:Water management]] [[Category:AWC2026]] igpilu93fxqnor90osuov4w3gunkq2a 0 27471 102748 101859 2026-06-13T23:54:29Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 102748 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ruvuma River''', dem formerly sanso know as de '''Rovuma River''', be a river insyd de [[African Great Lakes]] region. During de greater part of ein course, e dey form de border between [[Tanzania]] den [[Mozambique]]. De river be 998 km (620 mi) long, plus a drainage basin of ~155,000 km² (60,000 mi²) in size. Ein mean annual discharge be 475 m³/s (16,800 cu ft/s) to 2,286 m³/s (80,700 cu ft/s) at ein mouth.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nakayama |first=Mikiyasu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nBJPAAAAMAAJ |title=International Waters in Southern Africa |date=2003 |publisher=United Nations University Press |isbn=978-92-808-1077-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ceantral East Coast2">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=101&catid=270&Itemid=179|title=Central East Coast}}</ref> == Discharge == Average den maximum discharge of de Rovuma River (11°9′53.9532″S 39°15′37.8072″E / 11.164987000°S 39.260502000°E / -11.164987000; 39.260502000):<ref name="Evaluation of streamflow estimates for the Rovuma River3">{{cite journal |last1=M.R. |first1=Minihane |year=2012 |title=Evaluation of streamflow estimates for the Rovuma River |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S147470651200112X |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=50-52 |pages=14–23 |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2012.09.003 |url-access=subscription |doi-access=free}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" !VIC modeled (1999–2008) !MFR estimated flows (1999–2008) !UNH-GRDC historical period (1957–1999) |- | colspan="3" |Average discharge |- |1,864 m³/s (65,800 cu ft/s) |1,866 m³/s (65,900 cu ft/s) |1,838 m³/s (64,900 cu ft/s) |- | colspan="3" |Maximum discharge |- |22,365 m³/s (789,800 cu ft/s) |22,630 m³/s (799,000 cu ft/s) |22,053 m³/s (778,800 cu ft/s) |} Average monthly discharge of de Rovuma River (11°9′53.9532″S 39°15′37.8072″E / 11.164987000°S 39.260502000°E / -11.164987000; 39.260502000), UNH-GRDC historical period (1957–1999):<ref name="Evaluation of streamflow estimates for the Rovuma River3" /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" !Month !Discharge (m³/s) |- |JAN |3,340 |- |FEB |4,040 |- |MAR |5,390 |- |APR |3,880 |- |MAY |1,780 |- |JUN |780 |- |JUL |350 |- |AUG |160 |- |SEP |50 |- |OCT |80 |- |NOV |270 |- |DEC |1,940 |} == Tributaries == De largest tributaries of de Rovuma River:<ref name="Ceantral East Coast2" /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" !Left tributary !Right tributary !Length (km) !Basin size (km²) !Average discharge (m³/s) |- | colspan="2" |''Rovuma'' |''760'' |''155,316.4'' |''1,773'' |- |Kitama | |70 |1,065.8 |12.3 |- | |Matiu |100 |1,920.1 |26.1 |- |Mwiti | |80 |994.2 |14 |- | |Ninga |100 |1,572.8 |19.8 |- |Miesi | rowspan="2" | |80 |946.7 |12.5 |- |Mbangala |160 |3 598.2 |44.4 |- | |Lugenda |650 |60,990.4 |752.1 |- |Lukwika | |100 |1,331.5 |16.3 |- | |Manjesi |90 |1,084.2 |16.3 |- |Lumesule | rowspan="4" | |180 |2,342.8 |28.9 |- |Muhuwesi |240 |10,319.6 |137.3 |- |Mzinieva |100 |1,285.4 |22.5 |- |Chimovero | |638.3 |11.2 |- | |Licombe |60 |975.7 |16 |- |Lukembule | | |1,234.6 |21.6 |- | rowspan="2" | |Chiluezi | |3,544.9 |55.1 |- |Lopele | |763.1 |13.3 |- |Luvingo | |80 |592.4 |10.3 |- | |Ludimilé | |1,129.4 |20.7 |- |Sasawara | rowspan="2" | |90 |2,322.8 |37.3 |- |Msangesi |120 |1,614.1 |23.8 |- | rowspan="4" | |Lipapa | |753.5 |14.2 |- |Lussanhando | |2,863.2 |51.9 |- |Lucheringo |250 |9,288.1 |200.5 |- |Lualece |60 |611.9 |11 |- |Miongosi | rowspan="3" | |50 |964.3 |11.6 |- |Likonde |150 |5,914.8 |61.2 |- |Mlongasi |100 |960.8 |11.9 |- | |Messinge |238 |7,525.4 |174.8 |- |Lunyere | |190 |6,210.1 |78.7 |} == Overview == De lower Ruvuma river be formed by de junction at 11° 25′ S, 38° 31′ E of two branches of nearly equal importance, de longer of wich, de Lujenda, dey cam from de south-west, de oda, wich still dey bear de name Ruvuma, from de west. Ein source dey lie on an undulating plateau, 1,000 m (3,300 ft) high, immediately to de east of [[Lake Malawi|Lake Nyasa]], at 10° 45′ S, 35° 40′ E, de head-stream dey flow first due west before turning south den east. Insyd ein eastward course, de Ruvuma dey flow near de base of de escarpment of an arid sandstone plateau to de north, from wich direction de stream, wich cut demselves deep channels insyd de plateau edge, get almost all short courses. == References == <references /> == External links == guth0lxwmajj5bdgbkf2r7ruq8g7aw0 102749 102748 2026-06-13T23:56:01Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 102749 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ruvuma River''', dem formerly sanso know as de '''Rovuma River''', be a river insyd de [[African Great Lakes]] region. During de greater part of ein course, e dey form de border between [[Tanzania]] den [[Mozambique]]. De river be 998 km (620 mi) long, plus a drainage basin of ~155,000 km² (60,000 mi²) in size. Ein mean annual discharge be 475 m³/s (16,800 cu ft/s) to 2,286 m³/s (80,700 cu ft/s) at ein mouth.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nakayama |first=Mikiyasu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nBJPAAAAMAAJ |title=International Waters in Southern Africa |date=2003 |publisher=United Nations University Press |isbn=978-92-808-1077-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ceantral East Coast2">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=101&catid=270&Itemid=179|title=Central East Coast}}</ref> == Discharge == Average den maximum discharge of de Rovuma River (11°9′53.9532″S 39°15′37.8072″E / 11.164987000°S 39.260502000°E / -11.164987000; 39.260502000):<ref name="Evaluation of streamflow estimates for the Rovuma River3">{{cite journal |last1=M.R. |first1=Minihane |year=2012 |title=Evaluation of streamflow estimates for the Rovuma River |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S147470651200112X |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=50-52 |pages=14–23 |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2012.09.003 |url-access=subscription |doi-access=free}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" !VIC modeled (1999–2008) !MFR estimated flows (1999–2008) !UNH-GRDC historical period (1957–1999) |- | colspan="3" |Average discharge |- |1,864 m³/s (65,800 cu ft/s) |1,866 m³/s (65,900 cu ft/s) |1,838 m³/s (64,900 cu ft/s) |- | colspan="3" |Maximum discharge |- |22,365 m³/s (789,800 cu ft/s) |22,630 m³/s (799,000 cu ft/s) |22,053 m³/s (778,800 cu ft/s) |} Average monthly discharge of de Rovuma River (11°9′53.9532″S 39°15′37.8072″E / 11.164987000°S 39.260502000°E / -11.164987000; 39.260502000), UNH-GRDC historical period (1957–1999):<ref name="Evaluation of streamflow estimates for the Rovuma River3" /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" !Month !Discharge (m³/s) |- |JAN |3,340 |- |FEB |4,040 |- |MAR |5,390 |- |APR |3,880 |- |MAY |1,780 |- |JUN |780 |- |JUL |350 |- |AUG |160 |- |SEP |50 |- |OCT |80 |- |NOV |270 |- |DEC |1,940 |} == Tributaries == De largest tributaries of de Rovuma River:<ref name="Ceantral East Coast2" /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" !Left tributary !Right tributary !Length (km) !Basin size (km²) !Average discharge (m³/s) |- | colspan="2" |''Rovuma'' |''760'' |''155,316.4'' |''1,773'' |- |Kitama | |70 |1,065.8 |12.3 |- | |Matiu |100 |1,920.1 |26.1 |- |Mwiti | |80 |994.2 |14 |- | |Ninga |100 |1,572.8 |19.8 |- |Miesi | rowspan="2" | |80 |946.7 |12.5 |- |Mbangala |160 |3 598.2 |44.4 |- | |Lugenda |650 |60,990.4 |752.1 |- |Lukwika | |100 |1,331.5 |16.3 |- | |Manjesi |90 |1,084.2 |16.3 |- |Lumesule | rowspan="4" | |180 |2,342.8 |28.9 |- |Muhuwesi |240 |10,319.6 |137.3 |- |Mzinieva |100 |1,285.4 |22.5 |- |Chimovero | |638.3 |11.2 |- | |Licombe |60 |975.7 |16 |- |Lukembule | | |1,234.6 |21.6 |- | rowspan="2" | |Chiluezi | |3,544.9 |55.1 |- |Lopele | |763.1 |13.3 |- |Luvingo | |80 |592.4 |10.3 |- | |Ludimilé | |1,129.4 |20.7 |- |Sasawara | rowspan="2" | |90 |2,322.8 |37.3 |- |Msangesi |120 |1,614.1 |23.8 |- | rowspan="4" | |Lipapa | |753.5 |14.2 |- |Lussanhando | |2,863.2 |51.9 |- |Lucheringo |250 |9,288.1 |200.5 |- |Lualece |60 |611.9 |11 |- |Miongosi | rowspan="3" | |50 |964.3 |11.6 |- |Likonde |150 |5,914.8 |61.2 |- |Mlongasi |100 |960.8 |11.9 |- | |Messinge |238 |7,525.4 |174.8 |- |Lunyere | |190 |6,210.1 |78.7 |} == Overview == De lower Ruvuma river be formed by de junction at 11° 25′ S, 38° 31′ E of two branches of nearly equal importance, de longer of wich, de Lujenda, dey cam from de south-west, de oda, wich still dey bear de name Ruvuma, from de west. Ein source dey lie on an undulating plateau, 1,000 m (3,300 ft) high, immediately to de east of [[Lake Malawi|Lake Nyasa]], at 10° 45′ S, 35° 40′ E, de head-stream dey flow first due west before turning south den east. Insyd ein eastward course, de Ruvuma dey flow near de base of de escarpment of an arid sandstone plateau to de north, from wich direction de stream, wich cut demselves deep channels insyd de plateau edge, get almost all short courses. == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} [[Category:Ruvuma River| ]] [[Category:Rivers of Mozambique]] [[Category:Rivers of Tanzania]] [[Category:Border rivers]] [[Category:International rivers of Africa]] [[Category:Mozambique–Tanzania border]] s3xd3f1dpu19w0fyigconh0ghvhm1vx 0 27488 102780 102053 2026-06-14T07:54:07Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve am 102780 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Boyoma Falls''' ({{langx|sw|Maporomoko ya Maji ya Boyoma}}, {{langx|fr|Chutes de Boyoma}}, {{langx|nl|Boyomawatervallen}}),<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Ndeo|first1=Oscar|last2=Hauffe|first2=Torsten|last3=Delicado|first3=Diana|last4=Busanga|first4=Alidor|last5=Albrecht|first5=Christian|date=2017-05-02|title=Mollusk communities of the central Congo River shaped by combined effects of barriers, environmental gradients, and species dispersal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316971348|journal=Journal of Limnology|volume=76|doi=10.4081/jlimnol.2017.1585|doi-access=free}}</ref> formerly known as '''Stanley Falls''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Chutes Stanley''; [[Dutch language|Dutch]]: ''Stanleywatervallen''), be a series of seven [[Waterfall#Types|cataract]]s, each no more dan {{convert|5|m|ft|abbr=on}} high, extending over more dan {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} along a curve of de Lualaba River between de river port towns of Ubundu den Kisangani (sanso dey known as Boyoma) insyd de Orientale Province of de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of de Congo]].<ref name=Stanley>Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}</ref>{{rp|Vol.Two,175}} De seven cataracts have a total drop of {{convert|61|m|ft|abbr=on}}. Dey form the largest waterfall by volume of annual flow rate insyd de world, exceeding both de Niagara Falls den de Iguazu Falls.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}} De two major cataracts are de first below Ubundu, forming a narrow den crooked stream dat be hardly accessible, den de last dat fi be spy den visited from Kisangani. At de bottom of de rapids, de Lualaba be known as de [[Congo River]]. A {{cvt|1|m||adj=mid|-gauge}} portage railway bypasses de series of rapids, connecting Kisangani den Ubundu.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}} == References == tw5e8rug8e19w82pn98h4oijepeepcw 102781 102780 2026-06-14T07:58:31Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve am 102781 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Boyoma Falls''' ({{langx|sw|Maporomoko ya Maji ya Boyoma}}, {{langx|fr|Chutes de Boyoma}}, {{langx|nl|Boyomawatervallen}}),<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Ndeo|first1=Oscar|last2=Hauffe|first2=Torsten|last3=Delicado|first3=Diana|last4=Busanga|first4=Alidor|last5=Albrecht|first5=Christian|date=2017-05-02|title=Mollusk communities of the central Congo River shaped by combined effects of barriers, environmental gradients, and species dispersal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316971348|journal=Journal of Limnology|volume=76|doi=10.4081/jlimnol.2017.1585|doi-access=free}}</ref> formerly known as '''Stanley Falls''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Chutes Stanley''; [[Dutch language|Dutch]]: ''Stanleywatervallen''), be a series of seven [[Waterfall#Types|cataract]]s, each no more dan {{convert|5|m|ft|abbr=on}} high, extending over more dan {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} along a curve of de Lualaba River between de river port towns of Ubundu den Kisangani (sanso dey known as Boyoma) insyd de Orientale Province of de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of de Congo]].<ref name=Stanley>Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}</ref>{{rp|Vol.Two,175}} De seven cataracts have a total drop of {{convert|61|m|ft|abbr=on}}. Dey form the largest waterfall by volume of annual flow rate insyd de world, exceeding both de Niagara Falls den de Iguazu Falls.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}} De two major cataracts are de first below Ubundu, forming a narrow den crooked stream dat be hardly accessible, den de last dat fi be spy den visited from Kisangani. At de bottom of de rapids, de Lualaba be known as de [[Congo River]]. A {{cvt|1|m||adj=mid|-gauge}} portage railway bypasses de series of rapids, connecting Kisangani den Ubundu.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}} De last of de seven cataracts of de Boyoma Falls be sanso known as de '''Wagenia Falls''' ({{langx|fr|Chutes Wagenia}}, {{langx|nl|Wageniawatervallen}}),<ref name=":0" /> referring to de local Wagenya fishermen, hu have developed a special technique to fish insyd de river. Dem build systems of wooden tripods across de rapids fixed insyd holes wey dey carve insyd de rock by de water current. These serve as anchors for baskets dat entrap large fish. De baskets are lowered insyd de rapids to “sieve” de waters for fish. E be a very selective fishing method, as these baskets are quite big, den only large fish are entrapped. == References == 0hvywx4rlx5evwqtkwi5pwy4flnz2rf 102782 102781 2026-06-14T08:07:01Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve am 102782 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Boyoma Falls''' ({{langx|sw|Maporomoko ya Maji ya Boyoma}}, {{langx|fr|Chutes de Boyoma}}, {{langx|nl|Boyomawatervallen}}),<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Ndeo|first1=Oscar|last2=Hauffe|first2=Torsten|last3=Delicado|first3=Diana|last4=Busanga|first4=Alidor|last5=Albrecht|first5=Christian|date=2017-05-02|title=Mollusk communities of the central Congo River shaped by combined effects of barriers, environmental gradients, and species dispersal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316971348|journal=Journal of Limnology|volume=76|doi=10.4081/jlimnol.2017.1585|doi-access=free}}</ref> formerly known as '''Stanley Falls''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Chutes Stanley''; [[Dutch language|Dutch]]: ''Stanleywatervallen''), be a series of seven [[Waterfall#Types|cataract]]s, each no more dan {{convert|5|m|ft|abbr=on}} high, extending over more dan {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} along a curve of de Lualaba River between de river port towns of Ubundu den Kisangani (sanso dey known as Boyoma) insyd de Orientale Province of de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of de Congo]].<ref name=Stanley>Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}</ref>{{rp|Vol.Two,175}} De seven cataracts have a total drop of {{convert|61|m|ft|abbr=on}}. Dey form the largest waterfall by volume of annual flow rate insyd de world, exceeding both de Niagara Falls den de Iguazu Falls.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}} De two major cataracts are de first below Ubundu, forming a narrow den crooked stream dat be hardly accessible, den de last dat fi be spy den visited from Kisangani. At de bottom of de rapids, de Lualaba be known as de [[Congo River]]. A {{cvt|1|m||adj=mid|-gauge}} portage railway bypasses de series of rapids, connecting Kisangani den Ubundu.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}} De last of de seven cataracts of de Boyoma Falls be sanso known as de '''Wagenia Falls''' ({{langx|fr|Chutes Wagenia}}, {{langx|nl|Wageniawatervallen}}),<ref name=":0" /> referring to de local Wagenya fishermen, hu have developed a special technique to fish insyd de river. Dem build systems of wooden tripods across de rapids fixed insyd holes wey dey carve insyd de rock by de water current. These serve as anchors for baskets dat entrap large fish. De baskets are lowered insyd de rapids to “sieve” de waters for fish. E be a very selective fishing method, as these baskets are quite big, den only large fish are entrapped. De falls were formerly named after Henry Morton Stanley, hu explored de region den noted de fishing technique of de Wagenya. According to Stanley, "...by taking advantage of de rocks, de natives have been enabled to fix upright heavy poles, {{convert|6|in}} insyd diameter, to each of which they attach enormous fish-baskets by means of rattan-cane cable. There are probably sixty or seventy baskets laid in the river on each side, every day; den though some may be brought up empty, insyd general they seem to be tolerably successful, for out of half-a-dozen baskets...twenty-eight large fish were collected..."<ref name="Stanley" />{{rp|197}} == References == 66bxuxv51d8aalp5nqikc7wasxiuior 102783 102782 2026-06-14T08:08:17Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Add sub-heading 102783 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Boyoma Falls''' ({{langx|sw|Maporomoko ya Maji ya Boyoma}}, {{langx|fr|Chutes de Boyoma}}, {{langx|nl|Boyomawatervallen}}),<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Ndeo|first1=Oscar|last2=Hauffe|first2=Torsten|last3=Delicado|first3=Diana|last4=Busanga|first4=Alidor|last5=Albrecht|first5=Christian|date=2017-05-02|title=Mollusk communities of the central Congo River shaped by combined effects of barriers, environmental gradients, and species dispersal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316971348|journal=Journal of Limnology|volume=76|doi=10.4081/jlimnol.2017.1585|doi-access=free}}</ref> formerly known as '''Stanley Falls''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Chutes Stanley''; [[Dutch language|Dutch]]: ''Stanleywatervallen''), be a series of seven [[Waterfall#Types|cataract]]s, each no more dan {{convert|5|m|ft|abbr=on}} high, extending over more dan {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} along a curve of de Lualaba River between de river port towns of Ubundu den Kisangani (sanso dey known as Boyoma) insyd de Orientale Province of de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of de Congo]].<ref name=Stanley>Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}</ref>{{rp|Vol.Two,175}} De seven cataracts have a total drop of {{convert|61|m|ft|abbr=on}}. Dey form the largest waterfall by volume of annual flow rate insyd de world, exceeding both de Niagara Falls den de Iguazu Falls.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}} De two major cataracts are de first below Ubundu, forming a narrow den crooked stream dat be hardly accessible, den de last dat fi be spy den visited from Kisangani. At de bottom of de rapids, de Lualaba be known as de [[Congo River]]. A {{cvt|1|m||adj=mid|-gauge}} portage railway bypasses de series of rapids, connecting Kisangani den Ubundu.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}} De last of de seven cataracts of de Boyoma Falls be sanso known as de '''Wagenia Falls''' ({{langx|fr|Chutes Wagenia}}, {{langx|nl|Wageniawatervallen}}),<ref name=":0" /> referring to de local Wagenya fishermen, hu have developed a special technique to fish insyd de river. Dem build systems of wooden tripods across de rapids fixed insyd holes wey dey carve insyd de rock by de water current. These serve as anchors for baskets dat entrap large fish. De baskets are lowered insyd de rapids to “sieve” de waters for fish. E be a very selective fishing method, as these baskets are quite big, den only large fish are entrapped. De falls were formerly named after Henry Morton Stanley, hu explored de region den noted de fishing technique of de Wagenya. According to Stanley, "...by taking advantage of de rocks, de natives have been enabled to fix upright heavy poles, {{convert|6|in}} insyd diameter, to each of which they attach enormous fish-baskets by means of rattan-cane cable. There are probably sixty or seventy baskets laid in the river on each side, every day; den though some may be brought up empty, insyd general they seem to be tolerably successful, for out of half-a-dozen baskets...twenty-eight large fish were collected..."<ref name="Stanley" />{{rp|197}} == Gallery == == References == lpydk5d6ynlxg9mswpjdm8661vjud6p 102784 102783 2026-06-14T08:09:12Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve am 102784 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Boyoma Falls''' ({{langx|sw|Maporomoko ya Maji ya Boyoma}}, {{langx|fr|Chutes de Boyoma}}, {{langx|nl|Boyomawatervallen}}),<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Ndeo|first1=Oscar|last2=Hauffe|first2=Torsten|last3=Delicado|first3=Diana|last4=Busanga|first4=Alidor|last5=Albrecht|first5=Christian|date=2017-05-02|title=Mollusk communities of the central Congo River shaped by combined effects of barriers, environmental gradients, and species dispersal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316971348|journal=Journal of Limnology|volume=76|doi=10.4081/jlimnol.2017.1585|doi-access=free}}</ref> formerly known as '''Stanley Falls''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Chutes Stanley''; [[Dutch language|Dutch]]: ''Stanleywatervallen''), be a series of seven [[Waterfall#Types|cataract]]s, each no more dan {{convert|5|m|ft|abbr=on}} high, extending over more dan {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} along a curve of de Lualaba River between de river port towns of Ubundu den Kisangani (sanso dey known as Boyoma) insyd de Orientale Province of de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of de Congo]].<ref name=Stanley>Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}</ref>{{rp|Vol.Two,175}} De seven cataracts have a total drop of {{convert|61|m|ft|abbr=on}}. Dey form the largest waterfall by volume of annual flow rate insyd de world, exceeding both de Niagara Falls den de Iguazu Falls.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}} De two major cataracts are de first below Ubundu, forming a narrow den crooked stream dat be hardly accessible, den de last dat fi be spy den visited from Kisangani. At de bottom of de rapids, de Lualaba be known as de [[Congo River]]. A {{cvt|1|m||adj=mid|-gauge}} portage railway bypasses de series of rapids, connecting Kisangani den Ubundu.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}} De last of de seven cataracts of de Boyoma Falls be sanso known as de '''Wagenia Falls''' ({{langx|fr|Chutes Wagenia}}, {{langx|nl|Wageniawatervallen}}),<ref name=":0" /> referring to de local Wagenya fishermen, hu have developed a special technique to fish insyd de river. Dem build systems of wooden tripods across de rapids fixed insyd holes wey dey carve insyd de rock by de water current. These serve as anchors for baskets dat entrap large fish. De baskets are lowered insyd de rapids to “sieve” de waters for fish. E be a very selective fishing method, as these baskets are quite big, den only large fish are entrapped. De falls were formerly named after Henry Morton Stanley, hu explored de region den noted de fishing technique of de Wagenya. According to Stanley, "...by taking advantage of de rocks, de natives have been enabled to fix upright heavy poles, {{convert|6|in}} insyd diameter, to each of which they attach enormous fish-baskets by means of rattan-cane cable. There are probably sixty or seventy baskets laid in the river on each side, every day; den though some may be brought up empty, insyd general they seem to be tolerably successful, for out of half-a-dozen baskets...twenty-eight large fish were collected..."<ref name="Stanley" />{{rp|197}} == Gallery == {{gallery |width=150 |height= |align=center |File:Stanley Falls Map.jpg |The falls are in the bottom center of Stanley's map. His route is indicated by the solid black line. |File:Stanley Falls.jpg |Stanley Falls as interpreted by Stanley. |File:Wagenia 17 copy.jpg |Wagenya fishermen at Wagenia Falls |File:Zaire kisangani stroom 12 copy (cropped).jpg |Wagenia Falls. }} == References == g9cbqlrbpled25zp8ylibayfap979up 102785 102784 2026-06-14T08:11:42Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Add sub-heading 102785 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Boyoma Falls''' ({{langx|sw|Maporomoko ya Maji ya Boyoma}}, {{langx|fr|Chutes de Boyoma}}, {{langx|nl|Boyomawatervallen}}),<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Ndeo|first1=Oscar|last2=Hauffe|first2=Torsten|last3=Delicado|first3=Diana|last4=Busanga|first4=Alidor|last5=Albrecht|first5=Christian|date=2017-05-02|title=Mollusk communities of the central Congo River shaped by combined effects of barriers, environmental gradients, and species dispersal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316971348|journal=Journal of Limnology|volume=76|doi=10.4081/jlimnol.2017.1585|doi-access=free}}</ref> formerly known as '''Stanley Falls''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Chutes Stanley''; [[Dutch language|Dutch]]: ''Stanleywatervallen''), be a series of seven [[Waterfall#Types|cataract]]s, each no more dan {{convert|5|m|ft|abbr=on}} high, extending over more dan {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} along a curve of de Lualaba River between de river port towns of Ubundu den Kisangani (sanso dey known as Boyoma) insyd de Orientale Province of de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of de Congo]].<ref name=Stanley>Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}</ref>{{rp|Vol.Two,175}} De seven cataracts have a total drop of {{convert|61|m|ft|abbr=on}}. Dey form the largest waterfall by volume of annual flow rate insyd de world, exceeding both de Niagara Falls den de Iguazu Falls.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}} De two major cataracts are de first below Ubundu, forming a narrow den crooked stream dat be hardly accessible, den de last dat fi be spy den visited from Kisangani. At de bottom of de rapids, de Lualaba be known as de [[Congo River]]. A {{cvt|1|m||adj=mid|-gauge}} portage railway bypasses de series of rapids, connecting Kisangani den Ubundu.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}} De last of de seven cataracts of de Boyoma Falls be sanso known as de '''Wagenia Falls''' ({{langx|fr|Chutes Wagenia}}, {{langx|nl|Wageniawatervallen}}),<ref name=":0" /> referring to de local Wagenya fishermen, hu have developed a special technique to fish insyd de river. Dem build systems of wooden tripods across de rapids fixed insyd holes wey dey carve insyd de rock by de water current. These serve as anchors for baskets dat entrap large fish. De baskets are lowered insyd de rapids to “sieve” de waters for fish. E be a very selective fishing method, as these baskets are quite big, den only large fish are entrapped. De falls were formerly named after Henry Morton Stanley, hu explored de region den noted de fishing technique of de Wagenya. According to Stanley, "...by taking advantage of de rocks, de natives have been enabled to fix upright heavy poles, {{convert|6|in}} insyd diameter, to each of which they attach enormous fish-baskets by means of rattan-cane cable. There are probably sixty or seventy baskets laid in the river on each side, every day; den though some may be brought up empty, insyd general they seem to be tolerably successful, for out of half-a-dozen baskets...twenty-eight large fish were collected..."<ref name="Stanley" />{{rp|197}} == Gallery == {{gallery |width=150 |height= |align=center |File:Stanley Falls Map.jpg |The falls are in the bottom center of Stanley's map. His route is indicated by the solid black line. |File:Stanley Falls.jpg |Stanley Falls as interpreted by Stanley. |File:Wagenia 17 copy.jpg |Wagenya fishermen at Wagenia Falls |File:Zaire kisangani stroom 12 copy (cropped).jpg |Wagenia Falls. }} ==Spy sanso== == References == 5r3vlb5uue79xtt4l7yh2qiyyighhpe 102786 102785 2026-06-14T08:12:57Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve article 102786 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Boyoma Falls''' ({{langx|sw|Maporomoko ya Maji ya Boyoma}}, {{langx|fr|Chutes de Boyoma}}, {{langx|nl|Boyomawatervallen}}),<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Ndeo|first1=Oscar|last2=Hauffe|first2=Torsten|last3=Delicado|first3=Diana|last4=Busanga|first4=Alidor|last5=Albrecht|first5=Christian|date=2017-05-02|title=Mollusk communities of the central Congo River shaped by combined effects of barriers, environmental gradients, and species dispersal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316971348|journal=Journal of Limnology|volume=76|doi=10.4081/jlimnol.2017.1585|doi-access=free}}</ref> formerly known as '''Stanley Falls''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Chutes Stanley''; [[Dutch language|Dutch]]: ''Stanleywatervallen''), be a series of seven [[Waterfall#Types|cataract]]s, each no more dan {{convert|5|m|ft|abbr=on}} high, extending over more dan {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} along a curve of de Lualaba River between de river port towns of Ubundu den Kisangani (sanso dey known as Boyoma) insyd de Orientale Province of de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of de Congo]].<ref name=Stanley>Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}</ref>{{rp|Vol.Two,175}} De seven cataracts have a total drop of {{convert|61|m|ft|abbr=on}}. Dey form the largest waterfall by volume of annual flow rate insyd de world, exceeding both de Niagara Falls den de Iguazu Falls.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}} De two major cataracts are de first below Ubundu, forming a narrow den crooked stream dat be hardly accessible, den de last dat fi be spy den visited from Kisangani. At de bottom of de rapids, de Lualaba be known as de [[Congo River]]. A {{cvt|1|m||adj=mid|-gauge}} portage railway bypasses de series of rapids, connecting Kisangani den Ubundu.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}} De last of de seven cataracts of de Boyoma Falls be sanso known as de '''Wagenia Falls''' ({{langx|fr|Chutes Wagenia}}, {{langx|nl|Wageniawatervallen}}),<ref name=":0" /> referring to de local Wagenya fishermen, hu have developed a special technique to fish insyd de river. Dem build systems of wooden tripods across de rapids fixed insyd holes wey dey carve insyd de rock by de water current. These serve as anchors for baskets dat entrap large fish. De baskets are lowered insyd de rapids to “sieve” de waters for fish. E be a very selective fishing method, as these baskets are quite big, den only large fish are entrapped. De falls were formerly named after Henry Morton Stanley, hu explored de region den noted de fishing technique of de Wagenya. According to Stanley, "...by taking advantage of de rocks, de natives have been enabled to fix upright heavy poles, {{convert|6|in}} insyd diameter, to each of which they attach enormous fish-baskets by means of rattan-cane cable. There are probably sixty or seventy baskets laid in the river on each side, every day; den though some may be brought up empty, insyd general they seem to be tolerably successful, for out of half-a-dozen baskets...twenty-eight large fish were collected..."<ref name="Stanley" />{{rp|197}} == Gallery == {{gallery |width=150 |height= |align=center |File:Stanley Falls Map.jpg |The falls are in the bottom center of Stanley's map. His route is indicated by the solid black line. |File:Stanley Falls.jpg |Stanley Falls as interpreted by Stanley. |File:Wagenia 17 copy.jpg |Wagenya fishermen at Wagenia Falls |File:Zaire kisangani stroom 12 copy (cropped).jpg |Wagenia Falls. }} ==Spy sanso== * List of waterfalls == References == aftetjxipdp3i07fmxvvnbow5v1642k 102787 102786 2026-06-14T08:14:41Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Dey add category 102787 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Boyoma Falls''' ({{langx|sw|Maporomoko ya Maji ya Boyoma}}, {{langx|fr|Chutes de Boyoma}}, {{langx|nl|Boyomawatervallen}}),<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Ndeo|first1=Oscar|last2=Hauffe|first2=Torsten|last3=Delicado|first3=Diana|last4=Busanga|first4=Alidor|last5=Albrecht|first5=Christian|date=2017-05-02|title=Mollusk communities of the central Congo River shaped by combined effects of barriers, environmental gradients, and species dispersal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316971348|journal=Journal of Limnology|volume=76|doi=10.4081/jlimnol.2017.1585|doi-access=free}}</ref> formerly known as '''Stanley Falls''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Chutes Stanley''; [[Dutch language|Dutch]]: ''Stanleywatervallen''), be a series of seven [[Waterfall#Types|cataract]]s, each no more dan {{convert|5|m|ft|abbr=on}} high, extending over more dan {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} along a curve of de Lualaba River between de river port towns of Ubundu den Kisangani (sanso dey known as Boyoma) insyd de Orientale Province of de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of de Congo]].<ref name=Stanley>Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}</ref>{{rp|Vol.Two,175}} De seven cataracts have a total drop of {{convert|61|m|ft|abbr=on}}. Dey form the largest waterfall by volume of annual flow rate insyd de world, exceeding both de Niagara Falls den de Iguazu Falls.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}} De two major cataracts are de first below Ubundu, forming a narrow den crooked stream dat be hardly accessible, den de last dat fi be spy den visited from Kisangani. At de bottom of de rapids, de Lualaba be known as de [[Congo River]]. A {{cvt|1|m||adj=mid|-gauge}} portage railway bypasses de series of rapids, connecting Kisangani den Ubundu.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}} De last of de seven cataracts of de Boyoma Falls be sanso known as de '''Wagenia Falls''' ({{langx|fr|Chutes Wagenia}}, {{langx|nl|Wageniawatervallen}}),<ref name=":0" /> referring to de local Wagenya fishermen, hu have developed a special technique to fish insyd de river. Dem build systems of wooden tripods across de rapids fixed insyd holes wey dey carve insyd de rock by de water current. These serve as anchors for baskets dat entrap large fish. De baskets are lowered insyd de rapids to “sieve” de waters for fish. E be a very selective fishing method, as these baskets are quite big, den only large fish are entrapped. De falls were formerly named after Henry Morton Stanley, hu explored de region den noted de fishing technique of de Wagenya. According to Stanley, "...by taking advantage of de rocks, de natives have been enabled to fix upright heavy poles, {{convert|6|in}} insyd diameter, to each of which they attach enormous fish-baskets by means of rattan-cane cable. There are probably sixty or seventy baskets laid in the river on each side, every day; den though some may be brought up empty, insyd general they seem to be tolerably successful, for out of half-a-dozen baskets...twenty-eight large fish were collected..."<ref name="Stanley" />{{rp|197}} == Gallery == {{gallery |width=150 |height= |align=center |File:Stanley Falls Map.jpg |The falls are in the bottom center of Stanley's map. His route is indicated by the solid black line. |File:Stanley Falls.jpg |Stanley Falls as interpreted by Stanley. |File:Wagenia 17 copy.jpg |Wagenya fishermen at Wagenia Falls |File:Zaire kisangani stroom 12 copy (cropped).jpg |Wagenia Falls. }} ==Spy sanso== * List of waterfalls == References == <references /> [[Category:Lualaba River]] 9bf7krijt44nubfh5a3w7o19rttfhic 102788 102787 2026-06-14T08:15:23Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Dey add category 102788 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Boyoma Falls''' ({{langx|sw|Maporomoko ya Maji ya Boyoma}}, {{langx|fr|Chutes de Boyoma}}, {{langx|nl|Boyomawatervallen}}),<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Ndeo|first1=Oscar|last2=Hauffe|first2=Torsten|last3=Delicado|first3=Diana|last4=Busanga|first4=Alidor|last5=Albrecht|first5=Christian|date=2017-05-02|title=Mollusk communities of the central Congo River shaped by combined effects of barriers, environmental gradients, and species dispersal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316971348|journal=Journal of Limnology|volume=76|doi=10.4081/jlimnol.2017.1585|doi-access=free}}</ref> formerly known as '''Stanley Falls''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Chutes Stanley''; [[Dutch language|Dutch]]: ''Stanleywatervallen''), be a series of seven [[Waterfall#Types|cataract]]s, each no more dan {{convert|5|m|ft|abbr=on}} high, extending over more dan {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} along a curve of de Lualaba River between de river port towns of Ubundu den Kisangani (sanso dey known as Boyoma) insyd de Orientale Province of de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of de Congo]].<ref name=Stanley>Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}</ref>{{rp|Vol.Two,175}} De seven cataracts have a total drop of {{convert|61|m|ft|abbr=on}}. Dey form the largest waterfall by volume of annual flow rate insyd de world, exceeding both de Niagara Falls den de Iguazu Falls.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}} De two major cataracts are de first below Ubundu, forming a narrow den crooked stream dat be hardly accessible, den de last dat fi be spy den visited from Kisangani. At de bottom of de rapids, de Lualaba be known as de [[Congo River]]. A {{cvt|1|m||adj=mid|-gauge}} portage railway bypasses de series of rapids, connecting Kisangani den Ubundu.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}} De last of de seven cataracts of de Boyoma Falls be sanso known as de '''Wagenia Falls''' ({{langx|fr|Chutes Wagenia}}, {{langx|nl|Wageniawatervallen}}),<ref name=":0" /> referring to de local Wagenya fishermen, hu have developed a special technique to fish insyd de river. Dem build systems of wooden tripods across de rapids fixed insyd holes wey dey carve insyd de rock by de water current. These serve as anchors for baskets dat entrap large fish. De baskets are lowered insyd de rapids to “sieve” de waters for fish. E be a very selective fishing method, as these baskets are quite big, den only large fish are entrapped. De falls were formerly named after Henry Morton Stanley, hu explored de region den noted de fishing technique of de Wagenya. According to Stanley, "...by taking advantage of de rocks, de natives have been enabled to fix upright heavy poles, {{convert|6|in}} insyd diameter, to each of which they attach enormous fish-baskets by means of rattan-cane cable. There are probably sixty or seventy baskets laid in the river on each side, every day; den though some may be brought up empty, insyd general they seem to be tolerably successful, for out of half-a-dozen baskets...twenty-eight large fish were collected..."<ref name="Stanley" />{{rp|197}} == Gallery == {{gallery |width=150 |height= |align=center |File:Stanley Falls Map.jpg |The falls are in the bottom center of Stanley's map. His route is indicated by the solid black line. |File:Stanley Falls.jpg |Stanley Falls as interpreted by Stanley. |File:Wagenia 17 copy.jpg |Wagenya fishermen at Wagenia Falls |File:Zaire kisangani stroom 12 copy (cropped).jpg |Wagenia Falls. }} ==Spy sanso== * List of waterfalls == References == <references /> [[Category:Lualaba River]] [[Category:Congo River]] 1zljpj310jdylhe4mtiy6m15b3hv4yd 102789 102788 2026-06-14T08:16:16Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Dey add category 102789 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Boyoma Falls''' ({{langx|sw|Maporomoko ya Maji ya Boyoma}}, {{langx|fr|Chutes de Boyoma}}, {{langx|nl|Boyomawatervallen}}),<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Ndeo|first1=Oscar|last2=Hauffe|first2=Torsten|last3=Delicado|first3=Diana|last4=Busanga|first4=Alidor|last5=Albrecht|first5=Christian|date=2017-05-02|title=Mollusk communities of the central Congo River shaped by combined effects of barriers, environmental gradients, and species dispersal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316971348|journal=Journal of Limnology|volume=76|doi=10.4081/jlimnol.2017.1585|doi-access=free}}</ref> formerly known as '''Stanley Falls''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Chutes Stanley''; [[Dutch language|Dutch]]: ''Stanleywatervallen''), be a series of seven [[Waterfall#Types|cataract]]s, each no more dan {{convert|5|m|ft|abbr=on}} high, extending over more dan {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} along a curve of de Lualaba River between de river port towns of Ubundu den Kisangani (sanso dey known as Boyoma) insyd de Orientale Province of de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of de Congo]].<ref name=Stanley>Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}</ref>{{rp|Vol.Two,175}} De seven cataracts have a total drop of {{convert|61|m|ft|abbr=on}}. Dey form the largest waterfall by volume of annual flow rate insyd de world, exceeding both de Niagara Falls den de Iguazu Falls.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}} De two major cataracts are de first below Ubundu, forming a narrow den crooked stream dat be hardly accessible, den de last dat fi be spy den visited from Kisangani. At de bottom of de rapids, de Lualaba be known as de [[Congo River]]. A {{cvt|1|m||adj=mid|-gauge}} portage railway bypasses de series of rapids, connecting Kisangani den Ubundu.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}} De last of de seven cataracts of de Boyoma Falls be sanso known as de '''Wagenia Falls''' ({{langx|fr|Chutes Wagenia}}, {{langx|nl|Wageniawatervallen}}),<ref name=":0" /> referring to de local Wagenya fishermen, hu have developed a special technique to fish insyd de river. Dem build systems of wooden tripods across de rapids fixed insyd holes wey dey carve insyd de rock by de water current. These serve as anchors for baskets dat entrap large fish. De baskets are lowered insyd de rapids to “sieve” de waters for fish. E be a very selective fishing method, as these baskets are quite big, den only large fish are entrapped. De falls were formerly named after Henry Morton Stanley, hu explored de region den noted de fishing technique of de Wagenya. According to Stanley, "...by taking advantage of de rocks, de natives have been enabled to fix upright heavy poles, {{convert|6|in}} insyd diameter, to each of which they attach enormous fish-baskets by means of rattan-cane cable. There are probably sixty or seventy baskets laid in the river on each side, every day; den though some may be brought up empty, insyd general they seem to be tolerably successful, for out of half-a-dozen baskets...twenty-eight large fish were collected..."<ref name="Stanley" />{{rp|197}} == Gallery == {{gallery |width=150 |height= |align=center |File:Stanley Falls Map.jpg |The falls are in the bottom center of Stanley's map. His route is indicated by the solid black line. |File:Stanley Falls.jpg |Stanley Falls as interpreted by Stanley. |File:Wagenia 17 copy.jpg |Wagenya fishermen at Wagenia Falls |File:Zaire kisangani stroom 12 copy (cropped).jpg |Wagenia Falls. }} ==Spy sanso== * List of waterfalls == References == <references /> [[Category:Lualaba River]] [[Category:Congo River]] [[Category:Cascade waterfalls]] gfupboc1fhel98psb1vr00of3z43b13 102790 102789 2026-06-14T08:17:06Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Dey add category 102790 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Boyoma Falls''' ({{langx|sw|Maporomoko ya Maji ya Boyoma}}, {{langx|fr|Chutes de Boyoma}}, {{langx|nl|Boyomawatervallen}}),<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Ndeo|first1=Oscar|last2=Hauffe|first2=Torsten|last3=Delicado|first3=Diana|last4=Busanga|first4=Alidor|last5=Albrecht|first5=Christian|date=2017-05-02|title=Mollusk communities of the central Congo River shaped by combined effects of barriers, environmental gradients, and species dispersal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316971348|journal=Journal of Limnology|volume=76|doi=10.4081/jlimnol.2017.1585|doi-access=free}}</ref> formerly known as '''Stanley Falls''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Chutes Stanley''; [[Dutch language|Dutch]]: ''Stanleywatervallen''), be a series of seven [[Waterfall#Types|cataract]]s, each no more dan {{convert|5|m|ft|abbr=on}} high, extending over more dan {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} along a curve of de Lualaba River between de river port towns of Ubundu den Kisangani (sanso dey known as Boyoma) insyd de Orientale Province of de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of de Congo]].<ref name=Stanley>Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}</ref>{{rp|Vol.Two,175}} De seven cataracts have a total drop of {{convert|61|m|ft|abbr=on}}. Dey form the largest waterfall by volume of annual flow rate insyd de world, exceeding both de Niagara Falls den de Iguazu Falls.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}} De two major cataracts are de first below Ubundu, forming a narrow den crooked stream dat be hardly accessible, den de last dat fi be spy den visited from Kisangani. At de bottom of de rapids, de Lualaba be known as de [[Congo River]]. A {{cvt|1|m||adj=mid|-gauge}} portage railway bypasses de series of rapids, connecting Kisangani den Ubundu.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}} De last of de seven cataracts of de Boyoma Falls be sanso known as de '''Wagenia Falls''' ({{langx|fr|Chutes Wagenia}}, {{langx|nl|Wageniawatervallen}}),<ref name=":0" /> referring to de local Wagenya fishermen, hu have developed a special technique to fish insyd de river. Dem build systems of wooden tripods across de rapids fixed insyd holes wey dey carve insyd de rock by de water current. These serve as anchors for baskets dat entrap large fish. De baskets are lowered insyd de rapids to “sieve” de waters for fish. E be a very selective fishing method, as these baskets are quite big, den only large fish are entrapped. De falls were formerly named after Henry Morton Stanley, hu explored de region den noted de fishing technique of de Wagenya. According to Stanley, "...by taking advantage of de rocks, de natives have been enabled to fix upright heavy poles, {{convert|6|in}} insyd diameter, to each of which they attach enormous fish-baskets by means of rattan-cane cable. There are probably sixty or seventy baskets laid in the river on each side, every day; den though some may be brought up empty, insyd general they seem to be tolerably successful, for out of half-a-dozen baskets...twenty-eight large fish were collected..."<ref name="Stanley" />{{rp|197}} == Gallery == {{gallery |width=150 |height= |align=center |File:Stanley Falls Map.jpg |The falls are in the bottom center of Stanley's map. His route is indicated by the solid black line. |File:Stanley Falls.jpg |Stanley Falls as interpreted by Stanley. |File:Wagenia 17 copy.jpg |Wagenya fishermen at Wagenia Falls |File:Zaire kisangani stroom 12 copy (cropped).jpg |Wagenia Falls. }} ==Spy sanso== * List of waterfalls == References == <references /> [[Category:Lualaba River]] [[Category:Congo River]] [[Category:Cascade waterfalls]] [[Category:Waterfalls of de Democratic Republic of de Congo]] sbewxiafp0eml6ex8jtrnzy9nbd70oq 102791 102790 2026-06-14T08:17:33Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Dey add category 102791 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Boyoma Falls''' ({{langx|sw|Maporomoko ya Maji ya Boyoma}}, {{langx|fr|Chutes de Boyoma}}, {{langx|nl|Boyomawatervallen}}),<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Ndeo|first1=Oscar|last2=Hauffe|first2=Torsten|last3=Delicado|first3=Diana|last4=Busanga|first4=Alidor|last5=Albrecht|first5=Christian|date=2017-05-02|title=Mollusk communities of the central Congo River shaped by combined effects of barriers, environmental gradients, and species dispersal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316971348|journal=Journal of Limnology|volume=76|doi=10.4081/jlimnol.2017.1585|doi-access=free}}</ref> formerly known as '''Stanley Falls''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Chutes Stanley''; [[Dutch language|Dutch]]: ''Stanleywatervallen''), be a series of seven [[Waterfall#Types|cataract]]s, each no more dan {{convert|5|m|ft|abbr=on}} high, extending over more dan {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} along a curve of de Lualaba River between de river port towns of Ubundu den Kisangani (sanso dey known as Boyoma) insyd de Orientale Province of de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of de Congo]].<ref name=Stanley>Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}</ref>{{rp|Vol.Two,175}} De seven cataracts have a total drop of {{convert|61|m|ft|abbr=on}}. Dey form the largest waterfall by volume of annual flow rate insyd de world, exceeding both de Niagara Falls den de Iguazu Falls.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}} De two major cataracts are de first below Ubundu, forming a narrow den crooked stream dat be hardly accessible, den de last dat fi be spy den visited from Kisangani. At de bottom of de rapids, de Lualaba be known as de [[Congo River]]. A {{cvt|1|m||adj=mid|-gauge}} portage railway bypasses de series of rapids, connecting Kisangani den Ubundu.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}} De last of de seven cataracts of de Boyoma Falls be sanso known as de '''Wagenia Falls''' ({{langx|fr|Chutes Wagenia}}, {{langx|nl|Wageniawatervallen}}),<ref name=":0" /> referring to de local Wagenya fishermen, hu have developed a special technique to fish insyd de river. Dem build systems of wooden tripods across de rapids fixed insyd holes wey dey carve insyd de rock by de water current. These serve as anchors for baskets dat entrap large fish. De baskets are lowered insyd de rapids to “sieve” de waters for fish. E be a very selective fishing method, as these baskets are quite big, den only large fish are entrapped. De falls were formerly named after Henry Morton Stanley, hu explored de region den noted de fishing technique of de Wagenya. According to Stanley, "...by taking advantage of de rocks, de natives have been enabled to fix upright heavy poles, {{convert|6|in}} insyd diameter, to each of which they attach enormous fish-baskets by means of rattan-cane cable. There are probably sixty or seventy baskets laid in the river on each side, every day; den though some may be brought up empty, insyd general they seem to be tolerably successful, for out of half-a-dozen baskets...twenty-eight large fish were collected..."<ref name="Stanley" />{{rp|197}} == Gallery == {{gallery |width=150 |height= |align=center |File:Stanley Falls Map.jpg |The falls are in the bottom center of Stanley's map. His route is indicated by the solid black line. |File:Stanley Falls.jpg |Stanley Falls as interpreted by Stanley. |File:Wagenia 17 copy.jpg |Wagenya fishermen at Wagenia Falls |File:Zaire kisangani stroom 12 copy (cropped).jpg |Wagenia Falls. }} ==Spy sanso== * List of waterfalls == References == <references /> [[Category:Lualaba River]] [[Category:Congo River]] [[Category:Cascade waterfalls]] [[Category:Waterfalls of de Democratic Republic of de Congo]] [[Category:AWC2026]] e6147ebm90l4rfow2lci5by4a8lryy8 0 27492 102483 102261 2026-06-13T16:08:04Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve am 102483 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Sustainable use of nature for tackling socio-environmental challenges}} [[File:NRCSIA00041 - Iowa (2285)(NRCS Photo Gallery).jpg|thumb|Example for a nature-based solution insyd de area of [[Water resources|water resource]] management: dis riparian buffer protects a creek insyd lowa, United States from the impact of adjacent land uses]] '''Nature-based solutions''' (anaa '''nature-based systems''', den abbreviated as '''NBS''' anaa '''NbS''') describe de development den use of (biodiversity) den natural processes to address diverse soci-environmental issues.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Girardin |first1=Cécile A. J. |last2=Jenkins |first2=Stuart |last3=Seddon |first3=Nathalie |last4=Allen |first4=Myles |last5=Lewis |first5=Simon L. |last6=Wheeler |first6=Charlotte E. |last7=Griscom |first7=Bronson W. |last8=Malhi |first8=Yadvinder |title=Nature-based solutions can help cool the planet — if we act now |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |date=2021 |volume=593 |issue=7858 |pages=191–194 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-01241-2 |doi-access=free|pmid=33981055 |bibcode=2021Natur.593..191G}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Frantzeskaki |first1=Niki |last2=McPhearson |first2=Timon |last3=Collier |first3=Marcus J |last4=Kendal |first4=Dave |last5=Bulkeley |first5=Harriet |last6=Dumitru |first6=Adina |last7=Walsh |first7=Claire |last8=Noble |first8=Kate |last9=van Wyk |first9=Ernita |last10=Ordóñez |first10=Camilo |last11=Oke |first11=Cathy |last12=Pintér |first12=László |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Climate Change Adaptation: Linking Science, Policy, and Practice Communities for Evidence-Based Decision-Making |journal=[[BioScience]] |date=2019 |volume=69 |issue=6 |pages=455–466 |doi=10.1093/biosci/biz042 |doi-access=free|hdl=2183/36896 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> These issues include climate change mitigation den adaptation, human security issues such as water security den food security, den disaster risk reduction.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last1=Debele |first1=S. E. |last2=Leo |first2=L. S. |last3=Kumar |first3=P. |last4=Sahani |first4=J. |last5=Ommer |first5=J. |last6=Bucchignani |first6=E. |last7=Vranić |first7=S. |last8=Kalas |first8=M. |last9=Amirzada |first9=Z. |last10=Pavlova |first10=I. |last11=Shah |first11=M. A. R. |last12=Gonzalez-Ollauri |first12=A. |last13=Di Sabatino |first13=S. |date=2023 |title=Nature-based solutions can help reduce the impact of natural hazards: A global analysis of NBS case studies |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969723044492 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=902 |article-number=165824 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165824|pmid=37527720 |bibcode=2023ScTEn.90265824D |hdl=11585/953217 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> De aim be dat resilient ecosystems (whether natural, managed, anaa newly created) provide solutions for de benefit of both societies den biodiversity.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Nature-based Solutions: New Influence for Environmental Management and Research in Europe|last1=Eggermont|first1=Hilde|last2=Balian|first2=Estelle|date=2015|journal=Gaia - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society|language=en|doi=10.14512/gaia.24.4.9|last3=Azevedo|first3=José Manuel N.|last4=Beumer|first4=Victor|last5=Brodin|first5=Tomas|last6=Claudet|first6=Joachim|last7=Fady|first7=Bruno|last8=Grube|first8=Martin|last9=Keune|first9=Hans|volume=24|issue=4|pages=243–248|s2cid=53518417 |url=https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|access-date=24 May 2020|archive-date=7 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507073138/https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> De 2019 UN Climate Action Summit dey highlight nature-based solutions as an effective method to combat climate change.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=Environment |first=U. N. |date=2019 |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Climate |url=http://www.unep.org/nature-based-solutions-climate |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=UNEP - UN Environment Programme |language=en}}</ref> For example, nature-based systems for climate change adaptation fit include natural flood management, restoring natural coastal defences, den providing local cooling.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|310}} De concept of NBS be related to de concept of ecological engineering<ref name=":1" /> den ecosystem-based adaptation.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|284}} NBS are sanso related, conceptually to de practice of ecological restoration. De sustainable management approach be a key aspect of NBS development den implementation. Mangrove restoration efforts along coastlines provide an example of a nature-based solution dat fit achieve multiple goals. Mangroves moderate de impact of waves den wind on coastal settlements anaa cities,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Marois|first1=Darryl E.|last2=Mitsch|first2=William J.|date=2 January 2015|title=Coastal protection from tsunamis and cyclones provided by mangrove wetlands – a review|journal=International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management|volume=11|issue=1|pages=71–83|doi=10.1080/21513732.2014.997292|bibcode=2015IJBSE..11...71M |s2cid=86554474|issn=2151-3732}}</ref> den they sequester carbon.<ref>{{Citation|last=Inoue|first=Tomomi|title=Carbon Sequestration in Mangroves|work=Blue Carbon in Shallow Coastal Ecosystems|year=2019|pages=73–99|place=Singapore|publisher=Springer Singapore|doi=10.1007/978-981-13-1295-3_3|isbn=978-981-13-1294-6|s2cid=133839393}}</ref> Dem sanso provide nursery zones for marine life wich be important for sustaining fisheries. Additionally, mangrove forests fit help to control coastal erosion resulting from sea level rise. Green roofs, blue roofs, den green walls (as part of green infrastructure) are sanso nature-based solutions dat fit be implemented insud urban areas. Dey fit reduce de effects of urban heat islands, capture stormwater, abate pollution, den act as carbon sinks. At de same time, dey fi enhance local biodiversity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2020 |title=Evaluating the potential of nature-based solutions to reduce ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon dioxide through a multi-type green infrastructure study in Ontario, Canada |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590252020300246 |url-status=live |access-date=3 April 2026 |website=ScienceDirect}}</ref> NBS systems den solutions are forming an increasing part of national den international policies on climate change. Dem are included insyd climate change policy, infrastructure investment, den [[climate finance]] mechanisms. De European Commission has paid increasing attention to NBS since 2013.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Faivre|first1=Nicolas|last2=Fritz|first2=Marco|last3=Freitas|first3=Tiago|last4=de Boissezon|first4=Birgit|last5=Vandewoestijne|first5=Sofie|date=2017|title=Nature-Based Solutions in the EU: Innovating with nature to address social, economic and environmental challenges|journal=Environmental Research|volume=159|pages=509–518|doi=10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.032|pmid=28886502|bibcode=2017ER....159..509F|s2cid=42573101|issn=0013-9351}}</ref> Dis be reflected insyd de majority of global NBS case studies reviewed by Debele et al (2023) being located insyd Europe.<ref name=":16" /> While there be much scope for scaling-up nature-based systems den solutions globally, they frequently encounter numerous challenges during planning den implementation.<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":15">{{Cite journal |last1=Wamsler |first1=C. |last2=Wickenberg |first2=B. |last3=Hanson |first3=H. |last4=Alkan Olsson |first4=J. |last5=Stålhammar |first5=S. |last6=Björn |first6=H. |last7=Falck |first7=H. |last8=Gerell |first8=D. |last9=Oskarsson |first9=T. |last10=Simonsson |first10=E. |last11=Torffvit |first11=F. |date=2020 |title=Environmental and climate policy integration: Targeted strategies for overcoming barriers to nature-based solutions and climate change adaptation |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |volume=247 |article-number=119154 |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119154 |issn=0959-6526 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2020JCPro.24719154W }}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last1=Chausson |first1=Alexandre |last2=Turner |first2=Beth |last3=Seddon |first3=Dan |last4=Chabaneix |first4=Nicole |last5=Girardin |first5=Cécile A. J. |last6=Kapos |first6=Valerie |last7=Key |first7=Isabel |last8=Roe |first8=Dilys |last9=Smith |first9=Alison |last10=Woroniecki |first10=Stephen |last11=Seddon |first11=Nathalie |date=2020-09-09 |title=Mapping the effectiveness of nature-based solutions for climate change adaptation |journal=Global Change Biology |volume=26 |issue=11 |pages=6134–6155 |bibcode=2020GCBio..26.6134C |doi=10.1111/gcb.15310 |issn=1354-1013 |pmid=32906226 |s2cid=221621517 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De IPCC dey point out dat de term be "de subject of ongoing debate, plus concerns dat e may lead to de misunderstanding dat NbS on its own fi provide a global solution to climate change".<ref name=":12" />{{rp|24}} To clarify dis point further, de IPCC sanso stated dat "nature-based systems cannot be regarded as an alternative to, anaa a reason to delay, deep cuts insyd GHG emissions".<ref name=":13" />{{rp|203}} {{TOC limit|3}} == Definition == [[File:ISS047-E-84351 Cape Coral, Florida (annotated).jpg|thumb|Mangroves protect coastlines against erosion ([[Cape Coral, Florida|Cape Coral]], Florida, United States)]] De International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) defines NBS as "actions to protect, sustainably manage, den restore natural anaa modified ecosystems, dat address societal challenges effectively den adaptively, simultaneously providing human well-being den biodiversity benefits".<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10">Cohen-Shacham, E., G. Walters, C. Janzen, S. Maginnis (eds). 2016. Nature-based solutions to address global societal challenges. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. Xiii + 97 pp. Downloadable from https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46191 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401093813/https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46191|date=1 April 2021}}</ref> ''Societal challenges'' of relevance here include [[climate change]], food security, disaster risk reduction, water security. Insyd oda words: "Nature-based solutions are interventions dat use de natural functions of healthy ecosystems to protect de environment but sanso provide numerous economic den social benefits."<ref>Dubash, N.K., C.  Mitchell, E.L.  Boasson, M.J.  Borbor-Cordova, S.  Fifita, E.  Haites, M.  Jaccard, F.  Jotzo, S.  Naidoo, P.  Romero-Lankao, M.  Shlapak, W.  Shen, L. Wu, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter13.pdf Chapter 13: National and sub-national policies and institutions]. In IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D.  McCollum, M.  Pathak, S.  Some, P. Vyas, R.  Fradera, M.  Belkacemi, A.  Hasija, G.  Lisboa, S.  Luz, J.  Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.015</ref>{{rp|1403}} Dem are used both insyd de context of climate change mitigation as well as adaptation.<ref>Lecocq, F., H. Winkler, J.P. Daka, S. Fu, J.S. Gerber, S. Kartha, V. Krey, H. Lofgren, T. Masui, R. Mathur, J. Portugal-Pereira, B.  K. Sovacool,  M. V. Vilariño,  N. Zhou, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter04.pdf Chapter 4: Mitigation and development pathways in the near- to mid-term]. In IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van  Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.006</ref>{{rp|469}} == References == lzyjm8l2wp2dhpajf7ayk70wxwqlfik 102695 102483 2026-06-13T17:41:14Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve am 102695 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Sustainable use of nature for tackling socio-environmental challenges}} [[File:NRCSIA00041 - Iowa (2285)(NRCS Photo Gallery).jpg|thumb|Example for a nature-based solution insyd de area of [[Water resources|water resource]] management: dis riparian buffer protects a creek insyd lowa, United States from the impact of adjacent land uses]] '''Nature-based solutions''' (anaa '''nature-based systems''', den abbreviated as '''NBS''' anaa '''NbS''') describe de development den use of (biodiversity) den natural processes to address diverse soci-environmental issues.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Girardin |first1=Cécile A. J. |last2=Jenkins |first2=Stuart |last3=Seddon |first3=Nathalie |last4=Allen |first4=Myles |last5=Lewis |first5=Simon L. |last6=Wheeler |first6=Charlotte E. |last7=Griscom |first7=Bronson W. |last8=Malhi |first8=Yadvinder |title=Nature-based solutions can help cool the planet — if we act now |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |date=2021 |volume=593 |issue=7858 |pages=191–194 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-01241-2 |doi-access=free|pmid=33981055 |bibcode=2021Natur.593..191G}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Frantzeskaki |first1=Niki |last2=McPhearson |first2=Timon |last3=Collier |first3=Marcus J |last4=Kendal |first4=Dave |last5=Bulkeley |first5=Harriet |last6=Dumitru |first6=Adina |last7=Walsh |first7=Claire |last8=Noble |first8=Kate |last9=van Wyk |first9=Ernita |last10=Ordóñez |first10=Camilo |last11=Oke |first11=Cathy |last12=Pintér |first12=László |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Climate Change Adaptation: Linking Science, Policy, and Practice Communities for Evidence-Based Decision-Making |journal=[[BioScience]] |date=2019 |volume=69 |issue=6 |pages=455–466 |doi=10.1093/biosci/biz042 |doi-access=free|hdl=2183/36896 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> These issues include climate change mitigation den adaptation, human security issues such as water security den food security, den disaster risk reduction.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last1=Debele |first1=S. E. |last2=Leo |first2=L. S. |last3=Kumar |first3=P. |last4=Sahani |first4=J. |last5=Ommer |first5=J. |last6=Bucchignani |first6=E. |last7=Vranić |first7=S. |last8=Kalas |first8=M. |last9=Amirzada |first9=Z. |last10=Pavlova |first10=I. |last11=Shah |first11=M. A. R. |last12=Gonzalez-Ollauri |first12=A. |last13=Di Sabatino |first13=S. |date=2023 |title=Nature-based solutions can help reduce the impact of natural hazards: A global analysis of NBS case studies |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969723044492 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=902 |article-number=165824 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165824|pmid=37527720 |bibcode=2023ScTEn.90265824D |hdl=11585/953217 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> De aim be dat resilient ecosystems (whether natural, managed, anaa newly created) provide solutions for de benefit of both societies den biodiversity.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Nature-based Solutions: New Influence for Environmental Management and Research in Europe|last1=Eggermont|first1=Hilde|last2=Balian|first2=Estelle|date=2015|journal=Gaia - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society|language=en|doi=10.14512/gaia.24.4.9|last3=Azevedo|first3=José Manuel N.|last4=Beumer|first4=Victor|last5=Brodin|first5=Tomas|last6=Claudet|first6=Joachim|last7=Fady|first7=Bruno|last8=Grube|first8=Martin|last9=Keune|first9=Hans|volume=24|issue=4|pages=243–248|s2cid=53518417 |url=https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|access-date=24 May 2020|archive-date=7 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507073138/https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> De 2019 UN Climate Action Summit dey highlight nature-based solutions as an effective method to combat climate change.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=Environment |first=U. N. |date=2019 |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Climate |url=http://www.unep.org/nature-based-solutions-climate |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=UNEP - UN Environment Programme |language=en}}</ref> For example, nature-based systems for climate change adaptation fit include natural flood management, restoring natural coastal defences, den providing local cooling.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|310}} De concept of NBS be related to de concept of ecological engineering<ref name=":1" /> den ecosystem-based adaptation.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|284}} NBS are sanso related, conceptually to de practice of ecological restoration. De sustainable management approach be a key aspect of NBS development den implementation. Mangrove restoration efforts along coastlines provide an example of a nature-based solution dat fit achieve multiple goals. Mangroves moderate de impact of waves den wind on coastal settlements anaa cities,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Marois|first1=Darryl E.|last2=Mitsch|first2=William J.|date=2 January 2015|title=Coastal protection from tsunamis and cyclones provided by mangrove wetlands – a review|journal=International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management|volume=11|issue=1|pages=71–83|doi=10.1080/21513732.2014.997292|bibcode=2015IJBSE..11...71M |s2cid=86554474|issn=2151-3732}}</ref> den they sequester carbon.<ref>{{Citation|last=Inoue|first=Tomomi|title=Carbon Sequestration in Mangroves|work=Blue Carbon in Shallow Coastal Ecosystems|year=2019|pages=73–99|place=Singapore|publisher=Springer Singapore|doi=10.1007/978-981-13-1295-3_3|isbn=978-981-13-1294-6|s2cid=133839393}}</ref> Dem sanso provide nursery zones for marine life wich be important for sustaining fisheries. Additionally, mangrove forests fit help to control coastal erosion resulting from sea level rise. Green roofs, blue roofs, den green walls (as part of green infrastructure) are sanso nature-based solutions dat fit be implemented insud urban areas. Dey fit reduce de effects of urban heat islands, capture stormwater, abate pollution, den act as carbon sinks. At de same time, dey fi enhance local biodiversity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2020 |title=Evaluating the potential of nature-based solutions to reduce ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon dioxide through a multi-type green infrastructure study in Ontario, Canada |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590252020300246 |url-status=live |access-date=3 April 2026 |website=ScienceDirect}}</ref> NBS systems den solutions are forming an increasing part of national den international policies on climate change. Dem are included insyd climate change policy, infrastructure investment, den [[climate finance]] mechanisms. De European Commission has paid increasing attention to NBS since 2013.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Faivre|first1=Nicolas|last2=Fritz|first2=Marco|last3=Freitas|first3=Tiago|last4=de Boissezon|first4=Birgit|last5=Vandewoestijne|first5=Sofie|date=2017|title=Nature-Based Solutions in the EU: Innovating with nature to address social, economic and environmental challenges|journal=Environmental Research|volume=159|pages=509–518|doi=10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.032|pmid=28886502|bibcode=2017ER....159..509F|s2cid=42573101|issn=0013-9351}}</ref> Dis be reflected insyd de majority of global NBS case studies reviewed by Debele et al (2023) being located insyd Europe.<ref name=":16" /> While there be much scope for scaling-up nature-based systems den solutions globally, they frequently encounter numerous challenges during planning den implementation.<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":15">{{Cite journal |last1=Wamsler |first1=C. |last2=Wickenberg |first2=B. |last3=Hanson |first3=H. |last4=Alkan Olsson |first4=J. |last5=Stålhammar |first5=S. |last6=Björn |first6=H. |last7=Falck |first7=H. |last8=Gerell |first8=D. |last9=Oskarsson |first9=T. |last10=Simonsson |first10=E. |last11=Torffvit |first11=F. |date=2020 |title=Environmental and climate policy integration: Targeted strategies for overcoming barriers to nature-based solutions and climate change adaptation |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |volume=247 |article-number=119154 |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119154 |issn=0959-6526 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2020JCPro.24719154W }}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last1=Chausson |first1=Alexandre |last2=Turner |first2=Beth |last3=Seddon |first3=Dan |last4=Chabaneix |first4=Nicole |last5=Girardin |first5=Cécile A. J. |last6=Kapos |first6=Valerie |last7=Key |first7=Isabel |last8=Roe |first8=Dilys |last9=Smith |first9=Alison |last10=Woroniecki |first10=Stephen |last11=Seddon |first11=Nathalie |date=2020-09-09 |title=Mapping the effectiveness of nature-based solutions for climate change adaptation |journal=Global Change Biology |volume=26 |issue=11 |pages=6134–6155 |bibcode=2020GCBio..26.6134C |doi=10.1111/gcb.15310 |issn=1354-1013 |pmid=32906226 |s2cid=221621517 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De IPCC dey point out dat de term be "de subject of ongoing debate, plus concerns dat e may lead to de misunderstanding dat NbS on its own fi provide a global solution to climate change".<ref name=":12" />{{rp|24}} To clarify dis point further, de IPCC sanso stated dat "nature-based systems cannot be regarded as an alternative to, anaa a reason to delay, deep cuts insyd GHG emissions".<ref name=":13" />{{rp|203}} {{TOC limit|3}} == Definition == [[File:ISS047-E-84351 Cape Coral, Florida (annotated).jpg|thumb|Mangroves protect coastlines against erosion ([[Cape Coral, Florida|Cape Coral]], Florida, United States)]] De International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) defines NBS as "actions to protect, sustainably manage, den restore natural anaa modified ecosystems, dat address societal challenges effectively den adaptively, simultaneously providing human well-being den biodiversity benefits".<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10">Cohen-Shacham, E., G. Walters, C. Janzen, S. Maginnis (eds). 2016. Nature-based solutions to address global societal challenges. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. Xiii + 97 pp. Downloadable from https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46191 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401093813/https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46191|date=1 April 2021}}</ref> ''Societal challenges'' of relevance here include [[climate change]], food security, disaster risk reduction, water security. Insyd oda words: "Nature-based solutions are interventions dat use de natural functions of healthy ecosystems to protect de environment but sanso provide numerous economic den social benefits."<ref>Dubash, N.K., C.  Mitchell, E.L.  Boasson, M.J.  Borbor-Cordova, S.  Fifita, E.  Haites, M.  Jaccard, F.  Jotzo, S.  Naidoo, P.  Romero-Lankao, M.  Shlapak, W.  Shen, L. Wu, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter13.pdf Chapter 13: National and sub-national policies and institutions]. In IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D.  McCollum, M.  Pathak, S.  Some, P. Vyas, R.  Fradera, M.  Belkacemi, A.  Hasija, G.  Lisboa, S.  Luz, J.  Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.015</ref>{{rp|1403}} Dem are used both insyd de context of climate change mitigation as well as adaptation.<ref>Lecocq, F., H. Winkler, J.P. Daka, S. Fu, J.S. Gerber, S. Kartha, V. Krey, H. Lofgren, T. Masui, R. Mathur, J. Portugal-Pereira, B.  K. Sovacool,  M. V. Vilariño,  N. Zhou, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter04.pdf Chapter 4: Mitigation and development pathways in the near- to mid-term]. In IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van  Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.006</ref>{{rp|469}} De European Commission's definition of NBS states dat these solutions are "inspired den supported by nature, wich are cost-effective, simultaneously provide environmental, social den economic benefits den help build resilience. Such solutions bring more, den more diverse, nature den natural features den processes into cities, landscapes, den seascapes, through locally adapted, resource-efficient den systemic interventions".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Nature-Based Solutions - European Commission |url=https://ec.europa.eu/research/environment/index.cfm?pg=nbs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923161801/http://ec.europa.eu/research/environment/index.cfm?pg=nbs |archive-date=23 September 2019 |access-date=10 December 2019 |website=}}</ref> Insyd 2020, de EC definition was updated to further emphasise dat "Nature-based solutions must benefit biodiversity den support de delivery of a range of ecosystem services."<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Wild |first1=Tom |url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/research_and_innovation/research_by_area/documents/nbs_valorisationprojects_fullreport_web.pdf |title=Nature-based Solutions - State of the Art in EU-funded Projects |last2=Freitas |first2=Tiago |last3=Vandewoestijne |first3=Sofie |date=2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111152411/https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/research_and_innovation/research_by_area/documents/nbs_valorisationprojects_fullreport_web.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> == References == 2q8pqfzbsoebkschwfybfa1vl7vu58k 102698 102695 2026-06-13T17:43:57Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve article 102698 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Sustainable use of nature for tackling socio-environmental challenges}} [[File:NRCSIA00041 - Iowa (2285)(NRCS Photo Gallery).jpg|thumb|Example for a nature-based solution insyd de area of [[Water resources|water resource]] management: dis riparian buffer protects a creek insyd lowa, United States from the impact of adjacent land uses]] '''Nature-based solutions''' (anaa '''nature-based systems''', den abbreviated as '''NBS''' anaa '''NbS''') describe de development den use of (biodiversity) den natural processes to address diverse soci-environmental issues.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Girardin |first1=Cécile A. J. |last2=Jenkins |first2=Stuart |last3=Seddon |first3=Nathalie |last4=Allen |first4=Myles |last5=Lewis |first5=Simon L. |last6=Wheeler |first6=Charlotte E. |last7=Griscom |first7=Bronson W. |last8=Malhi |first8=Yadvinder |title=Nature-based solutions can help cool the planet — if we act now |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |date=2021 |volume=593 |issue=7858 |pages=191–194 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-01241-2 |doi-access=free|pmid=33981055 |bibcode=2021Natur.593..191G}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Frantzeskaki |first1=Niki |last2=McPhearson |first2=Timon |last3=Collier |first3=Marcus J |last4=Kendal |first4=Dave |last5=Bulkeley |first5=Harriet |last6=Dumitru |first6=Adina |last7=Walsh |first7=Claire |last8=Noble |first8=Kate |last9=van Wyk |first9=Ernita |last10=Ordóñez |first10=Camilo |last11=Oke |first11=Cathy |last12=Pintér |first12=László |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Climate Change Adaptation: Linking Science, Policy, and Practice Communities for Evidence-Based Decision-Making |journal=[[BioScience]] |date=2019 |volume=69 |issue=6 |pages=455–466 |doi=10.1093/biosci/biz042 |doi-access=free|hdl=2183/36896 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> These issues include climate change mitigation den adaptation, human security issues such as water security den food security, den disaster risk reduction.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last1=Debele |first1=S. E. |last2=Leo |first2=L. S. |last3=Kumar |first3=P. |last4=Sahani |first4=J. |last5=Ommer |first5=J. |last6=Bucchignani |first6=E. |last7=Vranić |first7=S. |last8=Kalas |first8=M. |last9=Amirzada |first9=Z. |last10=Pavlova |first10=I. |last11=Shah |first11=M. A. R. |last12=Gonzalez-Ollauri |first12=A. |last13=Di Sabatino |first13=S. |date=2023 |title=Nature-based solutions can help reduce the impact of natural hazards: A global analysis of NBS case studies |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969723044492 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=902 |article-number=165824 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165824|pmid=37527720 |bibcode=2023ScTEn.90265824D |hdl=11585/953217 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> De aim be dat resilient ecosystems (whether natural, managed, anaa newly created) provide solutions for de benefit of both societies den biodiversity.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Nature-based Solutions: New Influence for Environmental Management and Research in Europe|last1=Eggermont|first1=Hilde|last2=Balian|first2=Estelle|date=2015|journal=Gaia - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society|language=en|doi=10.14512/gaia.24.4.9|last3=Azevedo|first3=José Manuel N.|last4=Beumer|first4=Victor|last5=Brodin|first5=Tomas|last6=Claudet|first6=Joachim|last7=Fady|first7=Bruno|last8=Grube|first8=Martin|last9=Keune|first9=Hans|volume=24|issue=4|pages=243–248|s2cid=53518417 |url=https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|access-date=24 May 2020|archive-date=7 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507073138/https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> De 2019 UN Climate Action Summit dey highlight nature-based solutions as an effective method to combat climate change.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=Environment |first=U. N. |date=2019 |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Climate |url=http://www.unep.org/nature-based-solutions-climate |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=UNEP - UN Environment Programme |language=en}}</ref> For example, nature-based systems for climate change adaptation fit include natural flood management, restoring natural coastal defences, den providing local cooling.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|310}} De concept of NBS be related to de concept of ecological engineering<ref name=":1" /> den ecosystem-based adaptation.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|284}} NBS are sanso related, conceptually to de practice of ecological restoration. De sustainable management approach be a key aspect of NBS development den implementation. Mangrove restoration efforts along coastlines provide an example of a nature-based solution dat fit achieve multiple goals. Mangroves moderate de impact of waves den wind on coastal settlements anaa cities,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Marois|first1=Darryl E.|last2=Mitsch|first2=William J.|date=2 January 2015|title=Coastal protection from tsunamis and cyclones provided by mangrove wetlands – a review|journal=International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management|volume=11|issue=1|pages=71–83|doi=10.1080/21513732.2014.997292|bibcode=2015IJBSE..11...71M |s2cid=86554474|issn=2151-3732}}</ref> den they sequester carbon.<ref>{{Citation|last=Inoue|first=Tomomi|title=Carbon Sequestration in Mangroves|work=Blue Carbon in Shallow Coastal Ecosystems|year=2019|pages=73–99|place=Singapore|publisher=Springer Singapore|doi=10.1007/978-981-13-1295-3_3|isbn=978-981-13-1294-6|s2cid=133839393}}</ref> Dem sanso provide nursery zones for marine life wich be important for sustaining fisheries. Additionally, mangrove forests fit help to control coastal erosion resulting from sea level rise. Green roofs, blue roofs, den green walls (as part of green infrastructure) are sanso nature-based solutions dat fit be implemented insud urban areas. Dey fit reduce de effects of urban heat islands, capture stormwater, abate pollution, den act as carbon sinks. At de same time, dey fi enhance local biodiversity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2020 |title=Evaluating the potential of nature-based solutions to reduce ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon dioxide through a multi-type green infrastructure study in Ontario, Canada |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590252020300246 |url-status=live |access-date=3 April 2026 |website=ScienceDirect}}</ref> NBS systems den solutions are forming an increasing part of national den international policies on climate change. Dem are included insyd climate change policy, infrastructure investment, den [[climate finance]] mechanisms. De European Commission has paid increasing attention to NBS since 2013.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Faivre|first1=Nicolas|last2=Fritz|first2=Marco|last3=Freitas|first3=Tiago|last4=de Boissezon|first4=Birgit|last5=Vandewoestijne|first5=Sofie|date=2017|title=Nature-Based Solutions in the EU: Innovating with nature to address social, economic and environmental challenges|journal=Environmental Research|volume=159|pages=509–518|doi=10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.032|pmid=28886502|bibcode=2017ER....159..509F|s2cid=42573101|issn=0013-9351}}</ref> Dis be reflected insyd de majority of global NBS case studies reviewed by Debele et al (2023) being located insyd Europe.<ref name=":16" /> While there be much scope for scaling-up nature-based systems den solutions globally, they frequently encounter numerous challenges during planning den implementation.<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":15">{{Cite journal |last1=Wamsler |first1=C. |last2=Wickenberg |first2=B. |last3=Hanson |first3=H. |last4=Alkan Olsson |first4=J. |last5=Stålhammar |first5=S. |last6=Björn |first6=H. |last7=Falck |first7=H. |last8=Gerell |first8=D. |last9=Oskarsson |first9=T. |last10=Simonsson |first10=E. |last11=Torffvit |first11=F. |date=2020 |title=Environmental and climate policy integration: Targeted strategies for overcoming barriers to nature-based solutions and climate change adaptation |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |volume=247 |article-number=119154 |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119154 |issn=0959-6526 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2020JCPro.24719154W }}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last1=Chausson |first1=Alexandre |last2=Turner |first2=Beth |last3=Seddon |first3=Dan |last4=Chabaneix |first4=Nicole |last5=Girardin |first5=Cécile A. J. |last6=Kapos |first6=Valerie |last7=Key |first7=Isabel |last8=Roe |first8=Dilys |last9=Smith |first9=Alison |last10=Woroniecki |first10=Stephen |last11=Seddon |first11=Nathalie |date=2020-09-09 |title=Mapping the effectiveness of nature-based solutions for climate change adaptation |journal=Global Change Biology |volume=26 |issue=11 |pages=6134–6155 |bibcode=2020GCBio..26.6134C |doi=10.1111/gcb.15310 |issn=1354-1013 |pmid=32906226 |s2cid=221621517 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De IPCC dey point out dat de term be "de subject of ongoing debate, plus concerns dat e may lead to de misunderstanding dat NbS on its own fi provide a global solution to climate change".<ref name=":12" />{{rp|24}} To clarify dis point further, de IPCC sanso stated dat "nature-based systems cannot be regarded as an alternative to, anaa a reason to delay, deep cuts insyd GHG emissions".<ref name=":13" />{{rp|203}} {{TOC limit|3}} == Definition == [[File:ISS047-E-84351 Cape Coral, Florida (annotated).jpg|thumb|Mangroves protect coastlines against erosion ([[Cape Coral, Florida|Cape Coral]], Florida, United States)]] De International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) defines NBS as "actions to protect, sustainably manage, den restore natural anaa modified ecosystems, dat address societal challenges effectively den adaptively, simultaneously providing human well-being den biodiversity benefits".<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10">Cohen-Shacham, E., G. Walters, C. Janzen, S. Maginnis (eds). 2016. Nature-based solutions to address global societal challenges. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. Xiii + 97 pp. Downloadable from https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46191 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401093813/https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46191|date=1 April 2021}}</ref> ''Societal challenges'' of relevance here include [[climate change]], food security, disaster risk reduction, water security. Insyd oda words: "Nature-based solutions are interventions dat use de natural functions of healthy ecosystems to protect de environment but sanso provide numerous economic den social benefits."<ref>Dubash, N.K., C.  Mitchell, E.L.  Boasson, M.J.  Borbor-Cordova, S.  Fifita, E.  Haites, M.  Jaccard, F.  Jotzo, S.  Naidoo, P.  Romero-Lankao, M.  Shlapak, W.  Shen, L. Wu, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter13.pdf Chapter 13: National and sub-national policies and institutions]. In IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D.  McCollum, M.  Pathak, S.  Some, P. Vyas, R.  Fradera, M.  Belkacemi, A.  Hasija, G.  Lisboa, S.  Luz, J.  Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.015</ref>{{rp|1403}} Dem are used both insyd de context of climate change mitigation as well as adaptation.<ref>Lecocq, F., H. Winkler, J.P. Daka, S. Fu, J.S. Gerber, S. Kartha, V. Krey, H. Lofgren, T. Masui, R. Mathur, J. Portugal-Pereira, B.  K. Sovacool,  M. V. Vilariño,  N. Zhou, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter04.pdf Chapter 4: Mitigation and development pathways in the near- to mid-term]. In IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van  Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.006</ref>{{rp|469}} De European Commission's definition of NBS states dat these solutions are "inspired den supported by nature, wich are cost-effective, simultaneously provide environmental, social den economic benefits den help build resilience. Such solutions bring more, den more diverse, nature den natural features den processes into cities, landscapes, den seascapes, through locally adapted, resource-efficient den systemic interventions".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Nature-Based Solutions - European Commission |url=https://ec.europa.eu/research/environment/index.cfm?pg=nbs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923161801/http://ec.europa.eu/research/environment/index.cfm?pg=nbs |archive-date=23 September 2019 |access-date=10 December 2019 |website=}}</ref> Insyd 2020, de EC definition was updated to further emphasise dat "Nature-based solutions must benefit biodiversity den support de delivery of a range of ecosystem services."<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Wild |first1=Tom |url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/research_and_innovation/research_by_area/documents/nbs_valorisationprojects_fullreport_web.pdf |title=Nature-based Solutions - State of the Art in EU-funded Projects |last2=Freitas |first2=Tiago |last3=Vandewoestijne |first3=Sofie |date=2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111152411/https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/research_and_innovation/research_by_area/documents/nbs_valorisationprojects_fullreport_web.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> De IPCC Sixth Assessment Report pointed out dat de term ''nature-based solutions'' be "widely but not universally used insyd de scientific literature".<ref name=":12">IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_SummaryForPolicymakers.pdf Summary for Policymakers] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, M. Tignor, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem (eds.)]. In: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3–33, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.001.</ref>{{rp|24}} As of 2017, de term NBS was still regarded as "poorly defined den vague".<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2017 |title='Nature-based solutions' is the latest green jargon that means more than you might think |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/541133b |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=541 |issue=7636 |pages=133–134 |doi=10.1038/541133b |pmid=28079099 |bibcode=2017Natur.541R.133. |s2cid=4455842 |issn=0028-0836|url-access=subscription }}</ref> == References == cw57rtrgt2ixaboq9be5re35wfssjyp 102701 102698 2026-06-13T17:48:05Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve am 102701 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Sustainable use of nature for tackling socio-environmental challenges}} [[File:NRCSIA00041 - Iowa (2285)(NRCS Photo Gallery).jpg|thumb|Example for a nature-based solution insyd de area of [[Water resources|water resource]] management: dis riparian buffer protects a creek insyd lowa, United States from the impact of adjacent land uses]] '''Nature-based solutions''' (anaa '''nature-based systems''', den abbreviated as '''NBS''' anaa '''NbS''') describe de development den use of (biodiversity) den natural processes to address diverse soci-environmental issues.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Girardin |first1=Cécile A. J. |last2=Jenkins |first2=Stuart |last3=Seddon |first3=Nathalie |last4=Allen |first4=Myles |last5=Lewis |first5=Simon L. |last6=Wheeler |first6=Charlotte E. |last7=Griscom |first7=Bronson W. |last8=Malhi |first8=Yadvinder |title=Nature-based solutions can help cool the planet — if we act now |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |date=2021 |volume=593 |issue=7858 |pages=191–194 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-01241-2 |doi-access=free|pmid=33981055 |bibcode=2021Natur.593..191G}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Frantzeskaki |first1=Niki |last2=McPhearson |first2=Timon |last3=Collier |first3=Marcus J |last4=Kendal |first4=Dave |last5=Bulkeley |first5=Harriet |last6=Dumitru |first6=Adina |last7=Walsh |first7=Claire |last8=Noble |first8=Kate |last9=van Wyk |first9=Ernita |last10=Ordóñez |first10=Camilo |last11=Oke |first11=Cathy |last12=Pintér |first12=László |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Climate Change Adaptation: Linking Science, Policy, and Practice Communities for Evidence-Based Decision-Making |journal=[[BioScience]] |date=2019 |volume=69 |issue=6 |pages=455–466 |doi=10.1093/biosci/biz042 |doi-access=free|hdl=2183/36896 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> These issues include climate change mitigation den adaptation, human security issues such as water security den food security, den disaster risk reduction.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last1=Debele |first1=S. E. |last2=Leo |first2=L. S. |last3=Kumar |first3=P. |last4=Sahani |first4=J. |last5=Ommer |first5=J. |last6=Bucchignani |first6=E. |last7=Vranić |first7=S. |last8=Kalas |first8=M. |last9=Amirzada |first9=Z. |last10=Pavlova |first10=I. |last11=Shah |first11=M. A. R. |last12=Gonzalez-Ollauri |first12=A. |last13=Di Sabatino |first13=S. |date=2023 |title=Nature-based solutions can help reduce the impact of natural hazards: A global analysis of NBS case studies |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969723044492 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=902 |article-number=165824 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165824|pmid=37527720 |bibcode=2023ScTEn.90265824D |hdl=11585/953217 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> De aim be dat resilient ecosystems (whether natural, managed, anaa newly created) provide solutions for de benefit of both societies den biodiversity.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Nature-based Solutions: New Influence for Environmental Management and Research in Europe|last1=Eggermont|first1=Hilde|last2=Balian|first2=Estelle|date=2015|journal=Gaia - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society|language=en|doi=10.14512/gaia.24.4.9|last3=Azevedo|first3=José Manuel N.|last4=Beumer|first4=Victor|last5=Brodin|first5=Tomas|last6=Claudet|first6=Joachim|last7=Fady|first7=Bruno|last8=Grube|first8=Martin|last9=Keune|first9=Hans|volume=24|issue=4|pages=243–248|s2cid=53518417 |url=https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|access-date=24 May 2020|archive-date=7 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507073138/https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> De 2019 UN Climate Action Summit dey highlight nature-based solutions as an effective method to combat climate change.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=Environment |first=U. N. |date=2019 |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Climate |url=http://www.unep.org/nature-based-solutions-climate |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=UNEP - UN Environment Programme |language=en}}</ref> For example, nature-based systems for climate change adaptation fit include natural flood management, restoring natural coastal defences, den providing local cooling.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|310}} De concept of NBS be related to de concept of ecological engineering<ref name=":1" /> den ecosystem-based adaptation.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|284}} NBS are sanso related, conceptually to de practice of ecological restoration. De sustainable management approach be a key aspect of NBS development den implementation. Mangrove restoration efforts along coastlines provide an example of a nature-based solution dat fit achieve multiple goals. Mangroves moderate de impact of waves den wind on coastal settlements anaa cities,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Marois|first1=Darryl E.|last2=Mitsch|first2=William J.|date=2 January 2015|title=Coastal protection from tsunamis and cyclones provided by mangrove wetlands – a review|journal=International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management|volume=11|issue=1|pages=71–83|doi=10.1080/21513732.2014.997292|bibcode=2015IJBSE..11...71M |s2cid=86554474|issn=2151-3732}}</ref> den they sequester carbon.<ref>{{Citation|last=Inoue|first=Tomomi|title=Carbon Sequestration in Mangroves|work=Blue Carbon in Shallow Coastal Ecosystems|year=2019|pages=73–99|place=Singapore|publisher=Springer Singapore|doi=10.1007/978-981-13-1295-3_3|isbn=978-981-13-1294-6|s2cid=133839393}}</ref> Dem sanso provide nursery zones for marine life wich be important for sustaining fisheries. Additionally, mangrove forests fit help to control coastal erosion resulting from sea level rise. Green roofs, blue roofs, den green walls (as part of green infrastructure) are sanso nature-based solutions dat fit be implemented insud urban areas. Dey fit reduce de effects of urban heat islands, capture stormwater, abate pollution, den act as carbon sinks. At de same time, dey fi enhance local biodiversity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2020 |title=Evaluating the potential of nature-based solutions to reduce ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon dioxide through a multi-type green infrastructure study in Ontario, Canada |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590252020300246 |url-status=live |access-date=3 April 2026 |website=ScienceDirect}}</ref> NBS systems den solutions are forming an increasing part of national den international policies on climate change. Dem are included insyd climate change policy, infrastructure investment, den [[climate finance]] mechanisms. De European Commission has paid increasing attention to NBS since 2013.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Faivre|first1=Nicolas|last2=Fritz|first2=Marco|last3=Freitas|first3=Tiago|last4=de Boissezon|first4=Birgit|last5=Vandewoestijne|first5=Sofie|date=2017|title=Nature-Based Solutions in the EU: Innovating with nature to address social, economic and environmental challenges|journal=Environmental Research|volume=159|pages=509–518|doi=10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.032|pmid=28886502|bibcode=2017ER....159..509F|s2cid=42573101|issn=0013-9351}}</ref> Dis be reflected insyd de majority of global NBS case studies reviewed by Debele et al (2023) being located insyd Europe.<ref name=":16" /> While there be much scope for scaling-up nature-based systems den solutions globally, they frequently encounter numerous challenges during planning den implementation.<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":15">{{Cite journal |last1=Wamsler |first1=C. |last2=Wickenberg |first2=B. |last3=Hanson |first3=H. |last4=Alkan Olsson |first4=J. |last5=Stålhammar |first5=S. |last6=Björn |first6=H. |last7=Falck |first7=H. |last8=Gerell |first8=D. |last9=Oskarsson |first9=T. |last10=Simonsson |first10=E. |last11=Torffvit |first11=F. |date=2020 |title=Environmental and climate policy integration: Targeted strategies for overcoming barriers to nature-based solutions and climate change adaptation |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |volume=247 |article-number=119154 |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119154 |issn=0959-6526 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2020JCPro.24719154W }}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last1=Chausson |first1=Alexandre |last2=Turner |first2=Beth |last3=Seddon |first3=Dan |last4=Chabaneix |first4=Nicole |last5=Girardin |first5=Cécile A. J. |last6=Kapos |first6=Valerie |last7=Key |first7=Isabel |last8=Roe |first8=Dilys |last9=Smith |first9=Alison |last10=Woroniecki |first10=Stephen |last11=Seddon |first11=Nathalie |date=2020-09-09 |title=Mapping the effectiveness of nature-based solutions for climate change adaptation |journal=Global Change Biology |volume=26 |issue=11 |pages=6134–6155 |bibcode=2020GCBio..26.6134C |doi=10.1111/gcb.15310 |issn=1354-1013 |pmid=32906226 |s2cid=221621517 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De IPCC dey point out dat de term be "de subject of ongoing debate, plus concerns dat e may lead to de misunderstanding dat NbS on its own fi provide a global solution to climate change".<ref name=":12" />{{rp|24}} To clarify dis point further, de IPCC sanso stated dat "nature-based systems cannot be regarded as an alternative to, anaa a reason to delay, deep cuts insyd GHG emissions".<ref name=":13" />{{rp|203}} {{TOC limit|3}} == Definition == [[File:ISS047-E-84351 Cape Coral, Florida (annotated).jpg|thumb|Mangroves protect coastlines against erosion ([[Cape Coral, Florida|Cape Coral]], Florida, United States)]] De International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) defines NBS as "actions to protect, sustainably manage, den restore natural anaa modified ecosystems, dat address societal challenges effectively den adaptively, simultaneously providing human well-being den biodiversity benefits".<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10">Cohen-Shacham, E., G. Walters, C. Janzen, S. Maginnis (eds). 2016. Nature-based solutions to address global societal challenges. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. Xiii + 97 pp. Downloadable from https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46191 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401093813/https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46191|date=1 April 2021}}</ref> ''Societal challenges'' of relevance here include [[climate change]], food security, disaster risk reduction, water security. Insyd oda words: "Nature-based solutions are interventions dat use de natural functions of healthy ecosystems to protect de environment but sanso provide numerous economic den social benefits."<ref>Dubash, N.K., C.  Mitchell, E.L.  Boasson, M.J.  Borbor-Cordova, S.  Fifita, E.  Haites, M.  Jaccard, F.  Jotzo, S.  Naidoo, P.  Romero-Lankao, M.  Shlapak, W.  Shen, L. Wu, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter13.pdf Chapter 13: National and sub-national policies and institutions]. In IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D.  McCollum, M.  Pathak, S.  Some, P. Vyas, R.  Fradera, M.  Belkacemi, A.  Hasija, G.  Lisboa, S.  Luz, J.  Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.015</ref>{{rp|1403}} Dem are used both insyd de context of climate change mitigation as well as adaptation.<ref>Lecocq, F., H. Winkler, J.P. Daka, S. Fu, J.S. Gerber, S. Kartha, V. Krey, H. Lofgren, T. Masui, R. Mathur, J. Portugal-Pereira, B.  K. Sovacool,  M. V. Vilariño,  N. Zhou, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter04.pdf Chapter 4: Mitigation and development pathways in the near- to mid-term]. In IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van  Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.006</ref>{{rp|469}} De European Commission's definition of NBS states dat these solutions are "inspired den supported by nature, wich are cost-effective, simultaneously provide environmental, social den economic benefits den help build resilience. Such solutions bring more, den more diverse, nature den natural features den processes into cities, landscapes, den seascapes, through locally adapted, resource-efficient den systemic interventions".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Nature-Based Solutions - European Commission |url=https://ec.europa.eu/research/environment/index.cfm?pg=nbs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923161801/http://ec.europa.eu/research/environment/index.cfm?pg=nbs |archive-date=23 September 2019 |access-date=10 December 2019 |website=}}</ref> Insyd 2020, de EC definition was updated to further emphasise dat "Nature-based solutions must benefit biodiversity den support de delivery of a range of ecosystem services."<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Wild |first1=Tom |url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/research_and_innovation/research_by_area/documents/nbs_valorisationprojects_fullreport_web.pdf |title=Nature-based Solutions - State of the Art in EU-funded Projects |last2=Freitas |first2=Tiago |last3=Vandewoestijne |first3=Sofie |date=2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111152411/https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/research_and_innovation/research_by_area/documents/nbs_valorisationprojects_fullreport_web.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> De IPCC Sixth Assessment Report pointed out dat de term ''nature-based solutions'' be "widely but not universally used insyd de scientific literature".<ref name=":12">IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_SummaryForPolicymakers.pdf Summary for Policymakers] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, M. Tignor, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem (eds.)]. In: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3–33, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.001.</ref>{{rp|24}} As of 2017, de term NBS was still regarded as "poorly defined den vague".<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2017 |title='Nature-based solutions' is the latest green jargon that means more than you might think |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/541133b |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=541 |issue=7636 |pages=133–134 |doi=10.1038/541133b |pmid=28079099 |bibcode=2017Natur.541R.133. |s2cid=4455842 |issn=0028-0836|url-access=subscription }}</ref> De term ''ecosystem-based adaptation'' (EbA) be a subset of nature-based solutions den "aims to maintain den increase de resilience den reduce de vulnerability of ecosystems den people insyd de face of de adverse effects of climate change".<ref name=":13" />{{rp|284}} == References == mssqbl2corl0c9v5br5rtz3ln5r5u42 102703 102701 2026-06-13T17:49:05Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve article 102703 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Sustainable use of nature for tackling socio-environmental challenges}} [[File:NRCSIA00041 - Iowa (2285)(NRCS Photo Gallery).jpg|thumb|Example for a nature-based solution insyd de area of [[Water resources|water resource]] management: dis riparian buffer protects a creek insyd lowa, United States from the impact of adjacent land uses]] '''Nature-based solutions''' (anaa '''nature-based systems''', den abbreviated as '''NBS''' anaa '''NbS''') describe de development den use of (biodiversity) den natural processes to address diverse soci-environmental issues.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Girardin |first1=Cécile A. J. |last2=Jenkins |first2=Stuart |last3=Seddon |first3=Nathalie |last4=Allen |first4=Myles |last5=Lewis |first5=Simon L. |last6=Wheeler |first6=Charlotte E. |last7=Griscom |first7=Bronson W. |last8=Malhi |first8=Yadvinder |title=Nature-based solutions can help cool the planet — if we act now |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |date=2021 |volume=593 |issue=7858 |pages=191–194 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-01241-2 |doi-access=free|pmid=33981055 |bibcode=2021Natur.593..191G}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Frantzeskaki |first1=Niki |last2=McPhearson |first2=Timon |last3=Collier |first3=Marcus J |last4=Kendal |first4=Dave |last5=Bulkeley |first5=Harriet |last6=Dumitru |first6=Adina |last7=Walsh |first7=Claire |last8=Noble |first8=Kate |last9=van Wyk |first9=Ernita |last10=Ordóñez |first10=Camilo |last11=Oke |first11=Cathy |last12=Pintér |first12=László |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Climate Change Adaptation: Linking Science, Policy, and Practice Communities for Evidence-Based Decision-Making |journal=[[BioScience]] |date=2019 |volume=69 |issue=6 |pages=455–466 |doi=10.1093/biosci/biz042 |doi-access=free|hdl=2183/36896 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> These issues include climate change mitigation den adaptation, human security issues such as water security den food security, den disaster risk reduction.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last1=Debele |first1=S. E. |last2=Leo |first2=L. S. |last3=Kumar |first3=P. |last4=Sahani |first4=J. |last5=Ommer |first5=J. |last6=Bucchignani |first6=E. |last7=Vranić |first7=S. |last8=Kalas |first8=M. |last9=Amirzada |first9=Z. |last10=Pavlova |first10=I. |last11=Shah |first11=M. A. R. |last12=Gonzalez-Ollauri |first12=A. |last13=Di Sabatino |first13=S. |date=2023 |title=Nature-based solutions can help reduce the impact of natural hazards: A global analysis of NBS case studies |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969723044492 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=902 |article-number=165824 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165824|pmid=37527720 |bibcode=2023ScTEn.90265824D |hdl=11585/953217 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> De aim be dat resilient ecosystems (whether natural, managed, anaa newly created) provide solutions for de benefit of both societies den biodiversity.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Nature-based Solutions: New Influence for Environmental Management and Research in Europe|last1=Eggermont|first1=Hilde|last2=Balian|first2=Estelle|date=2015|journal=Gaia - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society|language=en|doi=10.14512/gaia.24.4.9|last3=Azevedo|first3=José Manuel N.|last4=Beumer|first4=Victor|last5=Brodin|first5=Tomas|last6=Claudet|first6=Joachim|last7=Fady|first7=Bruno|last8=Grube|first8=Martin|last9=Keune|first9=Hans|volume=24|issue=4|pages=243–248|s2cid=53518417 |url=https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|access-date=24 May 2020|archive-date=7 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507073138/https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> De 2019 UN Climate Action Summit dey highlight nature-based solutions as an effective method to combat climate change.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=Environment |first=U. N. |date=2019 |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Climate |url=http://www.unep.org/nature-based-solutions-climate |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=UNEP - UN Environment Programme |language=en}}</ref> For example, nature-based systems for climate change adaptation fit include natural flood management, restoring natural coastal defences, den providing local cooling.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|310}} De concept of NBS be related to de concept of ecological engineering<ref name=":1" /> den ecosystem-based adaptation.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|284}} NBS are sanso related, conceptually to de practice of ecological restoration. De sustainable management approach be a key aspect of NBS development den implementation. Mangrove restoration efforts along coastlines provide an example of a nature-based solution dat fit achieve multiple goals. Mangroves moderate de impact of waves den wind on coastal settlements anaa cities,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Marois|first1=Darryl E.|last2=Mitsch|first2=William J.|date=2 January 2015|title=Coastal protection from tsunamis and cyclones provided by mangrove wetlands – a review|journal=International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management|volume=11|issue=1|pages=71–83|doi=10.1080/21513732.2014.997292|bibcode=2015IJBSE..11...71M |s2cid=86554474|issn=2151-3732}}</ref> den they sequester carbon.<ref>{{Citation|last=Inoue|first=Tomomi|title=Carbon Sequestration in Mangroves|work=Blue Carbon in Shallow Coastal Ecosystems|year=2019|pages=73–99|place=Singapore|publisher=Springer Singapore|doi=10.1007/978-981-13-1295-3_3|isbn=978-981-13-1294-6|s2cid=133839393}}</ref> Dem sanso provide nursery zones for marine life wich be important for sustaining fisheries. Additionally, mangrove forests fit help to control coastal erosion resulting from sea level rise. Green roofs, blue roofs, den green walls (as part of green infrastructure) are sanso nature-based solutions dat fit be implemented insud urban areas. Dey fit reduce de effects of urban heat islands, capture stormwater, abate pollution, den act as carbon sinks. At de same time, dey fi enhance local biodiversity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2020 |title=Evaluating the potential of nature-based solutions to reduce ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon dioxide through a multi-type green infrastructure study in Ontario, Canada |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590252020300246 |url-status=live |access-date=3 April 2026 |website=ScienceDirect}}</ref> NBS systems den solutions are forming an increasing part of national den international policies on climate change. Dem are included insyd climate change policy, infrastructure investment, den [[climate finance]] mechanisms. De European Commission has paid increasing attention to NBS since 2013.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Faivre|first1=Nicolas|last2=Fritz|first2=Marco|last3=Freitas|first3=Tiago|last4=de Boissezon|first4=Birgit|last5=Vandewoestijne|first5=Sofie|date=2017|title=Nature-Based Solutions in the EU: Innovating with nature to address social, economic and environmental challenges|journal=Environmental Research|volume=159|pages=509–518|doi=10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.032|pmid=28886502|bibcode=2017ER....159..509F|s2cid=42573101|issn=0013-9351}}</ref> Dis be reflected insyd de majority of global NBS case studies reviewed by Debele et al (2023) being located insyd Europe.<ref name=":16" /> While there be much scope for scaling-up nature-based systems den solutions globally, they frequently encounter numerous challenges during planning den implementation.<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":15">{{Cite journal |last1=Wamsler |first1=C. |last2=Wickenberg |first2=B. |last3=Hanson |first3=H. |last4=Alkan Olsson |first4=J. |last5=Stålhammar |first5=S. |last6=Björn |first6=H. |last7=Falck |first7=H. |last8=Gerell |first8=D. |last9=Oskarsson |first9=T. |last10=Simonsson |first10=E. |last11=Torffvit |first11=F. |date=2020 |title=Environmental and climate policy integration: Targeted strategies for overcoming barriers to nature-based solutions and climate change adaptation |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |volume=247 |article-number=119154 |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119154 |issn=0959-6526 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2020JCPro.24719154W }}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last1=Chausson |first1=Alexandre |last2=Turner |first2=Beth |last3=Seddon |first3=Dan |last4=Chabaneix |first4=Nicole |last5=Girardin |first5=Cécile A. J. |last6=Kapos |first6=Valerie |last7=Key |first7=Isabel |last8=Roe |first8=Dilys |last9=Smith |first9=Alison |last10=Woroniecki |first10=Stephen |last11=Seddon |first11=Nathalie |date=2020-09-09 |title=Mapping the effectiveness of nature-based solutions for climate change adaptation |journal=Global Change Biology |volume=26 |issue=11 |pages=6134–6155 |bibcode=2020GCBio..26.6134C |doi=10.1111/gcb.15310 |issn=1354-1013 |pmid=32906226 |s2cid=221621517 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De IPCC dey point out dat de term be "de subject of ongoing debate, plus concerns dat e may lead to de misunderstanding dat NbS on its own fi provide a global solution to climate change".<ref name=":12" />{{rp|24}} To clarify dis point further, de IPCC sanso stated dat "nature-based systems cannot be regarded as an alternative to, anaa a reason to delay, deep cuts insyd GHG emissions".<ref name=":13" />{{rp|203}} {{TOC limit|3}} == Definition == [[File:ISS047-E-84351 Cape Coral, Florida (annotated).jpg|thumb|Mangroves protect coastlines against erosion ([[Cape Coral, Florida|Cape Coral]], Florida, United States)]] De International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) defines NBS as "actions to protect, sustainably manage, den restore natural anaa modified ecosystems, dat address societal challenges effectively den adaptively, simultaneously providing human well-being den biodiversity benefits".<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10">Cohen-Shacham, E., G. Walters, C. Janzen, S. Maginnis (eds). 2016. Nature-based solutions to address global societal challenges. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. Xiii + 97 pp. Downloadable from https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46191 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401093813/https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46191|date=1 April 2021}}</ref> ''Societal challenges'' of relevance here include [[climate change]], food security, disaster risk reduction, water security. Insyd oda words: "Nature-based solutions are interventions dat use de natural functions of healthy ecosystems to protect de environment but sanso provide numerous economic den social benefits."<ref>Dubash, N.K., C.  Mitchell, E.L.  Boasson, M.J.  Borbor-Cordova, S.  Fifita, E.  Haites, M.  Jaccard, F.  Jotzo, S.  Naidoo, P.  Romero-Lankao, M.  Shlapak, W.  Shen, L. Wu, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter13.pdf Chapter 13: National and sub-national policies and institutions]. In IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D.  McCollum, M.  Pathak, S.  Some, P. Vyas, R.  Fradera, M.  Belkacemi, A.  Hasija, G.  Lisboa, S.  Luz, J.  Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.015</ref>{{rp|1403}} Dem are used both insyd de context of climate change mitigation as well as adaptation.<ref>Lecocq, F., H. Winkler, J.P. Daka, S. Fu, J.S. Gerber, S. Kartha, V. Krey, H. Lofgren, T. Masui, R. Mathur, J. Portugal-Pereira, B.  K. Sovacool,  M. V. Vilariño,  N. Zhou, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter04.pdf Chapter 4: Mitigation and development pathways in the near- to mid-term]. In IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van  Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.006</ref>{{rp|469}} De European Commission's definition of NBS states dat these solutions are "inspired den supported by nature, wich are cost-effective, simultaneously provide environmental, social den economic benefits den help build resilience. Such solutions bring more, den more diverse, nature den natural features den processes into cities, landscapes, den seascapes, through locally adapted, resource-efficient den systemic interventions".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Nature-Based Solutions - European Commission |url=https://ec.europa.eu/research/environment/index.cfm?pg=nbs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923161801/http://ec.europa.eu/research/environment/index.cfm?pg=nbs |archive-date=23 September 2019 |access-date=10 December 2019 |website=}}</ref> Insyd 2020, de EC definition was updated to further emphasise dat "Nature-based solutions must benefit biodiversity den support de delivery of a range of ecosystem services."<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Wild |first1=Tom |url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/research_and_innovation/research_by_area/documents/nbs_valorisationprojects_fullreport_web.pdf |title=Nature-based Solutions - State of the Art in EU-funded Projects |last2=Freitas |first2=Tiago |last3=Vandewoestijne |first3=Sofie |date=2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111152411/https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/research_and_innovation/research_by_area/documents/nbs_valorisationprojects_fullreport_web.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> De IPCC Sixth Assessment Report pointed out dat de term ''nature-based solutions'' be "widely but not universally used insyd de scientific literature".<ref name=":12">IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_SummaryForPolicymakers.pdf Summary for Policymakers] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, M. Tignor, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem (eds.)]. In: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3–33, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.001.</ref>{{rp|24}} As of 2017, de term NBS was still regarded as "poorly defined den vague".<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2017 |title='Nature-based solutions' is the latest green jargon that means more than you might think |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/541133b |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=541 |issue=7636 |pages=133–134 |doi=10.1038/541133b |pmid=28079099 |bibcode=2017Natur.541R.133. |s2cid=4455842 |issn=0028-0836|url-access=subscription }}</ref> De term ''ecosystem-based adaptation'' (EbA) be a subset of nature-based solutions den "aims to maintain den increase de resilience den reduce de vulnerability of ecosystems den people insyd de face of de adverse effects of climate change".<ref name=":13" />{{rp|284}} === History of de term === == References == 4sj2padi0bqxhxtgx5f4rapu2xeaaqz 102705 102703 2026-06-13T17:53:27Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve article 102705 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Sustainable use of nature for tackling socio-environmental challenges}} [[File:NRCSIA00041 - Iowa (2285)(NRCS Photo Gallery).jpg|thumb|Example for a nature-based solution insyd de area of [[Water resources|water resource]] management: dis riparian buffer protects a creek insyd lowa, United States from the impact of adjacent land uses]] '''Nature-based solutions''' (anaa '''nature-based systems''', den abbreviated as '''NBS''' anaa '''NbS''') describe de development den use of (biodiversity) den natural processes to address diverse soci-environmental issues.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Girardin |first1=Cécile A. J. |last2=Jenkins |first2=Stuart |last3=Seddon |first3=Nathalie |last4=Allen |first4=Myles |last5=Lewis |first5=Simon L. |last6=Wheeler |first6=Charlotte E. |last7=Griscom |first7=Bronson W. |last8=Malhi |first8=Yadvinder |title=Nature-based solutions can help cool the planet — if we act now |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |date=2021 |volume=593 |issue=7858 |pages=191–194 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-01241-2 |doi-access=free|pmid=33981055 |bibcode=2021Natur.593..191G}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Frantzeskaki |first1=Niki |last2=McPhearson |first2=Timon |last3=Collier |first3=Marcus J |last4=Kendal |first4=Dave |last5=Bulkeley |first5=Harriet |last6=Dumitru |first6=Adina |last7=Walsh |first7=Claire |last8=Noble |first8=Kate |last9=van Wyk |first9=Ernita |last10=Ordóñez |first10=Camilo |last11=Oke |first11=Cathy |last12=Pintér |first12=László |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Climate Change Adaptation: Linking Science, Policy, and Practice Communities for Evidence-Based Decision-Making |journal=[[BioScience]] |date=2019 |volume=69 |issue=6 |pages=455–466 |doi=10.1093/biosci/biz042 |doi-access=free|hdl=2183/36896 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> These issues include climate change mitigation den adaptation, human security issues such as water security den food security, den disaster risk reduction.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last1=Debele |first1=S. E. |last2=Leo |first2=L. S. |last3=Kumar |first3=P. |last4=Sahani |first4=J. |last5=Ommer |first5=J. |last6=Bucchignani |first6=E. |last7=Vranić |first7=S. |last8=Kalas |first8=M. |last9=Amirzada |first9=Z. |last10=Pavlova |first10=I. |last11=Shah |first11=M. A. R. |last12=Gonzalez-Ollauri |first12=A. |last13=Di Sabatino |first13=S. |date=2023 |title=Nature-based solutions can help reduce the impact of natural hazards: A global analysis of NBS case studies |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969723044492 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=902 |article-number=165824 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165824|pmid=37527720 |bibcode=2023ScTEn.90265824D |hdl=11585/953217 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> De aim be dat resilient ecosystems (whether natural, managed, anaa newly created) provide solutions for de benefit of both societies den biodiversity.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Nature-based Solutions: New Influence for Environmental Management and Research in Europe|last1=Eggermont|first1=Hilde|last2=Balian|first2=Estelle|date=2015|journal=Gaia - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society|language=en|doi=10.14512/gaia.24.4.9|last3=Azevedo|first3=José Manuel N.|last4=Beumer|first4=Victor|last5=Brodin|first5=Tomas|last6=Claudet|first6=Joachim|last7=Fady|first7=Bruno|last8=Grube|first8=Martin|last9=Keune|first9=Hans|volume=24|issue=4|pages=243–248|s2cid=53518417 |url=https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|access-date=24 May 2020|archive-date=7 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507073138/https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> De 2019 UN Climate Action Summit dey highlight nature-based solutions as an effective method to combat climate change.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=Environment |first=U. N. |date=2019 |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Climate |url=http://www.unep.org/nature-based-solutions-climate |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=UNEP - UN Environment Programme |language=en}}</ref> For example, nature-based systems for climate change adaptation fit include natural flood management, restoring natural coastal defences, den providing local cooling.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|310}} De concept of NBS be related to de concept of ecological engineering<ref name=":1" /> den ecosystem-based adaptation.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|284}} NBS are sanso related, conceptually to de practice of ecological restoration. De sustainable management approach be a key aspect of NBS development den implementation. Mangrove restoration efforts along coastlines provide an example of a nature-based solution dat fit achieve multiple goals. Mangroves moderate de impact of waves den wind on coastal settlements anaa cities,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Marois|first1=Darryl E.|last2=Mitsch|first2=William J.|date=2 January 2015|title=Coastal protection from tsunamis and cyclones provided by mangrove wetlands – a review|journal=International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management|volume=11|issue=1|pages=71–83|doi=10.1080/21513732.2014.997292|bibcode=2015IJBSE..11...71M |s2cid=86554474|issn=2151-3732}}</ref> den they sequester carbon.<ref>{{Citation|last=Inoue|first=Tomomi|title=Carbon Sequestration in Mangroves|work=Blue Carbon in Shallow Coastal Ecosystems|year=2019|pages=73–99|place=Singapore|publisher=Springer Singapore|doi=10.1007/978-981-13-1295-3_3|isbn=978-981-13-1294-6|s2cid=133839393}}</ref> Dem sanso provide nursery zones for marine life wich be important for sustaining fisheries. Additionally, mangrove forests fit help to control coastal erosion resulting from sea level rise. Green roofs, blue roofs, den green walls (as part of green infrastructure) are sanso nature-based solutions dat fit be implemented insud urban areas. Dey fit reduce de effects of urban heat islands, capture stormwater, abate pollution, den act as carbon sinks. At de same time, dey fi enhance local biodiversity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2020 |title=Evaluating the potential of nature-based solutions to reduce ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon dioxide through a multi-type green infrastructure study in Ontario, Canada |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590252020300246 |url-status=live |access-date=3 April 2026 |website=ScienceDirect}}</ref> NBS systems den solutions are forming an increasing part of national den international policies on climate change. Dem are included insyd climate change policy, infrastructure investment, den [[climate finance]] mechanisms. De European Commission has paid increasing attention to NBS since 2013.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Faivre|first1=Nicolas|last2=Fritz|first2=Marco|last3=Freitas|first3=Tiago|last4=de Boissezon|first4=Birgit|last5=Vandewoestijne|first5=Sofie|date=2017|title=Nature-Based Solutions in the EU: Innovating with nature to address social, economic and environmental challenges|journal=Environmental Research|volume=159|pages=509–518|doi=10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.032|pmid=28886502|bibcode=2017ER....159..509F|s2cid=42573101|issn=0013-9351}}</ref> Dis be reflected insyd de majority of global NBS case studies reviewed by Debele et al (2023) being located insyd Europe.<ref name=":16" /> While there be much scope for scaling-up nature-based systems den solutions globally, they frequently encounter numerous challenges during planning den implementation.<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":15">{{Cite journal |last1=Wamsler |first1=C. |last2=Wickenberg |first2=B. |last3=Hanson |first3=H. |last4=Alkan Olsson |first4=J. |last5=Stålhammar |first5=S. |last6=Björn |first6=H. |last7=Falck |first7=H. |last8=Gerell |first8=D. |last9=Oskarsson |first9=T. |last10=Simonsson |first10=E. |last11=Torffvit |first11=F. |date=2020 |title=Environmental and climate policy integration: Targeted strategies for overcoming barriers to nature-based solutions and climate change adaptation |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |volume=247 |article-number=119154 |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119154 |issn=0959-6526 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2020JCPro.24719154W }}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last1=Chausson |first1=Alexandre |last2=Turner |first2=Beth |last3=Seddon |first3=Dan |last4=Chabaneix |first4=Nicole |last5=Girardin |first5=Cécile A. J. |last6=Kapos |first6=Valerie |last7=Key |first7=Isabel |last8=Roe |first8=Dilys |last9=Smith |first9=Alison |last10=Woroniecki |first10=Stephen |last11=Seddon |first11=Nathalie |date=2020-09-09 |title=Mapping the effectiveness of nature-based solutions for climate change adaptation |journal=Global Change Biology |volume=26 |issue=11 |pages=6134–6155 |bibcode=2020GCBio..26.6134C |doi=10.1111/gcb.15310 |issn=1354-1013 |pmid=32906226 |s2cid=221621517 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De IPCC dey point out dat de term be "de subject of ongoing debate, plus concerns dat e may lead to de misunderstanding dat NbS on its own fi provide a global solution to climate change".<ref name=":12" />{{rp|24}} To clarify dis point further, de IPCC sanso stated dat "nature-based systems cannot be regarded as an alternative to, anaa a reason to delay, deep cuts insyd GHG emissions".<ref name=":13" />{{rp|203}} {{TOC limit|3}} == Definition == [[File:ISS047-E-84351 Cape Coral, Florida (annotated).jpg|thumb|Mangroves protect coastlines against erosion ([[Cape Coral, Florida|Cape Coral]], Florida, United States)]] De International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) defines NBS as "actions to protect, sustainably manage, den restore natural anaa modified ecosystems, dat address societal challenges effectively den adaptively, simultaneously providing human well-being den biodiversity benefits".<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10">Cohen-Shacham, E., G. Walters, C. Janzen, S. Maginnis (eds). 2016. Nature-based solutions to address global societal challenges. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. Xiii + 97 pp. Downloadable from https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46191 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401093813/https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46191|date=1 April 2021}}</ref> ''Societal challenges'' of relevance here include [[climate change]], food security, disaster risk reduction, water security. Insyd oda words: "Nature-based solutions are interventions dat use de natural functions of healthy ecosystems to protect de environment but sanso provide numerous economic den social benefits."<ref>Dubash, N.K., C.  Mitchell, E.L.  Boasson, M.J.  Borbor-Cordova, S.  Fifita, E.  Haites, M.  Jaccard, F.  Jotzo, S.  Naidoo, P.  Romero-Lankao, M.  Shlapak, W.  Shen, L. Wu, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter13.pdf Chapter 13: National and sub-national policies and institutions]. In IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D.  McCollum, M.  Pathak, S.  Some, P. Vyas, R.  Fradera, M.  Belkacemi, A.  Hasija, G.  Lisboa, S.  Luz, J.  Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.015</ref>{{rp|1403}} Dem are used both insyd de context of climate change mitigation as well as adaptation.<ref>Lecocq, F., H. Winkler, J.P. Daka, S. Fu, J.S. Gerber, S. Kartha, V. Krey, H. Lofgren, T. Masui, R. Mathur, J. Portugal-Pereira, B.  K. Sovacool,  M. V. Vilariño,  N. Zhou, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter04.pdf Chapter 4: Mitigation and development pathways in the near- to mid-term]. In IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van  Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.006</ref>{{rp|469}} De European Commission's definition of NBS states dat these solutions are "inspired den supported by nature, wich are cost-effective, simultaneously provide environmental, social den economic benefits den help build resilience. Such solutions bring more, den more diverse, nature den natural features den processes into cities, landscapes, den seascapes, through locally adapted, resource-efficient den systemic interventions".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Nature-Based Solutions - European Commission |url=https://ec.europa.eu/research/environment/index.cfm?pg=nbs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923161801/http://ec.europa.eu/research/environment/index.cfm?pg=nbs |archive-date=23 September 2019 |access-date=10 December 2019 |website=}}</ref> Insyd 2020, de EC definition was updated to further emphasise dat "Nature-based solutions must benefit biodiversity den support de delivery of a range of ecosystem services."<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Wild |first1=Tom |url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/research_and_innovation/research_by_area/documents/nbs_valorisationprojects_fullreport_web.pdf |title=Nature-based Solutions - State of the Art in EU-funded Projects |last2=Freitas |first2=Tiago |last3=Vandewoestijne |first3=Sofie |date=2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111152411/https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/research_and_innovation/research_by_area/documents/nbs_valorisationprojects_fullreport_web.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> De IPCC Sixth Assessment Report pointed out dat de term ''nature-based solutions'' be "widely but not universally used insyd de scientific literature".<ref name=":12">IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_SummaryForPolicymakers.pdf Summary for Policymakers] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, M. Tignor, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem (eds.)]. In: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3–33, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.001.</ref>{{rp|24}} As of 2017, de term NBS was still regarded as "poorly defined den vague".<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2017 |title='Nature-based solutions' is the latest green jargon that means more than you might think |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/541133b |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=541 |issue=7636 |pages=133–134 |doi=10.1038/541133b |pmid=28079099 |bibcode=2017Natur.541R.133. |s2cid=4455842 |issn=0028-0836|url-access=subscription }}</ref> De term ''ecosystem-based adaptation'' (EbA) be a subset of nature-based solutions den "aims to maintain den increase de resilience den reduce de vulnerability of ecosystems den people insyd de face of de adverse effects of climate change".<ref name=":13" />{{rp|284}} === History of de term === De term ''nature-based solutions'' was put forward by practitioners insyd de late 2000s. At dat time e was used by international organisations such as de International Union for Conservation of Nature den de World Bank insyd de context of finding new solutions to mitigate den adapt to climate change effects by working plus natural ecosystems rather dan relying purely on engineering interventions.<ref name=":5" /><ref name="MacKinnon11">MacKinnon, K., C. Sobrevila, V. Hickey. 2008. [https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/149141468320661795/biodiversity-climate-change-and-adaptation-nature-based-solutions-from-the-world-bank-portfolio Biodiversity, climate change and adaptation: nature-based solutions from the Word Bank portfolio]. Washington D.C.: World Bank.</ref><ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" />{{rp|3}} == References == 3d0fd5m0xijh7b8wgcargkh8ds02t9w 102707 102705 2026-06-13T17:57:42Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve article 102707 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Sustainable use of nature for tackling socio-environmental challenges}} [[File:NRCSIA00041 - Iowa (2285)(NRCS Photo Gallery).jpg|thumb|Example for a nature-based solution insyd de area of [[Water resources|water resource]] management: dis riparian buffer protects a creek insyd lowa, United States from the impact of adjacent land uses]] '''Nature-based solutions''' (anaa '''nature-based systems''', den abbreviated as '''NBS''' anaa '''NbS''') describe de development den use of (biodiversity) den natural processes to address diverse soci-environmental issues.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Girardin |first1=Cécile A. J. |last2=Jenkins |first2=Stuart |last3=Seddon |first3=Nathalie |last4=Allen |first4=Myles |last5=Lewis |first5=Simon L. |last6=Wheeler |first6=Charlotte E. |last7=Griscom |first7=Bronson W. |last8=Malhi |first8=Yadvinder |title=Nature-based solutions can help cool the planet — if we act now |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |date=2021 |volume=593 |issue=7858 |pages=191–194 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-01241-2 |doi-access=free|pmid=33981055 |bibcode=2021Natur.593..191G}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Frantzeskaki |first1=Niki |last2=McPhearson |first2=Timon |last3=Collier |first3=Marcus J |last4=Kendal |first4=Dave |last5=Bulkeley |first5=Harriet |last6=Dumitru |first6=Adina |last7=Walsh |first7=Claire |last8=Noble |first8=Kate |last9=van Wyk |first9=Ernita |last10=Ordóñez |first10=Camilo |last11=Oke |first11=Cathy |last12=Pintér |first12=László |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Climate Change Adaptation: Linking Science, Policy, and Practice Communities for Evidence-Based Decision-Making |journal=[[BioScience]] |date=2019 |volume=69 |issue=6 |pages=455–466 |doi=10.1093/biosci/biz042 |doi-access=free|hdl=2183/36896 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> These issues include climate change mitigation den adaptation, human security issues such as water security den food security, den disaster risk reduction.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last1=Debele |first1=S. E. |last2=Leo |first2=L. S. |last3=Kumar |first3=P. |last4=Sahani |first4=J. |last5=Ommer |first5=J. |last6=Bucchignani |first6=E. |last7=Vranić |first7=S. |last8=Kalas |first8=M. |last9=Amirzada |first9=Z. |last10=Pavlova |first10=I. |last11=Shah |first11=M. A. R. |last12=Gonzalez-Ollauri |first12=A. |last13=Di Sabatino |first13=S. |date=2023 |title=Nature-based solutions can help reduce the impact of natural hazards: A global analysis of NBS case studies |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969723044492 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=902 |article-number=165824 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165824|pmid=37527720 |bibcode=2023ScTEn.90265824D |hdl=11585/953217 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> De aim be dat resilient ecosystems (whether natural, managed, anaa newly created) provide solutions for de benefit of both societies den biodiversity.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Nature-based Solutions: New Influence for Environmental Management and Research in Europe|last1=Eggermont|first1=Hilde|last2=Balian|first2=Estelle|date=2015|journal=Gaia - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society|language=en|doi=10.14512/gaia.24.4.9|last3=Azevedo|first3=José Manuel N.|last4=Beumer|first4=Victor|last5=Brodin|first5=Tomas|last6=Claudet|first6=Joachim|last7=Fady|first7=Bruno|last8=Grube|first8=Martin|last9=Keune|first9=Hans|volume=24|issue=4|pages=243–248|s2cid=53518417 |url=https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|access-date=24 May 2020|archive-date=7 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507073138/https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> De 2019 UN Climate Action Summit dey highlight nature-based solutions as an effective method to combat climate change.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=Environment |first=U. N. |date=2019 |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Climate |url=http://www.unep.org/nature-based-solutions-climate |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=UNEP - UN Environment Programme |language=en}}</ref> For example, nature-based systems for climate change adaptation fit include natural flood management, restoring natural coastal defences, den providing local cooling.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|310}} De concept of NBS be related to de concept of ecological engineering<ref name=":1" /> den ecosystem-based adaptation.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|284}} NBS are sanso related, conceptually to de practice of ecological restoration. De sustainable management approach be a key aspect of NBS development den implementation. Mangrove restoration efforts along coastlines provide an example of a nature-based solution dat fit achieve multiple goals. Mangroves moderate de impact of waves den wind on coastal settlements anaa cities,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Marois|first1=Darryl E.|last2=Mitsch|first2=William J.|date=2 January 2015|title=Coastal protection from tsunamis and cyclones provided by mangrove wetlands – a review|journal=International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management|volume=11|issue=1|pages=71–83|doi=10.1080/21513732.2014.997292|bibcode=2015IJBSE..11...71M |s2cid=86554474|issn=2151-3732}}</ref> den they sequester carbon.<ref>{{Citation|last=Inoue|first=Tomomi|title=Carbon Sequestration in Mangroves|work=Blue Carbon in Shallow Coastal Ecosystems|year=2019|pages=73–99|place=Singapore|publisher=Springer Singapore|doi=10.1007/978-981-13-1295-3_3|isbn=978-981-13-1294-6|s2cid=133839393}}</ref> Dem sanso provide nursery zones for marine life wich be important for sustaining fisheries. Additionally, mangrove forests fit help to control coastal erosion resulting from sea level rise. Green roofs, blue roofs, den green walls (as part of green infrastructure) are sanso nature-based solutions dat fit be implemented insud urban areas. Dey fit reduce de effects of urban heat islands, capture stormwater, abate pollution, den act as carbon sinks. At de same time, dey fi enhance local biodiversity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2020 |title=Evaluating the potential of nature-based solutions to reduce ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon dioxide through a multi-type green infrastructure study in Ontario, Canada |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590252020300246 |url-status=live |access-date=3 April 2026 |website=ScienceDirect}}</ref> NBS systems den solutions are forming an increasing part of national den international policies on climate change. Dem are included insyd climate change policy, infrastructure investment, den [[climate finance]] mechanisms. De European Commission has paid increasing attention to NBS since 2013.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Faivre|first1=Nicolas|last2=Fritz|first2=Marco|last3=Freitas|first3=Tiago|last4=de Boissezon|first4=Birgit|last5=Vandewoestijne|first5=Sofie|date=2017|title=Nature-Based Solutions in the EU: Innovating with nature to address social, economic and environmental challenges|journal=Environmental Research|volume=159|pages=509–518|doi=10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.032|pmid=28886502|bibcode=2017ER....159..509F|s2cid=42573101|issn=0013-9351}}</ref> Dis be reflected insyd de majority of global NBS case studies reviewed by Debele et al (2023) being located insyd Europe.<ref name=":16" /> While there be much scope for scaling-up nature-based systems den solutions globally, they frequently encounter numerous challenges during planning den implementation.<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":15">{{Cite journal |last1=Wamsler |first1=C. |last2=Wickenberg |first2=B. |last3=Hanson |first3=H. |last4=Alkan Olsson |first4=J. |last5=Stålhammar |first5=S. |last6=Björn |first6=H. |last7=Falck |first7=H. |last8=Gerell |first8=D. |last9=Oskarsson |first9=T. |last10=Simonsson |first10=E. |last11=Torffvit |first11=F. |date=2020 |title=Environmental and climate policy integration: Targeted strategies for overcoming barriers to nature-based solutions and climate change adaptation |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |volume=247 |article-number=119154 |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119154 |issn=0959-6526 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2020JCPro.24719154W }}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last1=Chausson |first1=Alexandre |last2=Turner |first2=Beth |last3=Seddon |first3=Dan |last4=Chabaneix |first4=Nicole |last5=Girardin |first5=Cécile A. J. |last6=Kapos |first6=Valerie |last7=Key |first7=Isabel |last8=Roe |first8=Dilys |last9=Smith |first9=Alison |last10=Woroniecki |first10=Stephen |last11=Seddon |first11=Nathalie |date=2020-09-09 |title=Mapping the effectiveness of nature-based solutions for climate change adaptation |journal=Global Change Biology |volume=26 |issue=11 |pages=6134–6155 |bibcode=2020GCBio..26.6134C |doi=10.1111/gcb.15310 |issn=1354-1013 |pmid=32906226 |s2cid=221621517 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De IPCC dey point out dat de term be "de subject of ongoing debate, plus concerns dat e may lead to de misunderstanding dat NbS on its own fi provide a global solution to climate change".<ref name=":12" />{{rp|24}} To clarify dis point further, de IPCC sanso stated dat "nature-based systems cannot be regarded as an alternative to, anaa a reason to delay, deep cuts insyd GHG emissions".<ref name=":13" />{{rp|203}} {{TOC limit|3}} == Definition == [[File:ISS047-E-84351 Cape Coral, Florida (annotated).jpg|thumb|Mangroves protect coastlines against erosion ([[Cape Coral, Florida|Cape Coral]], Florida, United States)]] De International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) defines NBS as "actions to protect, sustainably manage, den restore natural anaa modified ecosystems, dat address societal challenges effectively den adaptively, simultaneously providing human well-being den biodiversity benefits".<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10">Cohen-Shacham, E., G. Walters, C. Janzen, S. Maginnis (eds). 2016. Nature-based solutions to address global societal challenges. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. Xiii + 97 pp. Downloadable from https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46191 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401093813/https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46191|date=1 April 2021}}</ref> ''Societal challenges'' of relevance here include [[climate change]], food security, disaster risk reduction, water security. Insyd oda words: "Nature-based solutions are interventions dat use de natural functions of healthy ecosystems to protect de environment but sanso provide numerous economic den social benefits."<ref>Dubash, N.K., C.  Mitchell, E.L.  Boasson, M.J.  Borbor-Cordova, S.  Fifita, E.  Haites, M.  Jaccard, F.  Jotzo, S.  Naidoo, P.  Romero-Lankao, M.  Shlapak, W.  Shen, L. Wu, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter13.pdf Chapter 13: National and sub-national policies and institutions]. In IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D.  McCollum, M.  Pathak, S.  Some, P. Vyas, R.  Fradera, M.  Belkacemi, A.  Hasija, G.  Lisboa, S.  Luz, J.  Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.015</ref>{{rp|1403}} Dem are used both insyd de context of climate change mitigation as well as adaptation.<ref>Lecocq, F., H. Winkler, J.P. Daka, S. Fu, J.S. Gerber, S. Kartha, V. Krey, H. Lofgren, T. Masui, R. Mathur, J. Portugal-Pereira, B.  K. Sovacool,  M. V. Vilariño,  N. Zhou, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter04.pdf Chapter 4: Mitigation and development pathways in the near- to mid-term]. In IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van  Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.006</ref>{{rp|469}} De European Commission's definition of NBS states dat these solutions are "inspired den supported by nature, wich are cost-effective, simultaneously provide environmental, social den economic benefits den help build resilience. Such solutions bring more, den more diverse, nature den natural features den processes into cities, landscapes, den seascapes, through locally adapted, resource-efficient den systemic interventions".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Nature-Based Solutions - European Commission |url=https://ec.europa.eu/research/environment/index.cfm?pg=nbs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923161801/http://ec.europa.eu/research/environment/index.cfm?pg=nbs |archive-date=23 September 2019 |access-date=10 December 2019 |website=}}</ref> Insyd 2020, de EC definition was updated to further emphasise dat "Nature-based solutions must benefit biodiversity den support de delivery of a range of ecosystem services."<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Wild |first1=Tom |url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/research_and_innovation/research_by_area/documents/nbs_valorisationprojects_fullreport_web.pdf |title=Nature-based Solutions - State of the Art in EU-funded Projects |last2=Freitas |first2=Tiago |last3=Vandewoestijne |first3=Sofie |date=2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111152411/https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/research_and_innovation/research_by_area/documents/nbs_valorisationprojects_fullreport_web.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> De IPCC Sixth Assessment Report pointed out dat de term ''nature-based solutions'' be "widely but not universally used insyd de scientific literature".<ref name=":12">IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_SummaryForPolicymakers.pdf Summary for Policymakers] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, M. Tignor, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem (eds.)]. In: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3–33, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.001.</ref>{{rp|24}} As of 2017, de term NBS was still regarded as "poorly defined den vague".<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2017 |title='Nature-based solutions' is the latest green jargon that means more than you might think |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/541133b |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=541 |issue=7636 |pages=133–134 |doi=10.1038/541133b |pmid=28079099 |bibcode=2017Natur.541R.133. |s2cid=4455842 |issn=0028-0836|url-access=subscription }}</ref> De term ''ecosystem-based adaptation'' (EbA) be a subset of nature-based solutions den "aims to maintain den increase de resilience den reduce de vulnerability of ecosystems den people insyd de face of de adverse effects of climate change".<ref name=":13" />{{rp|284}} === History of de term === De term ''nature-based solutions'' was put forward by practitioners insyd de late 2000s. At dat time e was used by international organisations such as de International Union for Conservation of Nature den de World Bank insyd de context of finding new solutions to mitigate den adapt to climate change effects by working plus natural ecosystems rather dan relying purely on engineering interventions.<ref name=":5" /><ref name="MacKinnon11">MacKinnon, K., C. Sobrevila, V. Hickey. 2008. [https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/149141468320661795/biodiversity-climate-change-and-adaptation-nature-based-solutions-from-the-world-bank-portfolio Biodiversity, climate change and adaptation: nature-based solutions from the Word Bank portfolio]. Washington D.C.: World Bank.</ref><ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" />{{rp|3}} Chaw indigenous peoples have recognised de natural environment as playing an important role insyd human well-being as part of their traditional knowledge systems, but dis idea did not enter into modern scientific literature until de 1970's plus de concept of ecosystem services.<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" />{{rp|2}} == References == tvu8yd2dgc4ungk1i6ufz6uyqwetxgd 102712 102707 2026-06-13T18:05:59Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve am 102712 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Sustainable use of nature for tackling socio-environmental challenges}} [[File:NRCSIA00041 - Iowa (2285)(NRCS Photo Gallery).jpg|thumb|Example for a nature-based solution insyd de area of [[Water resources|water resource]] management: dis riparian buffer protects a creek insyd lowa, United States from the impact of adjacent land uses]] '''Nature-based solutions''' (anaa '''nature-based systems''', den abbreviated as '''NBS''' anaa '''NbS''') describe de development den use of (biodiversity) den natural processes to address diverse soci-environmental issues.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Girardin |first1=Cécile A. J. |last2=Jenkins |first2=Stuart |last3=Seddon |first3=Nathalie |last4=Allen |first4=Myles |last5=Lewis |first5=Simon L. |last6=Wheeler |first6=Charlotte E. |last7=Griscom |first7=Bronson W. |last8=Malhi |first8=Yadvinder |title=Nature-based solutions can help cool the planet — if we act now |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |date=2021 |volume=593 |issue=7858 |pages=191–194 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-01241-2 |doi-access=free|pmid=33981055 |bibcode=2021Natur.593..191G}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Frantzeskaki |first1=Niki |last2=McPhearson |first2=Timon |last3=Collier |first3=Marcus J |last4=Kendal |first4=Dave |last5=Bulkeley |first5=Harriet |last6=Dumitru |first6=Adina |last7=Walsh |first7=Claire |last8=Noble |first8=Kate |last9=van Wyk |first9=Ernita |last10=Ordóñez |first10=Camilo |last11=Oke |first11=Cathy |last12=Pintér |first12=László |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Climate Change Adaptation: Linking Science, Policy, and Practice Communities for Evidence-Based Decision-Making |journal=[[BioScience]] |date=2019 |volume=69 |issue=6 |pages=455–466 |doi=10.1093/biosci/biz042 |doi-access=free|hdl=2183/36896 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> These issues include climate change mitigation den adaptation, human security issues such as water security den food security, den disaster risk reduction.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last1=Debele |first1=S. E. |last2=Leo |first2=L. S. |last3=Kumar |first3=P. |last4=Sahani |first4=J. |last5=Ommer |first5=J. |last6=Bucchignani |first6=E. |last7=Vranić |first7=S. |last8=Kalas |first8=M. |last9=Amirzada |first9=Z. |last10=Pavlova |first10=I. |last11=Shah |first11=M. A. R. |last12=Gonzalez-Ollauri |first12=A. |last13=Di Sabatino |first13=S. |date=2023 |title=Nature-based solutions can help reduce the impact of natural hazards: A global analysis of NBS case studies |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969723044492 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=902 |article-number=165824 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165824|pmid=37527720 |bibcode=2023ScTEn.90265824D |hdl=11585/953217 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> De aim be dat resilient ecosystems (whether natural, managed, anaa newly created) provide solutions for de benefit of both societies den biodiversity.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Nature-based Solutions: New Influence for Environmental Management and Research in Europe|last1=Eggermont|first1=Hilde|last2=Balian|first2=Estelle|date=2015|journal=Gaia - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society|language=en|doi=10.14512/gaia.24.4.9|last3=Azevedo|first3=José Manuel N.|last4=Beumer|first4=Victor|last5=Brodin|first5=Tomas|last6=Claudet|first6=Joachim|last7=Fady|first7=Bruno|last8=Grube|first8=Martin|last9=Keune|first9=Hans|volume=24|issue=4|pages=243–248|s2cid=53518417 |url=https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|access-date=24 May 2020|archive-date=7 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507073138/https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> De 2019 UN Climate Action Summit dey highlight nature-based solutions as an effective method to combat climate change.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=Environment |first=U. N. |date=2019 |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Climate |url=http://www.unep.org/nature-based-solutions-climate |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=UNEP - UN Environment Programme |language=en}}</ref> For example, nature-based systems for climate change adaptation fit include natural flood management, restoring natural coastal defences, den providing local cooling.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|310}} De concept of NBS be related to de concept of ecological engineering<ref name=":1" /> den ecosystem-based adaptation.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|284}} NBS are sanso related, conceptually to de practice of ecological restoration. De sustainable management approach be a key aspect of NBS development den implementation. Mangrove restoration efforts along coastlines provide an example of a nature-based solution dat fit achieve multiple goals. Mangroves moderate de impact of waves den wind on coastal settlements anaa cities,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Marois|first1=Darryl E.|last2=Mitsch|first2=William J.|date=2 January 2015|title=Coastal protection from tsunamis and cyclones provided by mangrove wetlands – a review|journal=International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management|volume=11|issue=1|pages=71–83|doi=10.1080/21513732.2014.997292|bibcode=2015IJBSE..11...71M |s2cid=86554474|issn=2151-3732}}</ref> den they sequester carbon.<ref>{{Citation|last=Inoue|first=Tomomi|title=Carbon Sequestration in Mangroves|work=Blue Carbon in Shallow Coastal Ecosystems|year=2019|pages=73–99|place=Singapore|publisher=Springer Singapore|doi=10.1007/978-981-13-1295-3_3|isbn=978-981-13-1294-6|s2cid=133839393}}</ref> Dem sanso provide nursery zones for marine life wich be important for sustaining fisheries. Additionally, mangrove forests fit help to control coastal erosion resulting from sea level rise. Green roofs, blue roofs, den green walls (as part of green infrastructure) are sanso nature-based solutions dat fit be implemented insud urban areas. Dey fit reduce de effects of urban heat islands, capture stormwater, abate pollution, den act as carbon sinks. At de same time, dey fi enhance local biodiversity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2020 |title=Evaluating the potential of nature-based solutions to reduce ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon dioxide through a multi-type green infrastructure study in Ontario, Canada |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590252020300246 |url-status=live |access-date=3 April 2026 |website=ScienceDirect}}</ref> NBS systems den solutions are forming an increasing part of national den international policies on climate change. Dem are included insyd climate change policy, infrastructure investment, den [[climate finance]] mechanisms. De European Commission has paid increasing attention to NBS since 2013.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Faivre|first1=Nicolas|last2=Fritz|first2=Marco|last3=Freitas|first3=Tiago|last4=de Boissezon|first4=Birgit|last5=Vandewoestijne|first5=Sofie|date=2017|title=Nature-Based Solutions in the EU: Innovating with nature to address social, economic and environmental challenges|journal=Environmental Research|volume=159|pages=509–518|doi=10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.032|pmid=28886502|bibcode=2017ER....159..509F|s2cid=42573101|issn=0013-9351}}</ref> Dis be reflected insyd de majority of global NBS case studies reviewed by Debele et al (2023) being located insyd Europe.<ref name=":16" /> While there be much scope for scaling-up nature-based systems den solutions globally, they frequently encounter numerous challenges during planning den implementation.<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":15">{{Cite journal |last1=Wamsler |first1=C. |last2=Wickenberg |first2=B. |last3=Hanson |first3=H. |last4=Alkan Olsson |first4=J. |last5=Stålhammar |first5=S. |last6=Björn |first6=H. |last7=Falck |first7=H. |last8=Gerell |first8=D. |last9=Oskarsson |first9=T. |last10=Simonsson |first10=E. |last11=Torffvit |first11=F. |date=2020 |title=Environmental and climate policy integration: Targeted strategies for overcoming barriers to nature-based solutions and climate change adaptation |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |volume=247 |article-number=119154 |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119154 |issn=0959-6526 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2020JCPro.24719154W }}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last1=Chausson |first1=Alexandre |last2=Turner |first2=Beth |last3=Seddon |first3=Dan |last4=Chabaneix |first4=Nicole |last5=Girardin |first5=Cécile A. J. |last6=Kapos |first6=Valerie |last7=Key |first7=Isabel |last8=Roe |first8=Dilys |last9=Smith |first9=Alison |last10=Woroniecki |first10=Stephen |last11=Seddon |first11=Nathalie |date=2020-09-09 |title=Mapping the effectiveness of nature-based solutions for climate change adaptation |journal=Global Change Biology |volume=26 |issue=11 |pages=6134–6155 |bibcode=2020GCBio..26.6134C |doi=10.1111/gcb.15310 |issn=1354-1013 |pmid=32906226 |s2cid=221621517 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De IPCC dey point out dat de term be "de subject of ongoing debate, plus concerns dat e may lead to de misunderstanding dat NbS on its own fi provide a global solution to climate change".<ref name=":12" />{{rp|24}} To clarify dis point further, de IPCC sanso stated dat "nature-based systems cannot be regarded as an alternative to, anaa a reason to delay, deep cuts insyd GHG emissions".<ref name=":13" />{{rp|203}} {{TOC limit|3}} == Definition == [[File:ISS047-E-84351 Cape Coral, Florida (annotated).jpg|thumb|Mangroves protect coastlines against erosion ([[Cape Coral, Florida|Cape Coral]], Florida, United States)]] De International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) defines NBS as "actions to protect, sustainably manage, den restore natural anaa modified ecosystems, dat address societal challenges effectively den adaptively, simultaneously providing human well-being den biodiversity benefits".<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10">Cohen-Shacham, E., G. Walters, C. Janzen, S. Maginnis (eds). 2016. Nature-based solutions to address global societal challenges. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. Xiii + 97 pp. Downloadable from https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46191 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401093813/https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46191|date=1 April 2021}}</ref> ''Societal challenges'' of relevance here include [[climate change]], food security, disaster risk reduction, water security. Insyd oda words: "Nature-based solutions are interventions dat use de natural functions of healthy ecosystems to protect de environment but sanso provide numerous economic den social benefits."<ref>Dubash, N.K., C.  Mitchell, E.L.  Boasson, M.J.  Borbor-Cordova, S.  Fifita, E.  Haites, M.  Jaccard, F.  Jotzo, S.  Naidoo, P.  Romero-Lankao, M.  Shlapak, W.  Shen, L. Wu, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter13.pdf Chapter 13: National and sub-national policies and institutions]. In IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D.  McCollum, M.  Pathak, S.  Some, P. Vyas, R.  Fradera, M.  Belkacemi, A.  Hasija, G.  Lisboa, S.  Luz, J.  Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.015</ref>{{rp|1403}} Dem are used both insyd de context of climate change mitigation as well as adaptation.<ref>Lecocq, F., H. Winkler, J.P. Daka, S. Fu, J.S. Gerber, S. Kartha, V. Krey, H. Lofgren, T. Masui, R. Mathur, J. Portugal-Pereira, B.  K. Sovacool,  M. V. Vilariño,  N. Zhou, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter04.pdf Chapter 4: Mitigation and development pathways in the near- to mid-term]. In IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van  Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.006</ref>{{rp|469}} De European Commission's definition of NBS states dat these solutions are "inspired den supported by nature, wich are cost-effective, simultaneously provide environmental, social den economic benefits den help build resilience. Such solutions bring more, den more diverse, nature den natural features den processes into cities, landscapes, den seascapes, through locally adapted, resource-efficient den systemic interventions".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Nature-Based Solutions - European Commission |url=https://ec.europa.eu/research/environment/index.cfm?pg=nbs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923161801/http://ec.europa.eu/research/environment/index.cfm?pg=nbs |archive-date=23 September 2019 |access-date=10 December 2019 |website=}}</ref> Insyd 2020, de EC definition was updated to further emphasise dat "Nature-based solutions must benefit biodiversity den support de delivery of a range of ecosystem services."<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Wild |first1=Tom |url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/research_and_innovation/research_by_area/documents/nbs_valorisationprojects_fullreport_web.pdf |title=Nature-based Solutions - State of the Art in EU-funded Projects |last2=Freitas |first2=Tiago |last3=Vandewoestijne |first3=Sofie |date=2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111152411/https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/research_and_innovation/research_by_area/documents/nbs_valorisationprojects_fullreport_web.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> De IPCC Sixth Assessment Report pointed out dat de term ''nature-based solutions'' be "widely but not universally used insyd de scientific literature".<ref name=":12">IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_SummaryForPolicymakers.pdf Summary for Policymakers] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, M. Tignor, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem (eds.)]. In: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3–33, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.001.</ref>{{rp|24}} As of 2017, de term NBS was still regarded as "poorly defined den vague".<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2017 |title='Nature-based solutions' is the latest green jargon that means more than you might think |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/541133b |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=541 |issue=7636 |pages=133–134 |doi=10.1038/541133b |pmid=28079099 |bibcode=2017Natur.541R.133. |s2cid=4455842 |issn=0028-0836|url-access=subscription }}</ref> De term ''ecosystem-based adaptation'' (EbA) be a subset of nature-based solutions den "aims to maintain den increase de resilience den reduce de vulnerability of ecosystems den people insyd de face of de adverse effects of climate change".<ref name=":13" />{{rp|284}} === History of de term === De term ''nature-based solutions'' was put forward by practitioners insyd de late 2000s. At dat time e was used by international organisations such as de International Union for Conservation of Nature den de World Bank insyd de context of finding new solutions to mitigate den adapt to climate change effects by working plus natural ecosystems rather dan relying purely on engineering interventions.<ref name=":5" /><ref name="MacKinnon11">MacKinnon, K., C. Sobrevila, V. Hickey. 2008. [https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/149141468320661795/biodiversity-climate-change-and-adaptation-nature-based-solutions-from-the-world-bank-portfolio Biodiversity, climate change and adaptation: nature-based solutions from the Word Bank portfolio]. Washington D.C.: World Bank.</ref><ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" />{{rp|3}} Chaw indigenous peoples have recognised de natural environment as playing an important role insyd human well-being as part of their traditional knowledge systems, but dis idea did not enter into modern scientific literature until de 1970's plus de concept of ecosystem services.<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" />{{rp|2}} De IUCN referred to NBS insyd a position paper for de United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.<ref>IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2009. No time to lose – make full use of nature-based solutions in the post-2012 climate change regime. Position paper on the Fifteenth session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP 15). Gland: IUCN.</ref> De term be sanso dey adopt by European policymakers, insyd particular by de European Commission, insyd a report<ref name="European Commission 2015">European Commission. 2015. Towards an EU Research and Innovation policy agenda for nature-based solutions & re-naturing cities. Final Report of the Horizon2020 Expert Group on Nature-Based Solutions and Re-Naturing Cities. Brussels: European Commission.</ref> stressing dat NBS fi offer innovative means to create jobs den growth as part of a green economy. De term started to make appearances insyd de mainstream media around de time of de Global Climate Action Summit insyd California insyd September 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2018 |title=Global Climate Action Summit kicks off today in San Francisco with nature-based solutions high on the agenda |url=http://nathalieseddon.blogspot.com/2018/09/global-climate-action-summit-kicks-off.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913112911/http://nathalieseddon.blogspot.com/2018/09/global-climate-action-summit-kicks-off.html |archive-date=13 September 2018 |access-date=13 September 2018 |website=Global Climate Action Summit kicks off today in San Francisco with nature-based solutions high on the agenda}}</ref> == References == 49he252djfdkvomx439gkp6vja3xlbp 102761 102712 2026-06-14T06:27:17Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Add sub-heading 102761 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Sustainable use of nature for tackling socio-environmental challenges}} [[File:NRCSIA00041 - Iowa (2285)(NRCS Photo Gallery).jpg|thumb|Example for a nature-based solution insyd de area of [[Water resources|water resource]] management: dis riparian buffer protects a creek insyd lowa, United States from the impact of adjacent land uses]] '''Nature-based solutions''' (anaa '''nature-based systems''', den abbreviated as '''NBS''' anaa '''NbS''') describe de development den use of (biodiversity) den natural processes to address diverse soci-environmental issues.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Girardin |first1=Cécile A. J. |last2=Jenkins |first2=Stuart |last3=Seddon |first3=Nathalie |last4=Allen |first4=Myles |last5=Lewis |first5=Simon L. |last6=Wheeler |first6=Charlotte E. |last7=Griscom |first7=Bronson W. |last8=Malhi |first8=Yadvinder |title=Nature-based solutions can help cool the planet — if we act now |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |date=2021 |volume=593 |issue=7858 |pages=191–194 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-01241-2 |doi-access=free|pmid=33981055 |bibcode=2021Natur.593..191G}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Frantzeskaki |first1=Niki |last2=McPhearson |first2=Timon |last3=Collier |first3=Marcus J |last4=Kendal |first4=Dave |last5=Bulkeley |first5=Harriet |last6=Dumitru |first6=Adina |last7=Walsh |first7=Claire |last8=Noble |first8=Kate |last9=van Wyk |first9=Ernita |last10=Ordóñez |first10=Camilo |last11=Oke |first11=Cathy |last12=Pintér |first12=László |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Climate Change Adaptation: Linking Science, Policy, and Practice Communities for Evidence-Based Decision-Making |journal=[[BioScience]] |date=2019 |volume=69 |issue=6 |pages=455–466 |doi=10.1093/biosci/biz042 |doi-access=free|hdl=2183/36896 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> These issues include climate change mitigation den adaptation, human security issues such as water security den food security, den disaster risk reduction.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last1=Debele |first1=S. E. |last2=Leo |first2=L. S. |last3=Kumar |first3=P. |last4=Sahani |first4=J. |last5=Ommer |first5=J. |last6=Bucchignani |first6=E. |last7=Vranić |first7=S. |last8=Kalas |first8=M. |last9=Amirzada |first9=Z. |last10=Pavlova |first10=I. |last11=Shah |first11=M. A. R. |last12=Gonzalez-Ollauri |first12=A. |last13=Di Sabatino |first13=S. |date=2023 |title=Nature-based solutions can help reduce the impact of natural hazards: A global analysis of NBS case studies |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969723044492 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=902 |article-number=165824 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165824|pmid=37527720 |bibcode=2023ScTEn.90265824D |hdl=11585/953217 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> De aim be dat resilient ecosystems (whether natural, managed, anaa newly created) provide solutions for de benefit of both societies den biodiversity.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Nature-based Solutions: New Influence for Environmental Management and Research in Europe|last1=Eggermont|first1=Hilde|last2=Balian|first2=Estelle|date=2015|journal=Gaia - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society|language=en|doi=10.14512/gaia.24.4.9|last3=Azevedo|first3=José Manuel N.|last4=Beumer|first4=Victor|last5=Brodin|first5=Tomas|last6=Claudet|first6=Joachim|last7=Fady|first7=Bruno|last8=Grube|first8=Martin|last9=Keune|first9=Hans|volume=24|issue=4|pages=243–248|s2cid=53518417 |url=https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|access-date=24 May 2020|archive-date=7 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507073138/https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> De 2019 UN Climate Action Summit dey highlight nature-based solutions as an effective method to combat climate change.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=Environment |first=U. N. |date=2019 |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Climate |url=http://www.unep.org/nature-based-solutions-climate |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=UNEP - UN Environment Programme |language=en}}</ref> For example, nature-based systems for climate change adaptation fit include natural flood management, restoring natural coastal defences, den providing local cooling.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|310}} De concept of NBS be related to de concept of ecological engineering<ref name=":1" /> den ecosystem-based adaptation.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|284}} NBS are sanso related, conceptually to de practice of ecological restoration. De sustainable management approach be a key aspect of NBS development den implementation. Mangrove restoration efforts along coastlines provide an example of a nature-based solution dat fit achieve multiple goals. Mangroves moderate de impact of waves den wind on coastal settlements anaa cities,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Marois|first1=Darryl E.|last2=Mitsch|first2=William J.|date=2 January 2015|title=Coastal protection from tsunamis and cyclones provided by mangrove wetlands – a review|journal=International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management|volume=11|issue=1|pages=71–83|doi=10.1080/21513732.2014.997292|bibcode=2015IJBSE..11...71M |s2cid=86554474|issn=2151-3732}}</ref> den they sequester carbon.<ref>{{Citation|last=Inoue|first=Tomomi|title=Carbon Sequestration in Mangroves|work=Blue Carbon in Shallow Coastal Ecosystems|year=2019|pages=73–99|place=Singapore|publisher=Springer Singapore|doi=10.1007/978-981-13-1295-3_3|isbn=978-981-13-1294-6|s2cid=133839393}}</ref> Dem sanso provide nursery zones for marine life wich be important for sustaining fisheries. Additionally, mangrove forests fit help to control coastal erosion resulting from sea level rise. Green roofs, blue roofs, den green walls (as part of green infrastructure) are sanso nature-based solutions dat fit be implemented insud urban areas. Dey fit reduce de effects of urban heat islands, capture stormwater, abate pollution, den act as carbon sinks. At de same time, dey fi enhance local biodiversity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2020 |title=Evaluating the potential of nature-based solutions to reduce ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon dioxide through a multi-type green infrastructure study in Ontario, Canada |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590252020300246 |url-status=live |access-date=3 April 2026 |website=ScienceDirect}}</ref> NBS systems den solutions are forming an increasing part of national den international policies on climate change. Dem are included insyd climate change policy, infrastructure investment, den [[climate finance]] mechanisms. De European Commission has paid increasing attention to NBS since 2013.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Faivre|first1=Nicolas|last2=Fritz|first2=Marco|last3=Freitas|first3=Tiago|last4=de Boissezon|first4=Birgit|last5=Vandewoestijne|first5=Sofie|date=2017|title=Nature-Based Solutions in the EU: Innovating with nature to address social, economic and environmental challenges|journal=Environmental Research|volume=159|pages=509–518|doi=10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.032|pmid=28886502|bibcode=2017ER....159..509F|s2cid=42573101|issn=0013-9351}}</ref> Dis be reflected insyd de majority of global NBS case studies reviewed by Debele et al (2023) being located insyd Europe.<ref name=":16" /> While there be much scope for scaling-up nature-based systems den solutions globally, they frequently encounter numerous challenges during planning den implementation.<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":15">{{Cite journal |last1=Wamsler |first1=C. |last2=Wickenberg |first2=B. |last3=Hanson |first3=H. |last4=Alkan Olsson |first4=J. |last5=Stålhammar |first5=S. |last6=Björn |first6=H. |last7=Falck |first7=H. |last8=Gerell |first8=D. |last9=Oskarsson |first9=T. |last10=Simonsson |first10=E. |last11=Torffvit |first11=F. |date=2020 |title=Environmental and climate policy integration: Targeted strategies for overcoming barriers to nature-based solutions and climate change adaptation |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |volume=247 |article-number=119154 |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119154 |issn=0959-6526 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2020JCPro.24719154W }}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last1=Chausson |first1=Alexandre |last2=Turner |first2=Beth |last3=Seddon |first3=Dan |last4=Chabaneix |first4=Nicole |last5=Girardin |first5=Cécile A. J. |last6=Kapos |first6=Valerie |last7=Key |first7=Isabel |last8=Roe |first8=Dilys |last9=Smith |first9=Alison |last10=Woroniecki |first10=Stephen |last11=Seddon |first11=Nathalie |date=2020-09-09 |title=Mapping the effectiveness of nature-based solutions for climate change adaptation |journal=Global Change Biology |volume=26 |issue=11 |pages=6134–6155 |bibcode=2020GCBio..26.6134C |doi=10.1111/gcb.15310 |issn=1354-1013 |pmid=32906226 |s2cid=221621517 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De IPCC dey point out dat de term be "de subject of ongoing debate, plus concerns dat e may lead to de misunderstanding dat NbS on its own fi provide a global solution to climate change".<ref name=":12" />{{rp|24}} To clarify dis point further, de IPCC sanso stated dat "nature-based systems cannot be regarded as an alternative to, anaa a reason to delay, deep cuts insyd GHG emissions".<ref name=":13" />{{rp|203}} {{TOC limit|3}} == Definition == [[File:ISS047-E-84351 Cape Coral, Florida (annotated).jpg|thumb|Mangroves protect coastlines against erosion ([[Cape Coral, Florida|Cape Coral]], Florida, United States)]] De International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) defines NBS as "actions to protect, sustainably manage, den restore natural anaa modified ecosystems, dat address societal challenges effectively den adaptively, simultaneously providing human well-being den biodiversity benefits".<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10">Cohen-Shacham, E., G. Walters, C. Janzen, S. Maginnis (eds). 2016. Nature-based solutions to address global societal challenges. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. Xiii + 97 pp. Downloadable from https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46191 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401093813/https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46191|date=1 April 2021}}</ref> ''Societal challenges'' of relevance here include [[climate change]], food security, disaster risk reduction, water security. Insyd oda words: "Nature-based solutions are interventions dat use de natural functions of healthy ecosystems to protect de environment but sanso provide numerous economic den social benefits."<ref>Dubash, N.K., C.  Mitchell, E.L.  Boasson, M.J.  Borbor-Cordova, S.  Fifita, E.  Haites, M.  Jaccard, F.  Jotzo, S.  Naidoo, P.  Romero-Lankao, M.  Shlapak, W.  Shen, L. Wu, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter13.pdf Chapter 13: National and sub-national policies and institutions]. In IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D.  McCollum, M.  Pathak, S.  Some, P. Vyas, R.  Fradera, M.  Belkacemi, A.  Hasija, G.  Lisboa, S.  Luz, J.  Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.015</ref>{{rp|1403}} Dem are used both insyd de context of climate change mitigation as well as adaptation.<ref>Lecocq, F., H. Winkler, J.P. Daka, S. Fu, J.S. Gerber, S. Kartha, V. Krey, H. Lofgren, T. Masui, R. Mathur, J. Portugal-Pereira, B.  K. Sovacool,  M. V. Vilariño,  N. Zhou, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter04.pdf Chapter 4: Mitigation and development pathways in the near- to mid-term]. In IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van  Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.006</ref>{{rp|469}} De European Commission's definition of NBS states dat these solutions are "inspired den supported by nature, wich are cost-effective, simultaneously provide environmental, social den economic benefits den help build resilience. Such solutions bring more, den more diverse, nature den natural features den processes into cities, landscapes, den seascapes, through locally adapted, resource-efficient den systemic interventions".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Nature-Based Solutions - European Commission |url=https://ec.europa.eu/research/environment/index.cfm?pg=nbs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923161801/http://ec.europa.eu/research/environment/index.cfm?pg=nbs |archive-date=23 September 2019 |access-date=10 December 2019 |website=}}</ref> Insyd 2020, de EC definition was updated to further emphasise dat "Nature-based solutions must benefit biodiversity den support de delivery of a range of ecosystem services."<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Wild |first1=Tom |url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/research_and_innovation/research_by_area/documents/nbs_valorisationprojects_fullreport_web.pdf |title=Nature-based Solutions - State of the Art in EU-funded Projects |last2=Freitas |first2=Tiago |last3=Vandewoestijne |first3=Sofie |date=2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111152411/https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/research_and_innovation/research_by_area/documents/nbs_valorisationprojects_fullreport_web.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> De IPCC Sixth Assessment Report pointed out dat de term ''nature-based solutions'' be "widely but not universally used insyd de scientific literature".<ref name=":12">IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_SummaryForPolicymakers.pdf Summary for Policymakers] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, M. Tignor, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem (eds.)]. In: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3–33, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.001.</ref>{{rp|24}} As of 2017, de term NBS was still regarded as "poorly defined den vague".<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2017 |title='Nature-based solutions' is the latest green jargon that means more than you might think |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/541133b |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=541 |issue=7636 |pages=133–134 |doi=10.1038/541133b |pmid=28079099 |bibcode=2017Natur.541R.133. |s2cid=4455842 |issn=0028-0836|url-access=subscription }}</ref> De term ''ecosystem-based adaptation'' (EbA) be a subset of nature-based solutions den "aims to maintain den increase de resilience den reduce de vulnerability of ecosystems den people insyd de face of de adverse effects of climate change".<ref name=":13" />{{rp|284}} === History of de term === De term ''nature-based solutions'' was put forward by practitioners insyd de late 2000s. At dat time e was used by international organisations such as de International Union for Conservation of Nature den de World Bank insyd de context of finding new solutions to mitigate den adapt to climate change effects by working plus natural ecosystems rather dan relying purely on engineering interventions.<ref name=":5" /><ref name="MacKinnon11">MacKinnon, K., C. Sobrevila, V. Hickey. 2008. [https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/149141468320661795/biodiversity-climate-change-and-adaptation-nature-based-solutions-from-the-world-bank-portfolio Biodiversity, climate change and adaptation: nature-based solutions from the Word Bank portfolio]. Washington D.C.: World Bank.</ref><ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" />{{rp|3}} Chaw indigenous peoples have recognised de natural environment as playing an important role insyd human well-being as part of their traditional knowledge systems, but dis idea did not enter into modern scientific literature until de 1970's plus de concept of ecosystem services.<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" />{{rp|2}} De IUCN referred to NBS insyd a position paper for de United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.<ref>IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2009. No time to lose – make full use of nature-based solutions in the post-2012 climate change regime. Position paper on the Fifteenth session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP 15). Gland: IUCN.</ref> De term be sanso dey adopt by European policymakers, insyd particular by de European Commission, insyd a report<ref name="European Commission 2015">European Commission. 2015. Towards an EU Research and Innovation policy agenda for nature-based solutions & re-naturing cities. Final Report of the Horizon2020 Expert Group on Nature-Based Solutions and Re-Naturing Cities. Brussels: European Commission.</ref> stressing dat NBS fi offer innovative means to create jobs den growth as part of a green economy. De term started to make appearances insyd de mainstream media around de time of de Global Climate Action Summit insyd California insyd September 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2018 |title=Global Climate Action Summit kicks off today in San Francisco with nature-based solutions high on the agenda |url=http://nathalieseddon.blogspot.com/2018/09/global-climate-action-summit-kicks-off.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913112911/http://nathalieseddon.blogspot.com/2018/09/global-climate-action-summit-kicks-off.html |archive-date=13 September 2018 |access-date=13 September 2018 |website=Global Climate Action Summit kicks off today in San Francisco with nature-based solutions high on the agenda}}</ref> == Objectives den framing == == References == q161tdckkobdryaqjlo8n5mtyrlzlkp 102762 102761 2026-06-14T06:31:16Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve am 102762 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Sustainable use of nature for tackling socio-environmental challenges}} [[File:NRCSIA00041 - Iowa (2285)(NRCS Photo Gallery).jpg|thumb|Example for a nature-based solution insyd de area of [[Water resources|water resource]] management: dis riparian buffer protects a creek insyd lowa, United States from the impact of adjacent land uses]] '''Nature-based solutions''' (anaa '''nature-based systems''', den abbreviated as '''NBS''' anaa '''NbS''') describe de development den use of (biodiversity) den natural processes to address diverse soci-environmental issues.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Girardin |first1=Cécile A. J. |last2=Jenkins |first2=Stuart |last3=Seddon |first3=Nathalie |last4=Allen |first4=Myles |last5=Lewis |first5=Simon L. |last6=Wheeler |first6=Charlotte E. |last7=Griscom |first7=Bronson W. |last8=Malhi |first8=Yadvinder |title=Nature-based solutions can help cool the planet — if we act now |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |date=2021 |volume=593 |issue=7858 |pages=191–194 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-01241-2 |doi-access=free|pmid=33981055 |bibcode=2021Natur.593..191G}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Frantzeskaki |first1=Niki |last2=McPhearson |first2=Timon |last3=Collier |first3=Marcus J |last4=Kendal |first4=Dave |last5=Bulkeley |first5=Harriet |last6=Dumitru |first6=Adina |last7=Walsh |first7=Claire |last8=Noble |first8=Kate |last9=van Wyk |first9=Ernita |last10=Ordóñez |first10=Camilo |last11=Oke |first11=Cathy |last12=Pintér |first12=László |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Climate Change Adaptation: Linking Science, Policy, and Practice Communities for Evidence-Based Decision-Making |journal=[[BioScience]] |date=2019 |volume=69 |issue=6 |pages=455–466 |doi=10.1093/biosci/biz042 |doi-access=free|hdl=2183/36896 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> These issues include climate change mitigation den adaptation, human security issues such as water security den food security, den disaster risk reduction.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last1=Debele |first1=S. E. |last2=Leo |first2=L. S. |last3=Kumar |first3=P. |last4=Sahani |first4=J. |last5=Ommer |first5=J. |last6=Bucchignani |first6=E. |last7=Vranić |first7=S. |last8=Kalas |first8=M. |last9=Amirzada |first9=Z. |last10=Pavlova |first10=I. |last11=Shah |first11=M. A. R. |last12=Gonzalez-Ollauri |first12=A. |last13=Di Sabatino |first13=S. |date=2023 |title=Nature-based solutions can help reduce the impact of natural hazards: A global analysis of NBS case studies |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969723044492 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=902 |article-number=165824 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165824|pmid=37527720 |bibcode=2023ScTEn.90265824D |hdl=11585/953217 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> De aim be dat resilient ecosystems (whether natural, managed, anaa newly created) provide solutions for de benefit of both societies den biodiversity.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Nature-based Solutions: New Influence for Environmental Management and Research in Europe|last1=Eggermont|first1=Hilde|last2=Balian|first2=Estelle|date=2015|journal=Gaia - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society|language=en|doi=10.14512/gaia.24.4.9|last3=Azevedo|first3=José Manuel N.|last4=Beumer|first4=Victor|last5=Brodin|first5=Tomas|last6=Claudet|first6=Joachim|last7=Fady|first7=Bruno|last8=Grube|first8=Martin|last9=Keune|first9=Hans|volume=24|issue=4|pages=243–248|s2cid=53518417 |url=https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|access-date=24 May 2020|archive-date=7 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507073138/https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> De 2019 UN Climate Action Summit dey highlight nature-based solutions as an effective method to combat climate change.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=Environment |first=U. N. |date=2019 |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Climate |url=http://www.unep.org/nature-based-solutions-climate |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=UNEP - UN Environment Programme |language=en}}</ref> For example, nature-based systems for climate change adaptation fit include natural flood management, restoring natural coastal defences, den providing local cooling.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|310}} De concept of NBS be related to de concept of ecological engineering<ref name=":1" /> den ecosystem-based adaptation.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|284}} NBS are sanso related, conceptually to de practice of ecological restoration. De sustainable management approach be a key aspect of NBS development den implementation. Mangrove restoration efforts along coastlines provide an example of a nature-based solution dat fit achieve multiple goals. Mangroves moderate de impact of waves den wind on coastal settlements anaa cities,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Marois|first1=Darryl E.|last2=Mitsch|first2=William J.|date=2 January 2015|title=Coastal protection from tsunamis and cyclones provided by mangrove wetlands – a review|journal=International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management|volume=11|issue=1|pages=71–83|doi=10.1080/21513732.2014.997292|bibcode=2015IJBSE..11...71M |s2cid=86554474|issn=2151-3732}}</ref> den they sequester carbon.<ref>{{Citation|last=Inoue|first=Tomomi|title=Carbon Sequestration in Mangroves|work=Blue Carbon in Shallow Coastal Ecosystems|year=2019|pages=73–99|place=Singapore|publisher=Springer Singapore|doi=10.1007/978-981-13-1295-3_3|isbn=978-981-13-1294-6|s2cid=133839393}}</ref> Dem sanso provide nursery zones for marine life wich be important for sustaining fisheries. Additionally, mangrove forests fit help to control coastal erosion resulting from sea level rise. Green roofs, blue roofs, den green walls (as part of green infrastructure) are sanso nature-based solutions dat fit be implemented insud urban areas. Dey fit reduce de effects of urban heat islands, capture stormwater, abate pollution, den act as carbon sinks. At de same time, dey fi enhance local biodiversity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2020 |title=Evaluating the potential of nature-based solutions to reduce ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon dioxide through a multi-type green infrastructure study in Ontario, Canada |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590252020300246 |url-status=live |access-date=3 April 2026 |website=ScienceDirect}}</ref> NBS systems den solutions are forming an increasing part of national den international policies on climate change. Dem are included insyd climate change policy, infrastructure investment, den [[climate finance]] mechanisms. De European Commission has paid increasing attention to NBS since 2013.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Faivre|first1=Nicolas|last2=Fritz|first2=Marco|last3=Freitas|first3=Tiago|last4=de Boissezon|first4=Birgit|last5=Vandewoestijne|first5=Sofie|date=2017|title=Nature-Based Solutions in the EU: Innovating with nature to address social, economic and environmental challenges|journal=Environmental Research|volume=159|pages=509–518|doi=10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.032|pmid=28886502|bibcode=2017ER....159..509F|s2cid=42573101|issn=0013-9351}}</ref> Dis be reflected insyd de majority of global NBS case studies reviewed by Debele et al (2023) being located insyd Europe.<ref name=":16" /> While there be much scope for scaling-up nature-based systems den solutions globally, they frequently encounter numerous challenges during planning den implementation.<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":15">{{Cite journal |last1=Wamsler |first1=C. |last2=Wickenberg |first2=B. |last3=Hanson |first3=H. |last4=Alkan Olsson |first4=J. |last5=Stålhammar |first5=S. |last6=Björn |first6=H. |last7=Falck |first7=H. |last8=Gerell |first8=D. |last9=Oskarsson |first9=T. |last10=Simonsson |first10=E. |last11=Torffvit |first11=F. |date=2020 |title=Environmental and climate policy integration: Targeted strategies for overcoming barriers to nature-based solutions and climate change adaptation |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |volume=247 |article-number=119154 |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119154 |issn=0959-6526 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2020JCPro.24719154W }}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last1=Chausson |first1=Alexandre |last2=Turner |first2=Beth |last3=Seddon |first3=Dan |last4=Chabaneix |first4=Nicole |last5=Girardin |first5=Cécile A. J. |last6=Kapos |first6=Valerie |last7=Key |first7=Isabel |last8=Roe |first8=Dilys |last9=Smith |first9=Alison |last10=Woroniecki |first10=Stephen |last11=Seddon |first11=Nathalie |date=2020-09-09 |title=Mapping the effectiveness of nature-based solutions for climate change adaptation |journal=Global Change Biology |volume=26 |issue=11 |pages=6134–6155 |bibcode=2020GCBio..26.6134C |doi=10.1111/gcb.15310 |issn=1354-1013 |pmid=32906226 |s2cid=221621517 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De IPCC dey point out dat de term be "de subject of ongoing debate, plus concerns dat e may lead to de misunderstanding dat NbS on its own fi provide a global solution to climate change".<ref name=":12" />{{rp|24}} To clarify dis point further, de IPCC sanso stated dat "nature-based systems cannot be regarded as an alternative to, anaa a reason to delay, deep cuts insyd GHG emissions".<ref name=":13" />{{rp|203}} {{TOC limit|3}} == Definition == [[File:ISS047-E-84351 Cape Coral, Florida (annotated).jpg|thumb|Mangroves protect coastlines against erosion ([[Cape Coral, Florida|Cape Coral]], Florida, United States)]] De International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) defines NBS as "actions to protect, sustainably manage, den restore natural anaa modified ecosystems, dat address societal challenges effectively den adaptively, simultaneously providing human well-being den biodiversity benefits".<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10">Cohen-Shacham, E., G. Walters, C. Janzen, S. Maginnis (eds). 2016. Nature-based solutions to address global societal challenges. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. Xiii + 97 pp. Downloadable from https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46191 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401093813/https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46191|date=1 April 2021}}</ref> ''Societal challenges'' of relevance here include [[climate change]], food security, disaster risk reduction, water security. Insyd oda words: "Nature-based solutions are interventions dat use de natural functions of healthy ecosystems to protect de environment but sanso provide numerous economic den social benefits."<ref>Dubash, N.K., C.  Mitchell, E.L.  Boasson, M.J.  Borbor-Cordova, S.  Fifita, E.  Haites, M.  Jaccard, F.  Jotzo, S.  Naidoo, P.  Romero-Lankao, M.  Shlapak, W.  Shen, L. Wu, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter13.pdf Chapter 13: National and sub-national policies and institutions]. In IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D.  McCollum, M.  Pathak, S.  Some, P. Vyas, R.  Fradera, M.  Belkacemi, A.  Hasija, G.  Lisboa, S.  Luz, J.  Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.015</ref>{{rp|1403}} Dem are used both insyd de context of climate change mitigation as well as adaptation.<ref>Lecocq, F., H. Winkler, J.P. Daka, S. Fu, J.S. Gerber, S. Kartha, V. Krey, H. Lofgren, T. Masui, R. Mathur, J. Portugal-Pereira, B.  K. Sovacool,  M. V. Vilariño,  N. Zhou, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter04.pdf Chapter 4: Mitigation and development pathways in the near- to mid-term]. In IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van  Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.006</ref>{{rp|469}} De European Commission's definition of NBS states dat these solutions are "inspired den supported by nature, wich are cost-effective, simultaneously provide environmental, social den economic benefits den help build resilience. Such solutions bring more, den more diverse, nature den natural features den processes into cities, landscapes, den seascapes, through locally adapted, resource-efficient den systemic interventions".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Nature-Based Solutions - European Commission |url=https://ec.europa.eu/research/environment/index.cfm?pg=nbs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923161801/http://ec.europa.eu/research/environment/index.cfm?pg=nbs |archive-date=23 September 2019 |access-date=10 December 2019 |website=}}</ref> Insyd 2020, de EC definition was updated to further emphasise dat "Nature-based solutions must benefit biodiversity den support de delivery of a range of ecosystem services."<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Wild |first1=Tom |url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/research_and_innovation/research_by_area/documents/nbs_valorisationprojects_fullreport_web.pdf |title=Nature-based Solutions - State of the Art in EU-funded Projects |last2=Freitas |first2=Tiago |last3=Vandewoestijne |first3=Sofie |date=2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111152411/https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/research_and_innovation/research_by_area/documents/nbs_valorisationprojects_fullreport_web.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> De IPCC Sixth Assessment Report pointed out dat de term ''nature-based solutions'' be "widely but not universally used insyd de scientific literature".<ref name=":12">IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_SummaryForPolicymakers.pdf Summary for Policymakers] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, M. Tignor, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem (eds.)]. In: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3–33, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.001.</ref>{{rp|24}} As of 2017, de term NBS was still regarded as "poorly defined den vague".<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2017 |title='Nature-based solutions' is the latest green jargon that means more than you might think |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/541133b |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=541 |issue=7636 |pages=133–134 |doi=10.1038/541133b |pmid=28079099 |bibcode=2017Natur.541R.133. |s2cid=4455842 |issn=0028-0836|url-access=subscription }}</ref> De term ''ecosystem-based adaptation'' (EbA) be a subset of nature-based solutions den "aims to maintain den increase de resilience den reduce de vulnerability of ecosystems den people insyd de face of de adverse effects of climate change".<ref name=":13" />{{rp|284}} === History of de term === De term ''nature-based solutions'' was put forward by practitioners insyd de late 2000s. At dat time e was used by international organisations such as de International Union for Conservation of Nature den de World Bank insyd de context of finding new solutions to mitigate den adapt to climate change effects by working plus natural ecosystems rather dan relying purely on engineering interventions.<ref name=":5" /><ref name="MacKinnon11">MacKinnon, K., C. Sobrevila, V. Hickey. 2008. [https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/149141468320661795/biodiversity-climate-change-and-adaptation-nature-based-solutions-from-the-world-bank-portfolio Biodiversity, climate change and adaptation: nature-based solutions from the Word Bank portfolio]. Washington D.C.: World Bank.</ref><ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" />{{rp|3}} Chaw indigenous peoples have recognised de natural environment as playing an important role insyd human well-being as part of their traditional knowledge systems, but dis idea did not enter into modern scientific literature until de 1970's plus de concept of ecosystem services.<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" />{{rp|2}} De IUCN referred to NBS insyd a position paper for de United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.<ref>IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2009. No time to lose – make full use of nature-based solutions in the post-2012 climate change regime. Position paper on the Fifteenth session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP 15). Gland: IUCN.</ref> De term be sanso dey adopt by European policymakers, insyd particular by de European Commission, insyd a report<ref name="European Commission 2015">European Commission. 2015. Towards an EU Research and Innovation policy agenda for nature-based solutions & re-naturing cities. Final Report of the Horizon2020 Expert Group on Nature-Based Solutions and Re-Naturing Cities. Brussels: European Commission.</ref> stressing dat NBS fi offer innovative means to create jobs den growth as part of a green economy. De term started to make appearances insyd de mainstream media around de time of de Global Climate Action Summit insyd California insyd September 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2018 |title=Global Climate Action Summit kicks off today in San Francisco with nature-based solutions high on the agenda |url=http://nathalieseddon.blogspot.com/2018/09/global-climate-action-summit-kicks-off.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913112911/http://nathalieseddon.blogspot.com/2018/09/global-climate-action-summit-kicks-off.html |archive-date=13 September 2018 |access-date=13 September 2018 |website=Global Climate Action Summit kicks off today in San Francisco with nature-based solutions high on the agenda}}</ref> == Objectives den framing == [[File:Morro Strand State Beach (1).jpg|thumb|Coastal habitat protection at Morro Strand State Beach insyd San Luis Obispo County, California]]Nature-based solutions stress de sustainable use of nature in solving coupled environmental-social-economic challenges.<ref name=":5" /> NBS go beyond traditional biodiversity conservation den management principles by "re-focusing" de debate on humans den specifically integrating societal factors such as human well-being den poverty reduction, socio-economic development den governance principles. == References == 1zaiuivrb4nzec3dx9s539bi9j7iiy9 102763 102762 2026-06-14T07:11:44Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve article 102763 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Sustainable use of nature for tackling socio-environmental challenges}} [[File:NRCSIA00041 - Iowa (2285)(NRCS Photo Gallery).jpg|thumb|Example for a nature-based solution insyd de area of [[Water resources|water resource]] management: dis riparian buffer protects a creek insyd lowa, United States from the impact of adjacent land uses]] '''Nature-based solutions''' (anaa '''nature-based systems''', den abbreviated as '''NBS''' anaa '''NbS''') describe de development den use of (biodiversity) den natural processes to address diverse soci-environmental issues.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Girardin |first1=Cécile A. J. |last2=Jenkins |first2=Stuart |last3=Seddon |first3=Nathalie |last4=Allen |first4=Myles |last5=Lewis |first5=Simon L. |last6=Wheeler |first6=Charlotte E. |last7=Griscom |first7=Bronson W. |last8=Malhi |first8=Yadvinder |title=Nature-based solutions can help cool the planet — if we act now |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |date=2021 |volume=593 |issue=7858 |pages=191–194 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-01241-2 |doi-access=free|pmid=33981055 |bibcode=2021Natur.593..191G}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Frantzeskaki |first1=Niki |last2=McPhearson |first2=Timon |last3=Collier |first3=Marcus J |last4=Kendal |first4=Dave |last5=Bulkeley |first5=Harriet |last6=Dumitru |first6=Adina |last7=Walsh |first7=Claire |last8=Noble |first8=Kate |last9=van Wyk |first9=Ernita |last10=Ordóñez |first10=Camilo |last11=Oke |first11=Cathy |last12=Pintér |first12=László |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Climate Change Adaptation: Linking Science, Policy, and Practice Communities for Evidence-Based Decision-Making |journal=[[BioScience]] |date=2019 |volume=69 |issue=6 |pages=455–466 |doi=10.1093/biosci/biz042 |doi-access=free|hdl=2183/36896 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> These issues include climate change mitigation den adaptation, human security issues such as water security den food security, den disaster risk reduction.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last1=Debele |first1=S. E. |last2=Leo |first2=L. S. |last3=Kumar |first3=P. |last4=Sahani |first4=J. |last5=Ommer |first5=J. |last6=Bucchignani |first6=E. |last7=Vranić |first7=S. |last8=Kalas |first8=M. |last9=Amirzada |first9=Z. |last10=Pavlova |first10=I. |last11=Shah |first11=M. A. R. |last12=Gonzalez-Ollauri |first12=A. |last13=Di Sabatino |first13=S. |date=2023 |title=Nature-based solutions can help reduce the impact of natural hazards: A global analysis of NBS case studies |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969723044492 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=902 |article-number=165824 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165824|pmid=37527720 |bibcode=2023ScTEn.90265824D |hdl=11585/953217 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> De aim be dat resilient ecosystems (whether natural, managed, anaa newly created) provide solutions for de benefit of both societies den biodiversity.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Nature-based Solutions: New Influence for Environmental Management and Research in Europe|last1=Eggermont|first1=Hilde|last2=Balian|first2=Estelle|date=2015|journal=Gaia - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society|language=en|doi=10.14512/gaia.24.4.9|last3=Azevedo|first3=José Manuel N.|last4=Beumer|first4=Victor|last5=Brodin|first5=Tomas|last6=Claudet|first6=Joachim|last7=Fady|first7=Bruno|last8=Grube|first8=Martin|last9=Keune|first9=Hans|volume=24|issue=4|pages=243–248|s2cid=53518417 |url=https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|access-date=24 May 2020|archive-date=7 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507073138/https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> De 2019 UN Climate Action Summit dey highlight nature-based solutions as an effective method to combat climate change.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=Environment |first=U. N. |date=2019 |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Climate |url=http://www.unep.org/nature-based-solutions-climate |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=UNEP - UN Environment Programme |language=en}}</ref> For example, nature-based systems for climate change adaptation fit include natural flood management, restoring natural coastal defences, den providing local cooling.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|310}} De concept of NBS be related to de concept of ecological engineering<ref name=":1" /> den ecosystem-based adaptation.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|284}} NBS are sanso related, conceptually to de practice of ecological restoration. De sustainable management approach be a key aspect of NBS development den implementation. Mangrove restoration efforts along coastlines provide an example of a nature-based solution dat fit achieve multiple goals. Mangroves moderate de impact of waves den wind on coastal settlements anaa cities,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Marois|first1=Darryl E.|last2=Mitsch|first2=William J.|date=2 January 2015|title=Coastal protection from tsunamis and cyclones provided by mangrove wetlands – a review|journal=International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management|volume=11|issue=1|pages=71–83|doi=10.1080/21513732.2014.997292|bibcode=2015IJBSE..11...71M |s2cid=86554474|issn=2151-3732}}</ref> den they sequester carbon.<ref>{{Citation|last=Inoue|first=Tomomi|title=Carbon Sequestration in Mangroves|work=Blue Carbon in Shallow Coastal Ecosystems|year=2019|pages=73–99|place=Singapore|publisher=Springer Singapore|doi=10.1007/978-981-13-1295-3_3|isbn=978-981-13-1294-6|s2cid=133839393}}</ref> Dem sanso provide nursery zones for marine life wich be important for sustaining fisheries. Additionally, mangrove forests fit help to control coastal erosion resulting from sea level rise. Green roofs, blue roofs, den green walls (as part of green infrastructure) are sanso nature-based solutions dat fit be implemented insud urban areas. Dey fit reduce de effects of urban heat islands, capture stormwater, abate pollution, den act as carbon sinks. At de same time, dey fi enhance local biodiversity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2020 |title=Evaluating the potential of nature-based solutions to reduce ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon dioxide through a multi-type green infrastructure study in Ontario, Canada |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590252020300246 |url-status=live |access-date=3 April 2026 |website=ScienceDirect}}</ref> NBS systems den solutions are forming an increasing part of national den international policies on climate change. Dem are included insyd climate change policy, infrastructure investment, den [[climate finance]] mechanisms. De European Commission has paid increasing attention to NBS since 2013.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Faivre|first1=Nicolas|last2=Fritz|first2=Marco|last3=Freitas|first3=Tiago|last4=de Boissezon|first4=Birgit|last5=Vandewoestijne|first5=Sofie|date=2017|title=Nature-Based Solutions in the EU: Innovating with nature to address social, economic and environmental challenges|journal=Environmental Research|volume=159|pages=509–518|doi=10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.032|pmid=28886502|bibcode=2017ER....159..509F|s2cid=42573101|issn=0013-9351}}</ref> Dis be reflected insyd de majority of global NBS case studies reviewed by Debele et al (2023) being located insyd Europe.<ref name=":16" /> While there be much scope for scaling-up nature-based systems den solutions globally, they frequently encounter numerous challenges during planning den implementation.<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":15">{{Cite journal |last1=Wamsler |first1=C. |last2=Wickenberg |first2=B. |last3=Hanson |first3=H. |last4=Alkan Olsson |first4=J. |last5=Stålhammar |first5=S. |last6=Björn |first6=H. |last7=Falck |first7=H. |last8=Gerell |first8=D. |last9=Oskarsson |first9=T. |last10=Simonsson |first10=E. |last11=Torffvit |first11=F. |date=2020 |title=Environmental and climate policy integration: Targeted strategies for overcoming barriers to nature-based solutions and climate change adaptation |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |volume=247 |article-number=119154 |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119154 |issn=0959-6526 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2020JCPro.24719154W }}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last1=Chausson |first1=Alexandre |last2=Turner |first2=Beth |last3=Seddon |first3=Dan |last4=Chabaneix |first4=Nicole |last5=Girardin |first5=Cécile A. J. |last6=Kapos |first6=Valerie |last7=Key |first7=Isabel |last8=Roe |first8=Dilys |last9=Smith |first9=Alison |last10=Woroniecki |first10=Stephen |last11=Seddon |first11=Nathalie |date=2020-09-09 |title=Mapping the effectiveness of nature-based solutions for climate change adaptation |journal=Global Change Biology |volume=26 |issue=11 |pages=6134–6155 |bibcode=2020GCBio..26.6134C |doi=10.1111/gcb.15310 |issn=1354-1013 |pmid=32906226 |s2cid=221621517 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De IPCC dey point out dat de term be "de subject of ongoing debate, plus concerns dat e may lead to de misunderstanding dat NbS on its own fi provide a global solution to climate change".<ref name=":12" />{{rp|24}} To clarify dis point further, de IPCC sanso stated dat "nature-based systems cannot be regarded as an alternative to, anaa a reason to delay, deep cuts insyd GHG emissions".<ref name=":13" />{{rp|203}} {{TOC limit|3}} == Definition == [[File:ISS047-E-84351 Cape Coral, Florida (annotated).jpg|thumb|Mangroves protect coastlines against erosion ([[Cape Coral, Florida|Cape Coral]], Florida, United States)]] De International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) defines NBS as "actions to protect, sustainably manage, den restore natural anaa modified ecosystems, dat address societal challenges effectively den adaptively, simultaneously providing human well-being den biodiversity benefits".<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10">Cohen-Shacham, E., G. Walters, C. Janzen, S. Maginnis (eds). 2016. Nature-based solutions to address global societal challenges. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. Xiii + 97 pp. Downloadable from https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46191 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401093813/https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46191|date=1 April 2021}}</ref> ''Societal challenges'' of relevance here include [[climate change]], food security, disaster risk reduction, water security. Insyd oda words: "Nature-based solutions are interventions dat use de natural functions of healthy ecosystems to protect de environment but sanso provide numerous economic den social benefits."<ref>Dubash, N.K., C.  Mitchell, E.L.  Boasson, M.J.  Borbor-Cordova, S.  Fifita, E.  Haites, M.  Jaccard, F.  Jotzo, S.  Naidoo, P.  Romero-Lankao, M.  Shlapak, W.  Shen, L. Wu, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter13.pdf Chapter 13: National and sub-national policies and institutions]. In IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D.  McCollum, M.  Pathak, S.  Some, P. Vyas, R.  Fradera, M.  Belkacemi, A.  Hasija, G.  Lisboa, S.  Luz, J.  Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.015</ref>{{rp|1403}} Dem are used both insyd de context of climate change mitigation as well as adaptation.<ref>Lecocq, F., H. Winkler, J.P. Daka, S. Fu, J.S. Gerber, S. Kartha, V. Krey, H. Lofgren, T. Masui, R. Mathur, J. Portugal-Pereira, B.  K. Sovacool,  M. V. Vilariño,  N. Zhou, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter04.pdf Chapter 4: Mitigation and development pathways in the near- to mid-term]. In IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van  Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.006</ref>{{rp|469}} De European Commission's definition of NBS states dat these solutions are "inspired den supported by nature, wich are cost-effective, simultaneously provide environmental, social den economic benefits den help build resilience. Such solutions bring more, den more diverse, nature den natural features den processes into cities, landscapes, den seascapes, through locally adapted, resource-efficient den systemic interventions".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Nature-Based Solutions - European Commission |url=https://ec.europa.eu/research/environment/index.cfm?pg=nbs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923161801/http://ec.europa.eu/research/environment/index.cfm?pg=nbs |archive-date=23 September 2019 |access-date=10 December 2019 |website=}}</ref> Insyd 2020, de EC definition was updated to further emphasise dat "Nature-based solutions must benefit biodiversity den support de delivery of a range of ecosystem services."<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Wild |first1=Tom |url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/research_and_innovation/research_by_area/documents/nbs_valorisationprojects_fullreport_web.pdf |title=Nature-based Solutions - State of the Art in EU-funded Projects |last2=Freitas |first2=Tiago |last3=Vandewoestijne |first3=Sofie |date=2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111152411/https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/research_and_innovation/research_by_area/documents/nbs_valorisationprojects_fullreport_web.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> De IPCC Sixth Assessment Report pointed out dat de term ''nature-based solutions'' be "widely but not universally used insyd de scientific literature".<ref name=":12">IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_SummaryForPolicymakers.pdf Summary for Policymakers] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, M. Tignor, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem (eds.)]. In: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3–33, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.001.</ref>{{rp|24}} As of 2017, de term NBS was still regarded as "poorly defined den vague".<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2017 |title='Nature-based solutions' is the latest green jargon that means more than you might think |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/541133b |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=541 |issue=7636 |pages=133–134 |doi=10.1038/541133b |pmid=28079099 |bibcode=2017Natur.541R.133. |s2cid=4455842 |issn=0028-0836|url-access=subscription }}</ref> De term ''ecosystem-based adaptation'' (EbA) be a subset of nature-based solutions den "aims to maintain den increase de resilience den reduce de vulnerability of ecosystems den people insyd de face of de adverse effects of climate change".<ref name=":13" />{{rp|284}} === History of de term === De term ''nature-based solutions'' was put forward by practitioners insyd de late 2000s. At dat time e was used by international organisations such as de International Union for Conservation of Nature den de World Bank insyd de context of finding new solutions to mitigate den adapt to climate change effects by working plus natural ecosystems rather dan relying purely on engineering interventions.<ref name=":5" /><ref name="MacKinnon11">MacKinnon, K., C. Sobrevila, V. Hickey. 2008. [https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/149141468320661795/biodiversity-climate-change-and-adaptation-nature-based-solutions-from-the-world-bank-portfolio Biodiversity, climate change and adaptation: nature-based solutions from the Word Bank portfolio]. Washington D.C.: World Bank.</ref><ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" />{{rp|3}} Chaw indigenous peoples have recognised de natural environment as playing an important role insyd human well-being as part of their traditional knowledge systems, but dis idea did not enter into modern scientific literature until de 1970's plus de concept of ecosystem services.<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" />{{rp|2}} De IUCN referred to NBS insyd a position paper for de United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.<ref>IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2009. No time to lose – make full use of nature-based solutions in the post-2012 climate change regime. Position paper on the Fifteenth session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP 15). Gland: IUCN.</ref> De term be sanso dey adopt by European policymakers, insyd particular by de European Commission, insyd a report<ref name="European Commission 2015">European Commission. 2015. Towards an EU Research and Innovation policy agenda for nature-based solutions & re-naturing cities. Final Report of the Horizon2020 Expert Group on Nature-Based Solutions and Re-Naturing Cities. Brussels: European Commission.</ref> stressing dat NBS fi offer innovative means to create jobs den growth as part of a green economy. De term started to make appearances insyd de mainstream media around de time of de Global Climate Action Summit insyd California insyd September 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2018 |title=Global Climate Action Summit kicks off today in San Francisco with nature-based solutions high on the agenda |url=http://nathalieseddon.blogspot.com/2018/09/global-climate-action-summit-kicks-off.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913112911/http://nathalieseddon.blogspot.com/2018/09/global-climate-action-summit-kicks-off.html |archive-date=13 September 2018 |access-date=13 September 2018 |website=Global Climate Action Summit kicks off today in San Francisco with nature-based solutions high on the agenda}}</ref> == Objectives den framing == [[File:Morro Strand State Beach (1).jpg|thumb|Coastal habitat protection at Morro Strand State Beach insyd San Luis Obispo County, California]]Nature-based solutions stress de sustainable use of nature in solving coupled environmental-social-economic challenges.<ref name=":5" /> NBS go beyond traditional biodiversity conservation den management principles by "re-focusing" de debate on humans den specifically integrating societal factors such as human well-being den poverty reduction, socio-economic development den governance principles. De general objective of NBS be clear, namely de sustainable management den use of Nature for tackling societal challenges.<ref>IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2016. Resolution 077 World Conservation Congress 2016, Hawaiʻi (https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808140530/https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077|date=2019-08-08}}) 17. European Commission. 2016. Horizon2020 Work Programme 2016–2017 – 12. Climate action, environment, [[resource efficiency]] & raw materials, 99 pp. (http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213072645/http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf|date=13 December 2016}})</ref> However, different stakeholders view NBS from a variety of perspectives.<ref name=":1" /> For instance, de IUCN puts de need for well-managed den restored ecosystems at de heart of NBS, plus de overarching goal of "Supporting de achievement of society's development goals den safeguard human well-being insyd ways dat reflect cultural den societal values den enhance de resilience of ecosystems, their capacity for renewal den de provision of services".<ref name="IUCN16">IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2016. Resolution 077 World Conservation Congress 2016, Hawaiʻi (https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808140530/https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077|date=8 August 2019}})</ref> == References == gn3hv5s5vcn392k5kieqm20bw05s174 102764 102763 2026-06-14T07:20:31Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve article 102764 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Sustainable use of nature for tackling socio-environmental challenges}} [[File:NRCSIA00041 - Iowa (2285)(NRCS Photo Gallery).jpg|thumb|Example for a nature-based solution insyd de area of [[Water resources|water resource]] management: dis riparian buffer protects a creek insyd lowa, United States from the impact of adjacent land uses]] '''Nature-based solutions''' (anaa '''nature-based systems''', den abbreviated as '''NBS''' anaa '''NbS''') describe de development den use of (biodiversity) den natural processes to address diverse soci-environmental issues.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Girardin |first1=Cécile A. J. |last2=Jenkins |first2=Stuart |last3=Seddon |first3=Nathalie |last4=Allen |first4=Myles |last5=Lewis |first5=Simon L. |last6=Wheeler |first6=Charlotte E. |last7=Griscom |first7=Bronson W. |last8=Malhi |first8=Yadvinder |title=Nature-based solutions can help cool the planet — if we act now |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |date=2021 |volume=593 |issue=7858 |pages=191–194 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-01241-2 |doi-access=free|pmid=33981055 |bibcode=2021Natur.593..191G}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Frantzeskaki |first1=Niki |last2=McPhearson |first2=Timon |last3=Collier |first3=Marcus J |last4=Kendal |first4=Dave |last5=Bulkeley |first5=Harriet |last6=Dumitru |first6=Adina |last7=Walsh |first7=Claire |last8=Noble |first8=Kate |last9=van Wyk |first9=Ernita |last10=Ordóñez |first10=Camilo |last11=Oke |first11=Cathy |last12=Pintér |first12=László |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Climate Change Adaptation: Linking Science, Policy, and Practice Communities for Evidence-Based Decision-Making |journal=[[BioScience]] |date=2019 |volume=69 |issue=6 |pages=455–466 |doi=10.1093/biosci/biz042 |doi-access=free|hdl=2183/36896 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> These issues include climate change mitigation den adaptation, human security issues such as water security den food security, den disaster risk reduction.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last1=Debele |first1=S. E. |last2=Leo |first2=L. S. |last3=Kumar |first3=P. |last4=Sahani |first4=J. |last5=Ommer |first5=J. |last6=Bucchignani |first6=E. |last7=Vranić |first7=S. |last8=Kalas |first8=M. |last9=Amirzada |first9=Z. |last10=Pavlova |first10=I. |last11=Shah |first11=M. A. R. |last12=Gonzalez-Ollauri |first12=A. |last13=Di Sabatino |first13=S. |date=2023 |title=Nature-based solutions can help reduce the impact of natural hazards: A global analysis of NBS case studies |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969723044492 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=902 |article-number=165824 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165824|pmid=37527720 |bibcode=2023ScTEn.90265824D |hdl=11585/953217 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> De aim be dat resilient ecosystems (whether natural, managed, anaa newly created) provide solutions for de benefit of both societies den biodiversity.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Nature-based Solutions: New Influence for Environmental Management and Research in Europe|last1=Eggermont|first1=Hilde|last2=Balian|first2=Estelle|date=2015|journal=Gaia - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society|language=en|doi=10.14512/gaia.24.4.9|last3=Azevedo|first3=José Manuel N.|last4=Beumer|first4=Victor|last5=Brodin|first5=Tomas|last6=Claudet|first6=Joachim|last7=Fady|first7=Bruno|last8=Grube|first8=Martin|last9=Keune|first9=Hans|volume=24|issue=4|pages=243–248|s2cid=53518417 |url=https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|access-date=24 May 2020|archive-date=7 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507073138/https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> De 2019 UN Climate Action Summit dey highlight nature-based solutions as an effective method to combat climate change.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=Environment |first=U. N. |date=2019 |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Climate |url=http://www.unep.org/nature-based-solutions-climate |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=UNEP - UN Environment Programme |language=en}}</ref> For example, nature-based systems for climate change adaptation fit include natural flood management, restoring natural coastal defences, den providing local cooling.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|310}} De concept of NBS be related to de concept of ecological engineering<ref name=":1" /> den ecosystem-based adaptation.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|284}} NBS are sanso related, conceptually to de practice of ecological restoration. De sustainable management approach be a key aspect of NBS development den implementation. Mangrove restoration efforts along coastlines provide an example of a nature-based solution dat fit achieve multiple goals. Mangroves moderate de impact of waves den wind on coastal settlements anaa cities,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Marois|first1=Darryl E.|last2=Mitsch|first2=William J.|date=2 January 2015|title=Coastal protection from tsunamis and cyclones provided by mangrove wetlands – a review|journal=International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management|volume=11|issue=1|pages=71–83|doi=10.1080/21513732.2014.997292|bibcode=2015IJBSE..11...71M |s2cid=86554474|issn=2151-3732}}</ref> den they sequester carbon.<ref>{{Citation|last=Inoue|first=Tomomi|title=Carbon Sequestration in Mangroves|work=Blue Carbon in Shallow Coastal Ecosystems|year=2019|pages=73–99|place=Singapore|publisher=Springer Singapore|doi=10.1007/978-981-13-1295-3_3|isbn=978-981-13-1294-6|s2cid=133839393}}</ref> Dem sanso provide nursery zones for marine life wich be important for sustaining fisheries. Additionally, mangrove forests fit help to control coastal erosion resulting from sea level rise. Green roofs, blue roofs, den green walls (as part of green infrastructure) are sanso nature-based solutions dat fit be implemented insud urban areas. Dey fit reduce de effects of urban heat islands, capture stormwater, abate pollution, den act as carbon sinks. At de same time, dey fi enhance local biodiversity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2020 |title=Evaluating the potential of nature-based solutions to reduce ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon dioxide through a multi-type green infrastructure study in Ontario, Canada |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590252020300246 |url-status=live |access-date=3 April 2026 |website=ScienceDirect}}</ref> NBS systems den solutions are forming an increasing part of national den international policies on climate change. Dem are included insyd climate change policy, infrastructure investment, den [[climate finance]] mechanisms. De European Commission has paid increasing attention to NBS since 2013.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Faivre|first1=Nicolas|last2=Fritz|first2=Marco|last3=Freitas|first3=Tiago|last4=de Boissezon|first4=Birgit|last5=Vandewoestijne|first5=Sofie|date=2017|title=Nature-Based Solutions in the EU: Innovating with nature to address social, economic and environmental challenges|journal=Environmental Research|volume=159|pages=509–518|doi=10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.032|pmid=28886502|bibcode=2017ER....159..509F|s2cid=42573101|issn=0013-9351}}</ref> Dis be reflected insyd de majority of global NBS case studies reviewed by Debele et al (2023) being located insyd Europe.<ref name=":16" /> While there be much scope for scaling-up nature-based systems den solutions globally, they frequently encounter numerous challenges during planning den implementation.<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":15">{{Cite journal |last1=Wamsler |first1=C. |last2=Wickenberg |first2=B. |last3=Hanson |first3=H. |last4=Alkan Olsson |first4=J. |last5=Stålhammar |first5=S. |last6=Björn |first6=H. |last7=Falck |first7=H. |last8=Gerell |first8=D. |last9=Oskarsson |first9=T. |last10=Simonsson |first10=E. |last11=Torffvit |first11=F. |date=2020 |title=Environmental and climate policy integration: Targeted strategies for overcoming barriers to nature-based solutions and climate change adaptation |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |volume=247 |article-number=119154 |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119154 |issn=0959-6526 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2020JCPro.24719154W }}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last1=Chausson |first1=Alexandre |last2=Turner |first2=Beth |last3=Seddon |first3=Dan |last4=Chabaneix |first4=Nicole |last5=Girardin |first5=Cécile A. J. |last6=Kapos |first6=Valerie |last7=Key |first7=Isabel |last8=Roe |first8=Dilys |last9=Smith |first9=Alison |last10=Woroniecki |first10=Stephen |last11=Seddon |first11=Nathalie |date=2020-09-09 |title=Mapping the effectiveness of nature-based solutions for climate change adaptation |journal=Global Change Biology |volume=26 |issue=11 |pages=6134–6155 |bibcode=2020GCBio..26.6134C |doi=10.1111/gcb.15310 |issn=1354-1013 |pmid=32906226 |s2cid=221621517 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De IPCC dey point out dat de term be "de subject of ongoing debate, plus concerns dat e may lead to de misunderstanding dat NbS on its own fi provide a global solution to climate change".<ref name=":12" />{{rp|24}} To clarify dis point further, de IPCC sanso stated dat "nature-based systems cannot be regarded as an alternative to, anaa a reason to delay, deep cuts insyd GHG emissions".<ref name=":13" />{{rp|203}} {{TOC limit|3}} == Definition == [[File:ISS047-E-84351 Cape Coral, Florida (annotated).jpg|thumb|Mangroves protect coastlines against erosion ([[Cape Coral, Florida|Cape Coral]], Florida, United States)]] De International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) defines NBS as "actions to protect, sustainably manage, den restore natural anaa modified ecosystems, dat address societal challenges effectively den adaptively, simultaneously providing human well-being den biodiversity benefits".<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10">Cohen-Shacham, E., G. Walters, C. Janzen, S. Maginnis (eds). 2016. Nature-based solutions to address global societal challenges. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. Xiii + 97 pp. Downloadable from https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46191 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401093813/https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46191|date=1 April 2021}}</ref> ''Societal challenges'' of relevance here include [[climate change]], food security, disaster risk reduction, water security. Insyd oda words: "Nature-based solutions are interventions dat use de natural functions of healthy ecosystems to protect de environment but sanso provide numerous economic den social benefits."<ref>Dubash, N.K., C.  Mitchell, E.L.  Boasson, M.J.  Borbor-Cordova, S.  Fifita, E.  Haites, M.  Jaccard, F.  Jotzo, S.  Naidoo, P.  Romero-Lankao, M.  Shlapak, W.  Shen, L. Wu, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter13.pdf Chapter 13: National and sub-national policies and institutions]. In IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D.  McCollum, M.  Pathak, S.  Some, P. Vyas, R.  Fradera, M.  Belkacemi, A.  Hasija, G.  Lisboa, S.  Luz, J.  Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.015</ref>{{rp|1403}} Dem are used both insyd de context of climate change mitigation as well as adaptation.<ref>Lecocq, F., H. Winkler, J.P. Daka, S. Fu, J.S. Gerber, S. Kartha, V. Krey, H. Lofgren, T. Masui, R. Mathur, J. Portugal-Pereira, B.  K. Sovacool,  M. V. Vilariño,  N. Zhou, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter04.pdf Chapter 4: Mitigation and development pathways in the near- to mid-term]. In IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van  Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.006</ref>{{rp|469}} De European Commission's definition of NBS states dat these solutions are "inspired den supported by nature, wich are cost-effective, simultaneously provide environmental, social den economic benefits den help build resilience. Such solutions bring more, den more diverse, nature den natural features den processes into cities, landscapes, den seascapes, through locally adapted, resource-efficient den systemic interventions".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Nature-Based Solutions - European Commission |url=https://ec.europa.eu/research/environment/index.cfm?pg=nbs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923161801/http://ec.europa.eu/research/environment/index.cfm?pg=nbs |archive-date=23 September 2019 |access-date=10 December 2019 |website=}}</ref> Insyd 2020, de EC definition was updated to further emphasise dat "Nature-based solutions must benefit biodiversity den support de delivery of a range of ecosystem services."<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Wild |first1=Tom |url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/research_and_innovation/research_by_area/documents/nbs_valorisationprojects_fullreport_web.pdf |title=Nature-based Solutions - State of the Art in EU-funded Projects |last2=Freitas |first2=Tiago |last3=Vandewoestijne |first3=Sofie |date=2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111152411/https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/research_and_innovation/research_by_area/documents/nbs_valorisationprojects_fullreport_web.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> De IPCC Sixth Assessment Report pointed out dat de term ''nature-based solutions'' be "widely but not universally used insyd de scientific literature".<ref name=":12">IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_SummaryForPolicymakers.pdf Summary for Policymakers] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, M. Tignor, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem (eds.)]. In: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3–33, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.001.</ref>{{rp|24}} As of 2017, de term NBS was still regarded as "poorly defined den vague".<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2017 |title='Nature-based solutions' is the latest green jargon that means more than you might think |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/541133b |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=541 |issue=7636 |pages=133–134 |doi=10.1038/541133b |pmid=28079099 |bibcode=2017Natur.541R.133. |s2cid=4455842 |issn=0028-0836|url-access=subscription }}</ref> De term ''ecosystem-based adaptation'' (EbA) be a subset of nature-based solutions den "aims to maintain den increase de resilience den reduce de vulnerability of ecosystems den people insyd de face of de adverse effects of climate change".<ref name=":13" />{{rp|284}} === History of de term === De term ''nature-based solutions'' was put forward by practitioners insyd de late 2000s. At dat time e was used by international organisations such as de International Union for Conservation of Nature den de World Bank insyd de context of finding new solutions to mitigate den adapt to climate change effects by working plus natural ecosystems rather dan relying purely on engineering interventions.<ref name=":5" /><ref name="MacKinnon11">MacKinnon, K., C. Sobrevila, V. Hickey. 2008. [https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/149141468320661795/biodiversity-climate-change-and-adaptation-nature-based-solutions-from-the-world-bank-portfolio Biodiversity, climate change and adaptation: nature-based solutions from the Word Bank portfolio]. Washington D.C.: World Bank.</ref><ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" />{{rp|3}} Chaw indigenous peoples have recognised de natural environment as playing an important role insyd human well-being as part of their traditional knowledge systems, but dis idea did not enter into modern scientific literature until de 1970's plus de concept of ecosystem services.<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" />{{rp|2}} De IUCN referred to NBS insyd a position paper for de United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.<ref>IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2009. No time to lose – make full use of nature-based solutions in the post-2012 climate change regime. Position paper on the Fifteenth session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP 15). Gland: IUCN.</ref> De term be sanso dey adopt by European policymakers, insyd particular by de European Commission, insyd a report<ref name="European Commission 2015">European Commission. 2015. Towards an EU Research and Innovation policy agenda for nature-based solutions & re-naturing cities. Final Report of the Horizon2020 Expert Group on Nature-Based Solutions and Re-Naturing Cities. Brussels: European Commission.</ref> stressing dat NBS fi offer innovative means to create jobs den growth as part of a green economy. De term started to make appearances insyd de mainstream media around de time of de Global Climate Action Summit insyd California insyd September 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2018 |title=Global Climate Action Summit kicks off today in San Francisco with nature-based solutions high on the agenda |url=http://nathalieseddon.blogspot.com/2018/09/global-climate-action-summit-kicks-off.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913112911/http://nathalieseddon.blogspot.com/2018/09/global-climate-action-summit-kicks-off.html |archive-date=13 September 2018 |access-date=13 September 2018 |website=Global Climate Action Summit kicks off today in San Francisco with nature-based solutions high on the agenda}}</ref> == Objectives den framing == [[File:Morro Strand State Beach (1).jpg|thumb|Coastal habitat protection at Morro Strand State Beach insyd San Luis Obispo County, California]]Nature-based solutions stress de sustainable use of nature in solving coupled environmental-social-economic challenges.<ref name=":5" /> NBS go beyond traditional biodiversity conservation den management principles by "re-focusing" de debate on humans den specifically integrating societal factors such as human well-being den poverty reduction, socio-economic development den governance principles. De general objective of NBS be clear, namely de sustainable management den use of Nature for tackling societal challenges.<ref>IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2016. Resolution 077 World Conservation Congress 2016, Hawaiʻi (https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808140530/https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077|date=2019-08-08}}) 17. European Commission. 2016. Horizon2020 Work Programme 2016–2017 – 12. Climate action, environment, [[resource efficiency]] & raw materials, 99 pp. (http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213072645/http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf|date=13 December 2016}})</ref> However, different stakeholders view NBS from a variety of perspectives.<ref name=":1" /> For instance, de IUCN puts de need for well-managed den restored ecosystems at de heart of NBS, plus de overarching goal of "Supporting de achievement of society's development goals den safeguard human well-being insyd ways dat reflect cultural den societal values den enhance de resilience of ecosystems, their capacity for renewal den de provision of services".<ref name="IUCN16">IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2016. Resolution 077 World Conservation Congress 2016, Hawaiʻi (https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808140530/https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077|date=8 August 2019}})</ref> De European Commission underlines dat NBS fi transform environmental den societal challenges into innovation opportunities, by turning natural capital into a source for green growth den sustainable development.<ref name="European Commission 2015" /> Within dis viewpoint, nature-based solutions to societal challenges "bring chaw, den chaw diverse, nature den natural features den processes into cities, landscapes den seascapes, through locally adapted, resource-efficient den systemic interventions".<ref name="ec.europa.eu">European Commission. 2016. Horizon2020 Work Programme 2016–2017 – 12. Climate action, environment, resource efficiency & raw materials, 99 pp. (http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213072645/http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf|date=13 December 2016}})</ref> As a result, NBS has been suggested as a means of implementing de nature-positive goal to halt den reverse nature loss by 2030, den achieve full nature recovery by 2050.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Milner-Gulland |first1=E.J. |last2=Addison |first2=Prue |last3=Arlidge |first3=William N.S. |last4=Baker |first4=Julia |last5=Booth |first5=Hollie |last6=Brooks |first6=Thomas |last7=Bull |first7=Joseph W. |last8=Burgass |first8=Michael J. |last9=Ekstrom |first9=Jon |last10=zu Ermgassen |first10=Sophus O.S.E. |last11=Fleming |first11=L. Vincent |last12=Grub |first12=Henry M.J. |last13=von Hase |first13=Amrei |last14=Hoffmann |first14=Michael |last15=Hutton |first15=Jonathan |date=2021-01-22 |title=Four steps for the Earth: mainstreaming the post-2020 global biodiversity framework |journal=One Earth |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=75–87 |doi=10.1016/j.oneear.2020.12.011 |bibcode=2021OEart...4...75M |issn=2590-3322}}</ref> == References == r1zc0tn00b0w17sdabph4wywmq53hhb 102765 102764 2026-06-14T07:21:37Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Add sub-heading 102765 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Sustainable use of nature for tackling socio-environmental challenges}} [[File:NRCSIA00041 - Iowa (2285)(NRCS Photo Gallery).jpg|thumb|Example for a nature-based solution insyd de area of [[Water resources|water resource]] management: dis riparian buffer protects a creek insyd lowa, United States from the impact of adjacent land uses]] '''Nature-based solutions''' (anaa '''nature-based systems''', den abbreviated as '''NBS''' anaa '''NbS''') describe de development den use of (biodiversity) den natural processes to address diverse soci-environmental issues.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Girardin |first1=Cécile A. J. |last2=Jenkins |first2=Stuart |last3=Seddon |first3=Nathalie |last4=Allen |first4=Myles |last5=Lewis |first5=Simon L. |last6=Wheeler |first6=Charlotte E. |last7=Griscom |first7=Bronson W. |last8=Malhi |first8=Yadvinder |title=Nature-based solutions can help cool the planet — if we act now |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |date=2021 |volume=593 |issue=7858 |pages=191–194 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-01241-2 |doi-access=free|pmid=33981055 |bibcode=2021Natur.593..191G}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Frantzeskaki |first1=Niki |last2=McPhearson |first2=Timon |last3=Collier |first3=Marcus J |last4=Kendal |first4=Dave |last5=Bulkeley |first5=Harriet |last6=Dumitru |first6=Adina |last7=Walsh |first7=Claire |last8=Noble |first8=Kate |last9=van Wyk |first9=Ernita |last10=Ordóñez |first10=Camilo |last11=Oke |first11=Cathy |last12=Pintér |first12=László |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Climate Change Adaptation: Linking Science, Policy, and Practice Communities for Evidence-Based Decision-Making |journal=[[BioScience]] |date=2019 |volume=69 |issue=6 |pages=455–466 |doi=10.1093/biosci/biz042 |doi-access=free|hdl=2183/36896 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> These issues include climate change mitigation den adaptation, human security issues such as water security den food security, den disaster risk reduction.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last1=Debele |first1=S. E. |last2=Leo |first2=L. S. |last3=Kumar |first3=P. |last4=Sahani |first4=J. |last5=Ommer |first5=J. |last6=Bucchignani |first6=E. |last7=Vranić |first7=S. |last8=Kalas |first8=M. |last9=Amirzada |first9=Z. |last10=Pavlova |first10=I. |last11=Shah |first11=M. A. R. |last12=Gonzalez-Ollauri |first12=A. |last13=Di Sabatino |first13=S. |date=2023 |title=Nature-based solutions can help reduce the impact of natural hazards: A global analysis of NBS case studies |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969723044492 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=902 |article-number=165824 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165824|pmid=37527720 |bibcode=2023ScTEn.90265824D |hdl=11585/953217 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> De aim be dat resilient ecosystems (whether natural, managed, anaa newly created) provide solutions for de benefit of both societies den biodiversity.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Nature-based Solutions: New Influence for Environmental Management and Research in Europe|last1=Eggermont|first1=Hilde|last2=Balian|first2=Estelle|date=2015|journal=Gaia - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society|language=en|doi=10.14512/gaia.24.4.9|last3=Azevedo|first3=José Manuel N.|last4=Beumer|first4=Victor|last5=Brodin|first5=Tomas|last6=Claudet|first6=Joachim|last7=Fady|first7=Bruno|last8=Grube|first8=Martin|last9=Keune|first9=Hans|volume=24|issue=4|pages=243–248|s2cid=53518417 |url=https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|access-date=24 May 2020|archive-date=7 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507073138/https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> De 2019 UN Climate Action Summit dey highlight nature-based solutions as an effective method to combat climate change.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=Environment |first=U. N. |date=2019 |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Climate |url=http://www.unep.org/nature-based-solutions-climate |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=UNEP - UN Environment Programme |language=en}}</ref> For example, nature-based systems for climate change adaptation fit include natural flood management, restoring natural coastal defences, den providing local cooling.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|310}} De concept of NBS be related to de concept of ecological engineering<ref name=":1" /> den ecosystem-based adaptation.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|284}} NBS are sanso related, conceptually to de practice of ecological restoration. De sustainable management approach be a key aspect of NBS development den implementation. Mangrove restoration efforts along coastlines provide an example of a nature-based solution dat fit achieve multiple goals. Mangroves moderate de impact of waves den wind on coastal settlements anaa cities,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Marois|first1=Darryl E.|last2=Mitsch|first2=William J.|date=2 January 2015|title=Coastal protection from tsunamis and cyclones provided by mangrove wetlands – a review|journal=International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management|volume=11|issue=1|pages=71–83|doi=10.1080/21513732.2014.997292|bibcode=2015IJBSE..11...71M |s2cid=86554474|issn=2151-3732}}</ref> den they sequester carbon.<ref>{{Citation|last=Inoue|first=Tomomi|title=Carbon Sequestration in Mangroves|work=Blue Carbon in Shallow Coastal Ecosystems|year=2019|pages=73–99|place=Singapore|publisher=Springer Singapore|doi=10.1007/978-981-13-1295-3_3|isbn=978-981-13-1294-6|s2cid=133839393}}</ref> Dem sanso provide nursery zones for marine life wich be important for sustaining fisheries. Additionally, mangrove forests fit help to control coastal erosion resulting from sea level rise. Green roofs, blue roofs, den green walls (as part of green infrastructure) are sanso nature-based solutions dat fit be implemented insud urban areas. Dey fit reduce de effects of urban heat islands, capture stormwater, abate pollution, den act as carbon sinks. At de same time, dey fi enhance local biodiversity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2020 |title=Evaluating the potential of nature-based solutions to reduce ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon dioxide through a multi-type green infrastructure study in Ontario, Canada |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590252020300246 |url-status=live |access-date=3 April 2026 |website=ScienceDirect}}</ref> NBS systems den solutions are forming an increasing part of national den international policies on climate change. Dem are included insyd climate change policy, infrastructure investment, den [[climate finance]] mechanisms. De European Commission has paid increasing attention to NBS since 2013.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Faivre|first1=Nicolas|last2=Fritz|first2=Marco|last3=Freitas|first3=Tiago|last4=de Boissezon|first4=Birgit|last5=Vandewoestijne|first5=Sofie|date=2017|title=Nature-Based Solutions in the EU: Innovating with nature to address social, economic and environmental challenges|journal=Environmental Research|volume=159|pages=509–518|doi=10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.032|pmid=28886502|bibcode=2017ER....159..509F|s2cid=42573101|issn=0013-9351}}</ref> Dis be reflected insyd de majority of global NBS case studies reviewed by Debele et al (2023) being located insyd Europe.<ref name=":16" /> While there be much scope for scaling-up nature-based systems den solutions globally, they frequently encounter numerous challenges during planning den implementation.<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":15">{{Cite journal |last1=Wamsler |first1=C. |last2=Wickenberg |first2=B. |last3=Hanson |first3=H. |last4=Alkan Olsson |first4=J. |last5=Stålhammar |first5=S. |last6=Björn |first6=H. |last7=Falck |first7=H. |last8=Gerell |first8=D. |last9=Oskarsson |first9=T. |last10=Simonsson |first10=E. |last11=Torffvit |first11=F. |date=2020 |title=Environmental and climate policy integration: Targeted strategies for overcoming barriers to nature-based solutions and climate change adaptation |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |volume=247 |article-number=119154 |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119154 |issn=0959-6526 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2020JCPro.24719154W }}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last1=Chausson |first1=Alexandre |last2=Turner |first2=Beth |last3=Seddon |first3=Dan |last4=Chabaneix |first4=Nicole |last5=Girardin |first5=Cécile A. J. |last6=Kapos |first6=Valerie |last7=Key |first7=Isabel |last8=Roe |first8=Dilys |last9=Smith |first9=Alison |last10=Woroniecki |first10=Stephen |last11=Seddon |first11=Nathalie |date=2020-09-09 |title=Mapping the effectiveness of nature-based solutions for climate change adaptation |journal=Global Change Biology |volume=26 |issue=11 |pages=6134–6155 |bibcode=2020GCBio..26.6134C |doi=10.1111/gcb.15310 |issn=1354-1013 |pmid=32906226 |s2cid=221621517 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De IPCC dey point out dat de term be "de subject of ongoing debate, plus concerns dat e may lead to de misunderstanding dat NbS on its own fi provide a global solution to climate change".<ref name=":12" />{{rp|24}} To clarify dis point further, de IPCC sanso stated dat "nature-based systems cannot be regarded as an alternative to, anaa a reason to delay, deep cuts insyd GHG emissions".<ref name=":13" />{{rp|203}} {{TOC limit|3}} == Definition == [[File:ISS047-E-84351 Cape Coral, Florida (annotated).jpg|thumb|Mangroves protect coastlines against erosion ([[Cape Coral, Florida|Cape Coral]], Florida, United States)]] De International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) defines NBS as "actions to protect, sustainably manage, den restore natural anaa modified ecosystems, dat address societal challenges effectively den adaptively, simultaneously providing human well-being den biodiversity benefits".<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10">Cohen-Shacham, E., G. Walters, C. Janzen, S. Maginnis (eds). 2016. Nature-based solutions to address global societal challenges. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. Xiii + 97 pp. Downloadable from https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46191 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401093813/https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46191|date=1 April 2021}}</ref> ''Societal challenges'' of relevance here include [[climate change]], food security, disaster risk reduction, water security. Insyd oda words: "Nature-based solutions are interventions dat use de natural functions of healthy ecosystems to protect de environment but sanso provide numerous economic den social benefits."<ref>Dubash, N.K., C.  Mitchell, E.L.  Boasson, M.J.  Borbor-Cordova, S.  Fifita, E.  Haites, M.  Jaccard, F.  Jotzo, S.  Naidoo, P.  Romero-Lankao, M.  Shlapak, W.  Shen, L. Wu, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter13.pdf Chapter 13: National and sub-national policies and institutions]. In IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D.  McCollum, M.  Pathak, S.  Some, P. Vyas, R.  Fradera, M.  Belkacemi, A.  Hasija, G.  Lisboa, S.  Luz, J.  Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.015</ref>{{rp|1403}} Dem are used both insyd de context of climate change mitigation as well as adaptation.<ref>Lecocq, F., H. Winkler, J.P. Daka, S. Fu, J.S. Gerber, S. Kartha, V. Krey, H. Lofgren, T. Masui, R. Mathur, J. Portugal-Pereira, B.  K. Sovacool,  M. V. Vilariño,  N. Zhou, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter04.pdf Chapter 4: Mitigation and development pathways in the near- to mid-term]. In IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van  Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.006</ref>{{rp|469}} De European Commission's definition of NBS states dat these solutions are "inspired den supported by nature, wich are cost-effective, simultaneously provide environmental, social den economic benefits den help build resilience. Such solutions bring more, den more diverse, nature den natural features den processes into cities, landscapes, den seascapes, through locally adapted, resource-efficient den systemic interventions".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Nature-Based Solutions - European Commission |url=https://ec.europa.eu/research/environment/index.cfm?pg=nbs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923161801/http://ec.europa.eu/research/environment/index.cfm?pg=nbs |archive-date=23 September 2019 |access-date=10 December 2019 |website=}}</ref> Insyd 2020, de EC definition was updated to further emphasise dat "Nature-based solutions must benefit biodiversity den support de delivery of a range of ecosystem services."<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Wild |first1=Tom |url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/research_and_innovation/research_by_area/documents/nbs_valorisationprojects_fullreport_web.pdf |title=Nature-based Solutions - State of the Art in EU-funded Projects |last2=Freitas |first2=Tiago |last3=Vandewoestijne |first3=Sofie |date=2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111152411/https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/research_and_innovation/research_by_area/documents/nbs_valorisationprojects_fullreport_web.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> De IPCC Sixth Assessment Report pointed out dat de term ''nature-based solutions'' be "widely but not universally used insyd de scientific literature".<ref name=":12">IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_SummaryForPolicymakers.pdf Summary for Policymakers] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, M. Tignor, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem (eds.)]. In: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3–33, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.001.</ref>{{rp|24}} As of 2017, de term NBS was still regarded as "poorly defined den vague".<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2017 |title='Nature-based solutions' is the latest green jargon that means more than you might think |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/541133b |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=541 |issue=7636 |pages=133–134 |doi=10.1038/541133b |pmid=28079099 |bibcode=2017Natur.541R.133. |s2cid=4455842 |issn=0028-0836|url-access=subscription }}</ref> De term ''ecosystem-based adaptation'' (EbA) be a subset of nature-based solutions den "aims to maintain den increase de resilience den reduce de vulnerability of ecosystems den people insyd de face of de adverse effects of climate change".<ref name=":13" />{{rp|284}} === History of de term === De term ''nature-based solutions'' was put forward by practitioners insyd de late 2000s. At dat time e was used by international organisations such as de International Union for Conservation of Nature den de World Bank insyd de context of finding new solutions to mitigate den adapt to climate change effects by working plus natural ecosystems rather dan relying purely on engineering interventions.<ref name=":5" /><ref name="MacKinnon11">MacKinnon, K., C. Sobrevila, V. Hickey. 2008. [https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/149141468320661795/biodiversity-climate-change-and-adaptation-nature-based-solutions-from-the-world-bank-portfolio Biodiversity, climate change and adaptation: nature-based solutions from the Word Bank portfolio]. Washington D.C.: World Bank.</ref><ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" />{{rp|3}} Chaw indigenous peoples have recognised de natural environment as playing an important role insyd human well-being as part of their traditional knowledge systems, but dis idea did not enter into modern scientific literature until de 1970's plus de concept of ecosystem services.<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" />{{rp|2}} De IUCN referred to NBS insyd a position paper for de United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.<ref>IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2009. No time to lose – make full use of nature-based solutions in the post-2012 climate change regime. Position paper on the Fifteenth session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP 15). Gland: IUCN.</ref> De term be sanso dey adopt by European policymakers, insyd particular by de European Commission, insyd a report<ref name="European Commission 2015">European Commission. 2015. Towards an EU Research and Innovation policy agenda for nature-based solutions & re-naturing cities. Final Report of the Horizon2020 Expert Group on Nature-Based Solutions and Re-Naturing Cities. Brussels: European Commission.</ref> stressing dat NBS fi offer innovative means to create jobs den growth as part of a green economy. De term started to make appearances insyd de mainstream media around de time of de Global Climate Action Summit insyd California insyd September 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2018 |title=Global Climate Action Summit kicks off today in San Francisco with nature-based solutions high on the agenda |url=http://nathalieseddon.blogspot.com/2018/09/global-climate-action-summit-kicks-off.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913112911/http://nathalieseddon.blogspot.com/2018/09/global-climate-action-summit-kicks-off.html |archive-date=13 September 2018 |access-date=13 September 2018 |website=Global Climate Action Summit kicks off today in San Francisco with nature-based solutions high on the agenda}}</ref> == Objectives den framing == [[File:Morro Strand State Beach (1).jpg|thumb|Coastal habitat protection at Morro Strand State Beach insyd San Luis Obispo County, California]]Nature-based solutions stress de sustainable use of nature in solving coupled environmental-social-economic challenges.<ref name=":5" /> NBS go beyond traditional biodiversity conservation den management principles by "re-focusing" de debate on humans den specifically integrating societal factors such as human well-being den poverty reduction, socio-economic development den governance principles. De general objective of NBS be clear, namely de sustainable management den use of Nature for tackling societal challenges.<ref>IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2016. Resolution 077 World Conservation Congress 2016, Hawaiʻi (https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808140530/https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077|date=2019-08-08}}) 17. European Commission. 2016. Horizon2020 Work Programme 2016–2017 – 12. Climate action, environment, [[resource efficiency]] & raw materials, 99 pp. (http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213072645/http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf|date=13 December 2016}})</ref> However, different stakeholders view NBS from a variety of perspectives.<ref name=":1" /> For instance, de IUCN puts de need for well-managed den restored ecosystems at de heart of NBS, plus de overarching goal of "Supporting de achievement of society's development goals den safeguard human well-being insyd ways dat reflect cultural den societal values den enhance de resilience of ecosystems, their capacity for renewal den de provision of services".<ref name="IUCN16">IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2016. Resolution 077 World Conservation Congress 2016, Hawaiʻi (https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808140530/https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077|date=8 August 2019}})</ref> De European Commission underlines dat NBS fi transform environmental den societal challenges into innovation opportunities, by turning natural capital into a source for green growth den sustainable development.<ref name="European Commission 2015" /> Within dis viewpoint, nature-based solutions to societal challenges "bring chaw, den chaw diverse, nature den natural features den processes into cities, landscapes den seascapes, through locally adapted, resource-efficient den systemic interventions".<ref name="ec.europa.eu">European Commission. 2016. Horizon2020 Work Programme 2016–2017 – 12. Climate action, environment, resource efficiency & raw materials, 99 pp. (http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213072645/http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf|date=13 December 2016}})</ref> As a result, NBS has been suggested as a means of implementing de nature-positive goal to halt den reverse nature loss by 2030, den achieve full nature recovery by 2050.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Milner-Gulland |first1=E.J. |last2=Addison |first2=Prue |last3=Arlidge |first3=William N.S. |last4=Baker |first4=Julia |last5=Booth |first5=Hollie |last6=Brooks |first6=Thomas |last7=Bull |first7=Joseph W. |last8=Burgass |first8=Michael J. |last9=Ekstrom |first9=Jon |last10=zu Ermgassen |first10=Sophus O.S.E. |last11=Fleming |first11=L. Vincent |last12=Grub |first12=Henry M.J. |last13=von Hase |first13=Amrei |last14=Hoffmann |first14=Michael |last15=Hutton |first15=Jonathan |date=2021-01-22 |title=Four steps for the Earth: mainstreaming the post-2020 global biodiversity framework |journal=One Earth |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=75–87 |doi=10.1016/j.oneear.2020.12.011 |bibcode=2021OEart...4...75M |issn=2590-3322}}</ref> == Categories == == References == 8jff1iwyy5p3m7a4ivi7oc84uw1ds8t 102766 102765 2026-06-14T07:23:44Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve article 102766 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Sustainable use of nature for tackling socio-environmental challenges}} [[File:NRCSIA00041 - Iowa (2285)(NRCS Photo Gallery).jpg|thumb|Example for a nature-based solution insyd de area of [[Water resources|water resource]] management: dis riparian buffer protects a creek insyd lowa, United States from the impact of adjacent land uses]] '''Nature-based solutions''' (anaa '''nature-based systems''', den abbreviated as '''NBS''' anaa '''NbS''') describe de development den use of (biodiversity) den natural processes to address diverse soci-environmental issues.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Girardin |first1=Cécile A. J. |last2=Jenkins |first2=Stuart |last3=Seddon |first3=Nathalie |last4=Allen |first4=Myles |last5=Lewis |first5=Simon L. |last6=Wheeler |first6=Charlotte E. |last7=Griscom |first7=Bronson W. |last8=Malhi |first8=Yadvinder |title=Nature-based solutions can help cool the planet — if we act now |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |date=2021 |volume=593 |issue=7858 |pages=191–194 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-01241-2 |doi-access=free|pmid=33981055 |bibcode=2021Natur.593..191G}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Frantzeskaki |first1=Niki |last2=McPhearson |first2=Timon |last3=Collier |first3=Marcus J |last4=Kendal |first4=Dave |last5=Bulkeley |first5=Harriet |last6=Dumitru |first6=Adina |last7=Walsh |first7=Claire |last8=Noble |first8=Kate |last9=van Wyk |first9=Ernita |last10=Ordóñez |first10=Camilo |last11=Oke |first11=Cathy |last12=Pintér |first12=László |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Climate Change Adaptation: Linking Science, Policy, and Practice Communities for Evidence-Based Decision-Making |journal=[[BioScience]] |date=2019 |volume=69 |issue=6 |pages=455–466 |doi=10.1093/biosci/biz042 |doi-access=free|hdl=2183/36896 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> These issues include climate change mitigation den adaptation, human security issues such as water security den food security, den disaster risk reduction.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last1=Debele |first1=S. E. |last2=Leo |first2=L. S. |last3=Kumar |first3=P. |last4=Sahani |first4=J. |last5=Ommer |first5=J. |last6=Bucchignani |first6=E. |last7=Vranić |first7=S. |last8=Kalas |first8=M. |last9=Amirzada |first9=Z. |last10=Pavlova |first10=I. |last11=Shah |first11=M. A. R. |last12=Gonzalez-Ollauri |first12=A. |last13=Di Sabatino |first13=S. |date=2023 |title=Nature-based solutions can help reduce the impact of natural hazards: A global analysis of NBS case studies |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969723044492 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=902 |article-number=165824 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165824|pmid=37527720 |bibcode=2023ScTEn.90265824D |hdl=11585/953217 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> De aim be dat resilient ecosystems (whether natural, managed, anaa newly created) provide solutions for de benefit of both societies den biodiversity.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Nature-based Solutions: New Influence for Environmental Management and Research in Europe|last1=Eggermont|first1=Hilde|last2=Balian|first2=Estelle|date=2015|journal=Gaia - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society|language=en|doi=10.14512/gaia.24.4.9|last3=Azevedo|first3=José Manuel N.|last4=Beumer|first4=Victor|last5=Brodin|first5=Tomas|last6=Claudet|first6=Joachim|last7=Fady|first7=Bruno|last8=Grube|first8=Martin|last9=Keune|first9=Hans|volume=24|issue=4|pages=243–248|s2cid=53518417 |url=https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|access-date=24 May 2020|archive-date=7 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507073138/https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> De 2019 UN Climate Action Summit dey highlight nature-based solutions as an effective method to combat climate change.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=Environment |first=U. N. |date=2019 |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Climate |url=http://www.unep.org/nature-based-solutions-climate |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=UNEP - UN Environment Programme |language=en}}</ref> For example, nature-based systems for climate change adaptation fit include natural flood management, restoring natural coastal defences, den providing local cooling.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|310}} De concept of NBS be related to de concept of ecological engineering<ref name=":1" /> den ecosystem-based adaptation.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|284}} NBS are sanso related, conceptually to de practice of ecological restoration. De sustainable management approach be a key aspect of NBS development den implementation. Mangrove restoration efforts along coastlines provide an example of a nature-based solution dat fit achieve multiple goals. Mangroves moderate de impact of waves den wind on coastal settlements anaa cities,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Marois|first1=Darryl E.|last2=Mitsch|first2=William J.|date=2 January 2015|title=Coastal protection from tsunamis and cyclones provided by mangrove wetlands – a review|journal=International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management|volume=11|issue=1|pages=71–83|doi=10.1080/21513732.2014.997292|bibcode=2015IJBSE..11...71M |s2cid=86554474|issn=2151-3732}}</ref> den they sequester carbon.<ref>{{Citation|last=Inoue|first=Tomomi|title=Carbon Sequestration in Mangroves|work=Blue Carbon in Shallow Coastal Ecosystems|year=2019|pages=73–99|place=Singapore|publisher=Springer Singapore|doi=10.1007/978-981-13-1295-3_3|isbn=978-981-13-1294-6|s2cid=133839393}}</ref> Dem sanso provide nursery zones for marine life wich be important for sustaining fisheries. Additionally, mangrove forests fit help to control coastal erosion resulting from sea level rise. Green roofs, blue roofs, den green walls (as part of green infrastructure) are sanso nature-based solutions dat fit be implemented insud urban areas. Dey fit reduce de effects of urban heat islands, capture stormwater, abate pollution, den act as carbon sinks. At de same time, dey fi enhance local biodiversity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2020 |title=Evaluating the potential of nature-based solutions to reduce ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon dioxide through a multi-type green infrastructure study in Ontario, Canada |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590252020300246 |url-status=live |access-date=3 April 2026 |website=ScienceDirect}}</ref> NBS systems den solutions are forming an increasing part of national den international policies on climate change. Dem are included insyd climate change policy, infrastructure investment, den [[climate finance]] mechanisms. De European Commission has paid increasing attention to NBS since 2013.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Faivre|first1=Nicolas|last2=Fritz|first2=Marco|last3=Freitas|first3=Tiago|last4=de Boissezon|first4=Birgit|last5=Vandewoestijne|first5=Sofie|date=2017|title=Nature-Based Solutions in the EU: Innovating with nature to address social, economic and environmental challenges|journal=Environmental Research|volume=159|pages=509–518|doi=10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.032|pmid=28886502|bibcode=2017ER....159..509F|s2cid=42573101|issn=0013-9351}}</ref> Dis be reflected insyd de majority of global NBS case studies reviewed by Debele et al (2023) being located insyd Europe.<ref name=":16" /> While there be much scope for scaling-up nature-based systems den solutions globally, they frequently encounter numerous challenges during planning den implementation.<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":15">{{Cite journal |last1=Wamsler |first1=C. |last2=Wickenberg |first2=B. |last3=Hanson |first3=H. |last4=Alkan Olsson |first4=J. |last5=Stålhammar |first5=S. |last6=Björn |first6=H. |last7=Falck |first7=H. |last8=Gerell |first8=D. |last9=Oskarsson |first9=T. |last10=Simonsson |first10=E. |last11=Torffvit |first11=F. |date=2020 |title=Environmental and climate policy integration: Targeted strategies for overcoming barriers to nature-based solutions and climate change adaptation |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |volume=247 |article-number=119154 |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119154 |issn=0959-6526 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2020JCPro.24719154W }}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last1=Chausson |first1=Alexandre |last2=Turner |first2=Beth |last3=Seddon |first3=Dan |last4=Chabaneix |first4=Nicole |last5=Girardin |first5=Cécile A. J. |last6=Kapos |first6=Valerie |last7=Key |first7=Isabel |last8=Roe |first8=Dilys |last9=Smith |first9=Alison |last10=Woroniecki |first10=Stephen |last11=Seddon |first11=Nathalie |date=2020-09-09 |title=Mapping the effectiveness of nature-based solutions for climate change adaptation |journal=Global Change Biology |volume=26 |issue=11 |pages=6134–6155 |bibcode=2020GCBio..26.6134C |doi=10.1111/gcb.15310 |issn=1354-1013 |pmid=32906226 |s2cid=221621517 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De IPCC dey point out dat de term be "de subject of ongoing debate, plus concerns dat e may lead to de misunderstanding dat NbS on its own fi provide a global solution to climate change".<ref name=":12" />{{rp|24}} To clarify dis point further, de IPCC sanso stated dat "nature-based systems cannot be regarded as an alternative to, anaa a reason to delay, deep cuts insyd GHG emissions".<ref name=":13" />{{rp|203}} {{TOC limit|3}} == Definition == [[File:ISS047-E-84351 Cape Coral, Florida (annotated).jpg|thumb|Mangroves protect coastlines against erosion ([[Cape Coral, Florida|Cape Coral]], Florida, United States)]] De International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) defines NBS as "actions to protect, sustainably manage, den restore natural anaa modified ecosystems, dat address societal challenges effectively den adaptively, simultaneously providing human well-being den biodiversity benefits".<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10">Cohen-Shacham, E., G. Walters, C. Janzen, S. Maginnis (eds). 2016. Nature-based solutions to address global societal challenges. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. Xiii + 97 pp. Downloadable from https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46191 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401093813/https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46191|date=1 April 2021}}</ref> ''Societal challenges'' of relevance here include [[climate change]], food security, disaster risk reduction, water security. Insyd oda words: "Nature-based solutions are interventions dat use de natural functions of healthy ecosystems to protect de environment but sanso provide numerous economic den social benefits."<ref>Dubash, N.K., C.  Mitchell, E.L.  Boasson, M.J.  Borbor-Cordova, S.  Fifita, E.  Haites, M.  Jaccard, F.  Jotzo, S.  Naidoo, P.  Romero-Lankao, M.  Shlapak, W.  Shen, L. Wu, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter13.pdf Chapter 13: National and sub-national policies and institutions]. In IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D.  McCollum, M.  Pathak, S.  Some, P. Vyas, R.  Fradera, M.  Belkacemi, A.  Hasija, G.  Lisboa, S.  Luz, J.  Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.015</ref>{{rp|1403}} Dem are used both insyd de context of climate change mitigation as well as adaptation.<ref>Lecocq, F., H. Winkler, J.P. Daka, S. Fu, J.S. Gerber, S. Kartha, V. Krey, H. Lofgren, T. Masui, R. Mathur, J. Portugal-Pereira, B.  K. Sovacool,  M. V. Vilariño,  N. Zhou, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter04.pdf Chapter 4: Mitigation and development pathways in the near- to mid-term]. In IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van  Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.006</ref>{{rp|469}} De European Commission's definition of NBS states dat these solutions are "inspired den supported by nature, wich are cost-effective, simultaneously provide environmental, social den economic benefits den help build resilience. Such solutions bring more, den more diverse, nature den natural features den processes into cities, landscapes, den seascapes, through locally adapted, resource-efficient den systemic interventions".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Nature-Based Solutions - European Commission |url=https://ec.europa.eu/research/environment/index.cfm?pg=nbs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923161801/http://ec.europa.eu/research/environment/index.cfm?pg=nbs |archive-date=23 September 2019 |access-date=10 December 2019 |website=}}</ref> Insyd 2020, de EC definition was updated to further emphasise dat "Nature-based solutions must benefit biodiversity den support de delivery of a range of ecosystem services."<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Wild |first1=Tom |url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/research_and_innovation/research_by_area/documents/nbs_valorisationprojects_fullreport_web.pdf |title=Nature-based Solutions - State of the Art in EU-funded Projects |last2=Freitas |first2=Tiago |last3=Vandewoestijne |first3=Sofie |date=2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111152411/https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/research_and_innovation/research_by_area/documents/nbs_valorisationprojects_fullreport_web.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> De IPCC Sixth Assessment Report pointed out dat de term ''nature-based solutions'' be "widely but not universally used insyd de scientific literature".<ref name=":12">IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_SummaryForPolicymakers.pdf Summary for Policymakers] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, M. Tignor, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem (eds.)]. In: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3–33, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.001.</ref>{{rp|24}} As of 2017, de term NBS was still regarded as "poorly defined den vague".<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2017 |title='Nature-based solutions' is the latest green jargon that means more than you might think |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/541133b |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=541 |issue=7636 |pages=133–134 |doi=10.1038/541133b |pmid=28079099 |bibcode=2017Natur.541R.133. |s2cid=4455842 |issn=0028-0836|url-access=subscription }}</ref> De term ''ecosystem-based adaptation'' (EbA) be a subset of nature-based solutions den "aims to maintain den increase de resilience den reduce de vulnerability of ecosystems den people insyd de face of de adverse effects of climate change".<ref name=":13" />{{rp|284}} === History of de term === De term ''nature-based solutions'' was put forward by practitioners insyd de late 2000s. At dat time e was used by international organisations such as de International Union for Conservation of Nature den de World Bank insyd de context of finding new solutions to mitigate den adapt to climate change effects by working plus natural ecosystems rather dan relying purely on engineering interventions.<ref name=":5" /><ref name="MacKinnon11">MacKinnon, K., C. Sobrevila, V. Hickey. 2008. [https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/149141468320661795/biodiversity-climate-change-and-adaptation-nature-based-solutions-from-the-world-bank-portfolio Biodiversity, climate change and adaptation: nature-based solutions from the Word Bank portfolio]. Washington D.C.: World Bank.</ref><ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" />{{rp|3}} Chaw indigenous peoples have recognised de natural environment as playing an important role insyd human well-being as part of their traditional knowledge systems, but dis idea did not enter into modern scientific literature until de 1970's plus de concept of ecosystem services.<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" />{{rp|2}} De IUCN referred to NBS insyd a position paper for de United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.<ref>IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2009. No time to lose – make full use of nature-based solutions in the post-2012 climate change regime. Position paper on the Fifteenth session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP 15). Gland: IUCN.</ref> De term be sanso dey adopt by European policymakers, insyd particular by de European Commission, insyd a report<ref name="European Commission 2015">European Commission. 2015. Towards an EU Research and Innovation policy agenda for nature-based solutions & re-naturing cities. Final Report of the Horizon2020 Expert Group on Nature-Based Solutions and Re-Naturing Cities. Brussels: European Commission.</ref> stressing dat NBS fi offer innovative means to create jobs den growth as part of a green economy. De term started to make appearances insyd de mainstream media around de time of de Global Climate Action Summit insyd California insyd September 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2018 |title=Global Climate Action Summit kicks off today in San Francisco with nature-based solutions high on the agenda |url=http://nathalieseddon.blogspot.com/2018/09/global-climate-action-summit-kicks-off.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913112911/http://nathalieseddon.blogspot.com/2018/09/global-climate-action-summit-kicks-off.html |archive-date=13 September 2018 |access-date=13 September 2018 |website=Global Climate Action Summit kicks off today in San Francisco with nature-based solutions high on the agenda}}</ref> == Objectives den framing == [[File:Morro Strand State Beach (1).jpg|thumb|Coastal habitat protection at Morro Strand State Beach insyd San Luis Obispo County, California]]Nature-based solutions stress de sustainable use of nature in solving coupled environmental-social-economic challenges.<ref name=":5" /> NBS go beyond traditional biodiversity conservation den management principles by "re-focusing" de debate on humans den specifically integrating societal factors such as human well-being den poverty reduction, socio-economic development den governance principles. De general objective of NBS be clear, namely de sustainable management den use of Nature for tackling societal challenges.<ref>IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2016. Resolution 077 World Conservation Congress 2016, Hawaiʻi (https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808140530/https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077|date=2019-08-08}}) 17. European Commission. 2016. Horizon2020 Work Programme 2016–2017 – 12. Climate action, environment, [[resource efficiency]] & raw materials, 99 pp. (http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213072645/http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf|date=13 December 2016}})</ref> However, different stakeholders view NBS from a variety of perspectives.<ref name=":1" /> For instance, de IUCN puts de need for well-managed den restored ecosystems at de heart of NBS, plus de overarching goal of "Supporting de achievement of society's development goals den safeguard human well-being insyd ways dat reflect cultural den societal values den enhance de resilience of ecosystems, their capacity for renewal den de provision of services".<ref name="IUCN16">IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2016. Resolution 077 World Conservation Congress 2016, Hawaiʻi (https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808140530/https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077|date=8 August 2019}})</ref> De European Commission underlines dat NBS fi transform environmental den societal challenges into innovation opportunities, by turning natural capital into a source for green growth den sustainable development.<ref name="European Commission 2015" /> Within dis viewpoint, nature-based solutions to societal challenges "bring chaw, den chaw diverse, nature den natural features den processes into cities, landscapes den seascapes, through locally adapted, resource-efficient den systemic interventions".<ref name="ec.europa.eu">European Commission. 2016. Horizon2020 Work Programme 2016–2017 – 12. Climate action, environment, resource efficiency & raw materials, 99 pp. (http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213072645/http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf|date=13 December 2016}})</ref> As a result, NBS has been suggested as a means of implementing de nature-positive goal to halt den reverse nature loss by 2030, den achieve full nature recovery by 2050.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Milner-Gulland |first1=E.J. |last2=Addison |first2=Prue |last3=Arlidge |first3=William N.S. |last4=Baker |first4=Julia |last5=Booth |first5=Hollie |last6=Brooks |first6=Thomas |last7=Bull |first7=Joseph W. |last8=Burgass |first8=Michael J. |last9=Ekstrom |first9=Jon |last10=zu Ermgassen |first10=Sophus O.S.E. |last11=Fleming |first11=L. Vincent |last12=Grub |first12=Henry M.J. |last13=von Hase |first13=Amrei |last14=Hoffmann |first14=Michael |last15=Hutton |first15=Jonathan |date=2021-01-22 |title=Four steps for the Earth: mainstreaming the post-2020 global biodiversity framework |journal=One Earth |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=75–87 |doi=10.1016/j.oneear.2020.12.011 |bibcode=2021OEart...4...75M |issn=2590-3322}}</ref> == Categories == De IUCN proposes to consider NBS as an umbrella concept.<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" /> Categories den examples of NBS approaches according to de IUCN include:<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" /> {| class="wikitable" !Category of NBS approaches !Examples |- |[[Ecosystem restoration]] approaches |Ecological restoration, [[ecological engineering]], forest landscape restoration |- |Issue-specific ecosystem-related approaches |[[Ecosystem-based adaptation]], ecosystem-based mitigation, climate adaptation services, [[ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction]] |- |Infrastructure-related approaches |Natural infrastructure, [[green infrastructure]] |- |[[Ecosystem-based management]] approaches |[[Integrated coastal zone management]], [[integrated water resources management]] |- |Ecosystem protection approaches |Area-based conservation approaches including protected area management |} == References == s4hkkbdvc1ij6mruxoqz47dznpqsa0g 102767 102766 2026-06-14T07:24:41Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Add sub-heading 102767 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Sustainable use of nature for tackling socio-environmental challenges}} [[File:NRCSIA00041 - Iowa (2285)(NRCS Photo Gallery).jpg|thumb|Example for a nature-based solution insyd de area of [[Water resources|water resource]] management: dis riparian buffer protects a creek insyd lowa, United States from the impact of adjacent land uses]] '''Nature-based solutions''' (anaa '''nature-based systems''', den abbreviated as '''NBS''' anaa '''NbS''') describe de development den use of (biodiversity) den natural processes to address diverse soci-environmental issues.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Girardin |first1=Cécile A. J. |last2=Jenkins |first2=Stuart |last3=Seddon |first3=Nathalie |last4=Allen |first4=Myles |last5=Lewis |first5=Simon L. |last6=Wheeler |first6=Charlotte E. |last7=Griscom |first7=Bronson W. |last8=Malhi |first8=Yadvinder |title=Nature-based solutions can help cool the planet — if we act now |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |date=2021 |volume=593 |issue=7858 |pages=191–194 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-01241-2 |doi-access=free|pmid=33981055 |bibcode=2021Natur.593..191G}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Frantzeskaki |first1=Niki |last2=McPhearson |first2=Timon |last3=Collier |first3=Marcus J |last4=Kendal |first4=Dave |last5=Bulkeley |first5=Harriet |last6=Dumitru |first6=Adina |last7=Walsh |first7=Claire |last8=Noble |first8=Kate |last9=van Wyk |first9=Ernita |last10=Ordóñez |first10=Camilo |last11=Oke |first11=Cathy |last12=Pintér |first12=László |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Climate Change Adaptation: Linking Science, Policy, and Practice Communities for Evidence-Based Decision-Making |journal=[[BioScience]] |date=2019 |volume=69 |issue=6 |pages=455–466 |doi=10.1093/biosci/biz042 |doi-access=free|hdl=2183/36896 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> These issues include climate change mitigation den adaptation, human security issues such as water security den food security, den disaster risk reduction.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last1=Debele |first1=S. E. |last2=Leo |first2=L. S. |last3=Kumar |first3=P. |last4=Sahani |first4=J. |last5=Ommer |first5=J. |last6=Bucchignani |first6=E. |last7=Vranić |first7=S. |last8=Kalas |first8=M. |last9=Amirzada |first9=Z. |last10=Pavlova |first10=I. |last11=Shah |first11=M. A. R. |last12=Gonzalez-Ollauri |first12=A. |last13=Di Sabatino |first13=S. |date=2023 |title=Nature-based solutions can help reduce the impact of natural hazards: A global analysis of NBS case studies |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969723044492 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=902 |article-number=165824 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165824|pmid=37527720 |bibcode=2023ScTEn.90265824D |hdl=11585/953217 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> De aim be dat resilient ecosystems (whether natural, managed, anaa newly created) provide solutions for de benefit of both societies den biodiversity.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Nature-based Solutions: New Influence for Environmental Management and Research in Europe|last1=Eggermont|first1=Hilde|last2=Balian|first2=Estelle|date=2015|journal=Gaia - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society|language=en|doi=10.14512/gaia.24.4.9|last3=Azevedo|first3=José Manuel N.|last4=Beumer|first4=Victor|last5=Brodin|first5=Tomas|last6=Claudet|first6=Joachim|last7=Fady|first7=Bruno|last8=Grube|first8=Martin|last9=Keune|first9=Hans|volume=24|issue=4|pages=243–248|s2cid=53518417 |url=https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|access-date=24 May 2020|archive-date=7 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507073138/https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> De 2019 UN Climate Action Summit dey highlight nature-based solutions as an effective method to combat climate change.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=Environment |first=U. N. |date=2019 |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Climate |url=http://www.unep.org/nature-based-solutions-climate |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=UNEP - UN Environment Programme |language=en}}</ref> For example, nature-based systems for climate change adaptation fit include natural flood management, restoring natural coastal defences, den providing local cooling.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|310}} De concept of NBS be related to de concept of ecological engineering<ref name=":1" /> den ecosystem-based adaptation.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|284}} NBS are sanso related, conceptually to de practice of ecological restoration. De sustainable management approach be a key aspect of NBS development den implementation. Mangrove restoration efforts along coastlines provide an example of a nature-based solution dat fit achieve multiple goals. Mangroves moderate de impact of waves den wind on coastal settlements anaa cities,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Marois|first1=Darryl E.|last2=Mitsch|first2=William J.|date=2 January 2015|title=Coastal protection from tsunamis and cyclones provided by mangrove wetlands – a review|journal=International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management|volume=11|issue=1|pages=71–83|doi=10.1080/21513732.2014.997292|bibcode=2015IJBSE..11...71M |s2cid=86554474|issn=2151-3732}}</ref> den they sequester carbon.<ref>{{Citation|last=Inoue|first=Tomomi|title=Carbon Sequestration in Mangroves|work=Blue Carbon in Shallow Coastal Ecosystems|year=2019|pages=73–99|place=Singapore|publisher=Springer Singapore|doi=10.1007/978-981-13-1295-3_3|isbn=978-981-13-1294-6|s2cid=133839393}}</ref> Dem sanso provide nursery zones for marine life wich be important for sustaining fisheries. Additionally, mangrove forests fit help to control coastal erosion resulting from sea level rise. Green roofs, blue roofs, den green walls (as part of green infrastructure) are sanso nature-based solutions dat fit be implemented insud urban areas. Dey fit reduce de effects of urban heat islands, capture stormwater, abate pollution, den act as carbon sinks. At de same time, dey fi enhance local biodiversity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2020 |title=Evaluating the potential of nature-based solutions to reduce ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon dioxide through a multi-type green infrastructure study in Ontario, Canada |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590252020300246 |url-status=live |access-date=3 April 2026 |website=ScienceDirect}}</ref> NBS systems den solutions are forming an increasing part of national den international policies on climate change. Dem are included insyd climate change policy, infrastructure investment, den [[climate finance]] mechanisms. De European Commission has paid increasing attention to NBS since 2013.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Faivre|first1=Nicolas|last2=Fritz|first2=Marco|last3=Freitas|first3=Tiago|last4=de Boissezon|first4=Birgit|last5=Vandewoestijne|first5=Sofie|date=2017|title=Nature-Based Solutions in the EU: Innovating with nature to address social, economic and environmental challenges|journal=Environmental Research|volume=159|pages=509–518|doi=10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.032|pmid=28886502|bibcode=2017ER....159..509F|s2cid=42573101|issn=0013-9351}}</ref> Dis be reflected insyd de majority of global NBS case studies reviewed by Debele et al (2023) being located insyd Europe.<ref name=":16" /> While there be much scope for scaling-up nature-based systems den solutions globally, they frequently encounter numerous challenges during planning den implementation.<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":15">{{Cite journal |last1=Wamsler |first1=C. |last2=Wickenberg |first2=B. |last3=Hanson |first3=H. |last4=Alkan Olsson |first4=J. |last5=Stålhammar |first5=S. |last6=Björn |first6=H. |last7=Falck |first7=H. |last8=Gerell |first8=D. |last9=Oskarsson |first9=T. |last10=Simonsson |first10=E. |last11=Torffvit |first11=F. |date=2020 |title=Environmental and climate policy integration: Targeted strategies for overcoming barriers to nature-based solutions and climate change adaptation |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |volume=247 |article-number=119154 |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119154 |issn=0959-6526 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2020JCPro.24719154W }}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last1=Chausson |first1=Alexandre |last2=Turner |first2=Beth |last3=Seddon |first3=Dan |last4=Chabaneix |first4=Nicole |last5=Girardin |first5=Cécile A. J. |last6=Kapos |first6=Valerie |last7=Key |first7=Isabel |last8=Roe |first8=Dilys |last9=Smith |first9=Alison |last10=Woroniecki |first10=Stephen |last11=Seddon |first11=Nathalie |date=2020-09-09 |title=Mapping the effectiveness of nature-based solutions for climate change adaptation |journal=Global Change Biology |volume=26 |issue=11 |pages=6134–6155 |bibcode=2020GCBio..26.6134C |doi=10.1111/gcb.15310 |issn=1354-1013 |pmid=32906226 |s2cid=221621517 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De IPCC dey point out dat de term be "de subject of ongoing debate, plus concerns dat e may lead to de misunderstanding dat NbS on its own fi provide a global solution to climate change".<ref name=":12" />{{rp|24}} To clarify dis point further, de IPCC sanso stated dat "nature-based systems cannot be regarded as an alternative to, anaa a reason to delay, deep cuts insyd GHG emissions".<ref name=":13" />{{rp|203}} {{TOC limit|3}} == Definition == [[File:ISS047-E-84351 Cape Coral, Florida (annotated).jpg|thumb|Mangroves protect coastlines against erosion ([[Cape Coral, Florida|Cape Coral]], Florida, United States)]] De International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) defines NBS as "actions to protect, sustainably manage, den restore natural anaa modified ecosystems, dat address societal challenges effectively den adaptively, simultaneously providing human well-being den biodiversity benefits".<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10">Cohen-Shacham, E., G. Walters, C. Janzen, S. Maginnis (eds). 2016. Nature-based solutions to address global societal challenges. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. Xiii + 97 pp. Downloadable from https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46191 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401093813/https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46191|date=1 April 2021}}</ref> ''Societal challenges'' of relevance here include [[climate change]], food security, disaster risk reduction, water security. Insyd oda words: "Nature-based solutions are interventions dat use de natural functions of healthy ecosystems to protect de environment but sanso provide numerous economic den social benefits."<ref>Dubash, N.K., C.  Mitchell, E.L.  Boasson, M.J.  Borbor-Cordova, S.  Fifita, E.  Haites, M.  Jaccard, F.  Jotzo, S.  Naidoo, P.  Romero-Lankao, M.  Shlapak, W.  Shen, L. Wu, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter13.pdf Chapter 13: National and sub-national policies and institutions]. In IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D.  McCollum, M.  Pathak, S.  Some, P. Vyas, R.  Fradera, M.  Belkacemi, A.  Hasija, G.  Lisboa, S.  Luz, J.  Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.015</ref>{{rp|1403}} Dem are used both insyd de context of climate change mitigation as well as adaptation.<ref>Lecocq, F., H. Winkler, J.P. Daka, S. Fu, J.S. Gerber, S. Kartha, V. Krey, H. Lofgren, T. Masui, R. Mathur, J. Portugal-Pereira, B.  K. Sovacool,  M. V. Vilariño,  N. Zhou, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter04.pdf Chapter 4: Mitigation and development pathways in the near- to mid-term]. In IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van  Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.006</ref>{{rp|469}} De European Commission's definition of NBS states dat these solutions are "inspired den supported by nature, wich are cost-effective, simultaneously provide environmental, social den economic benefits den help build resilience. Such solutions bring more, den more diverse, nature den natural features den processes into cities, landscapes, den seascapes, through locally adapted, resource-efficient den systemic interventions".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Nature-Based Solutions - European Commission |url=https://ec.europa.eu/research/environment/index.cfm?pg=nbs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923161801/http://ec.europa.eu/research/environment/index.cfm?pg=nbs |archive-date=23 September 2019 |access-date=10 December 2019 |website=}}</ref> Insyd 2020, de EC definition was updated to further emphasise dat "Nature-based solutions must benefit biodiversity den support de delivery of a range of ecosystem services."<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Wild |first1=Tom |url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/research_and_innovation/research_by_area/documents/nbs_valorisationprojects_fullreport_web.pdf |title=Nature-based Solutions - State of the Art in EU-funded Projects |last2=Freitas |first2=Tiago |last3=Vandewoestijne |first3=Sofie |date=2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111152411/https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/research_and_innovation/research_by_area/documents/nbs_valorisationprojects_fullreport_web.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> De IPCC Sixth Assessment Report pointed out dat de term ''nature-based solutions'' be "widely but not universally used insyd de scientific literature".<ref name=":12">IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_SummaryForPolicymakers.pdf Summary for Policymakers] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, M. Tignor, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem (eds.)]. In: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3–33, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.001.</ref>{{rp|24}} As of 2017, de term NBS was still regarded as "poorly defined den vague".<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2017 |title='Nature-based solutions' is the latest green jargon that means more than you might think |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/541133b |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=541 |issue=7636 |pages=133–134 |doi=10.1038/541133b |pmid=28079099 |bibcode=2017Natur.541R.133. |s2cid=4455842 |issn=0028-0836|url-access=subscription }}</ref> De term ''ecosystem-based adaptation'' (EbA) be a subset of nature-based solutions den "aims to maintain den increase de resilience den reduce de vulnerability of ecosystems den people insyd de face of de adverse effects of climate change".<ref name=":13" />{{rp|284}} === History of de term === De term ''nature-based solutions'' was put forward by practitioners insyd de late 2000s. At dat time e was used by international organisations such as de International Union for Conservation of Nature den de World Bank insyd de context of finding new solutions to mitigate den adapt to climate change effects by working plus natural ecosystems rather dan relying purely on engineering interventions.<ref name=":5" /><ref name="MacKinnon11">MacKinnon, K., C. Sobrevila, V. Hickey. 2008. [https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/149141468320661795/biodiversity-climate-change-and-adaptation-nature-based-solutions-from-the-world-bank-portfolio Biodiversity, climate change and adaptation: nature-based solutions from the Word Bank portfolio]. Washington D.C.: World Bank.</ref><ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" />{{rp|3}} Chaw indigenous peoples have recognised de natural environment as playing an important role insyd human well-being as part of their traditional knowledge systems, but dis idea did not enter into modern scientific literature until de 1970's plus de concept of ecosystem services.<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" />{{rp|2}} De IUCN referred to NBS insyd a position paper for de United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.<ref>IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2009. No time to lose – make full use of nature-based solutions in the post-2012 climate change regime. Position paper on the Fifteenth session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP 15). Gland: IUCN.</ref> De term be sanso dey adopt by European policymakers, insyd particular by de European Commission, insyd a report<ref name="European Commission 2015">European Commission. 2015. Towards an EU Research and Innovation policy agenda for nature-based solutions & re-naturing cities. Final Report of the Horizon2020 Expert Group on Nature-Based Solutions and Re-Naturing Cities. Brussels: European Commission.</ref> stressing dat NBS fi offer innovative means to create jobs den growth as part of a green economy. De term started to make appearances insyd de mainstream media around de time of de Global Climate Action Summit insyd California insyd September 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2018 |title=Global Climate Action Summit kicks off today in San Francisco with nature-based solutions high on the agenda |url=http://nathalieseddon.blogspot.com/2018/09/global-climate-action-summit-kicks-off.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913112911/http://nathalieseddon.blogspot.com/2018/09/global-climate-action-summit-kicks-off.html |archive-date=13 September 2018 |access-date=13 September 2018 |website=Global Climate Action Summit kicks off today in San Francisco with nature-based solutions high on the agenda}}</ref> == Objectives den framing == [[File:Morro Strand State Beach (1).jpg|thumb|Coastal habitat protection at Morro Strand State Beach insyd San Luis Obispo County, California]]Nature-based solutions stress de sustainable use of nature in solving coupled environmental-social-economic challenges.<ref name=":5" /> NBS go beyond traditional biodiversity conservation den management principles by "re-focusing" de debate on humans den specifically integrating societal factors such as human well-being den poverty reduction, socio-economic development den governance principles. De general objective of NBS be clear, namely de sustainable management den use of Nature for tackling societal challenges.<ref>IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2016. Resolution 077 World Conservation Congress 2016, Hawaiʻi (https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808140530/https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077|date=2019-08-08}}) 17. European Commission. 2016. Horizon2020 Work Programme 2016–2017 – 12. Climate action, environment, [[resource efficiency]] & raw materials, 99 pp. (http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213072645/http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf|date=13 December 2016}})</ref> However, different stakeholders view NBS from a variety of perspectives.<ref name=":1" /> For instance, de IUCN puts de need for well-managed den restored ecosystems at de heart of NBS, plus de overarching goal of "Supporting de achievement of society's development goals den safeguard human well-being insyd ways dat reflect cultural den societal values den enhance de resilience of ecosystems, their capacity for renewal den de provision of services".<ref name="IUCN16">IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2016. Resolution 077 World Conservation Congress 2016, Hawaiʻi (https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808140530/https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077|date=8 August 2019}})</ref> De European Commission underlines dat NBS fi transform environmental den societal challenges into innovation opportunities, by turning natural capital into a source for green growth den sustainable development.<ref name="European Commission 2015" /> Within dis viewpoint, nature-based solutions to societal challenges "bring chaw, den chaw diverse, nature den natural features den processes into cities, landscapes den seascapes, through locally adapted, resource-efficient den systemic interventions".<ref name="ec.europa.eu">European Commission. 2016. Horizon2020 Work Programme 2016–2017 – 12. Climate action, environment, resource efficiency & raw materials, 99 pp. (http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213072645/http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf|date=13 December 2016}})</ref> As a result, NBS has been suggested as a means of implementing de nature-positive goal to halt den reverse nature loss by 2030, den achieve full nature recovery by 2050.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Milner-Gulland |first1=E.J. |last2=Addison |first2=Prue |last3=Arlidge |first3=William N.S. |last4=Baker |first4=Julia |last5=Booth |first5=Hollie |last6=Brooks |first6=Thomas |last7=Bull |first7=Joseph W. |last8=Burgass |first8=Michael J. |last9=Ekstrom |first9=Jon |last10=zu Ermgassen |first10=Sophus O.S.E. |last11=Fleming |first11=L. Vincent |last12=Grub |first12=Henry M.J. |last13=von Hase |first13=Amrei |last14=Hoffmann |first14=Michael |last15=Hutton |first15=Jonathan |date=2021-01-22 |title=Four steps for the Earth: mainstreaming the post-2020 global biodiversity framework |journal=One Earth |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=75–87 |doi=10.1016/j.oneear.2020.12.011 |bibcode=2021OEart...4...75M |issn=2590-3322}}</ref> == Categories == De IUCN proposes to consider NBS as an umbrella concept.<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" /> Categories den examples of NBS approaches according to de IUCN include:<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" /> {| class="wikitable" !Category of NBS approaches !Examples |- |[[Ecosystem restoration]] approaches |Ecological restoration, [[ecological engineering]], forest landscape restoration |- |Issue-specific ecosystem-related approaches |[[Ecosystem-based adaptation]], ecosystem-based mitigation, climate adaptation services, [[ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction]] |- |Infrastructure-related approaches |Natural infrastructure, [[green infrastructure]] |- |[[Ecosystem-based management]] approaches |[[Integrated coastal zone management]], [[integrated water resources management]] |- |Ecosystem protection approaches |Area-based conservation approaches including protected area management |} == Types == == References == 8sqmsuyhk227hvg1fjuw2t6hnhbjkgc 102768 102767 2026-06-14T07:25:47Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve am 102768 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Sustainable use of nature for tackling socio-environmental challenges}} [[File:NRCSIA00041 - Iowa (2285)(NRCS Photo Gallery).jpg|thumb|Example for a nature-based solution insyd de area of [[Water resources|water resource]] management: dis riparian buffer protects a creek insyd lowa, United States from the impact of adjacent land uses]] '''Nature-based solutions''' (anaa '''nature-based systems''', den abbreviated as '''NBS''' anaa '''NbS''') describe de development den use of (biodiversity) den natural processes to address diverse soci-environmental issues.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Girardin |first1=Cécile A. J. |last2=Jenkins |first2=Stuart |last3=Seddon |first3=Nathalie |last4=Allen |first4=Myles |last5=Lewis |first5=Simon L. |last6=Wheeler |first6=Charlotte E. |last7=Griscom |first7=Bronson W. |last8=Malhi |first8=Yadvinder |title=Nature-based solutions can help cool the planet — if we act now |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |date=2021 |volume=593 |issue=7858 |pages=191–194 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-01241-2 |doi-access=free|pmid=33981055 |bibcode=2021Natur.593..191G}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Frantzeskaki |first1=Niki |last2=McPhearson |first2=Timon |last3=Collier |first3=Marcus J |last4=Kendal |first4=Dave |last5=Bulkeley |first5=Harriet |last6=Dumitru |first6=Adina |last7=Walsh |first7=Claire |last8=Noble |first8=Kate |last9=van Wyk |first9=Ernita |last10=Ordóñez |first10=Camilo |last11=Oke |first11=Cathy |last12=Pintér |first12=László |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Climate Change Adaptation: Linking Science, Policy, and Practice Communities for Evidence-Based Decision-Making |journal=[[BioScience]] |date=2019 |volume=69 |issue=6 |pages=455–466 |doi=10.1093/biosci/biz042 |doi-access=free|hdl=2183/36896 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> These issues include climate change mitigation den adaptation, human security issues such as water security den food security, den disaster risk reduction.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last1=Debele |first1=S. E. |last2=Leo |first2=L. S. |last3=Kumar |first3=P. |last4=Sahani |first4=J. |last5=Ommer |first5=J. |last6=Bucchignani |first6=E. |last7=Vranić |first7=S. |last8=Kalas |first8=M. |last9=Amirzada |first9=Z. |last10=Pavlova |first10=I. |last11=Shah |first11=M. A. R. |last12=Gonzalez-Ollauri |first12=A. |last13=Di Sabatino |first13=S. |date=2023 |title=Nature-based solutions can help reduce the impact of natural hazards: A global analysis of NBS case studies |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969723044492 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=902 |article-number=165824 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165824|pmid=37527720 |bibcode=2023ScTEn.90265824D |hdl=11585/953217 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> De aim be dat resilient ecosystems (whether natural, managed, anaa newly created) provide solutions for de benefit of both societies den biodiversity.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Nature-based Solutions: New Influence for Environmental Management and Research in Europe|last1=Eggermont|first1=Hilde|last2=Balian|first2=Estelle|date=2015|journal=Gaia - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society|language=en|doi=10.14512/gaia.24.4.9|last3=Azevedo|first3=José Manuel N.|last4=Beumer|first4=Victor|last5=Brodin|first5=Tomas|last6=Claudet|first6=Joachim|last7=Fady|first7=Bruno|last8=Grube|first8=Martin|last9=Keune|first9=Hans|volume=24|issue=4|pages=243–248|s2cid=53518417 |url=https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|access-date=24 May 2020|archive-date=7 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507073138/https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> De 2019 UN Climate Action Summit dey highlight nature-based solutions as an effective method to combat climate change.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=Environment |first=U. N. |date=2019 |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Climate |url=http://www.unep.org/nature-based-solutions-climate |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=UNEP - UN Environment Programme |language=en}}</ref> For example, nature-based systems for climate change adaptation fit include natural flood management, restoring natural coastal defences, den providing local cooling.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|310}} De concept of NBS be related to de concept of ecological engineering<ref name=":1" /> den ecosystem-based adaptation.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|284}} NBS are sanso related, conceptually to de practice of ecological restoration. De sustainable management approach be a key aspect of NBS development den implementation. Mangrove restoration efforts along coastlines provide an example of a nature-based solution dat fit achieve multiple goals. Mangroves moderate de impact of waves den wind on coastal settlements anaa cities,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Marois|first1=Darryl E.|last2=Mitsch|first2=William J.|date=2 January 2015|title=Coastal protection from tsunamis and cyclones provided by mangrove wetlands – a review|journal=International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management|volume=11|issue=1|pages=71–83|doi=10.1080/21513732.2014.997292|bibcode=2015IJBSE..11...71M |s2cid=86554474|issn=2151-3732}}</ref> den they sequester carbon.<ref>{{Citation|last=Inoue|first=Tomomi|title=Carbon Sequestration in Mangroves|work=Blue Carbon in Shallow Coastal Ecosystems|year=2019|pages=73–99|place=Singapore|publisher=Springer Singapore|doi=10.1007/978-981-13-1295-3_3|isbn=978-981-13-1294-6|s2cid=133839393}}</ref> Dem sanso provide nursery zones for marine life wich be important for sustaining fisheries. Additionally, mangrove forests fit help to control coastal erosion resulting from sea level rise. Green roofs, blue roofs, den green walls (as part of green infrastructure) are sanso nature-based solutions dat fit be implemented insud urban areas. Dey fit reduce de effects of urban heat islands, capture stormwater, abate pollution, den act as carbon sinks. At de same time, dey fi enhance local biodiversity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2020 |title=Evaluating the potential of nature-based solutions to reduce ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon dioxide through a multi-type green infrastructure study in Ontario, Canada |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590252020300246 |url-status=live |access-date=3 April 2026 |website=ScienceDirect}}</ref> NBS systems den solutions are forming an increasing part of national den international policies on climate change. Dem are included insyd climate change policy, infrastructure investment, den [[climate finance]] mechanisms. De European Commission has paid increasing attention to NBS since 2013.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Faivre|first1=Nicolas|last2=Fritz|first2=Marco|last3=Freitas|first3=Tiago|last4=de Boissezon|first4=Birgit|last5=Vandewoestijne|first5=Sofie|date=2017|title=Nature-Based Solutions in the EU: Innovating with nature to address social, economic and environmental challenges|journal=Environmental Research|volume=159|pages=509–518|doi=10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.032|pmid=28886502|bibcode=2017ER....159..509F|s2cid=42573101|issn=0013-9351}}</ref> Dis be reflected insyd de majority of global NBS case studies reviewed by Debele et al (2023) being located insyd Europe.<ref name=":16" /> While there be much scope for scaling-up nature-based systems den solutions globally, they frequently encounter numerous challenges during planning den implementation.<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":15">{{Cite journal |last1=Wamsler |first1=C. |last2=Wickenberg |first2=B. |last3=Hanson |first3=H. |last4=Alkan Olsson |first4=J. |last5=Stålhammar |first5=S. |last6=Björn |first6=H. |last7=Falck |first7=H. |last8=Gerell |first8=D. |last9=Oskarsson |first9=T. |last10=Simonsson |first10=E. |last11=Torffvit |first11=F. |date=2020 |title=Environmental and climate policy integration: Targeted strategies for overcoming barriers to nature-based solutions and climate change adaptation |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |volume=247 |article-number=119154 |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119154 |issn=0959-6526 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2020JCPro.24719154W }}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last1=Chausson |first1=Alexandre |last2=Turner |first2=Beth |last3=Seddon |first3=Dan |last4=Chabaneix |first4=Nicole |last5=Girardin |first5=Cécile A. J. |last6=Kapos |first6=Valerie |last7=Key |first7=Isabel |last8=Roe |first8=Dilys |last9=Smith |first9=Alison |last10=Woroniecki |first10=Stephen |last11=Seddon |first11=Nathalie |date=2020-09-09 |title=Mapping the effectiveness of nature-based solutions for climate change adaptation |journal=Global Change Biology |volume=26 |issue=11 |pages=6134–6155 |bibcode=2020GCBio..26.6134C |doi=10.1111/gcb.15310 |issn=1354-1013 |pmid=32906226 |s2cid=221621517 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De IPCC dey point out dat de term be "de subject of ongoing debate, plus concerns dat e may lead to de misunderstanding dat NbS on its own fi provide a global solution to climate change".<ref name=":12" />{{rp|24}} To clarify dis point further, de IPCC sanso stated dat "nature-based systems cannot be regarded as an alternative to, anaa a reason to delay, deep cuts insyd GHG emissions".<ref name=":13" />{{rp|203}} {{TOC limit|3}} == Definition == [[File:ISS047-E-84351 Cape Coral, Florida (annotated).jpg|thumb|Mangroves protect coastlines against erosion ([[Cape Coral, Florida|Cape Coral]], Florida, United States)]] De International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) defines NBS as "actions to protect, sustainably manage, den restore natural anaa modified ecosystems, dat address societal challenges effectively den adaptively, simultaneously providing human well-being den biodiversity benefits".<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10">Cohen-Shacham, E., G. Walters, C. Janzen, S. Maginnis (eds). 2016. Nature-based solutions to address global societal challenges. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. Xiii + 97 pp. Downloadable from https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46191 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401093813/https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46191|date=1 April 2021}}</ref> ''Societal challenges'' of relevance here include [[climate change]], food security, disaster risk reduction, water security. Insyd oda words: "Nature-based solutions are interventions dat use de natural functions of healthy ecosystems to protect de environment but sanso provide numerous economic den social benefits."<ref>Dubash, N.K., C.  Mitchell, E.L.  Boasson, M.J.  Borbor-Cordova, S.  Fifita, E.  Haites, M.  Jaccard, F.  Jotzo, S.  Naidoo, P.  Romero-Lankao, M.  Shlapak, W.  Shen, L. Wu, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter13.pdf Chapter 13: National and sub-national policies and institutions]. In IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D.  McCollum, M.  Pathak, S.  Some, P. Vyas, R.  Fradera, M.  Belkacemi, A.  Hasija, G.  Lisboa, S.  Luz, J.  Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.015</ref>{{rp|1403}} Dem are used both insyd de context of climate change mitigation as well as adaptation.<ref>Lecocq, F., H. Winkler, J.P. Daka, S. Fu, J.S. Gerber, S. Kartha, V. Krey, H. Lofgren, T. Masui, R. Mathur, J. Portugal-Pereira, B.  K. Sovacool,  M. V. Vilariño,  N. Zhou, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter04.pdf Chapter 4: Mitigation and development pathways in the near- to mid-term]. In IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van  Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.006</ref>{{rp|469}} De European Commission's definition of NBS states dat these solutions are "inspired den supported by nature, wich are cost-effective, simultaneously provide environmental, social den economic benefits den help build resilience. Such solutions bring more, den more diverse, nature den natural features den processes into cities, landscapes, den seascapes, through locally adapted, resource-efficient den systemic interventions".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Nature-Based Solutions - European Commission |url=https://ec.europa.eu/research/environment/index.cfm?pg=nbs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923161801/http://ec.europa.eu/research/environment/index.cfm?pg=nbs |archive-date=23 September 2019 |access-date=10 December 2019 |website=}}</ref> Insyd 2020, de EC definition was updated to further emphasise dat "Nature-based solutions must benefit biodiversity den support de delivery of a range of ecosystem services."<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Wild |first1=Tom |url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/research_and_innovation/research_by_area/documents/nbs_valorisationprojects_fullreport_web.pdf |title=Nature-based Solutions - State of the Art in EU-funded Projects |last2=Freitas |first2=Tiago |last3=Vandewoestijne |first3=Sofie |date=2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111152411/https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/research_and_innovation/research_by_area/documents/nbs_valorisationprojects_fullreport_web.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> De IPCC Sixth Assessment Report pointed out dat de term ''nature-based solutions'' be "widely but not universally used insyd de scientific literature".<ref name=":12">IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_SummaryForPolicymakers.pdf Summary for Policymakers] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, M. Tignor, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem (eds.)]. In: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3–33, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.001.</ref>{{rp|24}} As of 2017, de term NBS was still regarded as "poorly defined den vague".<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2017 |title='Nature-based solutions' is the latest green jargon that means more than you might think |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/541133b |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=541 |issue=7636 |pages=133–134 |doi=10.1038/541133b |pmid=28079099 |bibcode=2017Natur.541R.133. |s2cid=4455842 |issn=0028-0836|url-access=subscription }}</ref> De term ''ecosystem-based adaptation'' (EbA) be a subset of nature-based solutions den "aims to maintain den increase de resilience den reduce de vulnerability of ecosystems den people insyd de face of de adverse effects of climate change".<ref name=":13" />{{rp|284}} === History of de term === De term ''nature-based solutions'' was put forward by practitioners insyd de late 2000s. At dat time e was used by international organisations such as de International Union for Conservation of Nature den de World Bank insyd de context of finding new solutions to mitigate den adapt to climate change effects by working plus natural ecosystems rather dan relying purely on engineering interventions.<ref name=":5" /><ref name="MacKinnon11">MacKinnon, K., C. Sobrevila, V. Hickey. 2008. [https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/149141468320661795/biodiversity-climate-change-and-adaptation-nature-based-solutions-from-the-world-bank-portfolio Biodiversity, climate change and adaptation: nature-based solutions from the Word Bank portfolio]. Washington D.C.: World Bank.</ref><ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" />{{rp|3}} Chaw indigenous peoples have recognised de natural environment as playing an important role insyd human well-being as part of their traditional knowledge systems, but dis idea did not enter into modern scientific literature until de 1970's plus de concept of ecosystem services.<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" />{{rp|2}} De IUCN referred to NBS insyd a position paper for de United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.<ref>IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2009. No time to lose – make full use of nature-based solutions in the post-2012 climate change regime. Position paper on the Fifteenth session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP 15). Gland: IUCN.</ref> De term be sanso dey adopt by European policymakers, insyd particular by de European Commission, insyd a report<ref name="European Commission 2015">European Commission. 2015. Towards an EU Research and Innovation policy agenda for nature-based solutions & re-naturing cities. Final Report of the Horizon2020 Expert Group on Nature-Based Solutions and Re-Naturing Cities. Brussels: European Commission.</ref> stressing dat NBS fi offer innovative means to create jobs den growth as part of a green economy. De term started to make appearances insyd de mainstream media around de time of de Global Climate Action Summit insyd California insyd September 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2018 |title=Global Climate Action Summit kicks off today in San Francisco with nature-based solutions high on the agenda |url=http://nathalieseddon.blogspot.com/2018/09/global-climate-action-summit-kicks-off.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913112911/http://nathalieseddon.blogspot.com/2018/09/global-climate-action-summit-kicks-off.html |archive-date=13 September 2018 |access-date=13 September 2018 |website=Global Climate Action Summit kicks off today in San Francisco with nature-based solutions high on the agenda}}</ref> == Objectives den framing == [[File:Morro Strand State Beach (1).jpg|thumb|Coastal habitat protection at Morro Strand State Beach insyd San Luis Obispo County, California]]Nature-based solutions stress de sustainable use of nature in solving coupled environmental-social-economic challenges.<ref name=":5" /> NBS go beyond traditional biodiversity conservation den management principles by "re-focusing" de debate on humans den specifically integrating societal factors such as human well-being den poverty reduction, socio-economic development den governance principles. De general objective of NBS be clear, namely de sustainable management den use of Nature for tackling societal challenges.<ref>IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2016. Resolution 077 World Conservation Congress 2016, Hawaiʻi (https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808140530/https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077|date=2019-08-08}}) 17. European Commission. 2016. Horizon2020 Work Programme 2016–2017 – 12. Climate action, environment, [[resource efficiency]] & raw materials, 99 pp. (http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213072645/http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf|date=13 December 2016}})</ref> However, different stakeholders view NBS from a variety of perspectives.<ref name=":1" /> For instance, de IUCN puts de need for well-managed den restored ecosystems at de heart of NBS, plus de overarching goal of "Supporting de achievement of society's development goals den safeguard human well-being insyd ways dat reflect cultural den societal values den enhance de resilience of ecosystems, their capacity for renewal den de provision of services".<ref name="IUCN16">IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2016. Resolution 077 World Conservation Congress 2016, Hawaiʻi (https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808140530/https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077|date=8 August 2019}})</ref> De European Commission underlines dat NBS fi transform environmental den societal challenges into innovation opportunities, by turning natural capital into a source for green growth den sustainable development.<ref name="European Commission 2015" /> Within dis viewpoint, nature-based solutions to societal challenges "bring chaw, den chaw diverse, nature den natural features den processes into cities, landscapes den seascapes, through locally adapted, resource-efficient den systemic interventions".<ref name="ec.europa.eu">European Commission. 2016. Horizon2020 Work Programme 2016–2017 – 12. Climate action, environment, resource efficiency & raw materials, 99 pp. (http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213072645/http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf|date=13 December 2016}})</ref> As a result, NBS has been suggested as a means of implementing de nature-positive goal to halt den reverse nature loss by 2030, den achieve full nature recovery by 2050.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Milner-Gulland |first1=E.J. |last2=Addison |first2=Prue |last3=Arlidge |first3=William N.S. |last4=Baker |first4=Julia |last5=Booth |first5=Hollie |last6=Brooks |first6=Thomas |last7=Bull |first7=Joseph W. |last8=Burgass |first8=Michael J. |last9=Ekstrom |first9=Jon |last10=zu Ermgassen |first10=Sophus O.S.E. |last11=Fleming |first11=L. Vincent |last12=Grub |first12=Henry M.J. |last13=von Hase |first13=Amrei |last14=Hoffmann |first14=Michael |last15=Hutton |first15=Jonathan |date=2021-01-22 |title=Four steps for the Earth: mainstreaming the post-2020 global biodiversity framework |journal=One Earth |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=75–87 |doi=10.1016/j.oneear.2020.12.011 |bibcode=2021OEart...4...75M |issn=2590-3322}}</ref> == Categories == De IUCN proposes to consider NBS as an umbrella concept.<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" /> Categories den examples of NBS approaches according to de IUCN include:<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" /> {| class="wikitable" !Category of NBS approaches !Examples |- |[[Ecosystem restoration]] approaches |Ecological restoration, [[ecological engineering]], forest landscape restoration |- |Issue-specific ecosystem-related approaches |[[Ecosystem-based adaptation]], ecosystem-based mitigation, climate adaptation services, [[ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction]] |- |Infrastructure-related approaches |Natural infrastructure, [[green infrastructure]] |- |[[Ecosystem-based management]] approaches |[[Integrated coastal zone management]], [[integrated water resources management]] |- |Ecosystem protection approaches |Area-based conservation approaches including protected area management |} == Types == [[File:Fig 2 NbS.jpg|thumb|upright=1.46|Schematic presentation of de NBS typology.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Eggermont |first1=Hilde |last2=Balian |first2=Estelle |last3=Azevedo |first3=José Manuel N. |last4=Beumer |first4=Victor |last5=Brodin |first5=Tomas |last6=Claudet |first6=Joachim |last7=Fady |first7=Bruno |last8=Grube |first8=Martin |last9=Keune |first9=Hans |date=2015 |title=Nature-based Solutions: New Influence for Environmental Management and Research in Europe |url=https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Gaia - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society |language=en |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=243–248 |doi=10.14512/gaia.24.4.9 |s2cid=53518417 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507073138/https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf |archive-date=7 May 2020 |access-date=24 May 2020 |hdl=10400.3/4170}}</ref>]] == References == dxxszfyxdvv6rlsof8npfh7f8qo5tq6 102769 102768 2026-06-14T07:26:44Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve am 102769 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Sustainable use of nature for tackling socio-environmental challenges}} [[File:NRCSIA00041 - Iowa (2285)(NRCS Photo Gallery).jpg|thumb|Example for a nature-based solution insyd de area of [[Water resources|water resource]] management: dis riparian buffer protects a creek insyd lowa, United States from the impact of adjacent land uses]] '''Nature-based solutions''' (anaa '''nature-based systems''', den abbreviated as '''NBS''' anaa '''NbS''') describe de development den use of (biodiversity) den natural processes to address diverse soci-environmental issues.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Girardin |first1=Cécile A. J. |last2=Jenkins |first2=Stuart |last3=Seddon |first3=Nathalie |last4=Allen |first4=Myles |last5=Lewis |first5=Simon L. |last6=Wheeler |first6=Charlotte E. |last7=Griscom |first7=Bronson W. |last8=Malhi |first8=Yadvinder |title=Nature-based solutions can help cool the planet — if we act now |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |date=2021 |volume=593 |issue=7858 |pages=191–194 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-01241-2 |doi-access=free|pmid=33981055 |bibcode=2021Natur.593..191G}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Frantzeskaki |first1=Niki |last2=McPhearson |first2=Timon |last3=Collier |first3=Marcus J |last4=Kendal |first4=Dave |last5=Bulkeley |first5=Harriet |last6=Dumitru |first6=Adina |last7=Walsh |first7=Claire |last8=Noble |first8=Kate |last9=van Wyk |first9=Ernita |last10=Ordóñez |first10=Camilo |last11=Oke |first11=Cathy |last12=Pintér |first12=László |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Climate Change Adaptation: Linking Science, Policy, and Practice Communities for Evidence-Based Decision-Making |journal=[[BioScience]] |date=2019 |volume=69 |issue=6 |pages=455–466 |doi=10.1093/biosci/biz042 |doi-access=free|hdl=2183/36896 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> These issues include climate change mitigation den adaptation, human security issues such as water security den food security, den disaster risk reduction.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last1=Debele |first1=S. E. |last2=Leo |first2=L. S. |last3=Kumar |first3=P. |last4=Sahani |first4=J. |last5=Ommer |first5=J. |last6=Bucchignani |first6=E. |last7=Vranić |first7=S. |last8=Kalas |first8=M. |last9=Amirzada |first9=Z. |last10=Pavlova |first10=I. |last11=Shah |first11=M. A. R. |last12=Gonzalez-Ollauri |first12=A. |last13=Di Sabatino |first13=S. |date=2023 |title=Nature-based solutions can help reduce the impact of natural hazards: A global analysis of NBS case studies |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969723044492 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=902 |article-number=165824 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165824|pmid=37527720 |bibcode=2023ScTEn.90265824D |hdl=11585/953217 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> De aim be dat resilient ecosystems (whether natural, managed, anaa newly created) provide solutions for de benefit of both societies den biodiversity.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Nature-based Solutions: New Influence for Environmental Management and Research in Europe|last1=Eggermont|first1=Hilde|last2=Balian|first2=Estelle|date=2015|journal=Gaia - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society|language=en|doi=10.14512/gaia.24.4.9|last3=Azevedo|first3=José Manuel N.|last4=Beumer|first4=Victor|last5=Brodin|first5=Tomas|last6=Claudet|first6=Joachim|last7=Fady|first7=Bruno|last8=Grube|first8=Martin|last9=Keune|first9=Hans|volume=24|issue=4|pages=243–248|s2cid=53518417 |url=https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|access-date=24 May 2020|archive-date=7 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507073138/https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> De 2019 UN Climate Action Summit dey highlight nature-based solutions as an effective method to combat climate change.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=Environment |first=U. N. |date=2019 |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Climate |url=http://www.unep.org/nature-based-solutions-climate |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=UNEP - UN Environment Programme |language=en}}</ref> For example, nature-based systems for climate change adaptation fit include natural flood management, restoring natural coastal defences, den providing local cooling.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|310}} De concept of NBS be related to de concept of ecological engineering<ref name=":1" /> den ecosystem-based adaptation.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|284}} NBS are sanso related, conceptually to de practice of ecological restoration. De sustainable management approach be a key aspect of NBS development den implementation. Mangrove restoration efforts along coastlines provide an example of a nature-based solution dat fit achieve multiple goals. Mangroves moderate de impact of waves den wind on coastal settlements anaa cities,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Marois|first1=Darryl E.|last2=Mitsch|first2=William J.|date=2 January 2015|title=Coastal protection from tsunamis and cyclones provided by mangrove wetlands – a review|journal=International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management|volume=11|issue=1|pages=71–83|doi=10.1080/21513732.2014.997292|bibcode=2015IJBSE..11...71M |s2cid=86554474|issn=2151-3732}}</ref> den they sequester carbon.<ref>{{Citation|last=Inoue|first=Tomomi|title=Carbon Sequestration in Mangroves|work=Blue Carbon in Shallow Coastal Ecosystems|year=2019|pages=73–99|place=Singapore|publisher=Springer Singapore|doi=10.1007/978-981-13-1295-3_3|isbn=978-981-13-1294-6|s2cid=133839393}}</ref> Dem sanso provide nursery zones for marine life wich be important for sustaining fisheries. Additionally, mangrove forests fit help to control coastal erosion resulting from sea level rise. Green roofs, blue roofs, den green walls (as part of green infrastructure) are sanso nature-based solutions dat fit be implemented insud urban areas. Dey fit reduce de effects of urban heat islands, capture stormwater, abate pollution, den act as carbon sinks. At de same time, dey fi enhance local biodiversity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2020 |title=Evaluating the potential of nature-based solutions to reduce ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon dioxide through a multi-type green infrastructure study in Ontario, Canada |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590252020300246 |url-status=live |access-date=3 April 2026 |website=ScienceDirect}}</ref> NBS systems den solutions are forming an increasing part of national den international policies on climate change. Dem are included insyd climate change policy, infrastructure investment, den [[climate finance]] mechanisms. De European Commission has paid increasing attention to NBS since 2013.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Faivre|first1=Nicolas|last2=Fritz|first2=Marco|last3=Freitas|first3=Tiago|last4=de Boissezon|first4=Birgit|last5=Vandewoestijne|first5=Sofie|date=2017|title=Nature-Based Solutions in the EU: Innovating with nature to address social, economic and environmental challenges|journal=Environmental Research|volume=159|pages=509–518|doi=10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.032|pmid=28886502|bibcode=2017ER....159..509F|s2cid=42573101|issn=0013-9351}}</ref> Dis be reflected insyd de majority of global NBS case studies reviewed by Debele et al (2023) being located insyd Europe.<ref name=":16" /> While there be much scope for scaling-up nature-based systems den solutions globally, they frequently encounter numerous challenges during planning den implementation.<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":15">{{Cite journal |last1=Wamsler |first1=C. |last2=Wickenberg |first2=B. |last3=Hanson |first3=H. |last4=Alkan Olsson |first4=J. |last5=Stålhammar |first5=S. |last6=Björn |first6=H. |last7=Falck |first7=H. |last8=Gerell |first8=D. |last9=Oskarsson |first9=T. |last10=Simonsson |first10=E. |last11=Torffvit |first11=F. |date=2020 |title=Environmental and climate policy integration: Targeted strategies for overcoming barriers to nature-based solutions and climate change adaptation |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |volume=247 |article-number=119154 |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119154 |issn=0959-6526 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2020JCPro.24719154W }}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last1=Chausson |first1=Alexandre |last2=Turner |first2=Beth |last3=Seddon |first3=Dan |last4=Chabaneix |first4=Nicole |last5=Girardin |first5=Cécile A. J. |last6=Kapos |first6=Valerie |last7=Key |first7=Isabel |last8=Roe |first8=Dilys |last9=Smith |first9=Alison |last10=Woroniecki |first10=Stephen |last11=Seddon |first11=Nathalie |date=2020-09-09 |title=Mapping the effectiveness of nature-based solutions for climate change adaptation |journal=Global Change Biology |volume=26 |issue=11 |pages=6134–6155 |bibcode=2020GCBio..26.6134C |doi=10.1111/gcb.15310 |issn=1354-1013 |pmid=32906226 |s2cid=221621517 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De IPCC dey point out dat de term be "de subject of ongoing debate, plus concerns dat e may lead to de misunderstanding dat NbS on its own fi provide a global solution to climate change".<ref name=":12" />{{rp|24}} To clarify dis point further, de IPCC sanso stated dat "nature-based systems cannot be regarded as an alternative to, anaa a reason to delay, deep cuts insyd GHG emissions".<ref name=":13" />{{rp|203}} {{TOC limit|3}} == Definition == [[File:ISS047-E-84351 Cape Coral, Florida (annotated).jpg|thumb|Mangroves protect coastlines against erosion ([[Cape Coral, Florida|Cape Coral]], Florida, United States)]] De International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) defines NBS as "actions to protect, sustainably manage, den restore natural anaa modified ecosystems, dat address societal challenges effectively den adaptively, simultaneously providing human well-being den biodiversity benefits".<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10">Cohen-Shacham, E., G. Walters, C. Janzen, S. Maginnis (eds). 2016. Nature-based solutions to address global societal challenges. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. Xiii + 97 pp. Downloadable from https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46191 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401093813/https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46191|date=1 April 2021}}</ref> ''Societal challenges'' of relevance here include [[climate change]], food security, disaster risk reduction, water security. Insyd oda words: "Nature-based solutions are interventions dat use de natural functions of healthy ecosystems to protect de environment but sanso provide numerous economic den social benefits."<ref>Dubash, N.K., C.  Mitchell, E.L.  Boasson, M.J.  Borbor-Cordova, S.  Fifita, E.  Haites, M.  Jaccard, F.  Jotzo, S.  Naidoo, P.  Romero-Lankao, M.  Shlapak, W.  Shen, L. Wu, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter13.pdf Chapter 13: National and sub-national policies and institutions]. In IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D.  McCollum, M.  Pathak, S.  Some, P. Vyas, R.  Fradera, M.  Belkacemi, A.  Hasija, G.  Lisboa, S.  Luz, J.  Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.015</ref>{{rp|1403}} Dem are used both insyd de context of climate change mitigation as well as adaptation.<ref>Lecocq, F., H. Winkler, J.P. Daka, S. Fu, J.S. Gerber, S. Kartha, V. Krey, H. Lofgren, T. Masui, R. Mathur, J. Portugal-Pereira, B.  K. Sovacool,  M. V. Vilariño,  N. Zhou, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter04.pdf Chapter 4: Mitigation and development pathways in the near- to mid-term]. In IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van  Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.006</ref>{{rp|469}} De European Commission's definition of NBS states dat these solutions are "inspired den supported by nature, wich are cost-effective, simultaneously provide environmental, social den economic benefits den help build resilience. Such solutions bring more, den more diverse, nature den natural features den processes into cities, landscapes, den seascapes, through locally adapted, resource-efficient den systemic interventions".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Nature-Based Solutions - European Commission |url=https://ec.europa.eu/research/environment/index.cfm?pg=nbs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923161801/http://ec.europa.eu/research/environment/index.cfm?pg=nbs |archive-date=23 September 2019 |access-date=10 December 2019 |website=}}</ref> Insyd 2020, de EC definition was updated to further emphasise dat "Nature-based solutions must benefit biodiversity den support de delivery of a range of ecosystem services."<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Wild |first1=Tom |url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/research_and_innovation/research_by_area/documents/nbs_valorisationprojects_fullreport_web.pdf |title=Nature-based Solutions - State of the Art in EU-funded Projects |last2=Freitas |first2=Tiago |last3=Vandewoestijne |first3=Sofie |date=2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111152411/https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/research_and_innovation/research_by_area/documents/nbs_valorisationprojects_fullreport_web.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> De IPCC Sixth Assessment Report pointed out dat de term ''nature-based solutions'' be "widely but not universally used insyd de scientific literature".<ref name=":12">IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_SummaryForPolicymakers.pdf Summary for Policymakers] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, M. Tignor, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem (eds.)]. In: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3–33, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.001.</ref>{{rp|24}} As of 2017, de term NBS was still regarded as "poorly defined den vague".<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2017 |title='Nature-based solutions' is the latest green jargon that means more than you might think |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/541133b |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=541 |issue=7636 |pages=133–134 |doi=10.1038/541133b |pmid=28079099 |bibcode=2017Natur.541R.133. |s2cid=4455842 |issn=0028-0836|url-access=subscription }}</ref> De term ''ecosystem-based adaptation'' (EbA) be a subset of nature-based solutions den "aims to maintain den increase de resilience den reduce de vulnerability of ecosystems den people insyd de face of de adverse effects of climate change".<ref name=":13" />{{rp|284}} === History of de term === De term ''nature-based solutions'' was put forward by practitioners insyd de late 2000s. At dat time e was used by international organisations such as de International Union for Conservation of Nature den de World Bank insyd de context of finding new solutions to mitigate den adapt to climate change effects by working plus natural ecosystems rather dan relying purely on engineering interventions.<ref name=":5" /><ref name="MacKinnon11">MacKinnon, K., C. Sobrevila, V. Hickey. 2008. [https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/149141468320661795/biodiversity-climate-change-and-adaptation-nature-based-solutions-from-the-world-bank-portfolio Biodiversity, climate change and adaptation: nature-based solutions from the Word Bank portfolio]. Washington D.C.: World Bank.</ref><ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" />{{rp|3}} Chaw indigenous peoples have recognised de natural environment as playing an important role insyd human well-being as part of their traditional knowledge systems, but dis idea did not enter into modern scientific literature until de 1970's plus de concept of ecosystem services.<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" />{{rp|2}} De IUCN referred to NBS insyd a position paper for de United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.<ref>IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2009. No time to lose – make full use of nature-based solutions in the post-2012 climate change regime. Position paper on the Fifteenth session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP 15). Gland: IUCN.</ref> De term be sanso dey adopt by European policymakers, insyd particular by de European Commission, insyd a report<ref name="European Commission 2015">European Commission. 2015. Towards an EU Research and Innovation policy agenda for nature-based solutions & re-naturing cities. Final Report of the Horizon2020 Expert Group on Nature-Based Solutions and Re-Naturing Cities. Brussels: European Commission.</ref> stressing dat NBS fi offer innovative means to create jobs den growth as part of a green economy. De term started to make appearances insyd de mainstream media around de time of de Global Climate Action Summit insyd California insyd September 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2018 |title=Global Climate Action Summit kicks off today in San Francisco with nature-based solutions high on the agenda |url=http://nathalieseddon.blogspot.com/2018/09/global-climate-action-summit-kicks-off.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913112911/http://nathalieseddon.blogspot.com/2018/09/global-climate-action-summit-kicks-off.html |archive-date=13 September 2018 |access-date=13 September 2018 |website=Global Climate Action Summit kicks off today in San Francisco with nature-based solutions high on the agenda}}</ref> == Objectives den framing == [[File:Morro Strand State Beach (1).jpg|thumb|Coastal habitat protection at Morro Strand State Beach insyd San Luis Obispo County, California]]Nature-based solutions stress de sustainable use of nature in solving coupled environmental-social-economic challenges.<ref name=":5" /> NBS go beyond traditional biodiversity conservation den management principles by "re-focusing" de debate on humans den specifically integrating societal factors such as human well-being den poverty reduction, socio-economic development den governance principles. De general objective of NBS be clear, namely de sustainable management den use of Nature for tackling societal challenges.<ref>IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2016. Resolution 077 World Conservation Congress 2016, Hawaiʻi (https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808140530/https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077|date=2019-08-08}}) 17. European Commission. 2016. Horizon2020 Work Programme 2016–2017 – 12. Climate action, environment, [[resource efficiency]] & raw materials, 99 pp. (http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213072645/http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf|date=13 December 2016}})</ref> However, different stakeholders view NBS from a variety of perspectives.<ref name=":1" /> For instance, de IUCN puts de need for well-managed den restored ecosystems at de heart of NBS, plus de overarching goal of "Supporting de achievement of society's development goals den safeguard human well-being insyd ways dat reflect cultural den societal values den enhance de resilience of ecosystems, their capacity for renewal den de provision of services".<ref name="IUCN16">IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2016. Resolution 077 World Conservation Congress 2016, Hawaiʻi (https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808140530/https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077|date=8 August 2019}})</ref> De European Commission underlines dat NBS fi transform environmental den societal challenges into innovation opportunities, by turning natural capital into a source for green growth den sustainable development.<ref name="European Commission 2015" /> Within dis viewpoint, nature-based solutions to societal challenges "bring chaw, den chaw diverse, nature den natural features den processes into cities, landscapes den seascapes, through locally adapted, resource-efficient den systemic interventions".<ref name="ec.europa.eu">European Commission. 2016. Horizon2020 Work Programme 2016–2017 – 12. Climate action, environment, resource efficiency & raw materials, 99 pp. (http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213072645/http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf|date=13 December 2016}})</ref> As a result, NBS has been suggested as a means of implementing de nature-positive goal to halt den reverse nature loss by 2030, den achieve full nature recovery by 2050.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Milner-Gulland |first1=E.J. |last2=Addison |first2=Prue |last3=Arlidge |first3=William N.S. |last4=Baker |first4=Julia |last5=Booth |first5=Hollie |last6=Brooks |first6=Thomas |last7=Bull |first7=Joseph W. |last8=Burgass |first8=Michael J. |last9=Ekstrom |first9=Jon |last10=zu Ermgassen |first10=Sophus O.S.E. |last11=Fleming |first11=L. Vincent |last12=Grub |first12=Henry M.J. |last13=von Hase |first13=Amrei |last14=Hoffmann |first14=Michael |last15=Hutton |first15=Jonathan |date=2021-01-22 |title=Four steps for the Earth: mainstreaming the post-2020 global biodiversity framework |journal=One Earth |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=75–87 |doi=10.1016/j.oneear.2020.12.011 |bibcode=2021OEart...4...75M |issn=2590-3322}}</ref> == Categories == De IUCN proposes to consider NBS as an umbrella concept.<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" /> Categories den examples of NBS approaches according to de IUCN include:<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" /> {| class="wikitable" !Category of NBS approaches !Examples |- |[[Ecosystem restoration]] approaches |Ecological restoration, [[ecological engineering]], forest landscape restoration |- |Issue-specific ecosystem-related approaches |[[Ecosystem-based adaptation]], ecosystem-based mitigation, climate adaptation services, [[ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction]] |- |Infrastructure-related approaches |Natural infrastructure, [[green infrastructure]] |- |[[Ecosystem-based management]] approaches |[[Integrated coastal zone management]], [[integrated water resources management]] |- |Ecosystem protection approaches |Area-based conservation approaches including protected area management |} == Types == [[File:Fig 2 NbS.jpg|thumb|upright=1.46|Schematic presentation of de NBS typology.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Eggermont |first1=Hilde |last2=Balian |first2=Estelle |last3=Azevedo |first3=José Manuel N. |last4=Beumer |first4=Victor |last5=Brodin |first5=Tomas |last6=Claudet |first6=Joachim |last7=Fady |first7=Bruno |last8=Grube |first8=Martin |last9=Keune |first9=Hans |date=2015 |title=Nature-based Solutions: New Influence for Environmental Management and Research in Europe |url=https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Gaia - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society |language=en |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=243–248 |doi=10.14512/gaia.24.4.9 |s2cid=53518417 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507073138/https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf |archive-date=7 May 2020 |access-date=24 May 2020 |hdl=10400.3/4170}}</ref>]] Scientists have proposed a typology to characterise NBS along two gradients:<ref name=":1" /> == References == a0kg94celyhtcygxhl5sr7ndha7ds7v 102770 102769 2026-06-14T07:28:14Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve am 102770 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Sustainable use of nature for tackling socio-environmental challenges}} [[File:NRCSIA00041 - Iowa (2285)(NRCS Photo Gallery).jpg|thumb|Example for a nature-based solution insyd de area of [[Water resources|water resource]] management: dis riparian buffer protects a creek insyd lowa, United States from the impact of adjacent land uses]] '''Nature-based solutions''' (anaa '''nature-based systems''', den abbreviated as '''NBS''' anaa '''NbS''') describe de development den use of (biodiversity) den natural processes to address diverse soci-environmental issues.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Girardin |first1=Cécile A. J. |last2=Jenkins |first2=Stuart |last3=Seddon |first3=Nathalie |last4=Allen |first4=Myles |last5=Lewis |first5=Simon L. |last6=Wheeler |first6=Charlotte E. |last7=Griscom |first7=Bronson W. |last8=Malhi |first8=Yadvinder |title=Nature-based solutions can help cool the planet — if we act now |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |date=2021 |volume=593 |issue=7858 |pages=191–194 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-01241-2 |doi-access=free|pmid=33981055 |bibcode=2021Natur.593..191G}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Frantzeskaki |first1=Niki |last2=McPhearson |first2=Timon |last3=Collier |first3=Marcus J |last4=Kendal |first4=Dave |last5=Bulkeley |first5=Harriet |last6=Dumitru |first6=Adina |last7=Walsh |first7=Claire |last8=Noble |first8=Kate |last9=van Wyk |first9=Ernita |last10=Ordóñez |first10=Camilo |last11=Oke |first11=Cathy |last12=Pintér |first12=László |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Climate Change Adaptation: Linking Science, Policy, and Practice Communities for Evidence-Based Decision-Making |journal=[[BioScience]] |date=2019 |volume=69 |issue=6 |pages=455–466 |doi=10.1093/biosci/biz042 |doi-access=free|hdl=2183/36896 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> These issues include climate change mitigation den adaptation, human security issues such as water security den food security, den disaster risk reduction.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last1=Debele |first1=S. E. |last2=Leo |first2=L. S. |last3=Kumar |first3=P. |last4=Sahani |first4=J. |last5=Ommer |first5=J. |last6=Bucchignani |first6=E. |last7=Vranić |first7=S. |last8=Kalas |first8=M. |last9=Amirzada |first9=Z. |last10=Pavlova |first10=I. |last11=Shah |first11=M. A. R. |last12=Gonzalez-Ollauri |first12=A. |last13=Di Sabatino |first13=S. |date=2023 |title=Nature-based solutions can help reduce the impact of natural hazards: A global analysis of NBS case studies |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969723044492 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=902 |article-number=165824 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165824|pmid=37527720 |bibcode=2023ScTEn.90265824D |hdl=11585/953217 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> De aim be dat resilient ecosystems (whether natural, managed, anaa newly created) provide solutions for de benefit of both societies den biodiversity.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Nature-based Solutions: New Influence for Environmental Management and Research in Europe|last1=Eggermont|first1=Hilde|last2=Balian|first2=Estelle|date=2015|journal=Gaia - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society|language=en|doi=10.14512/gaia.24.4.9|last3=Azevedo|first3=José Manuel N.|last4=Beumer|first4=Victor|last5=Brodin|first5=Tomas|last6=Claudet|first6=Joachim|last7=Fady|first7=Bruno|last8=Grube|first8=Martin|last9=Keune|first9=Hans|volume=24|issue=4|pages=243–248|s2cid=53518417 |url=https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|access-date=24 May 2020|archive-date=7 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507073138/https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> De 2019 UN Climate Action Summit dey highlight nature-based solutions as an effective method to combat climate change.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=Environment |first=U. N. |date=2019 |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Climate |url=http://www.unep.org/nature-based-solutions-climate |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=UNEP - UN Environment Programme |language=en}}</ref> For example, nature-based systems for climate change adaptation fit include natural flood management, restoring natural coastal defences, den providing local cooling.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|310}} De concept of NBS be related to de concept of ecological engineering<ref name=":1" /> den ecosystem-based adaptation.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|284}} NBS are sanso related, conceptually to de practice of ecological restoration. De sustainable management approach be a key aspect of NBS development den implementation. Mangrove restoration efforts along coastlines provide an example of a nature-based solution dat fit achieve multiple goals. Mangroves moderate de impact of waves den wind on coastal settlements anaa cities,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Marois|first1=Darryl E.|last2=Mitsch|first2=William J.|date=2 January 2015|title=Coastal protection from tsunamis and cyclones provided by mangrove wetlands – a review|journal=International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management|volume=11|issue=1|pages=71–83|doi=10.1080/21513732.2014.997292|bibcode=2015IJBSE..11...71M |s2cid=86554474|issn=2151-3732}}</ref> den they sequester carbon.<ref>{{Citation|last=Inoue|first=Tomomi|title=Carbon Sequestration in Mangroves|work=Blue Carbon in Shallow Coastal Ecosystems|year=2019|pages=73–99|place=Singapore|publisher=Springer Singapore|doi=10.1007/978-981-13-1295-3_3|isbn=978-981-13-1294-6|s2cid=133839393}}</ref> Dem sanso provide nursery zones for marine life wich be important for sustaining fisheries. Additionally, mangrove forests fit help to control coastal erosion resulting from sea level rise. Green roofs, blue roofs, den green walls (as part of green infrastructure) are sanso nature-based solutions dat fit be implemented insud urban areas. Dey fit reduce de effects of urban heat islands, capture stormwater, abate pollution, den act as carbon sinks. At de same time, dey fi enhance local biodiversity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2020 |title=Evaluating the potential of nature-based solutions to reduce ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon dioxide through a multi-type green infrastructure study in Ontario, Canada |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590252020300246 |url-status=live |access-date=3 April 2026 |website=ScienceDirect}}</ref> NBS systems den solutions are forming an increasing part of national den international policies on climate change. Dem are included insyd climate change policy, infrastructure investment, den [[climate finance]] mechanisms. De European Commission has paid increasing attention to NBS since 2013.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Faivre|first1=Nicolas|last2=Fritz|first2=Marco|last3=Freitas|first3=Tiago|last4=de Boissezon|first4=Birgit|last5=Vandewoestijne|first5=Sofie|date=2017|title=Nature-Based Solutions in the EU: Innovating with nature to address social, economic and environmental challenges|journal=Environmental Research|volume=159|pages=509–518|doi=10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.032|pmid=28886502|bibcode=2017ER....159..509F|s2cid=42573101|issn=0013-9351}}</ref> Dis be reflected insyd de majority of global NBS case studies reviewed by Debele et al (2023) being located insyd Europe.<ref name=":16" /> While there be much scope for scaling-up nature-based systems den solutions globally, they frequently encounter numerous challenges during planning den implementation.<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":15">{{Cite journal |last1=Wamsler |first1=C. |last2=Wickenberg |first2=B. |last3=Hanson |first3=H. |last4=Alkan Olsson |first4=J. |last5=Stålhammar |first5=S. |last6=Björn |first6=H. |last7=Falck |first7=H. |last8=Gerell |first8=D. |last9=Oskarsson |first9=T. |last10=Simonsson |first10=E. |last11=Torffvit |first11=F. |date=2020 |title=Environmental and climate policy integration: Targeted strategies for overcoming barriers to nature-based solutions and climate change adaptation |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |volume=247 |article-number=119154 |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119154 |issn=0959-6526 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2020JCPro.24719154W }}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last1=Chausson |first1=Alexandre |last2=Turner |first2=Beth |last3=Seddon |first3=Dan |last4=Chabaneix |first4=Nicole |last5=Girardin |first5=Cécile A. J. |last6=Kapos |first6=Valerie |last7=Key |first7=Isabel |last8=Roe |first8=Dilys |last9=Smith |first9=Alison |last10=Woroniecki |first10=Stephen |last11=Seddon |first11=Nathalie |date=2020-09-09 |title=Mapping the effectiveness of nature-based solutions for climate change adaptation |journal=Global Change Biology |volume=26 |issue=11 |pages=6134–6155 |bibcode=2020GCBio..26.6134C |doi=10.1111/gcb.15310 |issn=1354-1013 |pmid=32906226 |s2cid=221621517 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De IPCC dey point out dat de term be "de subject of ongoing debate, plus concerns dat e may lead to de misunderstanding dat NbS on its own fi provide a global solution to climate change".<ref name=":12" />{{rp|24}} To clarify dis point further, de IPCC sanso stated dat "nature-based systems cannot be regarded as an alternative to, anaa a reason to delay, deep cuts insyd GHG emissions".<ref name=":13" />{{rp|203}} {{TOC limit|3}} == Definition == [[File:ISS047-E-84351 Cape Coral, Florida (annotated).jpg|thumb|Mangroves protect coastlines against erosion ([[Cape Coral, Florida|Cape Coral]], Florida, United States)]] De International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) defines NBS as "actions to protect, sustainably manage, den restore natural anaa modified ecosystems, dat address societal challenges effectively den adaptively, simultaneously providing human well-being den biodiversity benefits".<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10">Cohen-Shacham, E., G. Walters, C. Janzen, S. Maginnis (eds). 2016. Nature-based solutions to address global societal challenges. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. Xiii + 97 pp. Downloadable from https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46191 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401093813/https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46191|date=1 April 2021}}</ref> ''Societal challenges'' of relevance here include [[climate change]], food security, disaster risk reduction, water security. Insyd oda words: "Nature-based solutions are interventions dat use de natural functions of healthy ecosystems to protect de environment but sanso provide numerous economic den social benefits."<ref>Dubash, N.K., C.  Mitchell, E.L.  Boasson, M.J.  Borbor-Cordova, S.  Fifita, E.  Haites, M.  Jaccard, F.  Jotzo, S.  Naidoo, P.  Romero-Lankao, M.  Shlapak, W.  Shen, L. Wu, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter13.pdf Chapter 13: National and sub-national policies and institutions]. In IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D.  McCollum, M.  Pathak, S.  Some, P. Vyas, R.  Fradera, M.  Belkacemi, A.  Hasija, G.  Lisboa, S.  Luz, J.  Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.015</ref>{{rp|1403}} Dem are used both insyd de context of climate change mitigation as well as adaptation.<ref>Lecocq, F., H. Winkler, J.P. Daka, S. Fu, J.S. Gerber, S. Kartha, V. Krey, H. Lofgren, T. Masui, R. Mathur, J. Portugal-Pereira, B.  K. Sovacool,  M. V. Vilariño,  N. Zhou, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter04.pdf Chapter 4: Mitigation and development pathways in the near- to mid-term]. In IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van  Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.006</ref>{{rp|469}} De European Commission's definition of NBS states dat these solutions are "inspired den supported by nature, wich are cost-effective, simultaneously provide environmental, social den economic benefits den help build resilience. Such solutions bring more, den more diverse, nature den natural features den processes into cities, landscapes, den seascapes, through locally adapted, resource-efficient den systemic interventions".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Nature-Based Solutions - European Commission |url=https://ec.europa.eu/research/environment/index.cfm?pg=nbs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923161801/http://ec.europa.eu/research/environment/index.cfm?pg=nbs |archive-date=23 September 2019 |access-date=10 December 2019 |website=}}</ref> Insyd 2020, de EC definition was updated to further emphasise dat "Nature-based solutions must benefit biodiversity den support de delivery of a range of ecosystem services."<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Wild |first1=Tom |url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/research_and_innovation/research_by_area/documents/nbs_valorisationprojects_fullreport_web.pdf |title=Nature-based Solutions - State of the Art in EU-funded Projects |last2=Freitas |first2=Tiago |last3=Vandewoestijne |first3=Sofie |date=2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111152411/https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/research_and_innovation/research_by_area/documents/nbs_valorisationprojects_fullreport_web.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> De IPCC Sixth Assessment Report pointed out dat de term ''nature-based solutions'' be "widely but not universally used insyd de scientific literature".<ref name=":12">IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_SummaryForPolicymakers.pdf Summary for Policymakers] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, M. Tignor, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem (eds.)]. In: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3–33, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.001.</ref>{{rp|24}} As of 2017, de term NBS was still regarded as "poorly defined den vague".<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2017 |title='Nature-based solutions' is the latest green jargon that means more than you might think |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/541133b |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=541 |issue=7636 |pages=133–134 |doi=10.1038/541133b |pmid=28079099 |bibcode=2017Natur.541R.133. |s2cid=4455842 |issn=0028-0836|url-access=subscription }}</ref> De term ''ecosystem-based adaptation'' (EbA) be a subset of nature-based solutions den "aims to maintain den increase de resilience den reduce de vulnerability of ecosystems den people insyd de face of de adverse effects of climate change".<ref name=":13" />{{rp|284}} === History of de term === De term ''nature-based solutions'' was put forward by practitioners insyd de late 2000s. At dat time e was used by international organisations such as de International Union for Conservation of Nature den de World Bank insyd de context of finding new solutions to mitigate den adapt to climate change effects by working plus natural ecosystems rather dan relying purely on engineering interventions.<ref name=":5" /><ref name="MacKinnon11">MacKinnon, K., C. Sobrevila, V. Hickey. 2008. [https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/149141468320661795/biodiversity-climate-change-and-adaptation-nature-based-solutions-from-the-world-bank-portfolio Biodiversity, climate change and adaptation: nature-based solutions from the Word Bank portfolio]. Washington D.C.: World Bank.</ref><ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" />{{rp|3}} Chaw indigenous peoples have recognised de natural environment as playing an important role insyd human well-being as part of their traditional knowledge systems, but dis idea did not enter into modern scientific literature until de 1970's plus de concept of ecosystem services.<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" />{{rp|2}} De IUCN referred to NBS insyd a position paper for de United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.<ref>IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2009. No time to lose – make full use of nature-based solutions in the post-2012 climate change regime. Position paper on the Fifteenth session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP 15). Gland: IUCN.</ref> De term be sanso dey adopt by European policymakers, insyd particular by de European Commission, insyd a report<ref name="European Commission 2015">European Commission. 2015. Towards an EU Research and Innovation policy agenda for nature-based solutions & re-naturing cities. Final Report of the Horizon2020 Expert Group on Nature-Based Solutions and Re-Naturing Cities. Brussels: European Commission.</ref> stressing dat NBS fi offer innovative means to create jobs den growth as part of a green economy. De term started to make appearances insyd de mainstream media around de time of de Global Climate Action Summit insyd California insyd September 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2018 |title=Global Climate Action Summit kicks off today in San Francisco with nature-based solutions high on the agenda |url=http://nathalieseddon.blogspot.com/2018/09/global-climate-action-summit-kicks-off.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913112911/http://nathalieseddon.blogspot.com/2018/09/global-climate-action-summit-kicks-off.html |archive-date=13 September 2018 |access-date=13 September 2018 |website=Global Climate Action Summit kicks off today in San Francisco with nature-based solutions high on the agenda}}</ref> == Objectives den framing == [[File:Morro Strand State Beach (1).jpg|thumb|Coastal habitat protection at Morro Strand State Beach insyd San Luis Obispo County, California]]Nature-based solutions stress de sustainable use of nature in solving coupled environmental-social-economic challenges.<ref name=":5" /> NBS go beyond traditional biodiversity conservation den management principles by "re-focusing" de debate on humans den specifically integrating societal factors such as human well-being den poverty reduction, socio-economic development den governance principles. De general objective of NBS be clear, namely de sustainable management den use of Nature for tackling societal challenges.<ref>IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2016. Resolution 077 World Conservation Congress 2016, Hawaiʻi (https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808140530/https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077|date=2019-08-08}}) 17. European Commission. 2016. Horizon2020 Work Programme 2016–2017 – 12. Climate action, environment, [[resource efficiency]] & raw materials, 99 pp. (http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213072645/http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf|date=13 December 2016}})</ref> However, different stakeholders view NBS from a variety of perspectives.<ref name=":1" /> For instance, de IUCN puts de need for well-managed den restored ecosystems at de heart of NBS, plus de overarching goal of "Supporting de achievement of society's development goals den safeguard human well-being insyd ways dat reflect cultural den societal values den enhance de resilience of ecosystems, their capacity for renewal den de provision of services".<ref name="IUCN16">IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2016. Resolution 077 World Conservation Congress 2016, Hawaiʻi (https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808140530/https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077|date=8 August 2019}})</ref> De European Commission underlines dat NBS fi transform environmental den societal challenges into innovation opportunities, by turning natural capital into a source for green growth den sustainable development.<ref name="European Commission 2015" /> Within dis viewpoint, nature-based solutions to societal challenges "bring chaw, den chaw diverse, nature den natural features den processes into cities, landscapes den seascapes, through locally adapted, resource-efficient den systemic interventions".<ref name="ec.europa.eu">European Commission. 2016. Horizon2020 Work Programme 2016–2017 – 12. Climate action, environment, resource efficiency & raw materials, 99 pp. (http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213072645/http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf|date=13 December 2016}})</ref> As a result, NBS has been suggested as a means of implementing de nature-positive goal to halt den reverse nature loss by 2030, den achieve full nature recovery by 2050.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Milner-Gulland |first1=E.J. |last2=Addison |first2=Prue |last3=Arlidge |first3=William N.S. |last4=Baker |first4=Julia |last5=Booth |first5=Hollie |last6=Brooks |first6=Thomas |last7=Bull |first7=Joseph W. |last8=Burgass |first8=Michael J. |last9=Ekstrom |first9=Jon |last10=zu Ermgassen |first10=Sophus O.S.E. |last11=Fleming |first11=L. Vincent |last12=Grub |first12=Henry M.J. |last13=von Hase |first13=Amrei |last14=Hoffmann |first14=Michael |last15=Hutton |first15=Jonathan |date=2021-01-22 |title=Four steps for the Earth: mainstreaming the post-2020 global biodiversity framework |journal=One Earth |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=75–87 |doi=10.1016/j.oneear.2020.12.011 |bibcode=2021OEart...4...75M |issn=2590-3322}}</ref> == Categories == De IUCN proposes to consider NBS as an umbrella concept.<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" /> Categories den examples of NBS approaches according to de IUCN include:<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" /> {| class="wikitable" !Category of NBS approaches !Examples |- |[[Ecosystem restoration]] approaches |Ecological restoration, [[ecological engineering]], forest landscape restoration |- |Issue-specific ecosystem-related approaches |[[Ecosystem-based adaptation]], ecosystem-based mitigation, climate adaptation services, [[ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction]] |- |Infrastructure-related approaches |Natural infrastructure, [[green infrastructure]] |- |[[Ecosystem-based management]] approaches |[[Integrated coastal zone management]], [[integrated water resources management]] |- |Ecosystem protection approaches |Area-based conservation approaches including protected area management |} == Types == [[File:Fig 2 NbS.jpg|thumb|upright=1.46|Schematic presentation of de NBS typology.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Eggermont |first1=Hilde |last2=Balian |first2=Estelle |last3=Azevedo |first3=José Manuel N. |last4=Beumer |first4=Victor |last5=Brodin |first5=Tomas |last6=Claudet |first6=Joachim |last7=Fady |first7=Bruno |last8=Grube |first8=Martin |last9=Keune |first9=Hans |date=2015 |title=Nature-based Solutions: New Influence for Environmental Management and Research in Europe |url=https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Gaia - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society |language=en |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=243–248 |doi=10.14512/gaia.24.4.9 |s2cid=53518417 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507073138/https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf |archive-date=7 May 2020 |access-date=24 May 2020 |hdl=10400.3/4170}}</ref>]] Scientists have proposed a typology to characterise NBS along two gradients:<ref name=":1" /> # "How much engineering of biodiversity den ecosystems be involved insyd NBS", den # "How many ecosystem services den stakeholder groups are targeted by a given NBS". == References == cpqdjtrda1oxt9ozls5quvlod8i1a6w 102771 102770 2026-06-14T07:31:55Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve am 102771 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Sustainable use of nature for tackling socio-environmental challenges}} [[File:NRCSIA00041 - Iowa (2285)(NRCS Photo Gallery).jpg|thumb|Example for a nature-based solution insyd de area of [[Water resources|water resource]] management: dis riparian buffer protects a creek insyd lowa, United States from the impact of adjacent land uses]] '''Nature-based solutions''' (anaa '''nature-based systems''', den abbreviated as '''NBS''' anaa '''NbS''') describe de development den use of (biodiversity) den natural processes to address diverse soci-environmental issues.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Girardin |first1=Cécile A. J. |last2=Jenkins |first2=Stuart |last3=Seddon |first3=Nathalie |last4=Allen |first4=Myles |last5=Lewis |first5=Simon L. |last6=Wheeler |first6=Charlotte E. |last7=Griscom |first7=Bronson W. |last8=Malhi |first8=Yadvinder |title=Nature-based solutions can help cool the planet — if we act now |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |date=2021 |volume=593 |issue=7858 |pages=191–194 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-01241-2 |doi-access=free|pmid=33981055 |bibcode=2021Natur.593..191G}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Frantzeskaki |first1=Niki |last2=McPhearson |first2=Timon |last3=Collier |first3=Marcus J |last4=Kendal |first4=Dave |last5=Bulkeley |first5=Harriet |last6=Dumitru |first6=Adina |last7=Walsh |first7=Claire |last8=Noble |first8=Kate |last9=van Wyk |first9=Ernita |last10=Ordóñez |first10=Camilo |last11=Oke |first11=Cathy |last12=Pintér |first12=László |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Climate Change Adaptation: Linking Science, Policy, and Practice Communities for Evidence-Based Decision-Making |journal=[[BioScience]] |date=2019 |volume=69 |issue=6 |pages=455–466 |doi=10.1093/biosci/biz042 |doi-access=free|hdl=2183/36896 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> These issues include climate change mitigation den adaptation, human security issues such as water security den food security, den disaster risk reduction.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last1=Debele |first1=S. E. |last2=Leo |first2=L. S. |last3=Kumar |first3=P. |last4=Sahani |first4=J. |last5=Ommer |first5=J. |last6=Bucchignani |first6=E. |last7=Vranić |first7=S. |last8=Kalas |first8=M. |last9=Amirzada |first9=Z. |last10=Pavlova |first10=I. |last11=Shah |first11=M. A. R. |last12=Gonzalez-Ollauri |first12=A. |last13=Di Sabatino |first13=S. |date=2023 |title=Nature-based solutions can help reduce the impact of natural hazards: A global analysis of NBS case studies |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969723044492 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=902 |article-number=165824 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165824|pmid=37527720 |bibcode=2023ScTEn.90265824D |hdl=11585/953217 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> De aim be dat resilient ecosystems (whether natural, managed, anaa newly created) provide solutions for de benefit of both societies den biodiversity.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Nature-based Solutions: New Influence for Environmental Management and Research in Europe|last1=Eggermont|first1=Hilde|last2=Balian|first2=Estelle|date=2015|journal=Gaia - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society|language=en|doi=10.14512/gaia.24.4.9|last3=Azevedo|first3=José Manuel N.|last4=Beumer|first4=Victor|last5=Brodin|first5=Tomas|last6=Claudet|first6=Joachim|last7=Fady|first7=Bruno|last8=Grube|first8=Martin|last9=Keune|first9=Hans|volume=24|issue=4|pages=243–248|s2cid=53518417 |url=https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|access-date=24 May 2020|archive-date=7 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507073138/https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> De 2019 UN Climate Action Summit dey highlight nature-based solutions as an effective method to combat climate change.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=Environment |first=U. N. |date=2019 |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Climate |url=http://www.unep.org/nature-based-solutions-climate |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=UNEP - UN Environment Programme |language=en}}</ref> For example, nature-based systems for climate change adaptation fit include natural flood management, restoring natural coastal defences, den providing local cooling.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|310}} De concept of NBS be related to de concept of ecological engineering<ref name=":1" /> den ecosystem-based adaptation.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|284}} NBS are sanso related, conceptually to de practice of ecological restoration. De sustainable management approach be a key aspect of NBS development den implementation. Mangrove restoration efforts along coastlines provide an example of a nature-based solution dat fit achieve multiple goals. Mangroves moderate de impact of waves den wind on coastal settlements anaa cities,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Marois|first1=Darryl E.|last2=Mitsch|first2=William J.|date=2 January 2015|title=Coastal protection from tsunamis and cyclones provided by mangrove wetlands – a review|journal=International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management|volume=11|issue=1|pages=71–83|doi=10.1080/21513732.2014.997292|bibcode=2015IJBSE..11...71M |s2cid=86554474|issn=2151-3732}}</ref> den they sequester carbon.<ref>{{Citation|last=Inoue|first=Tomomi|title=Carbon Sequestration in Mangroves|work=Blue Carbon in Shallow Coastal Ecosystems|year=2019|pages=73–99|place=Singapore|publisher=Springer Singapore|doi=10.1007/978-981-13-1295-3_3|isbn=978-981-13-1294-6|s2cid=133839393}}</ref> Dem sanso provide nursery zones for marine life wich be important for sustaining fisheries. Additionally, mangrove forests fit help to control coastal erosion resulting from sea level rise. Green roofs, blue roofs, den green walls (as part of green infrastructure) are sanso nature-based solutions dat fit be implemented insud urban areas. Dey fit reduce de effects of urban heat islands, capture stormwater, abate pollution, den act as carbon sinks. At de same time, dey fi enhance local biodiversity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2020 |title=Evaluating the potential of nature-based solutions to reduce ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon dioxide through a multi-type green infrastructure study in Ontario, Canada |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590252020300246 |url-status=live |access-date=3 April 2026 |website=ScienceDirect}}</ref> NBS systems den solutions are forming an increasing part of national den international policies on climate change. Dem are included insyd climate change policy, infrastructure investment, den [[climate finance]] mechanisms. De European Commission has paid increasing attention to NBS since 2013.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Faivre|first1=Nicolas|last2=Fritz|first2=Marco|last3=Freitas|first3=Tiago|last4=de Boissezon|first4=Birgit|last5=Vandewoestijne|first5=Sofie|date=2017|title=Nature-Based Solutions in the EU: Innovating with nature to address social, economic and environmental challenges|journal=Environmental Research|volume=159|pages=509–518|doi=10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.032|pmid=28886502|bibcode=2017ER....159..509F|s2cid=42573101|issn=0013-9351}}</ref> Dis be reflected insyd de majority of global NBS case studies reviewed by Debele et al (2023) being located insyd Europe.<ref name=":16" /> While there be much scope for scaling-up nature-based systems den solutions globally, they frequently encounter numerous challenges during planning den implementation.<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":15">{{Cite journal |last1=Wamsler |first1=C. |last2=Wickenberg |first2=B. |last3=Hanson |first3=H. |last4=Alkan Olsson |first4=J. |last5=Stålhammar |first5=S. |last6=Björn |first6=H. |last7=Falck |first7=H. |last8=Gerell |first8=D. |last9=Oskarsson |first9=T. |last10=Simonsson |first10=E. |last11=Torffvit |first11=F. |date=2020 |title=Environmental and climate policy integration: Targeted strategies for overcoming barriers to nature-based solutions and climate change adaptation |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |volume=247 |article-number=119154 |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119154 |issn=0959-6526 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2020JCPro.24719154W }}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last1=Chausson |first1=Alexandre |last2=Turner |first2=Beth |last3=Seddon |first3=Dan |last4=Chabaneix |first4=Nicole |last5=Girardin |first5=Cécile A. J. |last6=Kapos |first6=Valerie |last7=Key |first7=Isabel |last8=Roe |first8=Dilys |last9=Smith |first9=Alison |last10=Woroniecki |first10=Stephen |last11=Seddon |first11=Nathalie |date=2020-09-09 |title=Mapping the effectiveness of nature-based solutions for climate change adaptation |journal=Global Change Biology |volume=26 |issue=11 |pages=6134–6155 |bibcode=2020GCBio..26.6134C |doi=10.1111/gcb.15310 |issn=1354-1013 |pmid=32906226 |s2cid=221621517 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De IPCC dey point out dat de term be "de subject of ongoing debate, plus concerns dat e may lead to de misunderstanding dat NbS on its own fi provide a global solution to climate change".<ref name=":12" />{{rp|24}} To clarify dis point further, de IPCC sanso stated dat "nature-based systems cannot be regarded as an alternative to, anaa a reason to delay, deep cuts insyd GHG emissions".<ref name=":13" />{{rp|203}} {{TOC limit|3}} == Definition == [[File:ISS047-E-84351 Cape Coral, Florida (annotated).jpg|thumb|Mangroves protect coastlines against erosion ([[Cape Coral, Florida|Cape Coral]], Florida, United States)]] De International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) defines NBS as "actions to protect, sustainably manage, den restore natural anaa modified ecosystems, dat address societal challenges effectively den adaptively, simultaneously providing human well-being den biodiversity benefits".<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10">Cohen-Shacham, E., G. Walters, C. Janzen, S. Maginnis (eds). 2016. Nature-based solutions to address global societal challenges. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. Xiii + 97 pp. Downloadable from https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46191 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401093813/https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46191|date=1 April 2021}}</ref> ''Societal challenges'' of relevance here include [[climate change]], food security, disaster risk reduction, water security. Insyd oda words: "Nature-based solutions are interventions dat use de natural functions of healthy ecosystems to protect de environment but sanso provide numerous economic den social benefits."<ref>Dubash, N.K., C.  Mitchell, E.L.  Boasson, M.J.  Borbor-Cordova, S.  Fifita, E.  Haites, M.  Jaccard, F.  Jotzo, S.  Naidoo, P.  Romero-Lankao, M.  Shlapak, W.  Shen, L. Wu, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter13.pdf Chapter 13: National and sub-national policies and institutions]. In IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D.  McCollum, M.  Pathak, S.  Some, P. Vyas, R.  Fradera, M.  Belkacemi, A.  Hasija, G.  Lisboa, S.  Luz, J.  Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.015</ref>{{rp|1403}} Dem are used both insyd de context of climate change mitigation as well as adaptation.<ref>Lecocq, F., H. Winkler, J.P. Daka, S. Fu, J.S. Gerber, S. Kartha, V. Krey, H. Lofgren, T. Masui, R. Mathur, J. Portugal-Pereira, B.  K. Sovacool,  M. V. Vilariño,  N. Zhou, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter04.pdf Chapter 4: Mitigation and development pathways in the near- to mid-term]. In IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van  Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.006</ref>{{rp|469}} De European Commission's definition of NBS states dat these solutions are "inspired den supported by nature, wich are cost-effective, simultaneously provide environmental, social den economic benefits den help build resilience. Such solutions bring more, den more diverse, nature den natural features den processes into cities, landscapes, den seascapes, through locally adapted, resource-efficient den systemic interventions".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Nature-Based Solutions - European Commission |url=https://ec.europa.eu/research/environment/index.cfm?pg=nbs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923161801/http://ec.europa.eu/research/environment/index.cfm?pg=nbs |archive-date=23 September 2019 |access-date=10 December 2019 |website=}}</ref> Insyd 2020, de EC definition was updated to further emphasise dat "Nature-based solutions must benefit biodiversity den support de delivery of a range of ecosystem services."<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Wild |first1=Tom |url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/research_and_innovation/research_by_area/documents/nbs_valorisationprojects_fullreport_web.pdf |title=Nature-based Solutions - State of the Art in EU-funded Projects |last2=Freitas |first2=Tiago |last3=Vandewoestijne |first3=Sofie |date=2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111152411/https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/research_and_innovation/research_by_area/documents/nbs_valorisationprojects_fullreport_web.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> De IPCC Sixth Assessment Report pointed out dat de term ''nature-based solutions'' be "widely but not universally used insyd de scientific literature".<ref name=":12">IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_SummaryForPolicymakers.pdf Summary for Policymakers] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, M. Tignor, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem (eds.)]. In: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3–33, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.001.</ref>{{rp|24}} As of 2017, de term NBS was still regarded as "poorly defined den vague".<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2017 |title='Nature-based solutions' is the latest green jargon that means more than you might think |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/541133b |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=541 |issue=7636 |pages=133–134 |doi=10.1038/541133b |pmid=28079099 |bibcode=2017Natur.541R.133. |s2cid=4455842 |issn=0028-0836|url-access=subscription }}</ref> De term ''ecosystem-based adaptation'' (EbA) be a subset of nature-based solutions den "aims to maintain den increase de resilience den reduce de vulnerability of ecosystems den people insyd de face of de adverse effects of climate change".<ref name=":13" />{{rp|284}} === History of de term === De term ''nature-based solutions'' was put forward by practitioners insyd de late 2000s. At dat time e was used by international organisations such as de International Union for Conservation of Nature den de World Bank insyd de context of finding new solutions to mitigate den adapt to climate change effects by working plus natural ecosystems rather dan relying purely on engineering interventions.<ref name=":5" /><ref name="MacKinnon11">MacKinnon, K., C. Sobrevila, V. Hickey. 2008. [https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/149141468320661795/biodiversity-climate-change-and-adaptation-nature-based-solutions-from-the-world-bank-portfolio Biodiversity, climate change and adaptation: nature-based solutions from the Word Bank portfolio]. Washington D.C.: World Bank.</ref><ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" />{{rp|3}} Chaw indigenous peoples have recognised de natural environment as playing an important role insyd human well-being as part of their traditional knowledge systems, but dis idea did not enter into modern scientific literature until de 1970's plus de concept of ecosystem services.<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" />{{rp|2}} De IUCN referred to NBS insyd a position paper for de United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.<ref>IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2009. No time to lose – make full use of nature-based solutions in the post-2012 climate change regime. Position paper on the Fifteenth session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP 15). Gland: IUCN.</ref> De term be sanso dey adopt by European policymakers, insyd particular by de European Commission, insyd a report<ref name="European Commission 2015">European Commission. 2015. Towards an EU Research and Innovation policy agenda for nature-based solutions & re-naturing cities. Final Report of the Horizon2020 Expert Group on Nature-Based Solutions and Re-Naturing Cities. Brussels: European Commission.</ref> stressing dat NBS fi offer innovative means to create jobs den growth as part of a green economy. De term started to make appearances insyd de mainstream media around de time of de Global Climate Action Summit insyd California insyd September 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2018 |title=Global Climate Action Summit kicks off today in San Francisco with nature-based solutions high on the agenda |url=http://nathalieseddon.blogspot.com/2018/09/global-climate-action-summit-kicks-off.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913112911/http://nathalieseddon.blogspot.com/2018/09/global-climate-action-summit-kicks-off.html |archive-date=13 September 2018 |access-date=13 September 2018 |website=Global Climate Action Summit kicks off today in San Francisco with nature-based solutions high on the agenda}}</ref> == Objectives den framing == [[File:Morro Strand State Beach (1).jpg|thumb|Coastal habitat protection at Morro Strand State Beach insyd San Luis Obispo County, California]]Nature-based solutions stress de sustainable use of nature in solving coupled environmental-social-economic challenges.<ref name=":5" /> NBS go beyond traditional biodiversity conservation den management principles by "re-focusing" de debate on humans den specifically integrating societal factors such as human well-being den poverty reduction, socio-economic development den governance principles. De general objective of NBS be clear, namely de sustainable management den use of Nature for tackling societal challenges.<ref>IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2016. Resolution 077 World Conservation Congress 2016, Hawaiʻi (https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808140530/https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077|date=2019-08-08}}) 17. European Commission. 2016. Horizon2020 Work Programme 2016–2017 – 12. Climate action, environment, [[resource efficiency]] & raw materials, 99 pp. (http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213072645/http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf|date=13 December 2016}})</ref> However, different stakeholders view NBS from a variety of perspectives.<ref name=":1" /> For instance, de IUCN puts de need for well-managed den restored ecosystems at de heart of NBS, plus de overarching goal of "Supporting de achievement of society's development goals den safeguard human well-being insyd ways dat reflect cultural den societal values den enhance de resilience of ecosystems, their capacity for renewal den de provision of services".<ref name="IUCN16">IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2016. Resolution 077 World Conservation Congress 2016, Hawaiʻi (https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808140530/https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077|date=8 August 2019}})</ref> De European Commission underlines dat NBS fi transform environmental den societal challenges into innovation opportunities, by turning natural capital into a source for green growth den sustainable development.<ref name="European Commission 2015" /> Within dis viewpoint, nature-based solutions to societal challenges "bring chaw, den chaw diverse, nature den natural features den processes into cities, landscapes den seascapes, through locally adapted, resource-efficient den systemic interventions".<ref name="ec.europa.eu">European Commission. 2016. Horizon2020 Work Programme 2016–2017 – 12. Climate action, environment, resource efficiency & raw materials, 99 pp. (http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213072645/http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf|date=13 December 2016}})</ref> As a result, NBS has been suggested as a means of implementing de nature-positive goal to halt den reverse nature loss by 2030, den achieve full nature recovery by 2050.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Milner-Gulland |first1=E.J. |last2=Addison |first2=Prue |last3=Arlidge |first3=William N.S. |last4=Baker |first4=Julia |last5=Booth |first5=Hollie |last6=Brooks |first6=Thomas |last7=Bull |first7=Joseph W. |last8=Burgass |first8=Michael J. |last9=Ekstrom |first9=Jon |last10=zu Ermgassen |first10=Sophus O.S.E. |last11=Fleming |first11=L. Vincent |last12=Grub |first12=Henry M.J. |last13=von Hase |first13=Amrei |last14=Hoffmann |first14=Michael |last15=Hutton |first15=Jonathan |date=2021-01-22 |title=Four steps for the Earth: mainstreaming the post-2020 global biodiversity framework |journal=One Earth |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=75–87 |doi=10.1016/j.oneear.2020.12.011 |bibcode=2021OEart...4...75M |issn=2590-3322}}</ref> == Categories == De IUCN proposes to consider NBS as an umbrella concept.<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" /> Categories den examples of NBS approaches according to de IUCN include:<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" /> {| class="wikitable" !Category of NBS approaches !Examples |- |[[Ecosystem restoration]] approaches |Ecological restoration, [[ecological engineering]], forest landscape restoration |- |Issue-specific ecosystem-related approaches |[[Ecosystem-based adaptation]], ecosystem-based mitigation, climate adaptation services, [[ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction]] |- |Infrastructure-related approaches |Natural infrastructure, [[green infrastructure]] |- |[[Ecosystem-based management]] approaches |[[Integrated coastal zone management]], [[integrated water resources management]] |- |Ecosystem protection approaches |Area-based conservation approaches including protected area management |} == Types == [[File:Fig 2 NbS.jpg|thumb|upright=1.46|Schematic presentation of de NBS typology.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Eggermont |first1=Hilde |last2=Balian |first2=Estelle |last3=Azevedo |first3=José Manuel N. |last4=Beumer |first4=Victor |last5=Brodin |first5=Tomas |last6=Claudet |first6=Joachim |last7=Fady |first7=Bruno |last8=Grube |first8=Martin |last9=Keune |first9=Hans |date=2015 |title=Nature-based Solutions: New Influence for Environmental Management and Research in Europe |url=https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Gaia - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society |language=en |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=243–248 |doi=10.14512/gaia.24.4.9 |s2cid=53518417 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507073138/https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf |archive-date=7 May 2020 |access-date=24 May 2020 |hdl=10400.3/4170}}</ref>]] Scientists have proposed a typology to characterise NBS along two gradients:<ref name=":1" /> # "How much engineering of biodiversity den ecosystems be involved insyd NBS", den # "How many ecosystem services den stakeholder groups are targeted by a given NBS". De typology highlights dat NBS fi involve very different actions on ecosystems (from protection, to management, anaa even de creation of new ecosystems) den be based on de assumption dat de higher de number of services den stakeholder groups targeted, de lower de capacity to maximise de delivery of each service den simultaneously fulfil de specific needs of all stakeholder groups. == References == puy38jqdo3wvsv9f2sp24tyv6o0s7sw 102772 102771 2026-06-14T07:34:25Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve article 102772 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Sustainable use of nature for tackling socio-environmental challenges}} [[File:NRCSIA00041 - Iowa (2285)(NRCS Photo Gallery).jpg|thumb|Example for a nature-based solution insyd de area of [[Water resources|water resource]] management: dis riparian buffer protects a creek insyd lowa, United States from the impact of adjacent land uses]] '''Nature-based solutions''' (anaa '''nature-based systems''', den abbreviated as '''NBS''' anaa '''NbS''') describe de development den use of (biodiversity) den natural processes to address diverse soci-environmental issues.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Girardin |first1=Cécile A. J. |last2=Jenkins |first2=Stuart |last3=Seddon |first3=Nathalie |last4=Allen |first4=Myles |last5=Lewis |first5=Simon L. |last6=Wheeler |first6=Charlotte E. |last7=Griscom |first7=Bronson W. |last8=Malhi |first8=Yadvinder |title=Nature-based solutions can help cool the planet — if we act now |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |date=2021 |volume=593 |issue=7858 |pages=191–194 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-01241-2 |doi-access=free|pmid=33981055 |bibcode=2021Natur.593..191G}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Frantzeskaki |first1=Niki |last2=McPhearson |first2=Timon |last3=Collier |first3=Marcus J |last4=Kendal |first4=Dave |last5=Bulkeley |first5=Harriet |last6=Dumitru |first6=Adina |last7=Walsh |first7=Claire |last8=Noble |first8=Kate |last9=van Wyk |first9=Ernita |last10=Ordóñez |first10=Camilo |last11=Oke |first11=Cathy |last12=Pintér |first12=László |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Climate Change Adaptation: Linking Science, Policy, and Practice Communities for Evidence-Based Decision-Making |journal=[[BioScience]] |date=2019 |volume=69 |issue=6 |pages=455–466 |doi=10.1093/biosci/biz042 |doi-access=free|hdl=2183/36896 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> These issues include climate change mitigation den adaptation, human security issues such as water security den food security, den disaster risk reduction.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last1=Debele |first1=S. E. |last2=Leo |first2=L. S. |last3=Kumar |first3=P. |last4=Sahani |first4=J. |last5=Ommer |first5=J. |last6=Bucchignani |first6=E. |last7=Vranić |first7=S. |last8=Kalas |first8=M. |last9=Amirzada |first9=Z. |last10=Pavlova |first10=I. |last11=Shah |first11=M. A. R. |last12=Gonzalez-Ollauri |first12=A. |last13=Di Sabatino |first13=S. |date=2023 |title=Nature-based solutions can help reduce the impact of natural hazards: A global analysis of NBS case studies |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969723044492 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=902 |article-number=165824 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165824|pmid=37527720 |bibcode=2023ScTEn.90265824D |hdl=11585/953217 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> De aim be dat resilient ecosystems (whether natural, managed, anaa newly created) provide solutions for de benefit of both societies den biodiversity.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Nature-based Solutions: New Influence for Environmental Management and Research in Europe|last1=Eggermont|first1=Hilde|last2=Balian|first2=Estelle|date=2015|journal=Gaia - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society|language=en|doi=10.14512/gaia.24.4.9|last3=Azevedo|first3=José Manuel N.|last4=Beumer|first4=Victor|last5=Brodin|first5=Tomas|last6=Claudet|first6=Joachim|last7=Fady|first7=Bruno|last8=Grube|first8=Martin|last9=Keune|first9=Hans|volume=24|issue=4|pages=243–248|s2cid=53518417 |url=https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|access-date=24 May 2020|archive-date=7 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507073138/https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> De 2019 UN Climate Action Summit dey highlight nature-based solutions as an effective method to combat climate change.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=Environment |first=U. N. |date=2019 |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Climate |url=http://www.unep.org/nature-based-solutions-climate |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=UNEP - UN Environment Programme |language=en}}</ref> For example, nature-based systems for climate change adaptation fit include natural flood management, restoring natural coastal defences, den providing local cooling.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|310}} De concept of NBS be related to de concept of ecological engineering<ref name=":1" /> den ecosystem-based adaptation.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|284}} NBS are sanso related, conceptually to de practice of ecological restoration. De sustainable management approach be a key aspect of NBS development den implementation. Mangrove restoration efforts along coastlines provide an example of a nature-based solution dat fit achieve multiple goals. Mangroves moderate de impact of waves den wind on coastal settlements anaa cities,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Marois|first1=Darryl E.|last2=Mitsch|first2=William J.|date=2 January 2015|title=Coastal protection from tsunamis and cyclones provided by mangrove wetlands – a review|journal=International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management|volume=11|issue=1|pages=71–83|doi=10.1080/21513732.2014.997292|bibcode=2015IJBSE..11...71M |s2cid=86554474|issn=2151-3732}}</ref> den they sequester carbon.<ref>{{Citation|last=Inoue|first=Tomomi|title=Carbon Sequestration in Mangroves|work=Blue Carbon in Shallow Coastal Ecosystems|year=2019|pages=73–99|place=Singapore|publisher=Springer Singapore|doi=10.1007/978-981-13-1295-3_3|isbn=978-981-13-1294-6|s2cid=133839393}}</ref> Dem sanso provide nursery zones for marine life wich be important for sustaining fisheries. Additionally, mangrove forests fit help to control coastal erosion resulting from sea level rise. Green roofs, blue roofs, den green walls (as part of green infrastructure) are sanso nature-based solutions dat fit be implemented insud urban areas. Dey fit reduce de effects of urban heat islands, capture stormwater, abate pollution, den act as carbon sinks. At de same time, dey fi enhance local biodiversity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2020 |title=Evaluating the potential of nature-based solutions to reduce ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon dioxide through a multi-type green infrastructure study in Ontario, Canada |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590252020300246 |url-status=live |access-date=3 April 2026 |website=ScienceDirect}}</ref> NBS systems den solutions are forming an increasing part of national den international policies on climate change. Dem are included insyd climate change policy, infrastructure investment, den [[climate finance]] mechanisms. De European Commission has paid increasing attention to NBS since 2013.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Faivre|first1=Nicolas|last2=Fritz|first2=Marco|last3=Freitas|first3=Tiago|last4=de Boissezon|first4=Birgit|last5=Vandewoestijne|first5=Sofie|date=2017|title=Nature-Based Solutions in the EU: Innovating with nature to address social, economic and environmental challenges|journal=Environmental Research|volume=159|pages=509–518|doi=10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.032|pmid=28886502|bibcode=2017ER....159..509F|s2cid=42573101|issn=0013-9351}}</ref> Dis be reflected insyd de majority of global NBS case studies reviewed by Debele et al (2023) being located insyd Europe.<ref name=":16" /> While there be much scope for scaling-up nature-based systems den solutions globally, they frequently encounter numerous challenges during planning den implementation.<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":15">{{Cite journal |last1=Wamsler |first1=C. |last2=Wickenberg |first2=B. |last3=Hanson |first3=H. |last4=Alkan Olsson |first4=J. |last5=Stålhammar |first5=S. |last6=Björn |first6=H. |last7=Falck |first7=H. |last8=Gerell |first8=D. |last9=Oskarsson |first9=T. |last10=Simonsson |first10=E. |last11=Torffvit |first11=F. |date=2020 |title=Environmental and climate policy integration: Targeted strategies for overcoming barriers to nature-based solutions and climate change adaptation |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |volume=247 |article-number=119154 |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119154 |issn=0959-6526 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2020JCPro.24719154W }}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last1=Chausson |first1=Alexandre |last2=Turner |first2=Beth |last3=Seddon |first3=Dan |last4=Chabaneix |first4=Nicole |last5=Girardin |first5=Cécile A. J. |last6=Kapos |first6=Valerie |last7=Key |first7=Isabel |last8=Roe |first8=Dilys |last9=Smith |first9=Alison |last10=Woroniecki |first10=Stephen |last11=Seddon |first11=Nathalie |date=2020-09-09 |title=Mapping the effectiveness of nature-based solutions for climate change adaptation |journal=Global Change Biology |volume=26 |issue=11 |pages=6134–6155 |bibcode=2020GCBio..26.6134C |doi=10.1111/gcb.15310 |issn=1354-1013 |pmid=32906226 |s2cid=221621517 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De IPCC dey point out dat de term be "de subject of ongoing debate, plus concerns dat e may lead to de misunderstanding dat NbS on its own fi provide a global solution to climate change".<ref name=":12" />{{rp|24}} To clarify dis point further, de IPCC sanso stated dat "nature-based systems cannot be regarded as an alternative to, anaa a reason to delay, deep cuts insyd GHG emissions".<ref name=":13" />{{rp|203}} {{TOC limit|3}} == Definition == [[File:ISS047-E-84351 Cape Coral, Florida (annotated).jpg|thumb|Mangroves protect coastlines against erosion ([[Cape Coral, Florida|Cape Coral]], Florida, United States)]] De International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) defines NBS as "actions to protect, sustainably manage, den restore natural anaa modified ecosystems, dat address societal challenges effectively den adaptively, simultaneously providing human well-being den biodiversity benefits".<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10">Cohen-Shacham, E., G. Walters, C. Janzen, S. Maginnis (eds). 2016. Nature-based solutions to address global societal challenges. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. Xiii + 97 pp. Downloadable from https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46191 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401093813/https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46191|date=1 April 2021}}</ref> ''Societal challenges'' of relevance here include [[climate change]], food security, disaster risk reduction, water security. Insyd oda words: "Nature-based solutions are interventions dat use de natural functions of healthy ecosystems to protect de environment but sanso provide numerous economic den social benefits."<ref>Dubash, N.K., C.  Mitchell, E.L.  Boasson, M.J.  Borbor-Cordova, S.  Fifita, E.  Haites, M.  Jaccard, F.  Jotzo, S.  Naidoo, P.  Romero-Lankao, M.  Shlapak, W.  Shen, L. Wu, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter13.pdf Chapter 13: National and sub-national policies and institutions]. In IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D.  McCollum, M.  Pathak, S.  Some, P. Vyas, R.  Fradera, M.  Belkacemi, A.  Hasija, G.  Lisboa, S.  Luz, J.  Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.015</ref>{{rp|1403}} Dem are used both insyd de context of climate change mitigation as well as adaptation.<ref>Lecocq, F., H. Winkler, J.P. Daka, S. Fu, J.S. Gerber, S. Kartha, V. Krey, H. Lofgren, T. Masui, R. Mathur, J. Portugal-Pereira, B.  K. Sovacool,  M. V. Vilariño,  N. Zhou, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter04.pdf Chapter 4: Mitigation and development pathways in the near- to mid-term]. In IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van  Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.006</ref>{{rp|469}} De European Commission's definition of NBS states dat these solutions are "inspired den supported by nature, wich are cost-effective, simultaneously provide environmental, social den economic benefits den help build resilience. Such solutions bring more, den more diverse, nature den natural features den processes into cities, landscapes, den seascapes, through locally adapted, resource-efficient den systemic interventions".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Nature-Based Solutions - European Commission |url=https://ec.europa.eu/research/environment/index.cfm?pg=nbs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923161801/http://ec.europa.eu/research/environment/index.cfm?pg=nbs |archive-date=23 September 2019 |access-date=10 December 2019 |website=}}</ref> Insyd 2020, de EC definition was updated to further emphasise dat "Nature-based solutions must benefit biodiversity den support de delivery of a range of ecosystem services."<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Wild |first1=Tom |url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/research_and_innovation/research_by_area/documents/nbs_valorisationprojects_fullreport_web.pdf |title=Nature-based Solutions - State of the Art in EU-funded Projects |last2=Freitas |first2=Tiago |last3=Vandewoestijne |first3=Sofie |date=2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111152411/https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/research_and_innovation/research_by_area/documents/nbs_valorisationprojects_fullreport_web.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> De IPCC Sixth Assessment Report pointed out dat de term ''nature-based solutions'' be "widely but not universally used insyd de scientific literature".<ref name=":12">IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_SummaryForPolicymakers.pdf Summary for Policymakers] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, M. Tignor, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem (eds.)]. In: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3–33, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.001.</ref>{{rp|24}} As of 2017, de term NBS was still regarded as "poorly defined den vague".<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2017 |title='Nature-based solutions' is the latest green jargon that means more than you might think |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/541133b |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=541 |issue=7636 |pages=133–134 |doi=10.1038/541133b |pmid=28079099 |bibcode=2017Natur.541R.133. |s2cid=4455842 |issn=0028-0836|url-access=subscription }}</ref> De term ''ecosystem-based adaptation'' (EbA) be a subset of nature-based solutions den "aims to maintain den increase de resilience den reduce de vulnerability of ecosystems den people insyd de face of de adverse effects of climate change".<ref name=":13" />{{rp|284}} === History of de term === De term ''nature-based solutions'' was put forward by practitioners insyd de late 2000s. At dat time e was used by international organisations such as de International Union for Conservation of Nature den de World Bank insyd de context of finding new solutions to mitigate den adapt to climate change effects by working plus natural ecosystems rather dan relying purely on engineering interventions.<ref name=":5" /><ref name="MacKinnon11">MacKinnon, K., C. Sobrevila, V. Hickey. 2008. [https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/149141468320661795/biodiversity-climate-change-and-adaptation-nature-based-solutions-from-the-world-bank-portfolio Biodiversity, climate change and adaptation: nature-based solutions from the Word Bank portfolio]. Washington D.C.: World Bank.</ref><ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" />{{rp|3}} Chaw indigenous peoples have recognised de natural environment as playing an important role insyd human well-being as part of their traditional knowledge systems, but dis idea did not enter into modern scientific literature until de 1970's plus de concept of ecosystem services.<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" />{{rp|2}} De IUCN referred to NBS insyd a position paper for de United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.<ref>IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2009. No time to lose – make full use of nature-based solutions in the post-2012 climate change regime. Position paper on the Fifteenth session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP 15). Gland: IUCN.</ref> De term be sanso dey adopt by European policymakers, insyd particular by de European Commission, insyd a report<ref name="European Commission 2015">European Commission. 2015. Towards an EU Research and Innovation policy agenda for nature-based solutions & re-naturing cities. Final Report of the Horizon2020 Expert Group on Nature-Based Solutions and Re-Naturing Cities. Brussels: European Commission.</ref> stressing dat NBS fi offer innovative means to create jobs den growth as part of a green economy. De term started to make appearances insyd de mainstream media around de time of de Global Climate Action Summit insyd California insyd September 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2018 |title=Global Climate Action Summit kicks off today in San Francisco with nature-based solutions high on the agenda |url=http://nathalieseddon.blogspot.com/2018/09/global-climate-action-summit-kicks-off.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913112911/http://nathalieseddon.blogspot.com/2018/09/global-climate-action-summit-kicks-off.html |archive-date=13 September 2018 |access-date=13 September 2018 |website=Global Climate Action Summit kicks off today in San Francisco with nature-based solutions high on the agenda}}</ref> == Objectives den framing == [[File:Morro Strand State Beach (1).jpg|thumb|Coastal habitat protection at Morro Strand State Beach insyd San Luis Obispo County, California]]Nature-based solutions stress de sustainable use of nature in solving coupled environmental-social-economic challenges.<ref name=":5" /> NBS go beyond traditional biodiversity conservation den management principles by "re-focusing" de debate on humans den specifically integrating societal factors such as human well-being den poverty reduction, socio-economic development den governance principles. De general objective of NBS be clear, namely de sustainable management den use of Nature for tackling societal challenges.<ref>IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2016. Resolution 077 World Conservation Congress 2016, Hawaiʻi (https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808140530/https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077|date=2019-08-08}}) 17. European Commission. 2016. Horizon2020 Work Programme 2016–2017 – 12. Climate action, environment, [[resource efficiency]] & raw materials, 99 pp. (http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213072645/http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf|date=13 December 2016}})</ref> However, different stakeholders view NBS from a variety of perspectives.<ref name=":1" /> For instance, de IUCN puts de need for well-managed den restored ecosystems at de heart of NBS, plus de overarching goal of "Supporting de achievement of society's development goals den safeguard human well-being insyd ways dat reflect cultural den societal values den enhance de resilience of ecosystems, their capacity for renewal den de provision of services".<ref name="IUCN16">IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2016. Resolution 077 World Conservation Congress 2016, Hawaiʻi (https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808140530/https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077|date=8 August 2019}})</ref> De European Commission underlines dat NBS fi transform environmental den societal challenges into innovation opportunities, by turning natural capital into a source for green growth den sustainable development.<ref name="European Commission 2015" /> Within dis viewpoint, nature-based solutions to societal challenges "bring chaw, den chaw diverse, nature den natural features den processes into cities, landscapes den seascapes, through locally adapted, resource-efficient den systemic interventions".<ref name="ec.europa.eu">European Commission. 2016. Horizon2020 Work Programme 2016–2017 – 12. Climate action, environment, resource efficiency & raw materials, 99 pp. (http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213072645/http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf|date=13 December 2016}})</ref> As a result, NBS has been suggested as a means of implementing de nature-positive goal to halt den reverse nature loss by 2030, den achieve full nature recovery by 2050.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Milner-Gulland |first1=E.J. |last2=Addison |first2=Prue |last3=Arlidge |first3=William N.S. |last4=Baker |first4=Julia |last5=Booth |first5=Hollie |last6=Brooks |first6=Thomas |last7=Bull |first7=Joseph W. |last8=Burgass |first8=Michael J. |last9=Ekstrom |first9=Jon |last10=zu Ermgassen |first10=Sophus O.S.E. |last11=Fleming |first11=L. Vincent |last12=Grub |first12=Henry M.J. |last13=von Hase |first13=Amrei |last14=Hoffmann |first14=Michael |last15=Hutton |first15=Jonathan |date=2021-01-22 |title=Four steps for the Earth: mainstreaming the post-2020 global biodiversity framework |journal=One Earth |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=75–87 |doi=10.1016/j.oneear.2020.12.011 |bibcode=2021OEart...4...75M |issn=2590-3322}}</ref> == Categories == De IUCN proposes to consider NBS as an umbrella concept.<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" /> Categories den examples of NBS approaches according to de IUCN include:<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" /> {| class="wikitable" !Category of NBS approaches !Examples |- |[[Ecosystem restoration]] approaches |Ecological restoration, [[ecological engineering]], forest landscape restoration |- |Issue-specific ecosystem-related approaches |[[Ecosystem-based adaptation]], ecosystem-based mitigation, climate adaptation services, [[ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction]] |- |Infrastructure-related approaches |Natural infrastructure, [[green infrastructure]] |- |[[Ecosystem-based management]] approaches |[[Integrated coastal zone management]], [[integrated water resources management]] |- |Ecosystem protection approaches |Area-based conservation approaches including protected area management |} == Types == [[File:Fig 2 NbS.jpg|thumb|upright=1.46|Schematic presentation of de NBS typology.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Eggermont |first1=Hilde |last2=Balian |first2=Estelle |last3=Azevedo |first3=José Manuel N. |last4=Beumer |first4=Victor |last5=Brodin |first5=Tomas |last6=Claudet |first6=Joachim |last7=Fady |first7=Bruno |last8=Grube |first8=Martin |last9=Keune |first9=Hans |date=2015 |title=Nature-based Solutions: New Influence for Environmental Management and Research in Europe |url=https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Gaia - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society |language=en |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=243–248 |doi=10.14512/gaia.24.4.9 |s2cid=53518417 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507073138/https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf |archive-date=7 May 2020 |access-date=24 May 2020 |hdl=10400.3/4170}}</ref>]] Scientists have proposed a typology to characterise NBS along two gradients:<ref name=":1" /> # "How much engineering of biodiversity den ecosystems be involved insyd NBS", den # "How many ecosystem services den stakeholder groups are targeted by a given NBS". De typology highlights dat NBS fi involve very different actions on ecosystems (from protection, to management, anaa even de creation of new ecosystems) den be based on de assumption dat de higher de number of services den stakeholder groups targeted, de lower de capacity to maximise de delivery of each service den simultaneously fulfil de specific needs of all stakeholder groups. As such, three types of NBS are distinguished (hybrid solutions exist along dis gradient both insyd space den time. For instance, at a landscape scale, mixing protected den managed areas could be required to fulfill multi-functionality den sustainability goals): == References == cza90vshkcg9hv8vgsu3ukzxohhhrtx 102773 102772 2026-06-14T07:35:13Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Add databox 102773 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|Sustainable use of nature for tackling socio-environmental challenges}} [[File:NRCSIA00041 - Iowa (2285)(NRCS Photo Gallery).jpg|thumb|Example for a nature-based solution insyd de area of [[Water resources|water resource]] management: dis riparian buffer protects a creek insyd lowa, United States from the impact of adjacent land uses]] '''Nature-based solutions''' (anaa '''nature-based systems''', den abbreviated as '''NBS''' anaa '''NbS''') describe de development den use of (biodiversity) den natural processes to address diverse soci-environmental issues.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Girardin |first1=Cécile A. J. |last2=Jenkins |first2=Stuart |last3=Seddon |first3=Nathalie |last4=Allen |first4=Myles |last5=Lewis |first5=Simon L. |last6=Wheeler |first6=Charlotte E. |last7=Griscom |first7=Bronson W. |last8=Malhi |first8=Yadvinder |title=Nature-based solutions can help cool the planet — if we act now |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |date=2021 |volume=593 |issue=7858 |pages=191–194 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-01241-2 |doi-access=free|pmid=33981055 |bibcode=2021Natur.593..191G}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Frantzeskaki |first1=Niki |last2=McPhearson |first2=Timon |last3=Collier |first3=Marcus J |last4=Kendal |first4=Dave |last5=Bulkeley |first5=Harriet |last6=Dumitru |first6=Adina |last7=Walsh |first7=Claire |last8=Noble |first8=Kate |last9=van Wyk |first9=Ernita |last10=Ordóñez |first10=Camilo |last11=Oke |first11=Cathy |last12=Pintér |first12=László |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Climate Change Adaptation: Linking Science, Policy, and Practice Communities for Evidence-Based Decision-Making |journal=[[BioScience]] |date=2019 |volume=69 |issue=6 |pages=455–466 |doi=10.1093/biosci/biz042 |doi-access=free|hdl=2183/36896 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> These issues include climate change mitigation den adaptation, human security issues such as water security den food security, den disaster risk reduction.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last1=Debele |first1=S. E. |last2=Leo |first2=L. S. |last3=Kumar |first3=P. |last4=Sahani |first4=J. |last5=Ommer |first5=J. |last6=Bucchignani |first6=E. |last7=Vranić |first7=S. |last8=Kalas |first8=M. |last9=Amirzada |first9=Z. |last10=Pavlova |first10=I. |last11=Shah |first11=M. A. R. |last12=Gonzalez-Ollauri |first12=A. |last13=Di Sabatino |first13=S. |date=2023 |title=Nature-based solutions can help reduce the impact of natural hazards: A global analysis of NBS case studies |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969723044492 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=902 |article-number=165824 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165824|pmid=37527720 |bibcode=2023ScTEn.90265824D |hdl=11585/953217 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> De aim be dat resilient ecosystems (whether natural, managed, anaa newly created) provide solutions for de benefit of both societies den biodiversity.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Nature-based Solutions: New Influence for Environmental Management and Research in Europe|last1=Eggermont|first1=Hilde|last2=Balian|first2=Estelle|date=2015|journal=Gaia - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society|language=en|doi=10.14512/gaia.24.4.9|last3=Azevedo|first3=José Manuel N.|last4=Beumer|first4=Victor|last5=Brodin|first5=Tomas|last6=Claudet|first6=Joachim|last7=Fady|first7=Bruno|last8=Grube|first8=Martin|last9=Keune|first9=Hans|volume=24|issue=4|pages=243–248|s2cid=53518417 |url=https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|access-date=24 May 2020|archive-date=7 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507073138/https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> De 2019 UN Climate Action Summit dey highlight nature-based solutions as an effective method to combat climate change.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=Environment |first=U. N. |date=2019 |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Climate |url=http://www.unep.org/nature-based-solutions-climate |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=UNEP - UN Environment Programme |language=en}}</ref> For example, nature-based systems for climate change adaptation fit include natural flood management, restoring natural coastal defences, den providing local cooling.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|310}} De concept of NBS be related to de concept of ecological engineering<ref name=":1" /> den ecosystem-based adaptation.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|284}} NBS are sanso related, conceptually to de practice of ecological restoration. De sustainable management approach be a key aspect of NBS development den implementation. Mangrove restoration efforts along coastlines provide an example of a nature-based solution dat fit achieve multiple goals. Mangroves moderate de impact of waves den wind on coastal settlements anaa cities,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Marois|first1=Darryl E.|last2=Mitsch|first2=William J.|date=2 January 2015|title=Coastal protection from tsunamis and cyclones provided by mangrove wetlands – a review|journal=International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management|volume=11|issue=1|pages=71–83|doi=10.1080/21513732.2014.997292|bibcode=2015IJBSE..11...71M |s2cid=86554474|issn=2151-3732}}</ref> den they sequester carbon.<ref>{{Citation|last=Inoue|first=Tomomi|title=Carbon Sequestration in Mangroves|work=Blue Carbon in Shallow Coastal Ecosystems|year=2019|pages=73–99|place=Singapore|publisher=Springer Singapore|doi=10.1007/978-981-13-1295-3_3|isbn=978-981-13-1294-6|s2cid=133839393}}</ref> Dem sanso provide nursery zones for marine life wich be important for sustaining fisheries. Additionally, mangrove forests fit help to control coastal erosion resulting from sea level rise. Green roofs, blue roofs, den green walls (as part of green infrastructure) are sanso nature-based solutions dat fit be implemented insud urban areas. Dey fit reduce de effects of urban heat islands, capture stormwater, abate pollution, den act as carbon sinks. At de same time, dey fi enhance local biodiversity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2020 |title=Evaluating the potential of nature-based solutions to reduce ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon dioxide through a multi-type green infrastructure study in Ontario, Canada |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590252020300246 |url-status=live |access-date=3 April 2026 |website=ScienceDirect}}</ref> NBS systems den solutions are forming an increasing part of national den international policies on climate change. Dem are included insyd climate change policy, infrastructure investment, den [[climate finance]] mechanisms. De European Commission has paid increasing attention to NBS since 2013.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Faivre|first1=Nicolas|last2=Fritz|first2=Marco|last3=Freitas|first3=Tiago|last4=de Boissezon|first4=Birgit|last5=Vandewoestijne|first5=Sofie|date=2017|title=Nature-Based Solutions in the EU: Innovating with nature to address social, economic and environmental challenges|journal=Environmental Research|volume=159|pages=509–518|doi=10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.032|pmid=28886502|bibcode=2017ER....159..509F|s2cid=42573101|issn=0013-9351}}</ref> Dis be reflected insyd de majority of global NBS case studies reviewed by Debele et al (2023) being located insyd Europe.<ref name=":16" /> While there be much scope for scaling-up nature-based systems den solutions globally, they frequently encounter numerous challenges during planning den implementation.<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":15">{{Cite journal |last1=Wamsler |first1=C. |last2=Wickenberg |first2=B. |last3=Hanson |first3=H. |last4=Alkan Olsson |first4=J. |last5=Stålhammar |first5=S. |last6=Björn |first6=H. |last7=Falck |first7=H. |last8=Gerell |first8=D. |last9=Oskarsson |first9=T. |last10=Simonsson |first10=E. |last11=Torffvit |first11=F. |date=2020 |title=Environmental and climate policy integration: Targeted strategies for overcoming barriers to nature-based solutions and climate change adaptation |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |volume=247 |article-number=119154 |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119154 |issn=0959-6526 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2020JCPro.24719154W }}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last1=Chausson |first1=Alexandre |last2=Turner |first2=Beth |last3=Seddon |first3=Dan |last4=Chabaneix |first4=Nicole |last5=Girardin |first5=Cécile A. J. |last6=Kapos |first6=Valerie |last7=Key |first7=Isabel |last8=Roe |first8=Dilys |last9=Smith |first9=Alison |last10=Woroniecki |first10=Stephen |last11=Seddon |first11=Nathalie |date=2020-09-09 |title=Mapping the effectiveness of nature-based solutions for climate change adaptation |journal=Global Change Biology |volume=26 |issue=11 |pages=6134–6155 |bibcode=2020GCBio..26.6134C |doi=10.1111/gcb.15310 |issn=1354-1013 |pmid=32906226 |s2cid=221621517 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De IPCC dey point out dat de term be "de subject of ongoing debate, plus concerns dat e may lead to de misunderstanding dat NbS on its own fi provide a global solution to climate change".<ref name=":12" />{{rp|24}} To clarify dis point further, de IPCC sanso stated dat "nature-based systems cannot be regarded as an alternative to, anaa a reason to delay, deep cuts insyd GHG emissions".<ref name=":13" />{{rp|203}} {{TOC limit|3}} == Definition == [[File:ISS047-E-84351 Cape Coral, Florida (annotated).jpg|thumb|Mangroves protect coastlines against erosion ([[Cape Coral, Florida|Cape Coral]], Florida, United States)]] De International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) defines NBS as "actions to protect, sustainably manage, den restore natural anaa modified ecosystems, dat address societal challenges effectively den adaptively, simultaneously providing human well-being den biodiversity benefits".<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10">Cohen-Shacham, E., G. Walters, C. Janzen, S. Maginnis (eds). 2016. Nature-based solutions to address global societal challenges. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. Xiii + 97 pp. Downloadable from https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46191 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401093813/https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46191|date=1 April 2021}}</ref> ''Societal challenges'' of relevance here include [[climate change]], food security, disaster risk reduction, water security. Insyd oda words: "Nature-based solutions are interventions dat use de natural functions of healthy ecosystems to protect de environment but sanso provide numerous economic den social benefits."<ref>Dubash, N.K., C.  Mitchell, E.L.  Boasson, M.J.  Borbor-Cordova, S.  Fifita, E.  Haites, M.  Jaccard, F.  Jotzo, S.  Naidoo, P.  Romero-Lankao, M.  Shlapak, W.  Shen, L. Wu, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter13.pdf Chapter 13: National and sub-national policies and institutions]. In IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D.  McCollum, M.  Pathak, S.  Some, P. Vyas, R.  Fradera, M.  Belkacemi, A.  Hasija, G.  Lisboa, S.  Luz, J.  Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.015</ref>{{rp|1403}} Dem are used both insyd de context of climate change mitigation as well as adaptation.<ref>Lecocq, F., H. Winkler, J.P. Daka, S. Fu, J.S. Gerber, S. Kartha, V. Krey, H. Lofgren, T. Masui, R. Mathur, J. Portugal-Pereira, B.  K. Sovacool,  M. V. Vilariño,  N. Zhou, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter04.pdf Chapter 4: Mitigation and development pathways in the near- to mid-term]. In IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van  Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.006</ref>{{rp|469}} De European Commission's definition of NBS states dat these solutions are "inspired den supported by nature, wich are cost-effective, simultaneously provide environmental, social den economic benefits den help build resilience. Such solutions bring more, den more diverse, nature den natural features den processes into cities, landscapes, den seascapes, through locally adapted, resource-efficient den systemic interventions".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Nature-Based Solutions - European Commission |url=https://ec.europa.eu/research/environment/index.cfm?pg=nbs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923161801/http://ec.europa.eu/research/environment/index.cfm?pg=nbs |archive-date=23 September 2019 |access-date=10 December 2019 |website=}}</ref> Insyd 2020, de EC definition was updated to further emphasise dat "Nature-based solutions must benefit biodiversity den support de delivery of a range of ecosystem services."<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Wild |first1=Tom |url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/research_and_innovation/research_by_area/documents/nbs_valorisationprojects_fullreport_web.pdf |title=Nature-based Solutions - State of the Art in EU-funded Projects |last2=Freitas |first2=Tiago |last3=Vandewoestijne |first3=Sofie |date=2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111152411/https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/research_and_innovation/research_by_area/documents/nbs_valorisationprojects_fullreport_web.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> De IPCC Sixth Assessment Report pointed out dat de term ''nature-based solutions'' be "widely but not universally used insyd de scientific literature".<ref name=":12">IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_SummaryForPolicymakers.pdf Summary for Policymakers] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, M. Tignor, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem (eds.)]. In: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3–33, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.001.</ref>{{rp|24}} As of 2017, de term NBS was still regarded as "poorly defined den vague".<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2017 |title='Nature-based solutions' is the latest green jargon that means more than you might think |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/541133b |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=541 |issue=7636 |pages=133–134 |doi=10.1038/541133b |pmid=28079099 |bibcode=2017Natur.541R.133. |s2cid=4455842 |issn=0028-0836|url-access=subscription }}</ref> De term ''ecosystem-based adaptation'' (EbA) be a subset of nature-based solutions den "aims to maintain den increase de resilience den reduce de vulnerability of ecosystems den people insyd de face of de adverse effects of climate change".<ref name=":13" />{{rp|284}} === History of de term === De term ''nature-based solutions'' was put forward by practitioners insyd de late 2000s. At dat time e was used by international organisations such as de International Union for Conservation of Nature den de World Bank insyd de context of finding new solutions to mitigate den adapt to climate change effects by working plus natural ecosystems rather dan relying purely on engineering interventions.<ref name=":5" /><ref name="MacKinnon11">MacKinnon, K., C. Sobrevila, V. Hickey. 2008. [https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/149141468320661795/biodiversity-climate-change-and-adaptation-nature-based-solutions-from-the-world-bank-portfolio Biodiversity, climate change and adaptation: nature-based solutions from the Word Bank portfolio]. Washington D.C.: World Bank.</ref><ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" />{{rp|3}} Chaw indigenous peoples have recognised de natural environment as playing an important role insyd human well-being as part of their traditional knowledge systems, but dis idea did not enter into modern scientific literature until de 1970's plus de concept of ecosystem services.<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" />{{rp|2}} De IUCN referred to NBS insyd a position paper for de United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.<ref>IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2009. No time to lose – make full use of nature-based solutions in the post-2012 climate change regime. Position paper on the Fifteenth session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP 15). Gland: IUCN.</ref> De term be sanso dey adopt by European policymakers, insyd particular by de European Commission, insyd a report<ref name="European Commission 2015">European Commission. 2015. Towards an EU Research and Innovation policy agenda for nature-based solutions & re-naturing cities. Final Report of the Horizon2020 Expert Group on Nature-Based Solutions and Re-Naturing Cities. Brussels: European Commission.</ref> stressing dat NBS fi offer innovative means to create jobs den growth as part of a green economy. De term started to make appearances insyd de mainstream media around de time of de Global Climate Action Summit insyd California insyd September 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2018 |title=Global Climate Action Summit kicks off today in San Francisco with nature-based solutions high on the agenda |url=http://nathalieseddon.blogspot.com/2018/09/global-climate-action-summit-kicks-off.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913112911/http://nathalieseddon.blogspot.com/2018/09/global-climate-action-summit-kicks-off.html |archive-date=13 September 2018 |access-date=13 September 2018 |website=Global Climate Action Summit kicks off today in San Francisco with nature-based solutions high on the agenda}}</ref> == Objectives den framing == [[File:Morro Strand State Beach (1).jpg|thumb|Coastal habitat protection at Morro Strand State Beach insyd San Luis Obispo County, California]]Nature-based solutions stress de sustainable use of nature in solving coupled environmental-social-economic challenges.<ref name=":5" /> NBS go beyond traditional biodiversity conservation den management principles by "re-focusing" de debate on humans den specifically integrating societal factors such as human well-being den poverty reduction, socio-economic development den governance principles. De general objective of NBS be clear, namely de sustainable management den use of Nature for tackling societal challenges.<ref>IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2016. Resolution 077 World Conservation Congress 2016, Hawaiʻi (https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808140530/https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077|date=2019-08-08}}) 17. European Commission. 2016. Horizon2020 Work Programme 2016–2017 – 12. Climate action, environment, [[resource efficiency]] & raw materials, 99 pp. (http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213072645/http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf|date=13 December 2016}})</ref> However, different stakeholders view NBS from a variety of perspectives.<ref name=":1" /> For instance, de IUCN puts de need for well-managed den restored ecosystems at de heart of NBS, plus de overarching goal of "Supporting de achievement of society's development goals den safeguard human well-being insyd ways dat reflect cultural den societal values den enhance de resilience of ecosystems, their capacity for renewal den de provision of services".<ref name="IUCN16">IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2016. Resolution 077 World Conservation Congress 2016, Hawaiʻi (https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808140530/https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077|date=8 August 2019}})</ref> De European Commission underlines dat NBS fi transform environmental den societal challenges into innovation opportunities, by turning natural capital into a source for green growth den sustainable development.<ref name="European Commission 2015" /> Within dis viewpoint, nature-based solutions to societal challenges "bring chaw, den chaw diverse, nature den natural features den processes into cities, landscapes den seascapes, through locally adapted, resource-efficient den systemic interventions".<ref name="ec.europa.eu">European Commission. 2016. Horizon2020 Work Programme 2016–2017 – 12. Climate action, environment, resource efficiency & raw materials, 99 pp. (http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213072645/http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf|date=13 December 2016}})</ref> As a result, NBS has been suggested as a means of implementing de nature-positive goal to halt den reverse nature loss by 2030, den achieve full nature recovery by 2050.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Milner-Gulland |first1=E.J. |last2=Addison |first2=Prue |last3=Arlidge |first3=William N.S. |last4=Baker |first4=Julia |last5=Booth |first5=Hollie |last6=Brooks |first6=Thomas |last7=Bull |first7=Joseph W. |last8=Burgass |first8=Michael J. |last9=Ekstrom |first9=Jon |last10=zu Ermgassen |first10=Sophus O.S.E. |last11=Fleming |first11=L. Vincent |last12=Grub |first12=Henry M.J. |last13=von Hase |first13=Amrei |last14=Hoffmann |first14=Michael |last15=Hutton |first15=Jonathan |date=2021-01-22 |title=Four steps for the Earth: mainstreaming the post-2020 global biodiversity framework |journal=One Earth |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=75–87 |doi=10.1016/j.oneear.2020.12.011 |bibcode=2021OEart...4...75M |issn=2590-3322}}</ref> == Categories == De IUCN proposes to consider NBS as an umbrella concept.<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" /> Categories den examples of NBS approaches according to de IUCN include:<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" /> {| class="wikitable" !Category of NBS approaches !Examples |- |[[Ecosystem restoration]] approaches |Ecological restoration, [[ecological engineering]], forest landscape restoration |- |Issue-specific ecosystem-related approaches |[[Ecosystem-based adaptation]], ecosystem-based mitigation, climate adaptation services, [[ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction]] |- |Infrastructure-related approaches |Natural infrastructure, [[green infrastructure]] |- |[[Ecosystem-based management]] approaches |[[Integrated coastal zone management]], [[integrated water resources management]] |- |Ecosystem protection approaches |Area-based conservation approaches including protected area management |} == Types == [[File:Fig 2 NbS.jpg|thumb|upright=1.46|Schematic presentation of de NBS typology.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Eggermont |first1=Hilde |last2=Balian |first2=Estelle |last3=Azevedo |first3=José Manuel N. |last4=Beumer |first4=Victor |last5=Brodin |first5=Tomas |last6=Claudet |first6=Joachim |last7=Fady |first7=Bruno |last8=Grube |first8=Martin |last9=Keune |first9=Hans |date=2015 |title=Nature-based Solutions: New Influence for Environmental Management and Research in Europe |url=https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Gaia - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society |language=en |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=243–248 |doi=10.14512/gaia.24.4.9 |s2cid=53518417 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507073138/https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf |archive-date=7 May 2020 |access-date=24 May 2020 |hdl=10400.3/4170}}</ref>]] Scientists have proposed a typology to characterise NBS along two gradients:<ref name=":1" /> # "How much engineering of biodiversity den ecosystems be involved insyd NBS", den # "How many ecosystem services den stakeholder groups are targeted by a given NBS". De typology highlights dat NBS fi involve very different actions on ecosystems (from protection, to management, anaa even de creation of new ecosystems) den be based on de assumption dat de higher de number of services den stakeholder groups targeted, de lower de capacity to maximise de delivery of each service den simultaneously fulfil de specific needs of all stakeholder groups. As such, three types of NBS are distinguished (hybrid solutions exist along dis gradient both insyd space den time. For instance, at a landscape scale, mixing protected den managed areas could be required to fulfill multi-functionality den sustainability goals): == References == dcx3ggfxhmvc881kvhn2vwv7u90j0x6 102774 102773 2026-06-14T07:37:42Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Dey add category 102774 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|Sustainable use of nature for tackling socio-environmental challenges}} [[File:NRCSIA00041 - Iowa (2285)(NRCS Photo Gallery).jpg|thumb|Example for a nature-based solution insyd de area of [[Water resources|water resource]] management: dis riparian buffer protects a creek insyd lowa, United States from the impact of adjacent land uses]] '''Nature-based solutions''' (anaa '''nature-based systems''', den abbreviated as '''NBS''' anaa '''NbS''') describe de development den use of (biodiversity) den natural processes to address diverse soci-environmental issues.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Girardin |first1=Cécile A. J. |last2=Jenkins |first2=Stuart |last3=Seddon |first3=Nathalie |last4=Allen |first4=Myles |last5=Lewis |first5=Simon L. |last6=Wheeler |first6=Charlotte E. |last7=Griscom |first7=Bronson W. |last8=Malhi |first8=Yadvinder |title=Nature-based solutions can help cool the planet — if we act now |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |date=2021 |volume=593 |issue=7858 |pages=191–194 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-01241-2 |doi-access=free|pmid=33981055 |bibcode=2021Natur.593..191G}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Frantzeskaki |first1=Niki |last2=McPhearson |first2=Timon |last3=Collier |first3=Marcus J |last4=Kendal |first4=Dave |last5=Bulkeley |first5=Harriet |last6=Dumitru |first6=Adina |last7=Walsh |first7=Claire |last8=Noble |first8=Kate |last9=van Wyk |first9=Ernita |last10=Ordóñez |first10=Camilo |last11=Oke |first11=Cathy |last12=Pintér |first12=László |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Climate Change Adaptation: Linking Science, Policy, and Practice Communities for Evidence-Based Decision-Making |journal=[[BioScience]] |date=2019 |volume=69 |issue=6 |pages=455–466 |doi=10.1093/biosci/biz042 |doi-access=free|hdl=2183/36896 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> These issues include climate change mitigation den adaptation, human security issues such as water security den food security, den disaster risk reduction.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last1=Debele |first1=S. E. |last2=Leo |first2=L. S. |last3=Kumar |first3=P. |last4=Sahani |first4=J. |last5=Ommer |first5=J. |last6=Bucchignani |first6=E. |last7=Vranić |first7=S. |last8=Kalas |first8=M. |last9=Amirzada |first9=Z. |last10=Pavlova |first10=I. |last11=Shah |first11=M. A. R. |last12=Gonzalez-Ollauri |first12=A. |last13=Di Sabatino |first13=S. |date=2023 |title=Nature-based solutions can help reduce the impact of natural hazards: A global analysis of NBS case studies |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969723044492 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=902 |article-number=165824 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165824|pmid=37527720 |bibcode=2023ScTEn.90265824D |hdl=11585/953217 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> De aim be dat resilient ecosystems (whether natural, managed, anaa newly created) provide solutions for de benefit of both societies den biodiversity.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Nature-based Solutions: New Influence for Environmental Management and Research in Europe|last1=Eggermont|first1=Hilde|last2=Balian|first2=Estelle|date=2015|journal=Gaia - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society|language=en|doi=10.14512/gaia.24.4.9|last3=Azevedo|first3=José Manuel N.|last4=Beumer|first4=Victor|last5=Brodin|first5=Tomas|last6=Claudet|first6=Joachim|last7=Fady|first7=Bruno|last8=Grube|first8=Martin|last9=Keune|first9=Hans|volume=24|issue=4|pages=243–248|s2cid=53518417 |url=https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|access-date=24 May 2020|archive-date=7 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507073138/https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> De 2019 UN Climate Action Summit dey highlight nature-based solutions as an effective method to combat climate change.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=Environment |first=U. N. |date=2019 |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Climate |url=http://www.unep.org/nature-based-solutions-climate |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=UNEP - UN Environment Programme |language=en}}</ref> For example, nature-based systems for climate change adaptation fit include natural flood management, restoring natural coastal defences, den providing local cooling.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|310}} De concept of NBS be related to de concept of ecological engineering<ref name=":1" /> den ecosystem-based adaptation.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|284}} NBS are sanso related, conceptually to de practice of ecological restoration. De sustainable management approach be a key aspect of NBS development den implementation. Mangrove restoration efforts along coastlines provide an example of a nature-based solution dat fit achieve multiple goals. Mangroves moderate de impact of waves den wind on coastal settlements anaa cities,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Marois|first1=Darryl E.|last2=Mitsch|first2=William J.|date=2 January 2015|title=Coastal protection from tsunamis and cyclones provided by mangrove wetlands – a review|journal=International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management|volume=11|issue=1|pages=71–83|doi=10.1080/21513732.2014.997292|bibcode=2015IJBSE..11...71M |s2cid=86554474|issn=2151-3732}}</ref> den they sequester carbon.<ref>{{Citation|last=Inoue|first=Tomomi|title=Carbon Sequestration in Mangroves|work=Blue Carbon in Shallow Coastal Ecosystems|year=2019|pages=73–99|place=Singapore|publisher=Springer Singapore|doi=10.1007/978-981-13-1295-3_3|isbn=978-981-13-1294-6|s2cid=133839393}}</ref> Dem sanso provide nursery zones for marine life wich be important for sustaining fisheries. Additionally, mangrove forests fit help to control coastal erosion resulting from sea level rise. Green roofs, blue roofs, den green walls (as part of green infrastructure) are sanso nature-based solutions dat fit be implemented insud urban areas. Dey fit reduce de effects of urban heat islands, capture stormwater, abate pollution, den act as carbon sinks. At de same time, dey fi enhance local biodiversity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2020 |title=Evaluating the potential of nature-based solutions to reduce ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon dioxide through a multi-type green infrastructure study in Ontario, Canada |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590252020300246 |url-status=live |access-date=3 April 2026 |website=ScienceDirect}}</ref> NBS systems den solutions are forming an increasing part of national den international policies on climate change. Dem are included insyd climate change policy, infrastructure investment, den [[climate finance]] mechanisms. De European Commission has paid increasing attention to NBS since 2013.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Faivre|first1=Nicolas|last2=Fritz|first2=Marco|last3=Freitas|first3=Tiago|last4=de Boissezon|first4=Birgit|last5=Vandewoestijne|first5=Sofie|date=2017|title=Nature-Based Solutions in the EU: Innovating with nature to address social, economic and environmental challenges|journal=Environmental Research|volume=159|pages=509–518|doi=10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.032|pmid=28886502|bibcode=2017ER....159..509F|s2cid=42573101|issn=0013-9351}}</ref> Dis be reflected insyd de majority of global NBS case studies reviewed by Debele et al (2023) being located insyd Europe.<ref name=":16" /> While there be much scope for scaling-up nature-based systems den solutions globally, they frequently encounter numerous challenges during planning den implementation.<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":15">{{Cite journal |last1=Wamsler |first1=C. |last2=Wickenberg |first2=B. |last3=Hanson |first3=H. |last4=Alkan Olsson |first4=J. |last5=Stålhammar |first5=S. |last6=Björn |first6=H. |last7=Falck |first7=H. |last8=Gerell |first8=D. |last9=Oskarsson |first9=T. |last10=Simonsson |first10=E. |last11=Torffvit |first11=F. |date=2020 |title=Environmental and climate policy integration: Targeted strategies for overcoming barriers to nature-based solutions and climate change adaptation |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |volume=247 |article-number=119154 |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119154 |issn=0959-6526 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2020JCPro.24719154W }}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last1=Chausson |first1=Alexandre |last2=Turner |first2=Beth |last3=Seddon |first3=Dan |last4=Chabaneix |first4=Nicole |last5=Girardin |first5=Cécile A. J. |last6=Kapos |first6=Valerie |last7=Key |first7=Isabel |last8=Roe |first8=Dilys |last9=Smith |first9=Alison |last10=Woroniecki |first10=Stephen |last11=Seddon |first11=Nathalie |date=2020-09-09 |title=Mapping the effectiveness of nature-based solutions for climate change adaptation |journal=Global Change Biology |volume=26 |issue=11 |pages=6134–6155 |bibcode=2020GCBio..26.6134C |doi=10.1111/gcb.15310 |issn=1354-1013 |pmid=32906226 |s2cid=221621517 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De IPCC dey point out dat de term be "de subject of ongoing debate, plus concerns dat e may lead to de misunderstanding dat NbS on its own fi provide a global solution to climate change".<ref name=":12" />{{rp|24}} To clarify dis point further, de IPCC sanso stated dat "nature-based systems cannot be regarded as an alternative to, anaa a reason to delay, deep cuts insyd GHG emissions".<ref name=":13" />{{rp|203}} {{TOC limit|3}} == Definition == [[File:ISS047-E-84351 Cape Coral, Florida (annotated).jpg|thumb|Mangroves protect coastlines against erosion ([[Cape Coral, Florida|Cape Coral]], Florida, United States)]] De International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) defines NBS as "actions to protect, sustainably manage, den restore natural anaa modified ecosystems, dat address societal challenges effectively den adaptively, simultaneously providing human well-being den biodiversity benefits".<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10">Cohen-Shacham, E., G. Walters, C. Janzen, S. Maginnis (eds). 2016. Nature-based solutions to address global societal challenges. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. Xiii + 97 pp. Downloadable from https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46191 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401093813/https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46191|date=1 April 2021}}</ref> ''Societal challenges'' of relevance here include [[climate change]], food security, disaster risk reduction, water security. Insyd oda words: "Nature-based solutions are interventions dat use de natural functions of healthy ecosystems to protect de environment but sanso provide numerous economic den social benefits."<ref>Dubash, N.K., C.  Mitchell, E.L.  Boasson, M.J.  Borbor-Cordova, S.  Fifita, E.  Haites, M.  Jaccard, F.  Jotzo, S.  Naidoo, P.  Romero-Lankao, M.  Shlapak, W.  Shen, L. Wu, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter13.pdf Chapter 13: National and sub-national policies and institutions]. In IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D.  McCollum, M.  Pathak, S.  Some, P. Vyas, R.  Fradera, M.  Belkacemi, A.  Hasija, G.  Lisboa, S.  Luz, J.  Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.015</ref>{{rp|1403}} Dem are used both insyd de context of climate change mitigation as well as adaptation.<ref>Lecocq, F., H. Winkler, J.P. Daka, S. Fu, J.S. Gerber, S. Kartha, V. Krey, H. Lofgren, T. Masui, R. Mathur, J. Portugal-Pereira, B.  K. Sovacool,  M. V. Vilariño,  N. Zhou, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter04.pdf Chapter 4: Mitigation and development pathways in the near- to mid-term]. In IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van  Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.006</ref>{{rp|469}} De European Commission's definition of NBS states dat these solutions are "inspired den supported by nature, wich are cost-effective, simultaneously provide environmental, social den economic benefits den help build resilience. Such solutions bring more, den more diverse, nature den natural features den processes into cities, landscapes, den seascapes, through locally adapted, resource-efficient den systemic interventions".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Nature-Based Solutions - European Commission |url=https://ec.europa.eu/research/environment/index.cfm?pg=nbs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923161801/http://ec.europa.eu/research/environment/index.cfm?pg=nbs |archive-date=23 September 2019 |access-date=10 December 2019 |website=}}</ref> Insyd 2020, de EC definition was updated to further emphasise dat "Nature-based solutions must benefit biodiversity den support de delivery of a range of ecosystem services."<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Wild |first1=Tom |url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/research_and_innovation/research_by_area/documents/nbs_valorisationprojects_fullreport_web.pdf |title=Nature-based Solutions - State of the Art in EU-funded Projects |last2=Freitas |first2=Tiago |last3=Vandewoestijne |first3=Sofie |date=2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111152411/https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/research_and_innovation/research_by_area/documents/nbs_valorisationprojects_fullreport_web.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> De IPCC Sixth Assessment Report pointed out dat de term ''nature-based solutions'' be "widely but not universally used insyd de scientific literature".<ref name=":12">IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_SummaryForPolicymakers.pdf Summary for Policymakers] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, M. Tignor, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem (eds.)]. In: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3–33, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.001.</ref>{{rp|24}} As of 2017, de term NBS was still regarded as "poorly defined den vague".<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2017 |title='Nature-based solutions' is the latest green jargon that means more than you might think |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/541133b |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=541 |issue=7636 |pages=133–134 |doi=10.1038/541133b |pmid=28079099 |bibcode=2017Natur.541R.133. |s2cid=4455842 |issn=0028-0836|url-access=subscription }}</ref> De term ''ecosystem-based adaptation'' (EbA) be a subset of nature-based solutions den "aims to maintain den increase de resilience den reduce de vulnerability of ecosystems den people insyd de face of de adverse effects of climate change".<ref name=":13" />{{rp|284}} === History of de term === De term ''nature-based solutions'' was put forward by practitioners insyd de late 2000s. At dat time e was used by international organisations such as de International Union for Conservation of Nature den de World Bank insyd de context of finding new solutions to mitigate den adapt to climate change effects by working plus natural ecosystems rather dan relying purely on engineering interventions.<ref name=":5" /><ref name="MacKinnon11">MacKinnon, K., C. Sobrevila, V. Hickey. 2008. [https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/149141468320661795/biodiversity-climate-change-and-adaptation-nature-based-solutions-from-the-world-bank-portfolio Biodiversity, climate change and adaptation: nature-based solutions from the Word Bank portfolio]. Washington D.C.: World Bank.</ref><ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" />{{rp|3}} Chaw indigenous peoples have recognised de natural environment as playing an important role insyd human well-being as part of their traditional knowledge systems, but dis idea did not enter into modern scientific literature until de 1970's plus de concept of ecosystem services.<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" />{{rp|2}} De IUCN referred to NBS insyd a position paper for de United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.<ref>IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2009. No time to lose – make full use of nature-based solutions in the post-2012 climate change regime. Position paper on the Fifteenth session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP 15). Gland: IUCN.</ref> De term be sanso dey adopt by European policymakers, insyd particular by de European Commission, insyd a report<ref name="European Commission 2015">European Commission. 2015. Towards an EU Research and Innovation policy agenda for nature-based solutions & re-naturing cities. Final Report of the Horizon2020 Expert Group on Nature-Based Solutions and Re-Naturing Cities. Brussels: European Commission.</ref> stressing dat NBS fi offer innovative means to create jobs den growth as part of a green economy. De term started to make appearances insyd de mainstream media around de time of de Global Climate Action Summit insyd California insyd September 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2018 |title=Global Climate Action Summit kicks off today in San Francisco with nature-based solutions high on the agenda |url=http://nathalieseddon.blogspot.com/2018/09/global-climate-action-summit-kicks-off.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913112911/http://nathalieseddon.blogspot.com/2018/09/global-climate-action-summit-kicks-off.html |archive-date=13 September 2018 |access-date=13 September 2018 |website=Global Climate Action Summit kicks off today in San Francisco with nature-based solutions high on the agenda}}</ref> == Objectives den framing == [[File:Morro Strand State Beach (1).jpg|thumb|Coastal habitat protection at Morro Strand State Beach insyd San Luis Obispo County, California]]Nature-based solutions stress de sustainable use of nature in solving coupled environmental-social-economic challenges.<ref name=":5" /> NBS go beyond traditional biodiversity conservation den management principles by "re-focusing" de debate on humans den specifically integrating societal factors such as human well-being den poverty reduction, socio-economic development den governance principles. De general objective of NBS be clear, namely de sustainable management den use of Nature for tackling societal challenges.<ref>IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2016. Resolution 077 World Conservation Congress 2016, Hawaiʻi (https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808140530/https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077|date=2019-08-08}}) 17. European Commission. 2016. Horizon2020 Work Programme 2016–2017 – 12. Climate action, environment, [[resource efficiency]] & raw materials, 99 pp. (http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213072645/http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf|date=13 December 2016}})</ref> However, different stakeholders view NBS from a variety of perspectives.<ref name=":1" /> For instance, de IUCN puts de need for well-managed den restored ecosystems at de heart of NBS, plus de overarching goal of "Supporting de achievement of society's development goals den safeguard human well-being insyd ways dat reflect cultural den societal values den enhance de resilience of ecosystems, their capacity for renewal den de provision of services".<ref name="IUCN16">IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2016. Resolution 077 World Conservation Congress 2016, Hawaiʻi (https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808140530/https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077|date=8 August 2019}})</ref> De European Commission underlines dat NBS fi transform environmental den societal challenges into innovation opportunities, by turning natural capital into a source for green growth den sustainable development.<ref name="European Commission 2015" /> Within dis viewpoint, nature-based solutions to societal challenges "bring chaw, den chaw diverse, nature den natural features den processes into cities, landscapes den seascapes, through locally adapted, resource-efficient den systemic interventions".<ref name="ec.europa.eu">European Commission. 2016. Horizon2020 Work Programme 2016–2017 – 12. Climate action, environment, resource efficiency & raw materials, 99 pp. (http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213072645/http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf|date=13 December 2016}})</ref> As a result, NBS has been suggested as a means of implementing de nature-positive goal to halt den reverse nature loss by 2030, den achieve full nature recovery by 2050.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Milner-Gulland |first1=E.J. |last2=Addison |first2=Prue |last3=Arlidge |first3=William N.S. |last4=Baker |first4=Julia |last5=Booth |first5=Hollie |last6=Brooks |first6=Thomas |last7=Bull |first7=Joseph W. |last8=Burgass |first8=Michael J. |last9=Ekstrom |first9=Jon |last10=zu Ermgassen |first10=Sophus O.S.E. |last11=Fleming |first11=L. Vincent |last12=Grub |first12=Henry M.J. |last13=von Hase |first13=Amrei |last14=Hoffmann |first14=Michael |last15=Hutton |first15=Jonathan |date=2021-01-22 |title=Four steps for the Earth: mainstreaming the post-2020 global biodiversity framework |journal=One Earth |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=75–87 |doi=10.1016/j.oneear.2020.12.011 |bibcode=2021OEart...4...75M |issn=2590-3322}}</ref> == Categories == De IUCN proposes to consider NBS as an umbrella concept.<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" /> Categories den examples of NBS approaches according to de IUCN include:<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" /> {| class="wikitable" !Category of NBS approaches !Examples |- |[[Ecosystem restoration]] approaches |Ecological restoration, [[ecological engineering]], forest landscape restoration |- |Issue-specific ecosystem-related approaches |[[Ecosystem-based adaptation]], ecosystem-based mitigation, climate adaptation services, [[ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction]] |- |Infrastructure-related approaches |Natural infrastructure, [[green infrastructure]] |- |[[Ecosystem-based management]] approaches |[[Integrated coastal zone management]], [[integrated water resources management]] |- |Ecosystem protection approaches |Area-based conservation approaches including protected area management |} == Types == [[File:Fig 2 NbS.jpg|thumb|upright=1.46|Schematic presentation of de NBS typology.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Eggermont |first1=Hilde |last2=Balian |first2=Estelle |last3=Azevedo |first3=José Manuel N. |last4=Beumer |first4=Victor |last5=Brodin |first5=Tomas |last6=Claudet |first6=Joachim |last7=Fady |first7=Bruno |last8=Grube |first8=Martin |last9=Keune |first9=Hans |date=2015 |title=Nature-based Solutions: New Influence for Environmental Management and Research in Europe |url=https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Gaia - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society |language=en |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=243–248 |doi=10.14512/gaia.24.4.9 |s2cid=53518417 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507073138/https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf |archive-date=7 May 2020 |access-date=24 May 2020 |hdl=10400.3/4170}}</ref>]] Scientists have proposed a typology to characterise NBS along two gradients:<ref name=":1" /> # "How much engineering of biodiversity den ecosystems be involved insyd NBS", den # "How many ecosystem services den stakeholder groups are targeted by a given NBS". De typology highlights dat NBS fi involve very different actions on ecosystems (from protection, to management, anaa even de creation of new ecosystems) den be based on de assumption dat de higher de number of services den stakeholder groups targeted, de lower de capacity to maximise de delivery of each service den simultaneously fulfil de specific needs of all stakeholder groups. As such, three types of NBS are distinguished (hybrid solutions exist along dis gradient both insyd space den time. For instance, at a landscape scale, mixing protected den managed areas could be required to fulfill multi-functionality den sustainability goals): == References == <references /> [[Category:Ecosystem]] fupi50r0633btvl25phk33298xxzznc 102775 102774 2026-06-14T07:38:09Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Dey add category 102775 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|Sustainable use of nature for tackling socio-environmental challenges}} [[File:NRCSIA00041 - Iowa (2285)(NRCS Photo Gallery).jpg|thumb|Example for a nature-based solution insyd de area of [[Water resources|water resource]] management: dis riparian buffer protects a creek insyd lowa, United States from the impact of adjacent land uses]] '''Nature-based solutions''' (anaa '''nature-based systems''', den abbreviated as '''NBS''' anaa '''NbS''') describe de development den use of (biodiversity) den natural processes to address diverse soci-environmental issues.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Girardin |first1=Cécile A. J. |last2=Jenkins |first2=Stuart |last3=Seddon |first3=Nathalie |last4=Allen |first4=Myles |last5=Lewis |first5=Simon L. |last6=Wheeler |first6=Charlotte E. |last7=Griscom |first7=Bronson W. |last8=Malhi |first8=Yadvinder |title=Nature-based solutions can help cool the planet — if we act now |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |date=2021 |volume=593 |issue=7858 |pages=191–194 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-01241-2 |doi-access=free|pmid=33981055 |bibcode=2021Natur.593..191G}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Frantzeskaki |first1=Niki |last2=McPhearson |first2=Timon |last3=Collier |first3=Marcus J |last4=Kendal |first4=Dave |last5=Bulkeley |first5=Harriet |last6=Dumitru |first6=Adina |last7=Walsh |first7=Claire |last8=Noble |first8=Kate |last9=van Wyk |first9=Ernita |last10=Ordóñez |first10=Camilo |last11=Oke |first11=Cathy |last12=Pintér |first12=László |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Climate Change Adaptation: Linking Science, Policy, and Practice Communities for Evidence-Based Decision-Making |journal=[[BioScience]] |date=2019 |volume=69 |issue=6 |pages=455–466 |doi=10.1093/biosci/biz042 |doi-access=free|hdl=2183/36896 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> These issues include climate change mitigation den adaptation, human security issues such as water security den food security, den disaster risk reduction.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last1=Debele |first1=S. E. |last2=Leo |first2=L. S. |last3=Kumar |first3=P. |last4=Sahani |first4=J. |last5=Ommer |first5=J. |last6=Bucchignani |first6=E. |last7=Vranić |first7=S. |last8=Kalas |first8=M. |last9=Amirzada |first9=Z. |last10=Pavlova |first10=I. |last11=Shah |first11=M. A. R. |last12=Gonzalez-Ollauri |first12=A. |last13=Di Sabatino |first13=S. |date=2023 |title=Nature-based solutions can help reduce the impact of natural hazards: A global analysis of NBS case studies |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969723044492 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=902 |article-number=165824 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165824|pmid=37527720 |bibcode=2023ScTEn.90265824D |hdl=11585/953217 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> De aim be dat resilient ecosystems (whether natural, managed, anaa newly created) provide solutions for de benefit of both societies den biodiversity.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Nature-based Solutions: New Influence for Environmental Management and Research in Europe|last1=Eggermont|first1=Hilde|last2=Balian|first2=Estelle|date=2015|journal=Gaia - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society|language=en|doi=10.14512/gaia.24.4.9|last3=Azevedo|first3=José Manuel N.|last4=Beumer|first4=Victor|last5=Brodin|first5=Tomas|last6=Claudet|first6=Joachim|last7=Fady|first7=Bruno|last8=Grube|first8=Martin|last9=Keune|first9=Hans|volume=24|issue=4|pages=243–248|s2cid=53518417 |url=https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|access-date=24 May 2020|archive-date=7 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507073138/https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> De 2019 UN Climate Action Summit dey highlight nature-based solutions as an effective method to combat climate change.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=Environment |first=U. N. |date=2019 |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Climate |url=http://www.unep.org/nature-based-solutions-climate |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=UNEP - UN Environment Programme |language=en}}</ref> For example, nature-based systems for climate change adaptation fit include natural flood management, restoring natural coastal defences, den providing local cooling.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|310}} De concept of NBS be related to de concept of ecological engineering<ref name=":1" /> den ecosystem-based adaptation.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|284}} NBS are sanso related, conceptually to de practice of ecological restoration. De sustainable management approach be a key aspect of NBS development den implementation. Mangrove restoration efforts along coastlines provide an example of a nature-based solution dat fit achieve multiple goals. Mangroves moderate de impact of waves den wind on coastal settlements anaa cities,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Marois|first1=Darryl E.|last2=Mitsch|first2=William J.|date=2 January 2015|title=Coastal protection from tsunamis and cyclones provided by mangrove wetlands – a review|journal=International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management|volume=11|issue=1|pages=71–83|doi=10.1080/21513732.2014.997292|bibcode=2015IJBSE..11...71M |s2cid=86554474|issn=2151-3732}}</ref> den they sequester carbon.<ref>{{Citation|last=Inoue|first=Tomomi|title=Carbon Sequestration in Mangroves|work=Blue Carbon in Shallow Coastal Ecosystems|year=2019|pages=73–99|place=Singapore|publisher=Springer Singapore|doi=10.1007/978-981-13-1295-3_3|isbn=978-981-13-1294-6|s2cid=133839393}}</ref> Dem sanso provide nursery zones for marine life wich be important for sustaining fisheries. Additionally, mangrove forests fit help to control coastal erosion resulting from sea level rise. Green roofs, blue roofs, den green walls (as part of green infrastructure) are sanso nature-based solutions dat fit be implemented insud urban areas. Dey fit reduce de effects of urban heat islands, capture stormwater, abate pollution, den act as carbon sinks. At de same time, dey fi enhance local biodiversity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2020 |title=Evaluating the potential of nature-based solutions to reduce ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon dioxide through a multi-type green infrastructure study in Ontario, Canada |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590252020300246 |url-status=live |access-date=3 April 2026 |website=ScienceDirect}}</ref> NBS systems den solutions are forming an increasing part of national den international policies on climate change. Dem are included insyd climate change policy, infrastructure investment, den [[climate finance]] mechanisms. De European Commission has paid increasing attention to NBS since 2013.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Faivre|first1=Nicolas|last2=Fritz|first2=Marco|last3=Freitas|first3=Tiago|last4=de Boissezon|first4=Birgit|last5=Vandewoestijne|first5=Sofie|date=2017|title=Nature-Based Solutions in the EU: Innovating with nature to address social, economic and environmental challenges|journal=Environmental Research|volume=159|pages=509–518|doi=10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.032|pmid=28886502|bibcode=2017ER....159..509F|s2cid=42573101|issn=0013-9351}}</ref> Dis be reflected insyd de majority of global NBS case studies reviewed by Debele et al (2023) being located insyd Europe.<ref name=":16" /> While there be much scope for scaling-up nature-based systems den solutions globally, they frequently encounter numerous challenges during planning den implementation.<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":15">{{Cite journal |last1=Wamsler |first1=C. |last2=Wickenberg |first2=B. |last3=Hanson |first3=H. |last4=Alkan Olsson |first4=J. |last5=Stålhammar |first5=S. |last6=Björn |first6=H. |last7=Falck |first7=H. |last8=Gerell |first8=D. |last9=Oskarsson |first9=T. |last10=Simonsson |first10=E. |last11=Torffvit |first11=F. |date=2020 |title=Environmental and climate policy integration: Targeted strategies for overcoming barriers to nature-based solutions and climate change adaptation |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |volume=247 |article-number=119154 |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119154 |issn=0959-6526 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2020JCPro.24719154W }}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last1=Chausson |first1=Alexandre |last2=Turner |first2=Beth |last3=Seddon |first3=Dan |last4=Chabaneix |first4=Nicole |last5=Girardin |first5=Cécile A. J. |last6=Kapos |first6=Valerie |last7=Key |first7=Isabel |last8=Roe |first8=Dilys |last9=Smith |first9=Alison |last10=Woroniecki |first10=Stephen |last11=Seddon |first11=Nathalie |date=2020-09-09 |title=Mapping the effectiveness of nature-based solutions for climate change adaptation |journal=Global Change Biology |volume=26 |issue=11 |pages=6134–6155 |bibcode=2020GCBio..26.6134C |doi=10.1111/gcb.15310 |issn=1354-1013 |pmid=32906226 |s2cid=221621517 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De IPCC dey point out dat de term be "de subject of ongoing debate, plus concerns dat e may lead to de misunderstanding dat NbS on its own fi provide a global solution to climate change".<ref name=":12" />{{rp|24}} To clarify dis point further, de IPCC sanso stated dat "nature-based systems cannot be regarded as an alternative to, anaa a reason to delay, deep cuts insyd GHG emissions".<ref name=":13" />{{rp|203}} {{TOC limit|3}} == Definition == [[File:ISS047-E-84351 Cape Coral, Florida (annotated).jpg|thumb|Mangroves protect coastlines against erosion ([[Cape Coral, Florida|Cape Coral]], Florida, United States)]] De International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) defines NBS as "actions to protect, sustainably manage, den restore natural anaa modified ecosystems, dat address societal challenges effectively den adaptively, simultaneously providing human well-being den biodiversity benefits".<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10">Cohen-Shacham, E., G. Walters, C. Janzen, S. Maginnis (eds). 2016. Nature-based solutions to address global societal challenges. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. Xiii + 97 pp. Downloadable from https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46191 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401093813/https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46191|date=1 April 2021}}</ref> ''Societal challenges'' of relevance here include [[climate change]], food security, disaster risk reduction, water security. Insyd oda words: "Nature-based solutions are interventions dat use de natural functions of healthy ecosystems to protect de environment but sanso provide numerous economic den social benefits."<ref>Dubash, N.K., C.  Mitchell, E.L.  Boasson, M.J.  Borbor-Cordova, S.  Fifita, E.  Haites, M.  Jaccard, F.  Jotzo, S.  Naidoo, P.  Romero-Lankao, M.  Shlapak, W.  Shen, L. Wu, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter13.pdf Chapter 13: National and sub-national policies and institutions]. In IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D.  McCollum, M.  Pathak, S.  Some, P. Vyas, R.  Fradera, M.  Belkacemi, A.  Hasija, G.  Lisboa, S.  Luz, J.  Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.015</ref>{{rp|1403}} Dem are used both insyd de context of climate change mitigation as well as adaptation.<ref>Lecocq, F., H. Winkler, J.P. Daka, S. Fu, J.S. Gerber, S. Kartha, V. Krey, H. Lofgren, T. Masui, R. Mathur, J. Portugal-Pereira, B.  K. Sovacool,  M. V. Vilariño,  N. Zhou, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter04.pdf Chapter 4: Mitigation and development pathways in the near- to mid-term]. In IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van  Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.006</ref>{{rp|469}} De European Commission's definition of NBS states dat these solutions are "inspired den supported by nature, wich are cost-effective, simultaneously provide environmental, social den economic benefits den help build resilience. Such solutions bring more, den more diverse, nature den natural features den processes into cities, landscapes, den seascapes, through locally adapted, resource-efficient den systemic interventions".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Nature-Based Solutions - European Commission |url=https://ec.europa.eu/research/environment/index.cfm?pg=nbs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923161801/http://ec.europa.eu/research/environment/index.cfm?pg=nbs |archive-date=23 September 2019 |access-date=10 December 2019 |website=}}</ref> Insyd 2020, de EC definition was updated to further emphasise dat "Nature-based solutions must benefit biodiversity den support de delivery of a range of ecosystem services."<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Wild |first1=Tom |url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/research_and_innovation/research_by_area/documents/nbs_valorisationprojects_fullreport_web.pdf |title=Nature-based Solutions - State of the Art in EU-funded Projects |last2=Freitas |first2=Tiago |last3=Vandewoestijne |first3=Sofie |date=2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111152411/https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/research_and_innovation/research_by_area/documents/nbs_valorisationprojects_fullreport_web.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> De IPCC Sixth Assessment Report pointed out dat de term ''nature-based solutions'' be "widely but not universally used insyd de scientific literature".<ref name=":12">IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_SummaryForPolicymakers.pdf Summary for Policymakers] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, M. Tignor, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem (eds.)]. In: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3–33, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.001.</ref>{{rp|24}} As of 2017, de term NBS was still regarded as "poorly defined den vague".<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2017 |title='Nature-based solutions' is the latest green jargon that means more than you might think |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/541133b |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=541 |issue=7636 |pages=133–134 |doi=10.1038/541133b |pmid=28079099 |bibcode=2017Natur.541R.133. |s2cid=4455842 |issn=0028-0836|url-access=subscription }}</ref> De term ''ecosystem-based adaptation'' (EbA) be a subset of nature-based solutions den "aims to maintain den increase de resilience den reduce de vulnerability of ecosystems den people insyd de face of de adverse effects of climate change".<ref name=":13" />{{rp|284}} === History of de term === De term ''nature-based solutions'' was put forward by practitioners insyd de late 2000s. At dat time e was used by international organisations such as de International Union for Conservation of Nature den de World Bank insyd de context of finding new solutions to mitigate den adapt to climate change effects by working plus natural ecosystems rather dan relying purely on engineering interventions.<ref name=":5" /><ref name="MacKinnon11">MacKinnon, K., C. Sobrevila, V. Hickey. 2008. [https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/149141468320661795/biodiversity-climate-change-and-adaptation-nature-based-solutions-from-the-world-bank-portfolio Biodiversity, climate change and adaptation: nature-based solutions from the Word Bank portfolio]. Washington D.C.: World Bank.</ref><ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" />{{rp|3}} Chaw indigenous peoples have recognised de natural environment as playing an important role insyd human well-being as part of their traditional knowledge systems, but dis idea did not enter into modern scientific literature until de 1970's plus de concept of ecosystem services.<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" />{{rp|2}} De IUCN referred to NBS insyd a position paper for de United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.<ref>IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2009. No time to lose – make full use of nature-based solutions in the post-2012 climate change regime. Position paper on the Fifteenth session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP 15). Gland: IUCN.</ref> De term be sanso dey adopt by European policymakers, insyd particular by de European Commission, insyd a report<ref name="European Commission 2015">European Commission. 2015. Towards an EU Research and Innovation policy agenda for nature-based solutions & re-naturing cities. Final Report of the Horizon2020 Expert Group on Nature-Based Solutions and Re-Naturing Cities. Brussels: European Commission.</ref> stressing dat NBS fi offer innovative means to create jobs den growth as part of a green economy. De term started to make appearances insyd de mainstream media around de time of de Global Climate Action Summit insyd California insyd September 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2018 |title=Global Climate Action Summit kicks off today in San Francisco with nature-based solutions high on the agenda |url=http://nathalieseddon.blogspot.com/2018/09/global-climate-action-summit-kicks-off.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913112911/http://nathalieseddon.blogspot.com/2018/09/global-climate-action-summit-kicks-off.html |archive-date=13 September 2018 |access-date=13 September 2018 |website=Global Climate Action Summit kicks off today in San Francisco with nature-based solutions high on the agenda}}</ref> == Objectives den framing == [[File:Morro Strand State Beach (1).jpg|thumb|Coastal habitat protection at Morro Strand State Beach insyd San Luis Obispo County, California]]Nature-based solutions stress de sustainable use of nature in solving coupled environmental-social-economic challenges.<ref name=":5" /> NBS go beyond traditional biodiversity conservation den management principles by "re-focusing" de debate on humans den specifically integrating societal factors such as human well-being den poverty reduction, socio-economic development den governance principles. De general objective of NBS be clear, namely de sustainable management den use of Nature for tackling societal challenges.<ref>IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2016. Resolution 077 World Conservation Congress 2016, Hawaiʻi (https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808140530/https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077|date=2019-08-08}}) 17. European Commission. 2016. Horizon2020 Work Programme 2016–2017 – 12. Climate action, environment, [[resource efficiency]] & raw materials, 99 pp. (http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213072645/http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf|date=13 December 2016}})</ref> However, different stakeholders view NBS from a variety of perspectives.<ref name=":1" /> For instance, de IUCN puts de need for well-managed den restored ecosystems at de heart of NBS, plus de overarching goal of "Supporting de achievement of society's development goals den safeguard human well-being insyd ways dat reflect cultural den societal values den enhance de resilience of ecosystems, their capacity for renewal den de provision of services".<ref name="IUCN16">IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2016. Resolution 077 World Conservation Congress 2016, Hawaiʻi (https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808140530/https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077|date=8 August 2019}})</ref> De European Commission underlines dat NBS fi transform environmental den societal challenges into innovation opportunities, by turning natural capital into a source for green growth den sustainable development.<ref name="European Commission 2015" /> Within dis viewpoint, nature-based solutions to societal challenges "bring chaw, den chaw diverse, nature den natural features den processes into cities, landscapes den seascapes, through locally adapted, resource-efficient den systemic interventions".<ref name="ec.europa.eu">European Commission. 2016. Horizon2020 Work Programme 2016–2017 – 12. Climate action, environment, resource efficiency & raw materials, 99 pp. (http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213072645/http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf|date=13 December 2016}})</ref> As a result, NBS has been suggested as a means of implementing de nature-positive goal to halt den reverse nature loss by 2030, den achieve full nature recovery by 2050.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Milner-Gulland |first1=E.J. |last2=Addison |first2=Prue |last3=Arlidge |first3=William N.S. |last4=Baker |first4=Julia |last5=Booth |first5=Hollie |last6=Brooks |first6=Thomas |last7=Bull |first7=Joseph W. |last8=Burgass |first8=Michael J. |last9=Ekstrom |first9=Jon |last10=zu Ermgassen |first10=Sophus O.S.E. |last11=Fleming |first11=L. Vincent |last12=Grub |first12=Henry M.J. |last13=von Hase |first13=Amrei |last14=Hoffmann |first14=Michael |last15=Hutton |first15=Jonathan |date=2021-01-22 |title=Four steps for the Earth: mainstreaming the post-2020 global biodiversity framework |journal=One Earth |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=75–87 |doi=10.1016/j.oneear.2020.12.011 |bibcode=2021OEart...4...75M |issn=2590-3322}}</ref> == Categories == De IUCN proposes to consider NBS as an umbrella concept.<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" /> Categories den examples of NBS approaches according to de IUCN include:<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" /> {| class="wikitable" !Category of NBS approaches !Examples |- |[[Ecosystem restoration]] approaches |Ecological restoration, [[ecological engineering]], forest landscape restoration |- |Issue-specific ecosystem-related approaches |[[Ecosystem-based adaptation]], ecosystem-based mitigation, climate adaptation services, [[ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction]] |- |Infrastructure-related approaches |Natural infrastructure, [[green infrastructure]] |- |[[Ecosystem-based management]] approaches |[[Integrated coastal zone management]], [[integrated water resources management]] |- |Ecosystem protection approaches |Area-based conservation approaches including protected area management |} == Types == [[File:Fig 2 NbS.jpg|thumb|upright=1.46|Schematic presentation of de NBS typology.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Eggermont |first1=Hilde |last2=Balian |first2=Estelle |last3=Azevedo |first3=José Manuel N. |last4=Beumer |first4=Victor |last5=Brodin |first5=Tomas |last6=Claudet |first6=Joachim |last7=Fady |first7=Bruno |last8=Grube |first8=Martin |last9=Keune |first9=Hans |date=2015 |title=Nature-based Solutions: New Influence for Environmental Management and Research in Europe |url=https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Gaia - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society |language=en |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=243–248 |doi=10.14512/gaia.24.4.9 |s2cid=53518417 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507073138/https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf |archive-date=7 May 2020 |access-date=24 May 2020 |hdl=10400.3/4170}}</ref>]] Scientists have proposed a typology to characterise NBS along two gradients:<ref name=":1" /> # "How much engineering of biodiversity den ecosystems be involved insyd NBS", den # "How many ecosystem services den stakeholder groups are targeted by a given NBS". De typology highlights dat NBS fi involve very different actions on ecosystems (from protection, to management, anaa even de creation of new ecosystems) den be based on de assumption dat de higher de number of services den stakeholder groups targeted, de lower de capacity to maximise de delivery of each service den simultaneously fulfil de specific needs of all stakeholder groups. As such, three types of NBS are distinguished (hybrid solutions exist along dis gradient both insyd space den time. For instance, at a landscape scale, mixing protected den managed areas could be required to fulfill multi-functionality den sustainability goals): == References == <references /> [[Category:Ecosystem]] [[Category:Ecology]] 6x8vraw50vzq1b36sy6h5qgaumz9nol 102776 102775 2026-06-14T07:38:48Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Dey add category 102776 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|Sustainable use of nature for tackling socio-environmental challenges}} [[File:NRCSIA00041 - Iowa (2285)(NRCS Photo Gallery).jpg|thumb|Example for a nature-based solution insyd de area of [[Water resources|water resource]] management: dis riparian buffer protects a creek insyd lowa, United States from the impact of adjacent land uses]] '''Nature-based solutions''' (anaa '''nature-based systems''', den abbreviated as '''NBS''' anaa '''NbS''') describe de development den use of (biodiversity) den natural processes to address diverse soci-environmental issues.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Girardin |first1=Cécile A. J. |last2=Jenkins |first2=Stuart |last3=Seddon |first3=Nathalie |last4=Allen |first4=Myles |last5=Lewis |first5=Simon L. |last6=Wheeler |first6=Charlotte E. |last7=Griscom |first7=Bronson W. |last8=Malhi |first8=Yadvinder |title=Nature-based solutions can help cool the planet — if we act now |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |date=2021 |volume=593 |issue=7858 |pages=191–194 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-01241-2 |doi-access=free|pmid=33981055 |bibcode=2021Natur.593..191G}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Frantzeskaki |first1=Niki |last2=McPhearson |first2=Timon |last3=Collier |first3=Marcus J |last4=Kendal |first4=Dave |last5=Bulkeley |first5=Harriet |last6=Dumitru |first6=Adina |last7=Walsh |first7=Claire |last8=Noble |first8=Kate |last9=van Wyk |first9=Ernita |last10=Ordóñez |first10=Camilo |last11=Oke |first11=Cathy |last12=Pintér |first12=László |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Climate Change Adaptation: Linking Science, Policy, and Practice Communities for Evidence-Based Decision-Making |journal=[[BioScience]] |date=2019 |volume=69 |issue=6 |pages=455–466 |doi=10.1093/biosci/biz042 |doi-access=free|hdl=2183/36896 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> These issues include climate change mitigation den adaptation, human security issues such as water security den food security, den disaster risk reduction.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last1=Debele |first1=S. E. |last2=Leo |first2=L. S. |last3=Kumar |first3=P. |last4=Sahani |first4=J. |last5=Ommer |first5=J. |last6=Bucchignani |first6=E. |last7=Vranić |first7=S. |last8=Kalas |first8=M. |last9=Amirzada |first9=Z. |last10=Pavlova |first10=I. |last11=Shah |first11=M. A. R. |last12=Gonzalez-Ollauri |first12=A. |last13=Di Sabatino |first13=S. |date=2023 |title=Nature-based solutions can help reduce the impact of natural hazards: A global analysis of NBS case studies |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969723044492 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=902 |article-number=165824 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165824|pmid=37527720 |bibcode=2023ScTEn.90265824D |hdl=11585/953217 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> De aim be dat resilient ecosystems (whether natural, managed, anaa newly created) provide solutions for de benefit of both societies den biodiversity.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Nature-based Solutions: New Influence for Environmental Management and Research in Europe|last1=Eggermont|first1=Hilde|last2=Balian|first2=Estelle|date=2015|journal=Gaia - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society|language=en|doi=10.14512/gaia.24.4.9|last3=Azevedo|first3=José Manuel N.|last4=Beumer|first4=Victor|last5=Brodin|first5=Tomas|last6=Claudet|first6=Joachim|last7=Fady|first7=Bruno|last8=Grube|first8=Martin|last9=Keune|first9=Hans|volume=24|issue=4|pages=243–248|s2cid=53518417 |url=https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|access-date=24 May 2020|archive-date=7 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507073138/https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> De 2019 UN Climate Action Summit dey highlight nature-based solutions as an effective method to combat climate change.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=Environment |first=U. N. |date=2019 |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Climate |url=http://www.unep.org/nature-based-solutions-climate |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=UNEP - UN Environment Programme |language=en}}</ref> For example, nature-based systems for climate change adaptation fit include natural flood management, restoring natural coastal defences, den providing local cooling.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|310}} De concept of NBS be related to de concept of ecological engineering<ref name=":1" /> den ecosystem-based adaptation.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|284}} NBS are sanso related, conceptually to de practice of ecological restoration. De sustainable management approach be a key aspect of NBS development den implementation. Mangrove restoration efforts along coastlines provide an example of a nature-based solution dat fit achieve multiple goals. Mangroves moderate de impact of waves den wind on coastal settlements anaa cities,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Marois|first1=Darryl E.|last2=Mitsch|first2=William J.|date=2 January 2015|title=Coastal protection from tsunamis and cyclones provided by mangrove wetlands – a review|journal=International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management|volume=11|issue=1|pages=71–83|doi=10.1080/21513732.2014.997292|bibcode=2015IJBSE..11...71M |s2cid=86554474|issn=2151-3732}}</ref> den they sequester carbon.<ref>{{Citation|last=Inoue|first=Tomomi|title=Carbon Sequestration in Mangroves|work=Blue Carbon in Shallow Coastal Ecosystems|year=2019|pages=73–99|place=Singapore|publisher=Springer Singapore|doi=10.1007/978-981-13-1295-3_3|isbn=978-981-13-1294-6|s2cid=133839393}}</ref> Dem sanso provide nursery zones for marine life wich be important for sustaining fisheries. Additionally, mangrove forests fit help to control coastal erosion resulting from sea level rise. Green roofs, blue roofs, den green walls (as part of green infrastructure) are sanso nature-based solutions dat fit be implemented insud urban areas. Dey fit reduce de effects of urban heat islands, capture stormwater, abate pollution, den act as carbon sinks. At de same time, dey fi enhance local biodiversity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2020 |title=Evaluating the potential of nature-based solutions to reduce ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon dioxide through a multi-type green infrastructure study in Ontario, Canada |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590252020300246 |url-status=live |access-date=3 April 2026 |website=ScienceDirect}}</ref> NBS systems den solutions are forming an increasing part of national den international policies on climate change. Dem are included insyd climate change policy, infrastructure investment, den [[climate finance]] mechanisms. De European Commission has paid increasing attention to NBS since 2013.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Faivre|first1=Nicolas|last2=Fritz|first2=Marco|last3=Freitas|first3=Tiago|last4=de Boissezon|first4=Birgit|last5=Vandewoestijne|first5=Sofie|date=2017|title=Nature-Based Solutions in the EU: Innovating with nature to address social, economic and environmental challenges|journal=Environmental Research|volume=159|pages=509–518|doi=10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.032|pmid=28886502|bibcode=2017ER....159..509F|s2cid=42573101|issn=0013-9351}}</ref> Dis be reflected insyd de majority of global NBS case studies reviewed by Debele et al (2023) being located insyd Europe.<ref name=":16" /> While there be much scope for scaling-up nature-based systems den solutions globally, they frequently encounter numerous challenges during planning den implementation.<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":15">{{Cite journal |last1=Wamsler |first1=C. |last2=Wickenberg |first2=B. |last3=Hanson |first3=H. |last4=Alkan Olsson |first4=J. |last5=Stålhammar |first5=S. |last6=Björn |first6=H. |last7=Falck |first7=H. |last8=Gerell |first8=D. |last9=Oskarsson |first9=T. |last10=Simonsson |first10=E. |last11=Torffvit |first11=F. |date=2020 |title=Environmental and climate policy integration: Targeted strategies for overcoming barriers to nature-based solutions and climate change adaptation |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |volume=247 |article-number=119154 |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119154 |issn=0959-6526 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2020JCPro.24719154W }}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last1=Chausson |first1=Alexandre |last2=Turner |first2=Beth |last3=Seddon |first3=Dan |last4=Chabaneix |first4=Nicole |last5=Girardin |first5=Cécile A. J. |last6=Kapos |first6=Valerie |last7=Key |first7=Isabel |last8=Roe |first8=Dilys |last9=Smith |first9=Alison |last10=Woroniecki |first10=Stephen |last11=Seddon |first11=Nathalie |date=2020-09-09 |title=Mapping the effectiveness of nature-based solutions for climate change adaptation |journal=Global Change Biology |volume=26 |issue=11 |pages=6134–6155 |bibcode=2020GCBio..26.6134C |doi=10.1111/gcb.15310 |issn=1354-1013 |pmid=32906226 |s2cid=221621517 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De IPCC dey point out dat de term be "de subject of ongoing debate, plus concerns dat e may lead to de misunderstanding dat NbS on its own fi provide a global solution to climate change".<ref name=":12" />{{rp|24}} To clarify dis point further, de IPCC sanso stated dat "nature-based systems cannot be regarded as an alternative to, anaa a reason to delay, deep cuts insyd GHG emissions".<ref name=":13" />{{rp|203}} {{TOC limit|3}} == Definition == [[File:ISS047-E-84351 Cape Coral, Florida (annotated).jpg|thumb|Mangroves protect coastlines against erosion ([[Cape Coral, Florida|Cape Coral]], Florida, United States)]] De International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) defines NBS as "actions to protect, sustainably manage, den restore natural anaa modified ecosystems, dat address societal challenges effectively den adaptively, simultaneously providing human well-being den biodiversity benefits".<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10">Cohen-Shacham, E., G. Walters, C. Janzen, S. Maginnis (eds). 2016. Nature-based solutions to address global societal challenges. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. Xiii + 97 pp. Downloadable from https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46191 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401093813/https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46191|date=1 April 2021}}</ref> ''Societal challenges'' of relevance here include [[climate change]], food security, disaster risk reduction, water security. Insyd oda words: "Nature-based solutions are interventions dat use de natural functions of healthy ecosystems to protect de environment but sanso provide numerous economic den social benefits."<ref>Dubash, N.K., C.  Mitchell, E.L.  Boasson, M.J.  Borbor-Cordova, S.  Fifita, E.  Haites, M.  Jaccard, F.  Jotzo, S.  Naidoo, P.  Romero-Lankao, M.  Shlapak, W.  Shen, L. Wu, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter13.pdf Chapter 13: National and sub-national policies and institutions]. In IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D.  McCollum, M.  Pathak, S.  Some, P. Vyas, R.  Fradera, M.  Belkacemi, A.  Hasija, G.  Lisboa, S.  Luz, J.  Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.015</ref>{{rp|1403}} Dem are used both insyd de context of climate change mitigation as well as adaptation.<ref>Lecocq, F., H. Winkler, J.P. Daka, S. Fu, J.S. Gerber, S. Kartha, V. Krey, H. Lofgren, T. Masui, R. Mathur, J. Portugal-Pereira, B.  K. Sovacool,  M. V. Vilariño,  N. Zhou, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter04.pdf Chapter 4: Mitigation and development pathways in the near- to mid-term]. In IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van  Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.006</ref>{{rp|469}} De European Commission's definition of NBS states dat these solutions are "inspired den supported by nature, wich are cost-effective, simultaneously provide environmental, social den economic benefits den help build resilience. Such solutions bring more, den more diverse, nature den natural features den processes into cities, landscapes, den seascapes, through locally adapted, resource-efficient den systemic interventions".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Nature-Based Solutions - European Commission |url=https://ec.europa.eu/research/environment/index.cfm?pg=nbs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923161801/http://ec.europa.eu/research/environment/index.cfm?pg=nbs |archive-date=23 September 2019 |access-date=10 December 2019 |website=}}</ref> Insyd 2020, de EC definition was updated to further emphasise dat "Nature-based solutions must benefit biodiversity den support de delivery of a range of ecosystem services."<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Wild |first1=Tom |url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/research_and_innovation/research_by_area/documents/nbs_valorisationprojects_fullreport_web.pdf |title=Nature-based Solutions - State of the Art in EU-funded Projects |last2=Freitas |first2=Tiago |last3=Vandewoestijne |first3=Sofie |date=2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111152411/https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/research_and_innovation/research_by_area/documents/nbs_valorisationprojects_fullreport_web.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> De IPCC Sixth Assessment Report pointed out dat de term ''nature-based solutions'' be "widely but not universally used insyd de scientific literature".<ref name=":12">IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_SummaryForPolicymakers.pdf Summary for Policymakers] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, M. Tignor, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem (eds.)]. In: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3–33, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.001.</ref>{{rp|24}} As of 2017, de term NBS was still regarded as "poorly defined den vague".<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2017 |title='Nature-based solutions' is the latest green jargon that means more than you might think |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/541133b |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=541 |issue=7636 |pages=133–134 |doi=10.1038/541133b |pmid=28079099 |bibcode=2017Natur.541R.133. |s2cid=4455842 |issn=0028-0836|url-access=subscription }}</ref> De term ''ecosystem-based adaptation'' (EbA) be a subset of nature-based solutions den "aims to maintain den increase de resilience den reduce de vulnerability of ecosystems den people insyd de face of de adverse effects of climate change".<ref name=":13" />{{rp|284}} === History of de term === De term ''nature-based solutions'' was put forward by practitioners insyd de late 2000s. At dat time e was used by international organisations such as de International Union for Conservation of Nature den de World Bank insyd de context of finding new solutions to mitigate den adapt to climate change effects by working plus natural ecosystems rather dan relying purely on engineering interventions.<ref name=":5" /><ref name="MacKinnon11">MacKinnon, K., C. Sobrevila, V. Hickey. 2008. [https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/149141468320661795/biodiversity-climate-change-and-adaptation-nature-based-solutions-from-the-world-bank-portfolio Biodiversity, climate change and adaptation: nature-based solutions from the Word Bank portfolio]. Washington D.C.: World Bank.</ref><ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" />{{rp|3}} Chaw indigenous peoples have recognised de natural environment as playing an important role insyd human well-being as part of their traditional knowledge systems, but dis idea did not enter into modern scientific literature until de 1970's plus de concept of ecosystem services.<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" />{{rp|2}} De IUCN referred to NBS insyd a position paper for de United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.<ref>IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2009. No time to lose – make full use of nature-based solutions in the post-2012 climate change regime. Position paper on the Fifteenth session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP 15). Gland: IUCN.</ref> De term be sanso dey adopt by European policymakers, insyd particular by de European Commission, insyd a report<ref name="European Commission 2015">European Commission. 2015. Towards an EU Research and Innovation policy agenda for nature-based solutions & re-naturing cities. Final Report of the Horizon2020 Expert Group on Nature-Based Solutions and Re-Naturing Cities. Brussels: European Commission.</ref> stressing dat NBS fi offer innovative means to create jobs den growth as part of a green economy. De term started to make appearances insyd de mainstream media around de time of de Global Climate Action Summit insyd California insyd September 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2018 |title=Global Climate Action Summit kicks off today in San Francisco with nature-based solutions high on the agenda |url=http://nathalieseddon.blogspot.com/2018/09/global-climate-action-summit-kicks-off.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913112911/http://nathalieseddon.blogspot.com/2018/09/global-climate-action-summit-kicks-off.html |archive-date=13 September 2018 |access-date=13 September 2018 |website=Global Climate Action Summit kicks off today in San Francisco with nature-based solutions high on the agenda}}</ref> == Objectives den framing == [[File:Morro Strand State Beach (1).jpg|thumb|Coastal habitat protection at Morro Strand State Beach insyd San Luis Obispo County, California]]Nature-based solutions stress de sustainable use of nature in solving coupled environmental-social-economic challenges.<ref name=":5" /> NBS go beyond traditional biodiversity conservation den management principles by "re-focusing" de debate on humans den specifically integrating societal factors such as human well-being den poverty reduction, socio-economic development den governance principles. De general objective of NBS be clear, namely de sustainable management den use of Nature for tackling societal challenges.<ref>IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2016. Resolution 077 World Conservation Congress 2016, Hawaiʻi (https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808140530/https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077|date=2019-08-08}}) 17. European Commission. 2016. Horizon2020 Work Programme 2016–2017 – 12. Climate action, environment, [[resource efficiency]] & raw materials, 99 pp. (http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213072645/http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf|date=13 December 2016}})</ref> However, different stakeholders view NBS from a variety of perspectives.<ref name=":1" /> For instance, de IUCN puts de need for well-managed den restored ecosystems at de heart of NBS, plus de overarching goal of "Supporting de achievement of society's development goals den safeguard human well-being insyd ways dat reflect cultural den societal values den enhance de resilience of ecosystems, their capacity for renewal den de provision of services".<ref name="IUCN16">IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2016. Resolution 077 World Conservation Congress 2016, Hawaiʻi (https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808140530/https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077|date=8 August 2019}})</ref> De European Commission underlines dat NBS fi transform environmental den societal challenges into innovation opportunities, by turning natural capital into a source for green growth den sustainable development.<ref name="European Commission 2015" /> Within dis viewpoint, nature-based solutions to societal challenges "bring chaw, den chaw diverse, nature den natural features den processes into cities, landscapes den seascapes, through locally adapted, resource-efficient den systemic interventions".<ref name="ec.europa.eu">European Commission. 2016. Horizon2020 Work Programme 2016–2017 – 12. Climate action, environment, resource efficiency & raw materials, 99 pp. (http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213072645/http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf|date=13 December 2016}})</ref> As a result, NBS has been suggested as a means of implementing de nature-positive goal to halt den reverse nature loss by 2030, den achieve full nature recovery by 2050.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Milner-Gulland |first1=E.J. |last2=Addison |first2=Prue |last3=Arlidge |first3=William N.S. |last4=Baker |first4=Julia |last5=Booth |first5=Hollie |last6=Brooks |first6=Thomas |last7=Bull |first7=Joseph W. |last8=Burgass |first8=Michael J. |last9=Ekstrom |first9=Jon |last10=zu Ermgassen |first10=Sophus O.S.E. |last11=Fleming |first11=L. Vincent |last12=Grub |first12=Henry M.J. |last13=von Hase |first13=Amrei |last14=Hoffmann |first14=Michael |last15=Hutton |first15=Jonathan |date=2021-01-22 |title=Four steps for the Earth: mainstreaming the post-2020 global biodiversity framework |journal=One Earth |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=75–87 |doi=10.1016/j.oneear.2020.12.011 |bibcode=2021OEart...4...75M |issn=2590-3322}}</ref> == Categories == De IUCN proposes to consider NBS as an umbrella concept.<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" /> Categories den examples of NBS approaches according to de IUCN include:<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" /> {| class="wikitable" !Category of NBS approaches !Examples |- |[[Ecosystem restoration]] approaches |Ecological restoration, [[ecological engineering]], forest landscape restoration |- |Issue-specific ecosystem-related approaches |[[Ecosystem-based adaptation]], ecosystem-based mitigation, climate adaptation services, [[ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction]] |- |Infrastructure-related approaches |Natural infrastructure, [[green infrastructure]] |- |[[Ecosystem-based management]] approaches |[[Integrated coastal zone management]], [[integrated water resources management]] |- |Ecosystem protection approaches |Area-based conservation approaches including protected area management |} == Types == [[File:Fig 2 NbS.jpg|thumb|upright=1.46|Schematic presentation of de NBS typology.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Eggermont |first1=Hilde |last2=Balian |first2=Estelle |last3=Azevedo |first3=José Manuel N. |last4=Beumer |first4=Victor |last5=Brodin |first5=Tomas |last6=Claudet |first6=Joachim |last7=Fady |first7=Bruno |last8=Grube |first8=Martin |last9=Keune |first9=Hans |date=2015 |title=Nature-based Solutions: New Influence for Environmental Management and Research in Europe |url=https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Gaia - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society |language=en |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=243–248 |doi=10.14512/gaia.24.4.9 |s2cid=53518417 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507073138/https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf |archive-date=7 May 2020 |access-date=24 May 2020 |hdl=10400.3/4170}}</ref>]] Scientists have proposed a typology to characterise NBS along two gradients:<ref name=":1" /> # "How much engineering of biodiversity den ecosystems be involved insyd NBS", den # "How many ecosystem services den stakeholder groups are targeted by a given NBS". De typology highlights dat NBS fi involve very different actions on ecosystems (from protection, to management, anaa even de creation of new ecosystems) den be based on de assumption dat de higher de number of services den stakeholder groups targeted, de lower de capacity to maximise de delivery of each service den simultaneously fulfil de specific needs of all stakeholder groups. As such, three types of NBS are distinguished (hybrid solutions exist along dis gradient both insyd space den time. For instance, at a landscape scale, mixing protected den managed areas could be required to fulfill multi-functionality den sustainability goals): == References == <references /> [[Category:Ecosystem]] [[Category:Ecology]] [[Category:Social issues]] 1m3hpn6xb4p613d30ct7r21pxxvqhc2 102777 102776 2026-06-14T07:39:20Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Dey add category 102777 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|Sustainable use of nature for tackling socio-environmental challenges}} [[File:NRCSIA00041 - Iowa (2285)(NRCS Photo Gallery).jpg|thumb|Example for a nature-based solution insyd de area of [[Water resources|water resource]] management: dis riparian buffer protects a creek insyd lowa, United States from the impact of adjacent land uses]] '''Nature-based solutions''' (anaa '''nature-based systems''', den abbreviated as '''NBS''' anaa '''NbS''') describe de development den use of (biodiversity) den natural processes to address diverse soci-environmental issues.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Girardin |first1=Cécile A. J. |last2=Jenkins |first2=Stuart |last3=Seddon |first3=Nathalie |last4=Allen |first4=Myles |last5=Lewis |first5=Simon L. |last6=Wheeler |first6=Charlotte E. |last7=Griscom |first7=Bronson W. |last8=Malhi |first8=Yadvinder |title=Nature-based solutions can help cool the planet — if we act now |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |date=2021 |volume=593 |issue=7858 |pages=191–194 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-01241-2 |doi-access=free|pmid=33981055 |bibcode=2021Natur.593..191G}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Frantzeskaki |first1=Niki |last2=McPhearson |first2=Timon |last3=Collier |first3=Marcus J |last4=Kendal |first4=Dave |last5=Bulkeley |first5=Harriet |last6=Dumitru |first6=Adina |last7=Walsh |first7=Claire |last8=Noble |first8=Kate |last9=van Wyk |first9=Ernita |last10=Ordóñez |first10=Camilo |last11=Oke |first11=Cathy |last12=Pintér |first12=László |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Climate Change Adaptation: Linking Science, Policy, and Practice Communities for Evidence-Based Decision-Making |journal=[[BioScience]] |date=2019 |volume=69 |issue=6 |pages=455–466 |doi=10.1093/biosci/biz042 |doi-access=free|hdl=2183/36896 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> These issues include climate change mitigation den adaptation, human security issues such as water security den food security, den disaster risk reduction.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last1=Debele |first1=S. E. |last2=Leo |first2=L. S. |last3=Kumar |first3=P. |last4=Sahani |first4=J. |last5=Ommer |first5=J. |last6=Bucchignani |first6=E. |last7=Vranić |first7=S. |last8=Kalas |first8=M. |last9=Amirzada |first9=Z. |last10=Pavlova |first10=I. |last11=Shah |first11=M. A. R. |last12=Gonzalez-Ollauri |first12=A. |last13=Di Sabatino |first13=S. |date=2023 |title=Nature-based solutions can help reduce the impact of natural hazards: A global analysis of NBS case studies |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969723044492 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=902 |article-number=165824 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165824|pmid=37527720 |bibcode=2023ScTEn.90265824D |hdl=11585/953217 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> De aim be dat resilient ecosystems (whether natural, managed, anaa newly created) provide solutions for de benefit of both societies den biodiversity.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Nature-based Solutions: New Influence for Environmental Management and Research in Europe|last1=Eggermont|first1=Hilde|last2=Balian|first2=Estelle|date=2015|journal=Gaia - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society|language=en|doi=10.14512/gaia.24.4.9|last3=Azevedo|first3=José Manuel N.|last4=Beumer|first4=Victor|last5=Brodin|first5=Tomas|last6=Claudet|first6=Joachim|last7=Fady|first7=Bruno|last8=Grube|first8=Martin|last9=Keune|first9=Hans|volume=24|issue=4|pages=243–248|s2cid=53518417 |url=https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|access-date=24 May 2020|archive-date=7 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507073138/https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> De 2019 UN Climate Action Summit dey highlight nature-based solutions as an effective method to combat climate change.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=Environment |first=U. N. |date=2019 |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Climate |url=http://www.unep.org/nature-based-solutions-climate |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=UNEP - UN Environment Programme |language=en}}</ref> For example, nature-based systems for climate change adaptation fit include natural flood management, restoring natural coastal defences, den providing local cooling.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|310}} De concept of NBS be related to de concept of ecological engineering<ref name=":1" /> den ecosystem-based adaptation.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|284}} NBS are sanso related, conceptually to de practice of ecological restoration. De sustainable management approach be a key aspect of NBS development den implementation. Mangrove restoration efforts along coastlines provide an example of a nature-based solution dat fit achieve multiple goals. Mangroves moderate de impact of waves den wind on coastal settlements anaa cities,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Marois|first1=Darryl E.|last2=Mitsch|first2=William J.|date=2 January 2015|title=Coastal protection from tsunamis and cyclones provided by mangrove wetlands – a review|journal=International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management|volume=11|issue=1|pages=71–83|doi=10.1080/21513732.2014.997292|bibcode=2015IJBSE..11...71M |s2cid=86554474|issn=2151-3732}}</ref> den they sequester carbon.<ref>{{Citation|last=Inoue|first=Tomomi|title=Carbon Sequestration in Mangroves|work=Blue Carbon in Shallow Coastal Ecosystems|year=2019|pages=73–99|place=Singapore|publisher=Springer Singapore|doi=10.1007/978-981-13-1295-3_3|isbn=978-981-13-1294-6|s2cid=133839393}}</ref> Dem sanso provide nursery zones for marine life wich be important for sustaining fisheries. Additionally, mangrove forests fit help to control coastal erosion resulting from sea level rise. Green roofs, blue roofs, den green walls (as part of green infrastructure) are sanso nature-based solutions dat fit be implemented insud urban areas. Dey fit reduce de effects of urban heat islands, capture stormwater, abate pollution, den act as carbon sinks. At de same time, dey fi enhance local biodiversity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2020 |title=Evaluating the potential of nature-based solutions to reduce ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon dioxide through a multi-type green infrastructure study in Ontario, Canada |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590252020300246 |url-status=live |access-date=3 April 2026 |website=ScienceDirect}}</ref> NBS systems den solutions are forming an increasing part of national den international policies on climate change. Dem are included insyd climate change policy, infrastructure investment, den [[climate finance]] mechanisms. De European Commission has paid increasing attention to NBS since 2013.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Faivre|first1=Nicolas|last2=Fritz|first2=Marco|last3=Freitas|first3=Tiago|last4=de Boissezon|first4=Birgit|last5=Vandewoestijne|first5=Sofie|date=2017|title=Nature-Based Solutions in the EU: Innovating with nature to address social, economic and environmental challenges|journal=Environmental Research|volume=159|pages=509–518|doi=10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.032|pmid=28886502|bibcode=2017ER....159..509F|s2cid=42573101|issn=0013-9351}}</ref> Dis be reflected insyd de majority of global NBS case studies reviewed by Debele et al (2023) being located insyd Europe.<ref name=":16" /> While there be much scope for scaling-up nature-based systems den solutions globally, they frequently encounter numerous challenges during planning den implementation.<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":15">{{Cite journal |last1=Wamsler |first1=C. |last2=Wickenberg |first2=B. |last3=Hanson |first3=H. |last4=Alkan Olsson |first4=J. |last5=Stålhammar |first5=S. |last6=Björn |first6=H. |last7=Falck |first7=H. |last8=Gerell |first8=D. |last9=Oskarsson |first9=T. |last10=Simonsson |first10=E. |last11=Torffvit |first11=F. |date=2020 |title=Environmental and climate policy integration: Targeted strategies for overcoming barriers to nature-based solutions and climate change adaptation |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |volume=247 |article-number=119154 |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119154 |issn=0959-6526 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2020JCPro.24719154W }}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last1=Chausson |first1=Alexandre |last2=Turner |first2=Beth |last3=Seddon |first3=Dan |last4=Chabaneix |first4=Nicole |last5=Girardin |first5=Cécile A. J. |last6=Kapos |first6=Valerie |last7=Key |first7=Isabel |last8=Roe |first8=Dilys |last9=Smith |first9=Alison |last10=Woroniecki |first10=Stephen |last11=Seddon |first11=Nathalie |date=2020-09-09 |title=Mapping the effectiveness of nature-based solutions for climate change adaptation |journal=Global Change Biology |volume=26 |issue=11 |pages=6134–6155 |bibcode=2020GCBio..26.6134C |doi=10.1111/gcb.15310 |issn=1354-1013 |pmid=32906226 |s2cid=221621517 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De IPCC dey point out dat de term be "de subject of ongoing debate, plus concerns dat e may lead to de misunderstanding dat NbS on its own fi provide a global solution to climate change".<ref name=":12" />{{rp|24}} To clarify dis point further, de IPCC sanso stated dat "nature-based systems cannot be regarded as an alternative to, anaa a reason to delay, deep cuts insyd GHG emissions".<ref name=":13" />{{rp|203}} {{TOC limit|3}} == Definition == [[File:ISS047-E-84351 Cape Coral, Florida (annotated).jpg|thumb|Mangroves protect coastlines against erosion ([[Cape Coral, Florida|Cape Coral]], Florida, United States)]] De International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) defines NBS as "actions to protect, sustainably manage, den restore natural anaa modified ecosystems, dat address societal challenges effectively den adaptively, simultaneously providing human well-being den biodiversity benefits".<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10">Cohen-Shacham, E., G. Walters, C. Janzen, S. Maginnis (eds). 2016. Nature-based solutions to address global societal challenges. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. Xiii + 97 pp. Downloadable from https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46191 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401093813/https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46191|date=1 April 2021}}</ref> ''Societal challenges'' of relevance here include [[climate change]], food security, disaster risk reduction, water security. Insyd oda words: "Nature-based solutions are interventions dat use de natural functions of healthy ecosystems to protect de environment but sanso provide numerous economic den social benefits."<ref>Dubash, N.K., C.  Mitchell, E.L.  Boasson, M.J.  Borbor-Cordova, S.  Fifita, E.  Haites, M.  Jaccard, F.  Jotzo, S.  Naidoo, P.  Romero-Lankao, M.  Shlapak, W.  Shen, L. Wu, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter13.pdf Chapter 13: National and sub-national policies and institutions]. In IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D.  McCollum, M.  Pathak, S.  Some, P. Vyas, R.  Fradera, M.  Belkacemi, A.  Hasija, G.  Lisboa, S.  Luz, J.  Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.015</ref>{{rp|1403}} Dem are used both insyd de context of climate change mitigation as well as adaptation.<ref>Lecocq, F., H. Winkler, J.P. Daka, S. Fu, J.S. Gerber, S. Kartha, V. Krey, H. Lofgren, T. Masui, R. Mathur, J. Portugal-Pereira, B.  K. Sovacool,  M. V. Vilariño,  N. Zhou, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter04.pdf Chapter 4: Mitigation and development pathways in the near- to mid-term]. In IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van  Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.006</ref>{{rp|469}} De European Commission's definition of NBS states dat these solutions are "inspired den supported by nature, wich are cost-effective, simultaneously provide environmental, social den economic benefits den help build resilience. Such solutions bring more, den more diverse, nature den natural features den processes into cities, landscapes, den seascapes, through locally adapted, resource-efficient den systemic interventions".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Nature-Based Solutions - European Commission |url=https://ec.europa.eu/research/environment/index.cfm?pg=nbs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923161801/http://ec.europa.eu/research/environment/index.cfm?pg=nbs |archive-date=23 September 2019 |access-date=10 December 2019 |website=}}</ref> Insyd 2020, de EC definition was updated to further emphasise dat "Nature-based solutions must benefit biodiversity den support de delivery of a range of ecosystem services."<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Wild |first1=Tom |url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/research_and_innovation/research_by_area/documents/nbs_valorisationprojects_fullreport_web.pdf |title=Nature-based Solutions - State of the Art in EU-funded Projects |last2=Freitas |first2=Tiago |last3=Vandewoestijne |first3=Sofie |date=2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111152411/https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/research_and_innovation/research_by_area/documents/nbs_valorisationprojects_fullreport_web.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> De IPCC Sixth Assessment Report pointed out dat de term ''nature-based solutions'' be "widely but not universally used insyd de scientific literature".<ref name=":12">IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_SummaryForPolicymakers.pdf Summary for Policymakers] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, M. Tignor, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem (eds.)]. In: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3–33, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.001.</ref>{{rp|24}} As of 2017, de term NBS was still regarded as "poorly defined den vague".<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2017 |title='Nature-based solutions' is the latest green jargon that means more than you might think |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/541133b |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=541 |issue=7636 |pages=133–134 |doi=10.1038/541133b |pmid=28079099 |bibcode=2017Natur.541R.133. |s2cid=4455842 |issn=0028-0836|url-access=subscription }}</ref> De term ''ecosystem-based adaptation'' (EbA) be a subset of nature-based solutions den "aims to maintain den increase de resilience den reduce de vulnerability of ecosystems den people insyd de face of de adverse effects of climate change".<ref name=":13" />{{rp|284}} === History of de term === De term ''nature-based solutions'' was put forward by practitioners insyd de late 2000s. At dat time e was used by international organisations such as de International Union for Conservation of Nature den de World Bank insyd de context of finding new solutions to mitigate den adapt to climate change effects by working plus natural ecosystems rather dan relying purely on engineering interventions.<ref name=":5" /><ref name="MacKinnon11">MacKinnon, K., C. Sobrevila, V. Hickey. 2008. [https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/149141468320661795/biodiversity-climate-change-and-adaptation-nature-based-solutions-from-the-world-bank-portfolio Biodiversity, climate change and adaptation: nature-based solutions from the Word Bank portfolio]. Washington D.C.: World Bank.</ref><ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" />{{rp|3}} Chaw indigenous peoples have recognised de natural environment as playing an important role insyd human well-being as part of their traditional knowledge systems, but dis idea did not enter into modern scientific literature until de 1970's plus de concept of ecosystem services.<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" />{{rp|2}} De IUCN referred to NBS insyd a position paper for de United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.<ref>IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2009. No time to lose – make full use of nature-based solutions in the post-2012 climate change regime. Position paper on the Fifteenth session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP 15). Gland: IUCN.</ref> De term be sanso dey adopt by European policymakers, insyd particular by de European Commission, insyd a report<ref name="European Commission 2015">European Commission. 2015. Towards an EU Research and Innovation policy agenda for nature-based solutions & re-naturing cities. Final Report of the Horizon2020 Expert Group on Nature-Based Solutions and Re-Naturing Cities. Brussels: European Commission.</ref> stressing dat NBS fi offer innovative means to create jobs den growth as part of a green economy. De term started to make appearances insyd de mainstream media around de time of de Global Climate Action Summit insyd California insyd September 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2018 |title=Global Climate Action Summit kicks off today in San Francisco with nature-based solutions high on the agenda |url=http://nathalieseddon.blogspot.com/2018/09/global-climate-action-summit-kicks-off.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913112911/http://nathalieseddon.blogspot.com/2018/09/global-climate-action-summit-kicks-off.html |archive-date=13 September 2018 |access-date=13 September 2018 |website=Global Climate Action Summit kicks off today in San Francisco with nature-based solutions high on the agenda}}</ref> == Objectives den framing == [[File:Morro Strand State Beach (1).jpg|thumb|Coastal habitat protection at Morro Strand State Beach insyd San Luis Obispo County, California]]Nature-based solutions stress de sustainable use of nature in solving coupled environmental-social-economic challenges.<ref name=":5" /> NBS go beyond traditional biodiversity conservation den management principles by "re-focusing" de debate on humans den specifically integrating societal factors such as human well-being den poverty reduction, socio-economic development den governance principles. De general objective of NBS be clear, namely de sustainable management den use of Nature for tackling societal challenges.<ref>IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2016. Resolution 077 World Conservation Congress 2016, Hawaiʻi (https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808140530/https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077|date=2019-08-08}}) 17. European Commission. 2016. Horizon2020 Work Programme 2016–2017 – 12. Climate action, environment, [[resource efficiency]] & raw materials, 99 pp. (http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213072645/http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf|date=13 December 2016}})</ref> However, different stakeholders view NBS from a variety of perspectives.<ref name=":1" /> For instance, de IUCN puts de need for well-managed den restored ecosystems at de heart of NBS, plus de overarching goal of "Supporting de achievement of society's development goals den safeguard human well-being insyd ways dat reflect cultural den societal values den enhance de resilience of ecosystems, their capacity for renewal den de provision of services".<ref name="IUCN16">IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2016. Resolution 077 World Conservation Congress 2016, Hawaiʻi (https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808140530/https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077|date=8 August 2019}})</ref> De European Commission underlines dat NBS fi transform environmental den societal challenges into innovation opportunities, by turning natural capital into a source for green growth den sustainable development.<ref name="European Commission 2015" /> Within dis viewpoint, nature-based solutions to societal challenges "bring chaw, den chaw diverse, nature den natural features den processes into cities, landscapes den seascapes, through locally adapted, resource-efficient den systemic interventions".<ref name="ec.europa.eu">European Commission. 2016. Horizon2020 Work Programme 2016–2017 – 12. Climate action, environment, resource efficiency & raw materials, 99 pp. (http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213072645/http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf|date=13 December 2016}})</ref> As a result, NBS has been suggested as a means of implementing de nature-positive goal to halt den reverse nature loss by 2030, den achieve full nature recovery by 2050.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Milner-Gulland |first1=E.J. |last2=Addison |first2=Prue |last3=Arlidge |first3=William N.S. |last4=Baker |first4=Julia |last5=Booth |first5=Hollie |last6=Brooks |first6=Thomas |last7=Bull |first7=Joseph W. |last8=Burgass |first8=Michael J. |last9=Ekstrom |first9=Jon |last10=zu Ermgassen |first10=Sophus O.S.E. |last11=Fleming |first11=L. Vincent |last12=Grub |first12=Henry M.J. |last13=von Hase |first13=Amrei |last14=Hoffmann |first14=Michael |last15=Hutton |first15=Jonathan |date=2021-01-22 |title=Four steps for the Earth: mainstreaming the post-2020 global biodiversity framework |journal=One Earth |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=75–87 |doi=10.1016/j.oneear.2020.12.011 |bibcode=2021OEart...4...75M |issn=2590-3322}}</ref> == Categories == De IUCN proposes to consider NBS as an umbrella concept.<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" /> Categories den examples of NBS approaches according to de IUCN include:<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" /> {| class="wikitable" !Category of NBS approaches !Examples |- |[[Ecosystem restoration]] approaches |Ecological restoration, [[ecological engineering]], forest landscape restoration |- |Issue-specific ecosystem-related approaches |[[Ecosystem-based adaptation]], ecosystem-based mitigation, climate adaptation services, [[ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction]] |- |Infrastructure-related approaches |Natural infrastructure, [[green infrastructure]] |- |[[Ecosystem-based management]] approaches |[[Integrated coastal zone management]], [[integrated water resources management]] |- |Ecosystem protection approaches |Area-based conservation approaches including protected area management |} == Types == [[File:Fig 2 NbS.jpg|thumb|upright=1.46|Schematic presentation of de NBS typology.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Eggermont |first1=Hilde |last2=Balian |first2=Estelle |last3=Azevedo |first3=José Manuel N. |last4=Beumer |first4=Victor |last5=Brodin |first5=Tomas |last6=Claudet |first6=Joachim |last7=Fady |first7=Bruno |last8=Grube |first8=Martin |last9=Keune |first9=Hans |date=2015 |title=Nature-based Solutions: New Influence for Environmental Management and Research in Europe |url=https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Gaia - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society |language=en |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=243–248 |doi=10.14512/gaia.24.4.9 |s2cid=53518417 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507073138/https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf |archive-date=7 May 2020 |access-date=24 May 2020 |hdl=10400.3/4170}}</ref>]] Scientists have proposed a typology to characterise NBS along two gradients:<ref name=":1" /> # "How much engineering of biodiversity den ecosystems be involved insyd NBS", den # "How many ecosystem services den stakeholder groups are targeted by a given NBS". De typology highlights dat NBS fi involve very different actions on ecosystems (from protection, to management, anaa even de creation of new ecosystems) den be based on de assumption dat de higher de number of services den stakeholder groups targeted, de lower de capacity to maximise de delivery of each service den simultaneously fulfil de specific needs of all stakeholder groups. As such, three types of NBS are distinguished (hybrid solutions exist along dis gradient both insyd space den time. For instance, at a landscape scale, mixing protected den managed areas could be required to fulfill multi-functionality den sustainability goals): == References == <references /> [[Category:Ecosystem]] [[Category:Ecology]] [[Category:Social issues]] [[Category:Biodiversity]] sn47unuv6bqfcr34l8pj9enu6wvfnds 102778 102777 2026-06-14T07:40:41Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Dey add category 102778 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|Sustainable use of nature for tackling socio-environmental challenges}} [[File:NRCSIA00041 - Iowa (2285)(NRCS Photo Gallery).jpg|thumb|Example for a nature-based solution insyd de area of [[Water resources|water resource]] management: dis riparian buffer protects a creek insyd lowa, United States from the impact of adjacent land uses]] '''Nature-based solutions''' (anaa '''nature-based systems''', den abbreviated as '''NBS''' anaa '''NbS''') describe de development den use of (biodiversity) den natural processes to address diverse soci-environmental issues.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Girardin |first1=Cécile A. J. |last2=Jenkins |first2=Stuart |last3=Seddon |first3=Nathalie |last4=Allen |first4=Myles |last5=Lewis |first5=Simon L. |last6=Wheeler |first6=Charlotte E. |last7=Griscom |first7=Bronson W. |last8=Malhi |first8=Yadvinder |title=Nature-based solutions can help cool the planet — if we act now |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |date=2021 |volume=593 |issue=7858 |pages=191–194 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-01241-2 |doi-access=free|pmid=33981055 |bibcode=2021Natur.593..191G}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Frantzeskaki |first1=Niki |last2=McPhearson |first2=Timon |last3=Collier |first3=Marcus J |last4=Kendal |first4=Dave |last5=Bulkeley |first5=Harriet |last6=Dumitru |first6=Adina |last7=Walsh |first7=Claire |last8=Noble |first8=Kate |last9=van Wyk |first9=Ernita |last10=Ordóñez |first10=Camilo |last11=Oke |first11=Cathy |last12=Pintér |first12=László |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Climate Change Adaptation: Linking Science, Policy, and Practice Communities for Evidence-Based Decision-Making |journal=[[BioScience]] |date=2019 |volume=69 |issue=6 |pages=455–466 |doi=10.1093/biosci/biz042 |doi-access=free|hdl=2183/36896 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> These issues include climate change mitigation den adaptation, human security issues such as water security den food security, den disaster risk reduction.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last1=Debele |first1=S. E. |last2=Leo |first2=L. S. |last3=Kumar |first3=P. |last4=Sahani |first4=J. |last5=Ommer |first5=J. |last6=Bucchignani |first6=E. |last7=Vranić |first7=S. |last8=Kalas |first8=M. |last9=Amirzada |first9=Z. |last10=Pavlova |first10=I. |last11=Shah |first11=M. A. R. |last12=Gonzalez-Ollauri |first12=A. |last13=Di Sabatino |first13=S. |date=2023 |title=Nature-based solutions can help reduce the impact of natural hazards: A global analysis of NBS case studies |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969723044492 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=902 |article-number=165824 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165824|pmid=37527720 |bibcode=2023ScTEn.90265824D |hdl=11585/953217 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> De aim be dat resilient ecosystems (whether natural, managed, anaa newly created) provide solutions for de benefit of both societies den biodiversity.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Nature-based Solutions: New Influence for Environmental Management and Research in Europe|last1=Eggermont|first1=Hilde|last2=Balian|first2=Estelle|date=2015|journal=Gaia - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society|language=en|doi=10.14512/gaia.24.4.9|last3=Azevedo|first3=José Manuel N.|last4=Beumer|first4=Victor|last5=Brodin|first5=Tomas|last6=Claudet|first6=Joachim|last7=Fady|first7=Bruno|last8=Grube|first8=Martin|last9=Keune|first9=Hans|volume=24|issue=4|pages=243–248|s2cid=53518417 |url=https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|access-date=24 May 2020|archive-date=7 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507073138/https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> De 2019 UN Climate Action Summit dey highlight nature-based solutions as an effective method to combat climate change.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=Environment |first=U. N. |date=2019 |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Climate |url=http://www.unep.org/nature-based-solutions-climate |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=UNEP - UN Environment Programme |language=en}}</ref> For example, nature-based systems for climate change adaptation fit include natural flood management, restoring natural coastal defences, den providing local cooling.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|310}} De concept of NBS be related to de concept of ecological engineering<ref name=":1" /> den ecosystem-based adaptation.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|284}} NBS are sanso related, conceptually to de practice of ecological restoration. De sustainable management approach be a key aspect of NBS development den implementation. Mangrove restoration efforts along coastlines provide an example of a nature-based solution dat fit achieve multiple goals. Mangroves moderate de impact of waves den wind on coastal settlements anaa cities,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Marois|first1=Darryl E.|last2=Mitsch|first2=William J.|date=2 January 2015|title=Coastal protection from tsunamis and cyclones provided by mangrove wetlands – a review|journal=International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management|volume=11|issue=1|pages=71–83|doi=10.1080/21513732.2014.997292|bibcode=2015IJBSE..11...71M |s2cid=86554474|issn=2151-3732}}</ref> den they sequester carbon.<ref>{{Citation|last=Inoue|first=Tomomi|title=Carbon Sequestration in Mangroves|work=Blue Carbon in Shallow Coastal Ecosystems|year=2019|pages=73–99|place=Singapore|publisher=Springer Singapore|doi=10.1007/978-981-13-1295-3_3|isbn=978-981-13-1294-6|s2cid=133839393}}</ref> Dem sanso provide nursery zones for marine life wich be important for sustaining fisheries. Additionally, mangrove forests fit help to control coastal erosion resulting from sea level rise. Green roofs, blue roofs, den green walls (as part of green infrastructure) are sanso nature-based solutions dat fit be implemented insud urban areas. Dey fit reduce de effects of urban heat islands, capture stormwater, abate pollution, den act as carbon sinks. At de same time, dey fi enhance local biodiversity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2020 |title=Evaluating the potential of nature-based solutions to reduce ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon dioxide through a multi-type green infrastructure study in Ontario, Canada |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590252020300246 |url-status=live |access-date=3 April 2026 |website=ScienceDirect}}</ref> NBS systems den solutions are forming an increasing part of national den international policies on climate change. Dem are included insyd climate change policy, infrastructure investment, den [[climate finance]] mechanisms. De European Commission has paid increasing attention to NBS since 2013.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Faivre|first1=Nicolas|last2=Fritz|first2=Marco|last3=Freitas|first3=Tiago|last4=de Boissezon|first4=Birgit|last5=Vandewoestijne|first5=Sofie|date=2017|title=Nature-Based Solutions in the EU: Innovating with nature to address social, economic and environmental challenges|journal=Environmental Research|volume=159|pages=509–518|doi=10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.032|pmid=28886502|bibcode=2017ER....159..509F|s2cid=42573101|issn=0013-9351}}</ref> Dis be reflected insyd de majority of global NBS case studies reviewed by Debele et al (2023) being located insyd Europe.<ref name=":16" /> While there be much scope for scaling-up nature-based systems den solutions globally, they frequently encounter numerous challenges during planning den implementation.<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":15">{{Cite journal |last1=Wamsler |first1=C. |last2=Wickenberg |first2=B. |last3=Hanson |first3=H. |last4=Alkan Olsson |first4=J. |last5=Stålhammar |first5=S. |last6=Björn |first6=H. |last7=Falck |first7=H. |last8=Gerell |first8=D. |last9=Oskarsson |first9=T. |last10=Simonsson |first10=E. |last11=Torffvit |first11=F. |date=2020 |title=Environmental and climate policy integration: Targeted strategies for overcoming barriers to nature-based solutions and climate change adaptation |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |volume=247 |article-number=119154 |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119154 |issn=0959-6526 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2020JCPro.24719154W }}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last1=Chausson |first1=Alexandre |last2=Turner |first2=Beth |last3=Seddon |first3=Dan |last4=Chabaneix |first4=Nicole |last5=Girardin |first5=Cécile A. J. |last6=Kapos |first6=Valerie |last7=Key |first7=Isabel |last8=Roe |first8=Dilys |last9=Smith |first9=Alison |last10=Woroniecki |first10=Stephen |last11=Seddon |first11=Nathalie |date=2020-09-09 |title=Mapping the effectiveness of nature-based solutions for climate change adaptation |journal=Global Change Biology |volume=26 |issue=11 |pages=6134–6155 |bibcode=2020GCBio..26.6134C |doi=10.1111/gcb.15310 |issn=1354-1013 |pmid=32906226 |s2cid=221621517 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De IPCC dey point out dat de term be "de subject of ongoing debate, plus concerns dat e may lead to de misunderstanding dat NbS on its own fi provide a global solution to climate change".<ref name=":12" />{{rp|24}} To clarify dis point further, de IPCC sanso stated dat "nature-based systems cannot be regarded as an alternative to, anaa a reason to delay, deep cuts insyd GHG emissions".<ref name=":13" />{{rp|203}} {{TOC limit|3}} == Definition == [[File:ISS047-E-84351 Cape Coral, Florida (annotated).jpg|thumb|Mangroves protect coastlines against erosion ([[Cape Coral, Florida|Cape Coral]], Florida, United States)]] De International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) defines NBS as "actions to protect, sustainably manage, den restore natural anaa modified ecosystems, dat address societal challenges effectively den adaptively, simultaneously providing human well-being den biodiversity benefits".<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10">Cohen-Shacham, E., G. Walters, C. Janzen, S. Maginnis (eds). 2016. Nature-based solutions to address global societal challenges. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. Xiii + 97 pp. Downloadable from https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46191 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401093813/https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46191|date=1 April 2021}}</ref> ''Societal challenges'' of relevance here include [[climate change]], food security, disaster risk reduction, water security. Insyd oda words: "Nature-based solutions are interventions dat use de natural functions of healthy ecosystems to protect de environment but sanso provide numerous economic den social benefits."<ref>Dubash, N.K., C.  Mitchell, E.L.  Boasson, M.J.  Borbor-Cordova, S.  Fifita, E.  Haites, M.  Jaccard, F.  Jotzo, S.  Naidoo, P.  Romero-Lankao, M.  Shlapak, W.  Shen, L. Wu, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter13.pdf Chapter 13: National and sub-national policies and institutions]. In IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D.  McCollum, M.  Pathak, S.  Some, P. Vyas, R.  Fradera, M.  Belkacemi, A.  Hasija, G.  Lisboa, S.  Luz, J.  Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.015</ref>{{rp|1403}} Dem are used both insyd de context of climate change mitigation as well as adaptation.<ref>Lecocq, F., H. Winkler, J.P. Daka, S. Fu, J.S. Gerber, S. Kartha, V. Krey, H. Lofgren, T. Masui, R. Mathur, J. Portugal-Pereira, B.  K. Sovacool,  M. V. Vilariño,  N. Zhou, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter04.pdf Chapter 4: Mitigation and development pathways in the near- to mid-term]. In IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van  Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.006</ref>{{rp|469}} De European Commission's definition of NBS states dat these solutions are "inspired den supported by nature, wich are cost-effective, simultaneously provide environmental, social den economic benefits den help build resilience. Such solutions bring more, den more diverse, nature den natural features den processes into cities, landscapes, den seascapes, through locally adapted, resource-efficient den systemic interventions".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Nature-Based Solutions - European Commission |url=https://ec.europa.eu/research/environment/index.cfm?pg=nbs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923161801/http://ec.europa.eu/research/environment/index.cfm?pg=nbs |archive-date=23 September 2019 |access-date=10 December 2019 |website=}}</ref> Insyd 2020, de EC definition was updated to further emphasise dat "Nature-based solutions must benefit biodiversity den support de delivery of a range of ecosystem services."<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Wild |first1=Tom |url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/research_and_innovation/research_by_area/documents/nbs_valorisationprojects_fullreport_web.pdf |title=Nature-based Solutions - State of the Art in EU-funded Projects |last2=Freitas |first2=Tiago |last3=Vandewoestijne |first3=Sofie |date=2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111152411/https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/research_and_innovation/research_by_area/documents/nbs_valorisationprojects_fullreport_web.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> De IPCC Sixth Assessment Report pointed out dat de term ''nature-based solutions'' be "widely but not universally used insyd de scientific literature".<ref name=":12">IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_SummaryForPolicymakers.pdf Summary for Policymakers] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, M. Tignor, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem (eds.)]. In: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3–33, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.001.</ref>{{rp|24}} As of 2017, de term NBS was still regarded as "poorly defined den vague".<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2017 |title='Nature-based solutions' is the latest green jargon that means more than you might think |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/541133b |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=541 |issue=7636 |pages=133–134 |doi=10.1038/541133b |pmid=28079099 |bibcode=2017Natur.541R.133. |s2cid=4455842 |issn=0028-0836|url-access=subscription }}</ref> De term ''ecosystem-based adaptation'' (EbA) be a subset of nature-based solutions den "aims to maintain den increase de resilience den reduce de vulnerability of ecosystems den people insyd de face of de adverse effects of climate change".<ref name=":13" />{{rp|284}} === History of de term === De term ''nature-based solutions'' was put forward by practitioners insyd de late 2000s. At dat time e was used by international organisations such as de International Union for Conservation of Nature den de World Bank insyd de context of finding new solutions to mitigate den adapt to climate change effects by working plus natural ecosystems rather dan relying purely on engineering interventions.<ref name=":5" /><ref name="MacKinnon11">MacKinnon, K., C. Sobrevila, V. Hickey. 2008. [https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/149141468320661795/biodiversity-climate-change-and-adaptation-nature-based-solutions-from-the-world-bank-portfolio Biodiversity, climate change and adaptation: nature-based solutions from the Word Bank portfolio]. Washington D.C.: World Bank.</ref><ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" />{{rp|3}} Chaw indigenous peoples have recognised de natural environment as playing an important role insyd human well-being as part of their traditional knowledge systems, but dis idea did not enter into modern scientific literature until de 1970's plus de concept of ecosystem services.<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" />{{rp|2}} De IUCN referred to NBS insyd a position paper for de United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.<ref>IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2009. No time to lose – make full use of nature-based solutions in the post-2012 climate change regime. Position paper on the Fifteenth session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP 15). Gland: IUCN.</ref> De term be sanso dey adopt by European policymakers, insyd particular by de European Commission, insyd a report<ref name="European Commission 2015">European Commission. 2015. Towards an EU Research and Innovation policy agenda for nature-based solutions & re-naturing cities. Final Report of the Horizon2020 Expert Group on Nature-Based Solutions and Re-Naturing Cities. Brussels: European Commission.</ref> stressing dat NBS fi offer innovative means to create jobs den growth as part of a green economy. De term started to make appearances insyd de mainstream media around de time of de Global Climate Action Summit insyd California insyd September 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2018 |title=Global Climate Action Summit kicks off today in San Francisco with nature-based solutions high on the agenda |url=http://nathalieseddon.blogspot.com/2018/09/global-climate-action-summit-kicks-off.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913112911/http://nathalieseddon.blogspot.com/2018/09/global-climate-action-summit-kicks-off.html |archive-date=13 September 2018 |access-date=13 September 2018 |website=Global Climate Action Summit kicks off today in San Francisco with nature-based solutions high on the agenda}}</ref> == Objectives den framing == [[File:Morro Strand State Beach (1).jpg|thumb|Coastal habitat protection at Morro Strand State Beach insyd San Luis Obispo County, California]]Nature-based solutions stress de sustainable use of nature in solving coupled environmental-social-economic challenges.<ref name=":5" /> NBS go beyond traditional biodiversity conservation den management principles by "re-focusing" de debate on humans den specifically integrating societal factors such as human well-being den poverty reduction, socio-economic development den governance principles. De general objective of NBS be clear, namely de sustainable management den use of Nature for tackling societal challenges.<ref>IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2016. Resolution 077 World Conservation Congress 2016, Hawaiʻi (https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808140530/https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077|date=2019-08-08}}) 17. European Commission. 2016. Horizon2020 Work Programme 2016–2017 – 12. Climate action, environment, [[resource efficiency]] & raw materials, 99 pp. (http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213072645/http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf|date=13 December 2016}})</ref> However, different stakeholders view NBS from a variety of perspectives.<ref name=":1" /> For instance, de IUCN puts de need for well-managed den restored ecosystems at de heart of NBS, plus de overarching goal of "Supporting de achievement of society's development goals den safeguard human well-being insyd ways dat reflect cultural den societal values den enhance de resilience of ecosystems, their capacity for renewal den de provision of services".<ref name="IUCN16">IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2016. Resolution 077 World Conservation Congress 2016, Hawaiʻi (https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808140530/https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077|date=8 August 2019}})</ref> De European Commission underlines dat NBS fi transform environmental den societal challenges into innovation opportunities, by turning natural capital into a source for green growth den sustainable development.<ref name="European Commission 2015" /> Within dis viewpoint, nature-based solutions to societal challenges "bring chaw, den chaw diverse, nature den natural features den processes into cities, landscapes den seascapes, through locally adapted, resource-efficient den systemic interventions".<ref name="ec.europa.eu">European Commission. 2016. Horizon2020 Work Programme 2016–2017 – 12. Climate action, environment, resource efficiency & raw materials, 99 pp. (http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213072645/http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf|date=13 December 2016}})</ref> As a result, NBS has been suggested as a means of implementing de nature-positive goal to halt den reverse nature loss by 2030, den achieve full nature recovery by 2050.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Milner-Gulland |first1=E.J. |last2=Addison |first2=Prue |last3=Arlidge |first3=William N.S. |last4=Baker |first4=Julia |last5=Booth |first5=Hollie |last6=Brooks |first6=Thomas |last7=Bull |first7=Joseph W. |last8=Burgass |first8=Michael J. |last9=Ekstrom |first9=Jon |last10=zu Ermgassen |first10=Sophus O.S.E. |last11=Fleming |first11=L. Vincent |last12=Grub |first12=Henry M.J. |last13=von Hase |first13=Amrei |last14=Hoffmann |first14=Michael |last15=Hutton |first15=Jonathan |date=2021-01-22 |title=Four steps for the Earth: mainstreaming the post-2020 global biodiversity framework |journal=One Earth |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=75–87 |doi=10.1016/j.oneear.2020.12.011 |bibcode=2021OEart...4...75M |issn=2590-3322}}</ref> == Categories == De IUCN proposes to consider NBS as an umbrella concept.<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" /> Categories den examples of NBS approaches according to de IUCN include:<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" /> {| class="wikitable" !Category of NBS approaches !Examples |- |[[Ecosystem restoration]] approaches |Ecological restoration, [[ecological engineering]], forest landscape restoration |- |Issue-specific ecosystem-related approaches |[[Ecosystem-based adaptation]], ecosystem-based mitigation, climate adaptation services, [[ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction]] |- |Infrastructure-related approaches |Natural infrastructure, [[green infrastructure]] |- |[[Ecosystem-based management]] approaches |[[Integrated coastal zone management]], [[integrated water resources management]] |- |Ecosystem protection approaches |Area-based conservation approaches including protected area management |} == Types == [[File:Fig 2 NbS.jpg|thumb|upright=1.46|Schematic presentation of de NBS typology.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Eggermont |first1=Hilde |last2=Balian |first2=Estelle |last3=Azevedo |first3=José Manuel N. |last4=Beumer |first4=Victor |last5=Brodin |first5=Tomas |last6=Claudet |first6=Joachim |last7=Fady |first7=Bruno |last8=Grube |first8=Martin |last9=Keune |first9=Hans |date=2015 |title=Nature-based Solutions: New Influence for Environmental Management and Research in Europe |url=https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Gaia - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society |language=en |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=243–248 |doi=10.14512/gaia.24.4.9 |s2cid=53518417 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507073138/https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf |archive-date=7 May 2020 |access-date=24 May 2020 |hdl=10400.3/4170}}</ref>]] Scientists have proposed a typology to characterise NBS along two gradients:<ref name=":1" /> # "How much engineering of biodiversity den ecosystems be involved insyd NBS", den # "How many ecosystem services den stakeholder groups are targeted by a given NBS". De typology highlights dat NBS fi involve very different actions on ecosystems (from protection, to management, anaa even de creation of new ecosystems) den be based on de assumption dat de higher de number of services den stakeholder groups targeted, de lower de capacity to maximise de delivery of each service den simultaneously fulfil de specific needs of all stakeholder groups. As such, three types of NBS are distinguished (hybrid solutions exist along dis gradient both insyd space den time. For instance, at a landscape scale, mixing protected den managed areas could be required to fulfill multi-functionality den sustainability goals): == References == <references /> [[Category:Ecology]] [[Category:Social issues]] [[Category:Biodiversity]] [[Category:Climate change adaptation]] [[Category:Ecosystems]] shvxur74y91tkoidsdh1gfr0291h7kn 102779 102778 2026-06-14T07:41:43Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Dey add category 102779 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|Sustainable use of nature for tackling socio-environmental challenges}} [[File:NRCSIA00041 - Iowa (2285)(NRCS Photo Gallery).jpg|thumb|Example for a nature-based solution insyd de area of [[Water resources|water resource]] management: dis riparian buffer protects a creek insyd lowa, United States from the impact of adjacent land uses]] '''Nature-based solutions''' (anaa '''nature-based systems''', den abbreviated as '''NBS''' anaa '''NbS''') describe de development den use of (biodiversity) den natural processes to address diverse soci-environmental issues.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Girardin |first1=Cécile A. J. |last2=Jenkins |first2=Stuart |last3=Seddon |first3=Nathalie |last4=Allen |first4=Myles |last5=Lewis |first5=Simon L. |last6=Wheeler |first6=Charlotte E. |last7=Griscom |first7=Bronson W. |last8=Malhi |first8=Yadvinder |title=Nature-based solutions can help cool the planet — if we act now |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |date=2021 |volume=593 |issue=7858 |pages=191–194 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-01241-2 |doi-access=free|pmid=33981055 |bibcode=2021Natur.593..191G}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Frantzeskaki |first1=Niki |last2=McPhearson |first2=Timon |last3=Collier |first3=Marcus J |last4=Kendal |first4=Dave |last5=Bulkeley |first5=Harriet |last6=Dumitru |first6=Adina |last7=Walsh |first7=Claire |last8=Noble |first8=Kate |last9=van Wyk |first9=Ernita |last10=Ordóñez |first10=Camilo |last11=Oke |first11=Cathy |last12=Pintér |first12=László |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Climate Change Adaptation: Linking Science, Policy, and Practice Communities for Evidence-Based Decision-Making |journal=[[BioScience]] |date=2019 |volume=69 |issue=6 |pages=455–466 |doi=10.1093/biosci/biz042 |doi-access=free|hdl=2183/36896 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> These issues include climate change mitigation den adaptation, human security issues such as water security den food security, den disaster risk reduction.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last1=Debele |first1=S. E. |last2=Leo |first2=L. S. |last3=Kumar |first3=P. |last4=Sahani |first4=J. |last5=Ommer |first5=J. |last6=Bucchignani |first6=E. |last7=Vranić |first7=S. |last8=Kalas |first8=M. |last9=Amirzada |first9=Z. |last10=Pavlova |first10=I. |last11=Shah |first11=M. A. R. |last12=Gonzalez-Ollauri |first12=A. |last13=Di Sabatino |first13=S. |date=2023 |title=Nature-based solutions can help reduce the impact of natural hazards: A global analysis of NBS case studies |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969723044492 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=902 |article-number=165824 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165824|pmid=37527720 |bibcode=2023ScTEn.90265824D |hdl=11585/953217 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> De aim be dat resilient ecosystems (whether natural, managed, anaa newly created) provide solutions for de benefit of both societies den biodiversity.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Nature-based Solutions: New Influence for Environmental Management and Research in Europe|last1=Eggermont|first1=Hilde|last2=Balian|first2=Estelle|date=2015|journal=Gaia - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society|language=en|doi=10.14512/gaia.24.4.9|last3=Azevedo|first3=José Manuel N.|last4=Beumer|first4=Victor|last5=Brodin|first5=Tomas|last6=Claudet|first6=Joachim|last7=Fady|first7=Bruno|last8=Grube|first8=Martin|last9=Keune|first9=Hans|volume=24|issue=4|pages=243–248|s2cid=53518417 |url=https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|access-date=24 May 2020|archive-date=7 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507073138/https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> De 2019 UN Climate Action Summit dey highlight nature-based solutions as an effective method to combat climate change.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=Environment |first=U. N. |date=2019 |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Climate |url=http://www.unep.org/nature-based-solutions-climate |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=UNEP - UN Environment Programme |language=en}}</ref> For example, nature-based systems for climate change adaptation fit include natural flood management, restoring natural coastal defences, den providing local cooling.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|310}} De concept of NBS be related to de concept of ecological engineering<ref name=":1" /> den ecosystem-based adaptation.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|284}} NBS are sanso related, conceptually to de practice of ecological restoration. De sustainable management approach be a key aspect of NBS development den implementation. Mangrove restoration efforts along coastlines provide an example of a nature-based solution dat fit achieve multiple goals. Mangroves moderate de impact of waves den wind on coastal settlements anaa cities,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Marois|first1=Darryl E.|last2=Mitsch|first2=William J.|date=2 January 2015|title=Coastal protection from tsunamis and cyclones provided by mangrove wetlands – a review|journal=International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management|volume=11|issue=1|pages=71–83|doi=10.1080/21513732.2014.997292|bibcode=2015IJBSE..11...71M |s2cid=86554474|issn=2151-3732}}</ref> den they sequester carbon.<ref>{{Citation|last=Inoue|first=Tomomi|title=Carbon Sequestration in Mangroves|work=Blue Carbon in Shallow Coastal Ecosystems|year=2019|pages=73–99|place=Singapore|publisher=Springer Singapore|doi=10.1007/978-981-13-1295-3_3|isbn=978-981-13-1294-6|s2cid=133839393}}</ref> Dem sanso provide nursery zones for marine life wich be important for sustaining fisheries. Additionally, mangrove forests fit help to control coastal erosion resulting from sea level rise. Green roofs, blue roofs, den green walls (as part of green infrastructure) are sanso nature-based solutions dat fit be implemented insud urban areas. Dey fit reduce de effects of urban heat islands, capture stormwater, abate pollution, den act as carbon sinks. At de same time, dey fi enhance local biodiversity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2020 |title=Evaluating the potential of nature-based solutions to reduce ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon dioxide through a multi-type green infrastructure study in Ontario, Canada |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590252020300246 |url-status=live |access-date=3 April 2026 |website=ScienceDirect}}</ref> NBS systems den solutions are forming an increasing part of national den international policies on climate change. Dem are included insyd climate change policy, infrastructure investment, den [[climate finance]] mechanisms. De European Commission has paid increasing attention to NBS since 2013.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Faivre|first1=Nicolas|last2=Fritz|first2=Marco|last3=Freitas|first3=Tiago|last4=de Boissezon|first4=Birgit|last5=Vandewoestijne|first5=Sofie|date=2017|title=Nature-Based Solutions in the EU: Innovating with nature to address social, economic and environmental challenges|journal=Environmental Research|volume=159|pages=509–518|doi=10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.032|pmid=28886502|bibcode=2017ER....159..509F|s2cid=42573101|issn=0013-9351}}</ref> Dis be reflected insyd de majority of global NBS case studies reviewed by Debele et al (2023) being located insyd Europe.<ref name=":16" /> While there be much scope for scaling-up nature-based systems den solutions globally, they frequently encounter numerous challenges during planning den implementation.<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":15">{{Cite journal |last1=Wamsler |first1=C. |last2=Wickenberg |first2=B. |last3=Hanson |first3=H. |last4=Alkan Olsson |first4=J. |last5=Stålhammar |first5=S. |last6=Björn |first6=H. |last7=Falck |first7=H. |last8=Gerell |first8=D. |last9=Oskarsson |first9=T. |last10=Simonsson |first10=E. |last11=Torffvit |first11=F. |date=2020 |title=Environmental and climate policy integration: Targeted strategies for overcoming barriers to nature-based solutions and climate change adaptation |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |volume=247 |article-number=119154 |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119154 |issn=0959-6526 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2020JCPro.24719154W }}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last1=Chausson |first1=Alexandre |last2=Turner |first2=Beth |last3=Seddon |first3=Dan |last4=Chabaneix |first4=Nicole |last5=Girardin |first5=Cécile A. J. |last6=Kapos |first6=Valerie |last7=Key |first7=Isabel |last8=Roe |first8=Dilys |last9=Smith |first9=Alison |last10=Woroniecki |first10=Stephen |last11=Seddon |first11=Nathalie |date=2020-09-09 |title=Mapping the effectiveness of nature-based solutions for climate change adaptation |journal=Global Change Biology |volume=26 |issue=11 |pages=6134–6155 |bibcode=2020GCBio..26.6134C |doi=10.1111/gcb.15310 |issn=1354-1013 |pmid=32906226 |s2cid=221621517 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De IPCC dey point out dat de term be "de subject of ongoing debate, plus concerns dat e may lead to de misunderstanding dat NbS on its own fi provide a global solution to climate change".<ref name=":12" />{{rp|24}} To clarify dis point further, de IPCC sanso stated dat "nature-based systems cannot be regarded as an alternative to, anaa a reason to delay, deep cuts insyd GHG emissions".<ref name=":13" />{{rp|203}} {{TOC limit|3}} == Definition == [[File:ISS047-E-84351 Cape Coral, Florida (annotated).jpg|thumb|Mangroves protect coastlines against erosion ([[Cape Coral, Florida|Cape Coral]], Florida, United States)]] De International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) defines NBS as "actions to protect, sustainably manage, den restore natural anaa modified ecosystems, dat address societal challenges effectively den adaptively, simultaneously providing human well-being den biodiversity benefits".<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10">Cohen-Shacham, E., G. Walters, C. Janzen, S. Maginnis (eds). 2016. Nature-based solutions to address global societal challenges. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. Xiii + 97 pp. Downloadable from https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46191 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401093813/https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46191|date=1 April 2021}}</ref> ''Societal challenges'' of relevance here include [[climate change]], food security, disaster risk reduction, water security. Insyd oda words: "Nature-based solutions are interventions dat use de natural functions of healthy ecosystems to protect de environment but sanso provide numerous economic den social benefits."<ref>Dubash, N.K., C.  Mitchell, E.L.  Boasson, M.J.  Borbor-Cordova, S.  Fifita, E.  Haites, M.  Jaccard, F.  Jotzo, S.  Naidoo, P.  Romero-Lankao, M.  Shlapak, W.  Shen, L. Wu, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter13.pdf Chapter 13: National and sub-national policies and institutions]. In IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D.  McCollum, M.  Pathak, S.  Some, P. Vyas, R.  Fradera, M.  Belkacemi, A.  Hasija, G.  Lisboa, S.  Luz, J.  Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.015</ref>{{rp|1403}} Dem are used both insyd de context of climate change mitigation as well as adaptation.<ref>Lecocq, F., H. Winkler, J.P. Daka, S. Fu, J.S. Gerber, S. Kartha, V. Krey, H. Lofgren, T. Masui, R. Mathur, J. Portugal-Pereira, B.  K. Sovacool,  M. V. Vilariño,  N. Zhou, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter04.pdf Chapter 4: Mitigation and development pathways in the near- to mid-term]. In IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van  Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.006</ref>{{rp|469}} De European Commission's definition of NBS states dat these solutions are "inspired den supported by nature, wich are cost-effective, simultaneously provide environmental, social den economic benefits den help build resilience. Such solutions bring more, den more diverse, nature den natural features den processes into cities, landscapes, den seascapes, through locally adapted, resource-efficient den systemic interventions".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Nature-Based Solutions - European Commission |url=https://ec.europa.eu/research/environment/index.cfm?pg=nbs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923161801/http://ec.europa.eu/research/environment/index.cfm?pg=nbs |archive-date=23 September 2019 |access-date=10 December 2019 |website=}}</ref> Insyd 2020, de EC definition was updated to further emphasise dat "Nature-based solutions must benefit biodiversity den support de delivery of a range of ecosystem services."<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Wild |first1=Tom |url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/research_and_innovation/research_by_area/documents/nbs_valorisationprojects_fullreport_web.pdf |title=Nature-based Solutions - State of the Art in EU-funded Projects |last2=Freitas |first2=Tiago |last3=Vandewoestijne |first3=Sofie |date=2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111152411/https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/research_and_innovation/research_by_area/documents/nbs_valorisationprojects_fullreport_web.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> De IPCC Sixth Assessment Report pointed out dat de term ''nature-based solutions'' be "widely but not universally used insyd de scientific literature".<ref name=":12">IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_SummaryForPolicymakers.pdf Summary for Policymakers] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, M. Tignor, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem (eds.)]. In: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3–33, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.001.</ref>{{rp|24}} As of 2017, de term NBS was still regarded as "poorly defined den vague".<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2017 |title='Nature-based solutions' is the latest green jargon that means more than you might think |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/541133b |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=541 |issue=7636 |pages=133–134 |doi=10.1038/541133b |pmid=28079099 |bibcode=2017Natur.541R.133. |s2cid=4455842 |issn=0028-0836|url-access=subscription }}</ref> De term ''ecosystem-based adaptation'' (EbA) be a subset of nature-based solutions den "aims to maintain den increase de resilience den reduce de vulnerability of ecosystems den people insyd de face of de adverse effects of climate change".<ref name=":13" />{{rp|284}} === History of de term === De term ''nature-based solutions'' was put forward by practitioners insyd de late 2000s. At dat time e was used by international organisations such as de International Union for Conservation of Nature den de World Bank insyd de context of finding new solutions to mitigate den adapt to climate change effects by working plus natural ecosystems rather dan relying purely on engineering interventions.<ref name=":5" /><ref name="MacKinnon11">MacKinnon, K., C. Sobrevila, V. Hickey. 2008. [https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/149141468320661795/biodiversity-climate-change-and-adaptation-nature-based-solutions-from-the-world-bank-portfolio Biodiversity, climate change and adaptation: nature-based solutions from the Word Bank portfolio]. Washington D.C.: World Bank.</ref><ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" />{{rp|3}} Chaw indigenous peoples have recognised de natural environment as playing an important role insyd human well-being as part of their traditional knowledge systems, but dis idea did not enter into modern scientific literature until de 1970's plus de concept of ecosystem services.<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" />{{rp|2}} De IUCN referred to NBS insyd a position paper for de United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.<ref>IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2009. No time to lose – make full use of nature-based solutions in the post-2012 climate change regime. Position paper on the Fifteenth session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP 15). Gland: IUCN.</ref> De term be sanso dey adopt by European policymakers, insyd particular by de European Commission, insyd a report<ref name="European Commission 2015">European Commission. 2015. Towards an EU Research and Innovation policy agenda for nature-based solutions & re-naturing cities. Final Report of the Horizon2020 Expert Group on Nature-Based Solutions and Re-Naturing Cities. Brussels: European Commission.</ref> stressing dat NBS fi offer innovative means to create jobs den growth as part of a green economy. De term started to make appearances insyd de mainstream media around de time of de Global Climate Action Summit insyd California insyd September 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2018 |title=Global Climate Action Summit kicks off today in San Francisco with nature-based solutions high on the agenda |url=http://nathalieseddon.blogspot.com/2018/09/global-climate-action-summit-kicks-off.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913112911/http://nathalieseddon.blogspot.com/2018/09/global-climate-action-summit-kicks-off.html |archive-date=13 September 2018 |access-date=13 September 2018 |website=Global Climate Action Summit kicks off today in San Francisco with nature-based solutions high on the agenda}}</ref> == Objectives den framing == [[File:Morro Strand State Beach (1).jpg|thumb|Coastal habitat protection at Morro Strand State Beach insyd San Luis Obispo County, California]]Nature-based solutions stress de sustainable use of nature in solving coupled environmental-social-economic challenges.<ref name=":5" /> NBS go beyond traditional biodiversity conservation den management principles by "re-focusing" de debate on humans den specifically integrating societal factors such as human well-being den poverty reduction, socio-economic development den governance principles. De general objective of NBS be clear, namely de sustainable management den use of Nature for tackling societal challenges.<ref>IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2016. Resolution 077 World Conservation Congress 2016, Hawaiʻi (https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808140530/https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077|date=2019-08-08}}) 17. European Commission. 2016. Horizon2020 Work Programme 2016–2017 – 12. Climate action, environment, [[resource efficiency]] & raw materials, 99 pp. (http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213072645/http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf|date=13 December 2016}})</ref> However, different stakeholders view NBS from a variety of perspectives.<ref name=":1" /> For instance, de IUCN puts de need for well-managed den restored ecosystems at de heart of NBS, plus de overarching goal of "Supporting de achievement of society's development goals den safeguard human well-being insyd ways dat reflect cultural den societal values den enhance de resilience of ecosystems, their capacity for renewal den de provision of services".<ref name="IUCN16">IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2016. Resolution 077 World Conservation Congress 2016, Hawaiʻi (https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808140530/https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077|date=8 August 2019}})</ref> De European Commission underlines dat NBS fi transform environmental den societal challenges into innovation opportunities, by turning natural capital into a source for green growth den sustainable development.<ref name="European Commission 2015" /> Within dis viewpoint, nature-based solutions to societal challenges "bring chaw, den chaw diverse, nature den natural features den processes into cities, landscapes den seascapes, through locally adapted, resource-efficient den systemic interventions".<ref name="ec.europa.eu">European Commission. 2016. Horizon2020 Work Programme 2016–2017 – 12. Climate action, environment, resource efficiency & raw materials, 99 pp. (http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213072645/http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf|date=13 December 2016}})</ref> As a result, NBS has been suggested as a means of implementing de nature-positive goal to halt den reverse nature loss by 2030, den achieve full nature recovery by 2050.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Milner-Gulland |first1=E.J. |last2=Addison |first2=Prue |last3=Arlidge |first3=William N.S. |last4=Baker |first4=Julia |last5=Booth |first5=Hollie |last6=Brooks |first6=Thomas |last7=Bull |first7=Joseph W. |last8=Burgass |first8=Michael J. |last9=Ekstrom |first9=Jon |last10=zu Ermgassen |first10=Sophus O.S.E. |last11=Fleming |first11=L. Vincent |last12=Grub |first12=Henry M.J. |last13=von Hase |first13=Amrei |last14=Hoffmann |first14=Michael |last15=Hutton |first15=Jonathan |date=2021-01-22 |title=Four steps for the Earth: mainstreaming the post-2020 global biodiversity framework |journal=One Earth |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=75–87 |doi=10.1016/j.oneear.2020.12.011 |bibcode=2021OEart...4...75M |issn=2590-3322}}</ref> == Categories == De IUCN proposes to consider NBS as an umbrella concept.<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" /> Categories den examples of NBS approaches according to de IUCN include:<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" /> {| class="wikitable" !Category of NBS approaches !Examples |- |[[Ecosystem restoration]] approaches |Ecological restoration, [[ecological engineering]], forest landscape restoration |- |Issue-specific ecosystem-related approaches |[[Ecosystem-based adaptation]], ecosystem-based mitigation, climate adaptation services, [[ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction]] |- |Infrastructure-related approaches |Natural infrastructure, [[green infrastructure]] |- |[[Ecosystem-based management]] approaches |[[Integrated coastal zone management]], [[integrated water resources management]] |- |Ecosystem protection approaches |Area-based conservation approaches including protected area management |} == Types == [[File:Fig 2 NbS.jpg|thumb|upright=1.46|Schematic presentation of de NBS typology.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Eggermont |first1=Hilde |last2=Balian |first2=Estelle |last3=Azevedo |first3=José Manuel N. |last4=Beumer |first4=Victor |last5=Brodin |first5=Tomas |last6=Claudet |first6=Joachim |last7=Fady |first7=Bruno |last8=Grube |first8=Martin |last9=Keune |first9=Hans |date=2015 |title=Nature-based Solutions: New Influence for Environmental Management and Research in Europe |url=https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Gaia - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society |language=en |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=243–248 |doi=10.14512/gaia.24.4.9 |s2cid=53518417 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507073138/https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf |archive-date=7 May 2020 |access-date=24 May 2020 |hdl=10400.3/4170}}</ref>]] Scientists have proposed a typology to characterise NBS along two gradients:<ref name=":1" /> # "How much engineering of biodiversity den ecosystems be involved insyd NBS", den # "How many ecosystem services den stakeholder groups are targeted by a given NBS". De typology highlights dat NBS fi involve very different actions on ecosystems (from protection, to management, anaa even de creation of new ecosystems) den be based on de assumption dat de higher de number of services den stakeholder groups targeted, de lower de capacity to maximise de delivery of each service den simultaneously fulfil de specific needs of all stakeholder groups. As such, three types of NBS are distinguished (hybrid solutions exist along dis gradient both insyd space den time. For instance, at a landscape scale, mixing protected den managed areas could be required to fulfill multi-functionality den sustainability goals): == References == <references /> [[Category:Ecology]] [[Category:Social issues]] [[Category:Biodiversity]] [[Category:Climate change adaptation]] [[Category:Ecosystems]] [[Category:AWC2026]] kmg9j2naewt8ung5ejw1lya9ua4iq5h 0 27510 102328 2026-06-13T13:50:29Z Saharatu00 6324 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1238523396|White Kei River]]" 102328 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''White Kei River''' anaa '''Wit-Kei River''' be river for Eastern Cape, [[South Africa]]. E originate north of Queenstown, E dey start ein course as de [[Grootvleispruit]] river den eventually join de Black Kei River, to form de [[Great Kei River]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stanford |first=W. E. |date=January 1910 |title=Statement of Silayi, with Reference to His Life Among the Bushmen |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00359191009520056 |journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=435–440 |bibcode=1910TRSSA...1..435S |doi=10.1080/00359191009520056 |issn=0035-919X}}</ref> The Xonxa Dam is located in the White Kei River. Presently this river is part of the Mzimvubu to Keiskama Water Management Area. syzwdipkmxs67uoq3yjglwdbs9pocrp 102329 102328 2026-06-13T13:54:28Z Saharatu00 6324 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1238523396|White Kei River]]" 102329 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''White Kei River''' anaa '''Wit-Kei River''' be river for Eastern Cape, [[South Africa]]. E originate north of Queenstown, E dey start ein course as de [[Grootvleispruit]] river den eventually join de Black Kei River, to form de [[Great Kei River]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stanford |first=W. E. |date=January 1910 |title=Statement of Silayi, with Reference to His Life Among the Bushmen |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00359191009520056 |journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=435–440 |bibcode=1910TRSSA...1..435S |doi=10.1080/00359191009520056 |issn=0035-919X}}</ref> De Xonxa Dam is located in de White Kei River. Rydee this river be part of de Mzimvubu to Keiskama Water Management Area. 4xpblea1vv7881wzkh6tkpe3le6su75 102330 102329 2026-06-13T13:59:22Z Saharatu00 6324 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1238523396|White Kei River]]" 102330 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''White Kei River''' anaa '''Wit-Kei River''' be river for Eastern Cape, [[South Africa]]. E originate north of Queenstown, E dey start ein course as de [[Grootvleispruit]] river den eventually join de Black Kei River, to form de [[Great Kei River]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stanford |first=W. E. |date=January 1910 |title=Statement of Silayi, with Reference to His Life Among the Bushmen |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00359191009520056 |journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=435–440 |bibcode=1910TRSSA...1..435S |doi=10.1080/00359191009520056 |issn=0035-919X}}</ref> De Xonxa Dam is located in de White Kei River. Rydee this river be part of de Mzimvubu to Keiskama Water Management Area. == Sana spy == == References == <references /> g09sxz3n70721g177xcdtfdt1k9urz6 0 27511 102331 2026-06-13T14:07:40Z Saharatu00 6324 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355676798|Ihosy River]]" 102331 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Ihosy River''' be river for Fianarantsoa Province in central [[Madagascar]]. E dey ran down from de hills of Bekisopa, through de town of Ihosy (for<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>22°24′00″S 46°07′00″E / 22.4°S 46.1166667°E / -22.4; 46.1166667), na ein dey provide de name of de river.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cowan |first=William Deans |date=September 1882 |title=Geographical Excursions in South Central Madagasear |url=https://zenodo.org/record/2414753 |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography |volume=4 |issue=9 |pages=521–537 |doi=10.2307/1800170 |issn=0266-626X |jstor=1800170}}</ref> Other passage points be [[Ambodiala]] de [[Ionadria]]. E dey empty for de Zomandao River 021qnefgfp1thdawi8fheii6f5656az 0 27512 102336 2026-06-13T14:39:07Z Godfred205 6407 I made a translation 102336 wikitext text/x-wiki '''<big><u>Black Kei River</u></big>''' De '''Black Kei River''', de komot southwest insyd Queenstown, wey eventually dey join White Kei River, den come turn the Great Kei River. Plenty villages dey ein banks, plus McBride Village, Qabi, Ntabelanga, Thornhill, Loudon, Mitford, Basoto, Baccle's Farm den Tentergate.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Farai |first=Kapfudzaruwa, |last2=Merle |first2=Sowman, |date=2009-10 |title=Is there a role for traditional governance systems in South Africa's new water management regime? |url=https://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1816-79502009000500018 |journal=Water SA |language=en |volume=35 |issue=5 |issn=1816-7950 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260310131135/https://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1816-79502009000500018 |archive-date=2026-03-10}}</ref> De Thrift Dam be ein only significant reservoir. As edey now, de river dey part of de Mzimvubu to Keiskamma Water Management demma Area.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Farai |first=Kapfudzaruwa, |last2=Merle |first2=Sowman, |date=2009-10 |title=Is there a role for traditional governance systems in South Africa's new water management regime? |url=https://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1816-79502009000500018 |journal=Water SA |language=en |volume=35 |issue=5 |issn=1816-7950 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260310131135/https://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1816-79502009000500018 |archive-date=2026-03-10}}</ref> De river ein upper reaches dey form de western boundary of de Tsolwana Nature Reserve, for the mid-1800s inside, de Black Kei den ein Klipplaat tributary wey na dey form de northern boundary of British Kaffraria. De Klaas Smits den Klipplaat rivers all be ain main tributar.<ref>{{Citation |title=South Africa (Republic) - Animals & Animal Welfare |url=https://referenceworks.brill.com/doi/10.1163/2213-2996_flg_COM_172012 |access-date=2026-06-13 |language=en |doi=10.1163/2213-2996_flg_COM_172012}}</ref> 9zc7xwigi1zgcmnldhuecyeaez5h8eu 102337 102336 2026-06-13T14:45:25Z Godfred205 6407 i made a translation 102337 wikitext text/x-wiki '''<big><u>Black Kei River</u></big>''' De '''Black Kei River''', de komot southwest insyd Queenstown, wey eventually dey join White Kei River, den come turn the Great Kei River. Plenty villages dey ein banks, some be McBride Village, Qabi, Ntabelanga, Thornhill, Loudon, Mitford, Basoto, Baccle's Farm den Tentergate.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Farai |first=Kapfudzaruwa, |last2=Merle |first2=Sowman, |date=2009-10 |title=Is there a role for traditional governance systems in South Africa's new water management regime? |url=https://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1816-79502009000500018 |journal=Water SA |language=en |volume=35 |issue=5 |issn=1816-7950 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260310131135/https://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1816-79502009000500018 |archive-date=2026-03-10}}</ref> De Thrift Dam be ein only significant reservoir. As edey now, de river dey part of de Mzimvubu to Keiskamma Water Management demma Area.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Farai |first=Kapfudzaruwa, |last2=Merle |first2=Sowman, |date=2009-10 |title=Is there a role for traditional governance systems in South Africa's new water management regime? |url=https://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1816-79502009000500018 |journal=Water SA |language=en |volume=35 |issue=5 |issn=1816-7950 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260310131135/https://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1816-79502009000500018 |archive-date=2026-03-10}}</ref> De river ein upper reaches dey form de western boundary of de Tsolwana Nature Reserve, for the mid-1800s inside, de Black Kei den ein Klipplaat tributary wey na dey form de northern boundary of British Kaffraria. De Klaas Smits den Klipplaat rivers all be ain main tributar.<ref>{{Citation |title=South Africa (Republic) - Animals & Animal Welfare |url=https://referenceworks.brill.com/doi/10.1163/2213-2996_flg_COM_172012 |access-date=2026-06-13 |language=en |doi=10.1163/2213-2996_flg_COM_172012}}</ref> h675bptxmpetdw1lio4iah2lnjp05s1 102338 102337 2026-06-13T14:49:19Z Godfred205 6407 Improved Article 102338 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Black Kei River''', de komot southwest insyd Queenstown, wey eventually dey join White Kei River, den come turn the Great Kei River. Plenty villages dey ein banks, some be McBride Village, Qabi, Ntabelanga, Thornhill, Loudon, Mitford, Basoto, Baccle's Farm den Tentergate.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Farai |first=Kapfudzaruwa, |last2=Merle |first2=Sowman, |date=2009-10 |title=Is there a role for traditional governance systems in South Africa's new water management regime? |url=https://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1816-79502009000500018 |journal=Water SA |language=en |volume=35 |issue=5 |issn=1816-7950 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260310131135/https://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1816-79502009000500018 |archive-date=2026-03-10}}</ref> De Thrift Dam be ein only significant reservoir. As edey now, de river dey part of de Mzimvubu to Keiskamma Water Management demma Area.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Farai |first=Kapfudzaruwa, |last2=Merle |first2=Sowman, |date=2009-10 |title=Is there a role for traditional governance systems in South Africa's new water management regime? |url=https://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1816-79502009000500018 |journal=Water SA |language=en |volume=35 |issue=5 |issn=1816-7950 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260310131135/https://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1816-79502009000500018 |archive-date=2026-03-10}}</ref> De river ein upper reaches dey form de western boundary of de Tsolwana Nature Reserve, for the mid-1800s inside, de Black Kei den ein Klipplaat tributary wey na dey form de northern boundary of British Kaffraria. De Klaas Smits den Klipplaat rivers all be ain main tributar.<ref>{{Citation |title=South Africa (Republic) - Animals & Animal Welfare |url=https://referenceworks.brill.com/doi/10.1163/2213-2996_flg_COM_172012 |access-date=2026-06-13 |language=en |doi=10.1163/2213-2996_flg_COM_172012}}</ref> == References == n1e1rfbhzl1g97ap78gy6fxn73xb57o 0 27513 102339 2026-06-13T15:26:35Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1319977215|Tudor Creek]]" 102339 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Tudor Creek |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:20200308_offTudor_MsaKenya.jpg|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">Tudor Creek from de air</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |<mapframe zoom="10" align="center" frameless="1" height="200" width="250">[ {"properties":{"title":"Tudor Creek","fill-opacity":0.1,"stroke":"#0000ff","stroke-width":2,"fill":"#606060"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","ids":"Q4785233"}, {"properties":{"stroke-width":5,"stroke":"#0000ff","title":"Tudor Creek"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","ids":"Q4785233"}, {"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[39.684222222222225,-4.064063888888889],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"#5E74F3","title":"Tudor Creek","marker-symbol":"water"}} ]</mapframe><div class="infobox-caption"></div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Location |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Country | class="infobox-data" |[[Kenya]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Physical&nbsp;characteristics |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" style="display:none;" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Source | class="infobox-data" |  |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&nbsp;&#x2022;&nbsp;location</span> | class="infobox-data" |Mariakani |- style="display:none" | colspan="2" | |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mouth | class="infobox-data" |  |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&nbsp;&#x2022;&nbsp;location</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * Mombasa / * Indian Ocean </div> |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&nbsp;&#x2022;&nbsp;coordinates</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tudor_Creek&params=4.064064_S_39.684222_E_region:KE-28_type:landmark <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">4°03′51″S</span> <span class="longitude">39°41′03″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xFEFF; / &#xFEFF;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">4.064064°S 39.684222°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xFEFF; / <span class="geo">-4.064064; 39.684222</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tudor_Creek&params=4.064064_S_39.684222_E_region:KE-28_type:landmark <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">4°03′51″S</span> <span class="longitude">39°41′03″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">4.064064°S 39.684222°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">-4.064064; 39.684222</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&nbsp;&#x2022;&nbsp;elevation</div> | class="infobox-data" |0 metres (0&nbsp;ft) |} Tudor Creek na one of the two main water bodies wey dey separate Mombasa Island and the city of Mombasa from the Kenya mainland. The other water body be Kilindini Harbour. Before the estuary enter the Indian Ocean, the tidal creek dey pass under Nyali Bridge, and Makupa Causeway dey the west side of am. The river wey later become the creek start from near Mariakani town, wey dey about 20 miles (32 km) north-west of Mombasa. == External links ==   [[Category:Short description matches Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] 0ir1gr02d2191exdtnb5yl5tk7telw4 0 27514 102340 2026-06-13T15:39:15Z TSIGBAGLI CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS 2573 Created page with "== Lualaba River == <references />" 102340 wikitext text/x-wiki == Lualaba River == <references /> 4refxw8co5vtmwumuf14mwkej4ldoy8 102354 102340 2026-06-13T15:43:32Z TSIGBAGLI CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS 2573 102354 wikitext text/x-wiki == Lualaba River == De '''Lualaba River''' (French: ''Rivière Lualaba'', Kongo: ''Nzâdi Luâlâmba'', Swahili: ''Mto Lualamba'') be river wey dey de Congo River watershed wey dey flows entirely for de eastern part of Democratic Republic of de Congo. Although de Chambeshi River be de source of de Congo, de Lualaba provides de greatest streamflow to de Congo. De Lualaba BE 1,800 kilometres (1,100 mi) long<references /> df5kbt6haghpr7r1qb97c9i1lr8sjf6 102360 102354 2026-06-13T15:45:35Z TSIGBAGLI CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS 2573 i edited 102360 wikitext text/x-wiki == Lualaba River == De '''Lualaba River''' (French: ''Rivière Lualaba'', Kongo: ''Nzâdi Luâlâmba'', Swahili: ''Mto Lualamba'') be river wey dey de Congo River watershed wey dey flows entirely for de eastern part of Democratic Republic of de Congo. Although de Chambeshi River be de source of de Congo, de Lualaba provides de greatest streamflow to de Congo. De Lualaba BE 1,800 kilometres (1,100 mi) long. De headwaters dey de country ein far southeastern corner near Musofi den Lubumbashi in Katanga Province,wey dey next to de Zambian Copperbelt.<references /> p5yx6j276awkdvjnwvgxozqeo9gmd81 0 27515 102341 2026-06-13T15:40:33Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 Created page with "“" 102341 wikitext text/x-wiki “ 9w0rzyxip52dodlrylvr1jrfortreaq 102342 102341 2026-06-13T15:40:51Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102342 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro s4q6uqtcthbw2b4oir39yxtslml2j1w 102343 102342 2026-06-13T15:41:07Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102343 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru aryvtzokbpiytxg6r3t5kup2oh1bk1d 102344 102343 2026-06-13T15:41:35Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102344 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River exzlfou6cv3q1n7jvhwxuivl99ebnkc 102345 102344 2026-06-13T15:41:47Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102345 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey jdjufzbfx490abq9nj4u92abzq7rf3b 102346 102345 2026-06-13T15:41:58Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102346 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start illzhgbc89qfnirxviwp0gyw50wxouc 102347 102346 2026-06-13T15:42:13Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102347 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start fr c96gmph0odvbnjxe3abqleuf26l3qt2 102348 102347 2026-06-13T15:42:26Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102348 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from hpd4gvhxko9wgixj1wneer840zwo8me 102349 102348 2026-06-13T15:42:40Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102349 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mo 7lr05pnvngs282mqrqofabzcejdjxsb 102350 102349 2026-06-13T15:42:55Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102350 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount bliypinacljxv3i3beyh5z2s3fx5ow0 102351 102350 2026-06-13T15:43:05Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102351 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Ke 7m4u7pbm7cr4sztlfqdyucmzhvwmc59 102352 102351 2026-06-13T15:43:17Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102352 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Keny 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Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass throug 95f6m4k3siga1px35v1a5cosvbdlgve 102371 102367 2026-06-13T15:48:59Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102371 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through f9dzjmq9bej20vv77ozmla22h3chyps 102376 102371 2026-06-13T15:51:07Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 dis na small edit 102376 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through N moxcpexmgbtjacrcd3p5f98hoq50tvu 102378 102376 2026-06-13T15:51:21Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102378 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyer gtg6xflmpa8urlciok65kqnqi8gglik 102380 102378 2026-06-13T15:51:42Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102380 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri C 5ipq8idm2rf2u930nmz00ooysk6c8s6 102382 102380 2026-06-13T15:51:52Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102382 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri Cou my3erncxdvx8wnpmfpdayr8r5giyryv 102383 102382 2026-06-13T15:52:03Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102383 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri Count 9yirn2asxx9ff9kz3ykcyzu0j93mbvg 102384 102383 2026-06-13T15:52:15Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102384 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County f fjz0l3z7pz9xg6gzlobnka9v0wkh6u5 102385 102384 2026-06-13T15:52:25Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102385 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County fo 2bis0dv95wb13c7yc9mlj289flrmtj0 102386 102385 2026-06-13T15:52:35Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102386 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for K nc777tq3halcs6585hhj9zffx34kvpo 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River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, en iditwwoy3yg2j7k7acm7wp4dqmgh2rv 102393 102391 2026-06-13T15:54:04Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102393 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, ent r02s3hkcqrucq7eivsfp7izy76253kv 102394 102393 2026-06-13T15:54:16Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102394 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, ente 9nmher3czplf8fer4zi861jmmuw3xol 102396 102394 2026-06-13T15:54:26Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102396 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter 4jpl4edw9ydn41m1wdjqat48tareeg9 102397 102396 2026-06-13T15:54:37Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102397 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter E th2as9fmjqnh8d0fyu9m8qbu2h22g1n 102398 102397 2026-06-13T15:54:48Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102398 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ew 5m5hitcg7byje7gpwo7ot6eshgmrjdo 102399 102398 2026-06-13T15:54:59Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102399 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewa lrep6qdvw2fmvwkzpxe78r0gye7fsi9 102400 102399 2026-06-13T15:55:09Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102400 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewas 8fsyrbin3vf90i6lfrxmfiqkpthx97y 102401 102400 2026-06-13T15:55:20Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102401 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso N 62w27gnzitaa19yscmwso064b88kv8s 102402 102401 2026-06-13T15:55:30Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102402 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’ q446qagtracxiuo1vp6ja7imtvgl67e 102403 102402 2026-06-13T15:55:40Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102403 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’ir hk1x1tuyvtylo7v9xeszzy4of7yqga9 102404 102403 2026-06-13T15:56:04Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102404 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro aitd1n3wxpe8reb5illtmcv8ntw035o 102405 102404 2026-06-13T15:56:19Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102405 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro R t0vr6lg7b3bjnen9o3x0f8r4k4zt4p9 102406 102405 2026-06-13T15:56:32Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102406 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro Riv qtota9tm7gvr3i827064jkuk2e95y2i 102407 102406 2026-06-13T15:56:40Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102407 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. 7hsjc9tspp1j3hsqicvemcufycbxcyn 102410 102407 2026-06-13T15:57:50Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102410 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. Th jo928836rrfl4li0twh4s9yzrkswgwj 102412 102410 2026-06-13T15:58:15Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102412 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The N 5zwkga69k8ywf1la4je0rat8dqu0gia 102414 102412 2026-06-13T15:58:27Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102414 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The No ml1twwpw0w7jv2b1t1lrw3lmw4p1awa 102416 102414 2026-06-13T15:58:38Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102416 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The Nort qw4yv6n3jq2627e5wbhlj7f51tpzkou 102417 102416 2026-06-13T15:58:50Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102417 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North a emlwmmzb9af6m2js406w2idalif89h8 102419 102417 2026-06-13T15:59:01Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102419 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North an om7gf280pjxvmcyabqmpi8eugtrtau4 102420 102419 2026-06-13T15:59:10Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102420 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and S fqplwwfabq7z3i05qxbe55m5y8gdf2b 102421 102420 2026-06-13T15:59:20Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102421 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and So msg2ay9ggqtu2mrdiv36dbt8uh97tha 102424 102421 2026-06-13T15:59:32Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102424 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and Sout nvpwz8xf55f4hpml1ji1mkng782lg07 102425 102424 2026-06-13T15:59:52Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102425 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South q0jspmk3hbyb9ivrp24to52qczrm7jh 102426 102425 2026-06-13T16:00:02Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102426 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South b 1co6fue576zt8vpekd0461jubab2cgu 102430 102426 2026-06-13T16:00:56Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102430 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South bra 3tql34lddahestz3dholj1a1jdhkq89 102433 102430 2026-06-13T16:01:08Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102433 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branch nmolh4h7gnxhoo0sr0fjilm8h43p2y9 102435 102433 2026-06-13T16:01:23Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102435 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branch e dwv1lx5w63ea0ru99dv86xd67cfqiuz 102437 102435 2026-06-13T16:01:31Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102437 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branche etffiv7giv6lhd8mqk6vpvt51ivbwdu 102438 102437 2026-06-13T16:02:12Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102438 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches tpds1jfdwcw1xlgjt1s1wg1l3tj0anb 102439 102438 2026-06-13T16:02:22Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102439 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of 29gmkf6fw3ypdeffzh7xw3w9bkx5erx 102442 102439 2026-06-13T16:02:45Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102442 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the ri n83b7regtafx6wkp9z03y0i1mggjd33 102443 102442 2026-06-13T16:02:56Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102443 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the rive 1vwoxvmjdg5xv8kbof2pt5hr9iof7to 102445 102443 2026-06-13T16:03:07Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102445 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river d crjphusgzry44exyfsibvhyws4m4t92 102446 102445 2026-06-13T16:03:18Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102446 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river de m4cm300g4b2cutkobd6y0q7k94tdrbp 102448 102446 2026-06-13T16:03:31Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102448 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey 0if4157gl3zwcxg5s7dgr0hq0evki5k 102449 102448 2026-06-13T16:03:41Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102449 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey g suev0rhxtceby66hgm1ylqk98p2cm48 102450 102449 2026-06-13T16:03:51Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102450 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get 28cb842zmku2qxxksvzh39xmhprg225 102451 102450 2026-06-13T16:04:01Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102451 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get w bn9v4rvnqoknj2r74ngpqv5bty93f8y 102452 102451 2026-06-13T16:04:11Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102452 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get wate fjr95pu9xsccuzk1tzlur2oo2vkgc1h 102455 102452 2026-06-13T16:04:22Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102455 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water f 7e605th51oyt9njivw0o3o4cwiynwrz 102457 102455 2026-06-13T16:04:32Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102457 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water fro afru0nr9e75bkukx6nhszyumif9z8bw 102459 102457 2026-06-13T16:04:43Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102459 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from p ma29f18mf597l0g64fyqd5xu0uc7496 102460 102459 2026-06-13T16:04:57Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102460 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from place cklmnac8f0zy62acolv4munjhv746wa 102461 102460 2026-06-13T16:05:09Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102461 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places l 0t4ba500zxxlhbqtn7iog0y5ha29dl8 102462 102461 2026-06-13T16:05:18Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102462 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places lik ofs1vyg94n7q6b2wa43s9lzcqe5tg06 102463 102462 2026-06-13T16:05:27Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102463 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya. dkjeomy8bagma27q8qrn1t8wzqgwl47 102466 102463 2026-06-13T16:05:50Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102466 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Tel rg0obmn2bky8ku9yoccmncwuglepm97 102468 102466 2026-06-13T16:06:12Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102468 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki T. sas77ec8td76w29efhfyj3je3t23xgz 102472 102468 2026-06-13T16:06:50Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102472 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, amt8qc061mp46bmwluqczxhj9zx9j4v 102475 102472 2026-06-13T16:07:12Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102475 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Le 9k7j0cx2cb1r3e183sai3uwc6qatuyu 102476 102475 2026-06-13T16:07:23Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102476 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Gl 4ovgpb13lg8lt5w1mskka4bksw2w9vc 102477 102476 2026-06-13T16:07:35Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102477 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacie sfbqs2z17lt8qnga2afnx4vt24h7dwj 102481 102477 2026-06-13T16:07:46Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102481 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Ty jvdpiyvvbr2jsbo07fqeppzo24rkist 102482 102481 2026-06-13T16:07:56Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102482 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tynd puu7w13ti5cd29nq6mb51qbupt6u9bf 102484 102482 2026-06-13T16:08:12Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102484 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndal rgr89823ho1s21okci4qknhjx8r9yq3 102485 102484 2026-06-13T16:08:24Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102485 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall T n8a25ql4449bujinybbpddus9twkd3o 102486 102485 2026-06-13T16:08:34Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102486 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tar 27x0rwj0qtig04ftpt270gmf5cdo6iz 102487 102486 2026-06-13T16:08:49Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102487 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn a 3pmipgjbw2tmyv6xdfzqcffbhbhwjcb 102490 102487 2026-06-13T16:10:06Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102490 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya 9xbq8d0rae2235ob20o6n2gbg4h3ukt 102492 102490 2026-06-13T16:10:25Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102492 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya. dkjeomy8bagma27q8qrn1t8wzqgwl47 102495 102492 2026-06-13T16:12:24Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102495 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya. De qxiz8vf8m27ynsqk94jkw13hyd7ntmu 102496 102495 2026-06-13T16:12:45Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102496 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya. Dem dxbw44uacu6xmtr1r61ia369ejd25di 102497 102496 2026-06-13T16:13:00Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102497 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya. Dem tw ijjovcodr7olh9u0p6x4ychcing6lco 102499 102497 2026-06-13T16:13:12Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102499 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya. Dem two b nma7atb9zpjmgy1ol1kl9t8dayhfkx9 102501 102499 2026-06-13T16:13:26Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102501 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya. Dem two bran 1bzi4kmdpilcvx4fnzjm5moukv4sv36 102503 102501 2026-06-13T16:13:39Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102503 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya. Dem two branch 2r3povobwbpgy4s1z1tkmtxjxd2evxr 102504 102503 2026-06-13T16:13:50Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102504 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya. Dem two branche kak7un1an6jrpt1txv90ygieatnp4a0 102505 102504 2026-06-13T16:14:00Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102505 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya. Dem two branches join f 2lon9qq8ey6jw58ayckog7jw9m8kftt 102506 102505 2026-06-13T16:14:15Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102506 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya. Dem two branches join for a 4nebcxmlqjnqze2d8veivw8ca7l8pyk 102507 102506 2026-06-13T16:14:27Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102507 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya. Dem two branches join for abo pv0v4xzj9ui8uq979ct0y4nupr6pw9v 102508 102507 2026-06-13T16:14:39Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102508 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya. Dem two branches join for abou 3j65bbw6x39alpdk0k1zzig8urvyom7 102510 102508 2026-06-13T16:14:51Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102510 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya. Dem two branches join for about 2, bf9rylaw9pda3rx8e5i778zwtsccz7f 102511 102510 2026-06-13T16:15:02Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102511 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya. Dem two branches join for about 2,810 kioqc5c9tt5y3iv73ndif39z8fg3mfn 102513 102511 2026-06-13T16:15:12Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102513 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya. Dem two branches join for about 2,810 m (9, 0coftsg59ygnfqhv1cdck90mc3p9ci8 102515 102513 2026-06-13T16:15:27Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102515 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya. Dem two branches join for about 2,810 m (9,200 c7yvyvncq8yacer5syoto1tbn370a2q 102518 102515 2026-06-13T16:15:40Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102518 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya. Dem two branches join for about 2,810 m (9,200 ft h03vjyfyzo8gpphlg9rlpanfg8j7i98 102519 102518 2026-06-13T16:15:51Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102519 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya. Dem two branches join for about 2,810 m (9,200 ft) a 99lzf4b8841rm4o3lpyquifb91d1wsf 102520 102519 2026-06-13T16:16:01Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102520 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya. Dem two branches join for about 2,810 m (9,200 ft) abo c93f4asdzsvjlg4bno6j0tt86k33bc6 102522 102520 2026-06-13T16:16:12Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102522 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya. Dem two branches join for about 2,810 m (9,200 ft) above se g8synnl32kgv8rjqeeuf6g4b01zene6 102523 102522 2026-06-13T16:16:22Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102523 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya. Dem two branches join for about 2,810 m (9,200 ft) above sea l 3pu3w0qzwaegvk26zja0rics3gci1wf 102524 102523 2026-06-13T16:16:32Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102524 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya. Dem two branches join for about 2,810 m (9,200 ft) above sea level. 0lqhh7nnkq3nlo7d36o1058jq9sio6d 102527 102524 2026-06-13T16:16:54Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102527 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya. Dem two branches join for about 2,810 m (9,200 ft) above sea level. Th b2ovbcvpxgiqkqopopvi5o1sj2rc67y 102529 102527 2026-06-13T16:17:05Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102529 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya. Dem two branches join for about 2,810 m (9,200 ft) above sea level. The r mkxe7330wrdwqy2qeq0jfygg1m97xe7 102531 102529 2026-06-13T16:17:17Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102531 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya. Dem two branches join for about 2,810 m (9,200 ft) above sea level. The riv imj0pzokiy7owm2ce8tah36kq7ststs 102533 102531 2026-06-13T16:17:27Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102533 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya. Dem two branches join for about 2,810 m (9,200 ft) above sea level. The river gotpy0ncedulh8luq935vuwnxaabkqn 102534 102533 2026-06-13T16:17:39Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102534 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya. Dem two branches join for about 2,810 m (9,200 ft) above sea level. The river d f7nnniw71e836yyvzgjax6jsu0m2mum 102535 102534 2026-06-13T16:17:51Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102535 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya. Dem two branches join for about 2,810 m (9,200 ft) above sea level. The river dey fl 435wbt13c1hs4nfjutquao521yy7d1n 102537 102535 2026-06-13T16:18:05Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102537 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya. Dem two branches join for about 2,810 m (9,200 ft) above sea level. The river dey flow a 07fpgkalt1g1ndu3zy46vwv4ikg65ng 102539 102537 2026-06-13T16:18:18Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102539 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya. Dem two branches join for about 2,810 m (9,200 ft) above sea level. The river dey flow arou 3i9qe1k2p9gnj4y1779rbinmvhsmgpj 102541 102539 2026-06-13T16:18:35Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102541 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya. Dem two branches join for about 2,810 m (9,200 ft) above sea level. The river dey flow aroun n6j8ozmpstivy94s34ev2yc51ow048h 102542 102541 2026-06-13T16:18:57Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102542 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya. Dem two branches join for about 2,810 m (9,200 ft) above sea level. The river dey flow around 50 folibobcke4uwufgaz0k04ru6rkvyp7 102545 102542 2026-06-13T16:19:11Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102545 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya. Dem two branches join for about 2,810 m (9,200 ft) above sea level. The river dey flow around 50 k 8ys0z3me6wott0ya47l6l7bjp0j1uvh 102547 102545 2026-06-13T16:19:24Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102547 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya. Dem two branches join for about 2,810 m (9,200 ft) above sea level. The river dey flow around 50 km (31 f4p2m0vcuybmx2uyv9vu9tm2wzyw9mq 102548 102547 2026-06-13T16:19:39Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102548 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya. Dem two branches join for about 2,810 m (9,200 ft) above sea level. The river dey flow around 50 km (31 mil g39v1du6uyh9bnwq9ynd3h4juwgp52n 102549 102548 2026-06-13T16:19:52Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102549 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya. Dem two branches join for about 2,810 m (9,200 ft) above sea level. The river dey flow around 50 km (31 miles), 75iv143swqvxfkvc4jq9tnoufky3emy 102551 102549 2026-06-13T16:20:04Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102551 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya. Dem two branches join for about 2,810 m (9,200 ft) above sea level. The river dey flow around 50 km (31 miles), pa ncw7w37aaskj6l8l95nlaf0rxwg9lhi 102552 102551 2026-06-13T16:20:20Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102552 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya. Dem two branches join for about 2,810 m (9,200 ft) above sea level. The river dey flow around 50 km (31 miles), pass th ahikw7uevn9mlfl274cbpat2m1i6ecx 102553 102552 2026-06-13T16:20:32Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102553 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya. Dem two branches join for about 2,810 m (9,200 ft) above sea level. The river dey flow around 50 km (31 miles), pass through N spefmyxwiue0psqd4ksux221bmoigaq 102555 102553 2026-06-13T16:20:44Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102555 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya. Dem two branches join for about 2,810 m (9,200 ft) above sea level. The river dey flow around 50 km (31 miles), pass through Naro Mo 1b7kn2qoasq8muu40tjb3ay98obhgpj 102556 102555 2026-06-13T16:21:39Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102556 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya. Dem two branches join for about 2,810 m (9,200 ft) above sea level. The river dey flow around 50 km (31 miles), pass through Naro Moru i507v0zqwkithhj23mn9dqmeajq74mf 102557 102556 2026-06-13T16:21:52Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102557 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya. Dem two branches join for about 2,810 m (9,200 ft) above sea level. The river dey flow around 50 km (31 miles), pass through Naro Moru to jcr71zdatw14knb1d22jqo8myu3xzkz 102558 102557 2026-06-13T16:22:04Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102558 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya. Dem two branches join for about 2,810 m (9,200 ft) above sea level. The river dey flow around 50 km (31 miles), pass through Naro Moru town, b. a6oekey64eae8b8vkyyx2jnu4vxy7ys 102559 102558 2026-06-13T16:22:18Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102559 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya. Dem two branches join for about 2,810 m (9,200 ft) above sea level. The river dey flow around 50 km (31 miles), pass through Naro Moru town, befo ffd4vbvi5b4cy7p370ldamkr62esdz7 102562 102559 2026-06-13T16:23:17Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102562 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya. Dem two branches join for about 2,810 m (9,200 ft) above sea level. The river dey flow around 50 km (31 miles), pass through Naro Moru town, before e rea 9agckje7lvkeiofysdfvlp7fu3t32hr 102564 102562 2026-06-13T16:23:34Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102564 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya. Dem two branches join for about 2,810 m (9,200 ft) above sea level. The river dey flow around 50 km (31 miles), pass through Naro Moru town, before e reach Ew 453utbf90q4gch42obv6zm5wvl4xs4a 102566 102564 2026-06-13T16:23:45Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102566 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya. Dem two branches join for about 2,810 m (9,200 ft) above sea level. The river dey flow around 50 km (31 miles), pass through Naro Moru town, before e reach Ewaso 0w2tg6m39bbine5za2z97bkusl0kago 102569 102566 2026-06-13T16:23:58Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102569 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya. Dem two branches join for about 2,810 m (9,200 ft) above sea level. The river dey flow around 50 km (31 miles), pass through Naro Moru town, before e reach Ewaso Ngi f4xvgq2sibhpe3vbv8l11km8k0950us 102570 102569 2026-06-13T16:24:12Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102570 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya. Dem two branches join for about 2,810 m (9,200 ft) above sea level. The river dey flow around 50 km (31 miles), pass through Naro Moru town, before e reach Ewaso Ngiro kzinx6e3cpn4tc7dbcx6fwkwl1vka3t 102571 102570 2026-06-13T16:24:27Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102571 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya. Dem two branches join for about 2,810 m (9,200 ft) above sea level. The river dey flow around 50 km (31 miles), pass through Naro Moru town, before e reach Ewaso Ngiro River. rvfke3ug09exjp1lvh3fxe6kwf0v97i 102572 102571 2026-06-13T16:25:01Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102572 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya. Dem two branches join for about 2,810 m (9,200 ft) above sea level. The river dey flow around 50 km (31 miles), pass through Naro Moru town, before e reach Ewaso Ngiro River. The whole catchment lgs8zxpksq1xcetq47xaep6sygrk49k 102573 102572 2026-06-13T16:25:11Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102573 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya. Dem two branches join for about 2,810 m (9,200 ft) above sea level. The river dey flow around 50 km (31 miles), pass through Naro Moru town, before e reach Ewaso Ngiro River. The whole catchment area of the river be around 83 km² 8kgg5mttzjelkhegm7275pedxxwrtdo 102575 102573 2026-06-13T16:26:46Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102575 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya. Dem two branches join for about 2,810 m (9,200 ft) above sea level. The river dey flow around 50 km (31 miles), pass through Naro Moru town, before e reach Ewaso Ngiro River. The whole catchment area of the river be around 83 km²<ref>{{Citation |title=Naro Moru river |date=2025-09-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naro_Moru_river&oldid=1311781189 |access-date=2026-06-13 |language=en}}</ref> 1hhonfddwbgzmu348oplexoe7woxw4l 102576 102575 2026-06-13T16:27:26Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102576 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya. Dem two branches join for about 2,810 m (9,200 ft) above sea level. The river dey flow around 50 km (31 miles), pass through Naro Moru town, before e reach Ewaso Ngiro River. The whole catchment area of the river be around 83 km²<ref>{{Citation |title=Naro Moru river |date=2025-09-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naro_Moru_river&oldid=1311781189 |access-date=2026-06-13 |language=en}}</ref> = References = 3pgb3l4i7si2v6euxv2zq3fusrpl69a 102578 102576 2026-06-13T16:27:56Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102578 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Naro Moru River''' dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya. Dem two branches join for about 2,810 m (9,200 ft) above sea level. The river dey flow around 50 km (31 miles), pass through Naro Moru town, before e reach Ewaso Ngiro River. The whole catchment area of the river be around 83 km²<ref>{{Citation |title=Naro Moru river |date=2025-09-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naro_Moru_river&oldid=1311781189 |access-date=2026-06-13 |language=en}}</ref> = References = n5jjk2e6u202wrc9674948k962g8wyd 102579 102578 2026-06-13T16:28:08Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102579 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Naro Moru River''''' dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya. Dem two branches join for about 2,810 m (9,200 ft) above sea level. The river dey flow around 50 km (31 miles), pass through Naro Moru town, before e reach Ewaso Ngiro River. The whole catchment area of the river be around 83 km²<ref>{{Citation |title=Naro Moru river |date=2025-09-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naro_Moru_river&oldid=1311781189 |access-date=2026-06-13 |language=en}}</ref> = References = d05ydl3i6mpjk21anj39xkibz3j2ebv 102580 102579 2026-06-13T16:28:43Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102580 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Naro Moru River''''' dey start from [[:en:Mount_Kenya|Mount Kenya]], e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya. Dem two branches join for about 2,810 m (9,200 ft) above sea level. The river dey flow around 50 km (31 miles), pass through Naro Moru town, before e reach Ewaso Ngiro River. The whole catchment area of the river be around 83 km²<ref>{{Citation |title=Naro Moru river |date=2025-09-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naro_Moru_river&oldid=1311781189 |access-date=2026-06-13 |language=en}}</ref> = References = g6glja3e0kg6lpjy0xl4hz5nsa2679p 102584 102580 2026-06-13T16:31:49Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102584 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Naro Moru River''''' dey start from [[:en:Mount_Kenya|Mount Kenya]], e dey flow go west pass through [[:en:Nyeri_County|Nyeri County]] for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya. Dem two branches join for about 2,810 m (9,200 ft) above sea level. The river dey flow around 50 km (31 miles), pass through Naro Moru town, before e reach Ewaso Ngiro River. The whole catchment area of the river be around 83 km²<ref>{{Citation |title=Naro Moru river |date=2025-09-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naro_Moru_river&oldid=1311781189 |access-date=2026-06-13 |language=en}}</ref> = References = pyhjtt87mypfs0ye2v4rj2escy1ztm9 102588 102584 2026-06-13T16:34:06Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102588 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Naro Moru River''''' dey start from [[:en:Mount_Kenya|Mount Kenya]], e dey flow go west pass through [[:en:Nyeri_County|Nyeri County]] for [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]], enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya. Dem two branches join for about 2,810 m (9,200 ft) above sea level. The river dey flow around 50 km (31 miles), pass through Naro Moru town, before e reach Ewaso Ngiro River. The whole catchment area of the river be around 83 km²<ref>{{Citation |title=Naro Moru river |date=2025-09-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naro_Moru_river&oldid=1311781189 |access-date=2026-06-13 |language=en}}</ref> = References = 88q4slxfz7njtjwir405r0tl3wf1fex 102589 102588 2026-06-13T16:34:56Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102589 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Naro Moru River''''' dey start from [[:en:Mount_Kenya|Mount Kenya]], e dey flow go west pass through [[:en:Nyeri_County|Nyeri County]] for [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]], enter [[:en:Ewaso_Ng'iro|Ewaso Ng’iro]] River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya. Dem two branches join for about 2,810 m (9,200 ft) above sea level. The river dey flow around 50 km (31 miles), pass through Naro Moru town, before e reach Ewaso Ngiro River. The whole catchment area of the river be around 83 km²<ref>{{Citation |title=Naro Moru river |date=2025-09-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naro_Moru_river&oldid=1311781189 |access-date=2026-06-13 |language=en}}</ref> = References = 4j8j5smsohn9gleztpuut6vylf35iq1 102591 102589 2026-06-13T16:35:30Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102591 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Naro Moru River''''' dey start from [[:en:Mount_Kenya|Mount Kenya]], e dey flow go west pass through [[:en:Nyeri_County|Nyeri County]] for [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]], enter [[:en:Ewaso_Ng'iro|Ewaso Ng’iro]] River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya. Dem two branches join for about 2,810 m (9,200 ft) above sea level. The river dey flow around 50 km (31 miles), pass through [[:en:Naro_Moru|Naro Moru]] town, before e reach Ewaso Ngiro River. The whole catchment area of the river be around 83 km²<ref>{{Citation |title=Naro Moru river |date=2025-09-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naro_Moru_river&oldid=1311781189 |access-date=2026-06-13 |language=en}}</ref> = References = 37969g0n6i3x8lp2sl073wet2p05i24 102595 102591 2026-06-13T16:37:49Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1311781189|Naro Moru river]]" 102595 wikitext text/x-wiki “Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya. Dem two branches join for about 2,810 m (9,200 ft) above sea level. The river dey flow around 50 km (31 miles), pass through Naro Moru town, before e reach Ewaso Ngiro River. The whole catchment area of the river be around 83 km².<ref name="NaroMoruRiver"> {{Cite journal |last=Mathooko |first=J.M. |last2=K.M. Mavuti |year=1992 |title=Composition and seasonality of benthic invertebrates, and drift in the Naro Moru River, Kenya |url= |journal=Hydrobiologia |publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers |volume=232 |issue= |pages=47–56 |doi=10.1007/BF00014611 |s2cid=41036257 |access-date=}} </ref> == References == {{Reflist}} 8jdqt6n9n4ecrxagnrjf3ypnnk2c6ud 102596 102595 2026-06-13T16:38:21Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1311781189|Naro Moru river]]" 102596 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya. Dem two branches join for about 2,810 m (9,200 ft) above sea level. The river dey flow around 50 km (31 miles), pass through Naro Moru town, before e reach Ewaso Ngiro River. The whole catchment area of the river be around 83 km².<ref name="NaroMoruRiver"> {{Cite journal |last=Mathooko |first=J.M. |last2=K.M. Mavuti |year=1992 |title=Composition and seasonality of benthic invertebrates, and drift in the Naro Moru River, Kenya |url= |journal=Hydrobiologia |publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers |volume=232 |issue= |pages=47–56 |doi=10.1007/BF00014611 |s2cid=41036257 |access-date=}} </ref> == References == {{Reflist}} fva1pyqx8cmp34rby9i4a11uit94zcd 102600 102596 2026-06-13T16:41:11Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102600 wikitext text/x-wiki Naro Moru River,wey dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya. Dem two branches join for about 2,810 m (9,200 ft) above sea level. The river dey flow around 50 km (31 miles), pass through Naro Moru town, before e reach Ewaso Ngiro River. The whole catchment area of the river be around 83 km².<ref name="NaroMoruRiver"> {{Cite journal |last=Mathooko |first=J.M. |last2=K.M. Mavuti |year=1992 |title=Composition and seasonality of benthic invertebrates, and drift in the Naro Moru River, Kenya |url= |journal=Hydrobiologia |publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers |volume=232 |issue= |pages=47–56 |doi=10.1007/BF00014611 |s2cid=41036257 |access-date=}} </ref> == References == {{Reflist}} riu0nh7t0wno1bjnz5uf1qz6592jea5 102602 102600 2026-06-13T16:41:42Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102602 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Naro Moru Rive''r''', wey dey start from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya. Dem two branches join for about 2,810 m (9,200 ft) above sea level. The river dey flow around 50 km (31 miles), pass through Naro Moru town, before e reach Ewaso Ngiro River. The whole catchment area of the river be around 83 km².<ref name="NaroMoruRiver"> {{Cite journal |last=Mathooko |first=J.M. |last2=K.M. Mavuti |year=1992 |title=Composition and seasonality of benthic invertebrates, and drift in the Naro Moru River, Kenya |url= |journal=Hydrobiologia |publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers |volume=232 |issue= |pages=47–56 |doi=10.1007/BF00014611 |s2cid=41036257 |access-date=}} </ref> == References == {{Reflist}} snip6cgxxykt9c2ifjc3vz2o6236wnc 102604 102602 2026-06-13T16:42:13Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102604 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Naro Moru Rive''r''', wey start dey flow from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya. Dem two branches join for about 2,810 m (9,200 ft) above sea level. The river dey flow around 50 km (31 miles), pass through Naro Moru town, before e reach Ewaso Ngiro River. The whole catchment area of the river be around 83 km².<ref name="NaroMoruRiver"> {{Cite journal |last=Mathooko |first=J.M. |last2=K.M. Mavuti |year=1992 |title=Composition and seasonality of benthic invertebrates, and drift in the Naro Moru River, Kenya |url= |journal=Hydrobiologia |publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers |volume=232 |issue= |pages=47–56 |doi=10.1007/BF00014611 |s2cid=41036257 |access-date=}} </ref> == References == {{Reflist}} dx4pk943b66q39d0a5211u6lkg2zfqv 102608 102604 2026-06-13T16:45:27Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102608 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Naro Moru Rive''r''', wey start dey flow from Mount Kenya, e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya insyd. Dem get two branches wey join for about 2,810 m (9,200 ft) above sea level. The river dey flow around 50 km (31 miles), pass through Naro Moru town, before e reach Ewaso Ngiro River. The whole catchment area of the river be around 83 km².<ref name="NaroMoruRiver"> {{Cite journal |last=Mathooko |first=J.M. |last2=K.M. Mavuti |year=1992 |title=Composition and seasonality of benthic invertebrates, and drift in the Naro Moru River, Kenya |url= |journal=Hydrobiologia |publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers |volume=232 |issue= |pages=47–56 |doi=10.1007/BF00014611 |s2cid=41036257 |access-date=}} </ref> == References == {{Reflist}} 1dmobjucwp9ffkvd43ouroqfswtdimn 102609 102608 2026-06-13T16:46:09Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102609 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Naro Moru Rive''r''', wey start dey flow from [[:en:Mount_Kenya|Mount Kenya]], e dey flow go west pass through Nyeri County for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya insyd. Dem get two branches wey join for about 2,810 m (9,200 ft) above sea level. The river dey flow around 50 km (31 miles), pass through Naro Moru town, before e reach Ewaso Ngiro River. The whole catchment area of the river be around 83 km².<ref name="NaroMoruRiver"> {{Cite journal |last=Mathooko |first=J.M. |last2=K.M. Mavuti |year=1992 |title=Composition and seasonality of benthic invertebrates, and drift in the Naro Moru River, Kenya |url= |journal=Hydrobiologia |publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers |volume=232 |issue= |pages=47–56 |doi=10.1007/BF00014611 |s2cid=41036257 |access-date=}} </ref> == References == {{Reflist}} fzb5alfnqm7551nkopyk8lfmq6a4t7g 102610 102609 2026-06-13T16:46:54Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102610 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Naro Moru Rive''r''', wey start dey flow from [[:en:Mount_Kenya|Mount Kenya]], e dey flow go west pass through [[:en:Nyeri_County|Nyeri County]] for Kenya, enter Ewaso Ng’iro River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya insyd. Dem get two branches wey join for about 2,810 m (9,200 ft) above sea level. The river dey flow around 50 km (31 miles), pass through Naro Moru town, before e reach Ewaso Ngiro River. The whole catchment area of the river be around 83 km².<ref name="NaroMoruRiver"> {{Cite journal |last=Mathooko |first=J.M. |last2=K.M. Mavuti |year=1992 |title=Composition and seasonality of benthic invertebrates, and drift in the Naro Moru River, Kenya |url= |journal=Hydrobiologia |publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers |volume=232 |issue= |pages=47–56 |doi=10.1007/BF00014611 |s2cid=41036257 |access-date=}} </ref> == References == {{Reflist}} 4q71nfuhpv3g9celgvyzpufdw0292s3 102611 102610 2026-06-13T16:47:32Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102611 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Naro Moru Rive''r''', wey start dey flow from [[:en:Mount_Kenya|Mount Kenya]], e dey flow go west pass through [[:en:Nyeri_County|Nyeri County]] for Kenya, enter [[:en:Ewaso_Ng'iro|Ewaso Ng’iro]] River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya insyd. Dem get two branches wey join for about 2,810 m (9,200 ft) above sea level. The river dey flow around 50 km (31 miles), pass through Naro Moru town, before e reach Ewaso Ngiro River. The whole catchment area of the river be around 83 km².<ref name="NaroMoruRiver"> {{Cite journal |last=Mathooko |first=J.M. |last2=K.M. Mavuti |year=1992 |title=Composition and seasonality of benthic invertebrates, and drift in the Naro Moru River, Kenya |url= |journal=Hydrobiologia |publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers |volume=232 |issue= |pages=47–56 |doi=10.1007/BF00014611 |s2cid=41036257 |access-date=}} </ref> == References == {{Reflist}} h3bsyl5xkmlozflu323sz9f9np34zcu 102614 102611 2026-06-13T16:48:06Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102614 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Naro Moru Rive''r''', wey start dey flow from [[:en:Mount_Kenya|Mount Kenya]], e dey flow go west pass through [[:en:Nyeri_County|Nyeri County]] for Kenya, enter [[:en:Ewaso_Ng'iro|Ewaso Ng’iro]] River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya insyd. Dem get two branches wey join for about 2,810 m (9,200 ft) above sea level. The river dey flow around 50 km (31 miles), pass through [[:en:Naro_Moru|Naro Moru]] town, before e reach Ewaso Ngiro River. The whole catchment area of the river be around 83 km².<ref name="NaroMoruRiver"> {{Cite journal |last=Mathooko |first=J.M. |last2=K.M. Mavuti |year=1992 |title=Composition and seasonality of benthic invertebrates, and drift in the Naro Moru River, Kenya |url= |journal=Hydrobiologia |publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers |volume=232 |issue= |pages=47–56 |doi=10.1007/BF00014611 |s2cid=41036257 |access-date=}} </ref> == References == {{Reflist}} 85l2xa43ej42jcy0fi5qtx2qj65mxe5 102616 102614 2026-06-13T16:48:52Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102616 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Naro Moru Rive''r''', wey start dey flow from [[:en:Mount_Kenya|Mount Kenya]], e dey flow go west pass through [[:en:Nyeri_County|Nyeri County]] for [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]], enter [[:en:Ewaso_Ng'iro|Ewaso Ng’iro]] River. The North and South branches of the river dey get water from places like Teleki Tarn, Lewis Glacier, Tyndall Tarn and Glacier, Hut Tarn and Darwin Glacier wey dey for top Mount Kenya insyd. Dem get two branches wey join for about 2,810 m (9,200 ft) above sea level. The river dey flow around 50 km (31 miles), pass through [[:en:Naro_Moru|Naro Moru]] town, before e reach Ewaso Ngiro River. The whole catchment area of the river be around 83 km².<ref name="NaroMoruRiver"> {{Cite journal |last=Mathooko |first=J.M. |last2=K.M. Mavuti |year=1992 |title=Composition and seasonality of benthic invertebrates, and drift in the Naro Moru River, Kenya |url= |journal=Hydrobiologia |publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers |volume=232 |issue= |pages=47–56 |doi=10.1007/BF00014611 |s2cid=41036257 |access-date=}} </ref> == References == {{Reflist}} b9n3wzyvow06a0zz6ik8ezffpgi9a3n 0 27516 102363 2026-06-13T15:46:18Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 Created page with "Di Southern Ewaso Ng'iro (dem dey call am Brown River) na one river wey dey inside Great Rift Valley for Kenya. E dey play big role for di ecology of Lake Natron, wey be di main place wey lesser flamingos (wey dem dey call near-threatened) dey breed all di time. If land use change for di river headwaters or di marshes before di river enter di lake, e fit cause serious wahala for dis flamingo dem" 102363 wikitext text/x-wiki Di Southern Ewaso Ng'iro (dem dey call am Brown River) na one river wey dey inside Great Rift Valley for Kenya. E dey play big role for di ecology of Lake Natron, wey be di main place wey lesser flamingos (wey dem dey call near-threatened) dey breed all di time. If land use change for di river headwaters or di marshes before di river enter di lake, e fit cause serious wahala for dis flamingo dem 26pbublqlo72hgvh7x9irf6ab5i8kzw 102366 102363 2026-06-13T15:47:00Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102366 wikitext text/x-wiki Di Southern Ewaso Ng'iro (dem dey call am Brown River) na one river wey dey inside [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] for Kenya. E dey play big role for di ecology of Lake Natron, wey be di main place wey lesser flamingos (wey dem dey call near-threatened) dey breed all di time. If land use change for di river headwaters or di marshes before di river enter di lake, e fit cause serious wahala for dis flamingo dem. fhw72dcu5fvars2ve3r48k8iv6gceje 102368 102366 2026-06-13T15:47:45Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102368 wikitext text/x-wiki Di Southern Ewaso Ng'iro (dem dey call am Brown River) na one river wey dey inside [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] for [[Kenya]]. E dey play big role for di ecology of Lake Natron, wey be di main place wey lesser flamingos (wey dem dey call near-threatened) dey breed all di time. If land use change for di river headwaters or di marshes before di river enter di lake, e fit cause serious wahala for dis flamingo dem. 28062nw9dkw2fku4lusf42p53c51jh7 102369 102368 2026-06-13T15:48:17Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102369 wikitext text/x-wiki Di Southern Ewaso Ng'iro (dem dey call am Brown River) na one river wey dey inside [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] for [[Kenya]]. E dey play big role for di ecology of [[:en:Lake_Natron|Lake Natron]], wey be di main place wey lesser flamingos (wey dem dey call near-threatened) dey breed all di time. If land use change for di river headwaters or di marshes before di river enter di lake, e fit cause serious wahala for dis flamingo dem. jqbjm3pjpqa4xwarmfcmarwjjw61ihx 102370 102369 2026-06-13T15:48:47Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102370 wikitext text/x-wiki Di Southern Ewaso Ng'iro (dem dey call am Brown River) na one river wey dey inside [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] for [[Kenya]]. E dey play big role for di ecology of [[:en:Lake_Natron|Lake Natron]], wey be di main place wey [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|lesser flamingos]] (wey dem dey call near-threatened) dey breed all di time. If land use change for di river headwaters or di marshes before di river enter di lake, e fit cause serious wahala for dis flamingo dem. 99mglshzq2rl6d5s5ktcrbx59b1zedn 102373 102370 2026-06-13T15:49:39Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102373 wikitext text/x-wiki Di Southern Ewaso Ng'iro (dem dey call am Brown River) na one river wey dey inside [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] for [[Kenya]]. E dey play big role for di ecology of [[:en:Lake_Natron|Lake Natron]], wey be di main place wey [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|lesser flamingos]] (wey dem dey call near-threatened) dey breed all di time. If land use change for di river headwaters or di marshes before di river enter di lake, e fit cause serious wahala for dis flamingo dem.<ref>"[http://www.maurestoration.go.ke/index.php/faqs/42-importance-of-the-mau/50-why-is-the-mau-important-for-our-environment Why is the Mau important for our environment?]". Mau – ICS. Retrieved 10 April 2012</ref> kmpm7pw3ao8wsk1mygwepfctmi0ic48 102374 102373 2026-06-13T15:49:54Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102374 wikitext text/x-wiki Di Southern Ewaso Ng'iro (dem dey call am Brown River) na one river wey dey inside [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] for [[Kenya]]. E dey play big role for di ecology of [[:en:Lake_Natron|Lake Natron]], wey be di main place wey [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|lesser flamingos]] (wey dem dey call near-threatened) dey breed all di time. If land use change for di river headwaters or di marshes before di river enter di lake, e fit cause serious wahala for dis flamingo dem.<ref>"[http://www.maurestoration.go.ke/index.php/faqs/42-importance-of-the-mau/50-why-is-the-mau-important-for-our-environment Why is the Mau important for our environment?]". Mau – ICS. Retrieved 10 April 2012</ref> == Reference == g3zerr8fdld24cr65klyrh73d0zyfgr 102377 102374 2026-06-13T15:51:08Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102377 wikitext text/x-wiki Di Southern Ewaso Ng'iro (dem dey call am Brown River) na one river wey dey inside [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] for [[Kenya]]. E dey play big role for di ecology of [[:en:Lake_Natron|Lake Natron]], wey be di main place wey [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|lesser flamingos]] (wey dem dey call near-threatened) dey breed all di time. If land use change for di river headwaters or di marshes before di river enter di lake, e fit cause serious wahala for dis flamingo dem.<ref>"[http://www.maurestoration.go.ke/index.php/faqs/42-importance-of-the-mau/50-why-is-the-mau-important-for-our-environment Why is the Mau important for our environment?]". Mau – ICS. Retrieved 10 April 2012</ref><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070725/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 TZ031 Lake Natron and Engaruka basin]". ''BirdLife International''. Archived from [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 the original] on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref> == Reference == 75fd98pncztao6jif7ol2sqe2i1b86l 102379 102377 2026-06-13T15:51:22Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102379 wikitext text/x-wiki Di Southern Ewaso Ng'iro (dem dey call am Brown River) na one river wey dey inside [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] for [[Kenya]]. E dey play big role for di ecology of [[:en:Lake_Natron|Lake Natron]], wey be di main place wey [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|lesser flamingos]] (wey dem dey call near-threatened) dey breed all di time. If land use change for di river headwaters or di marshes before di river enter di lake, e fit cause serious wahala for dis flamingo dem.<ref>"[http://www.maurestoration.go.ke/index.php/faqs/42-importance-of-the-mau/50-why-is-the-mau-important-for-our-environment Why is the Mau important for our environment?]". Mau – ICS. Retrieved 10 April 2012</ref><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070725/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 TZ031 Lake Natron and Engaruka basin]". ''BirdLife International''. Archived from [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 the original] on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref> == References == ajl8pu3m3ajl2zqhu61yrw050m0tzm4 102381 102379 2026-06-13T15:51:47Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102381 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Southern Ewaso Ng'iro''' (dem dey call am Brown River) na one river wey dey inside [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] for [[Kenya]]. E dey play big role for di ecology of [[:en:Lake_Natron|Lake Natron]], wey be di main place wey [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|lesser flamingos]] (wey dem dey call near-threatened) dey breed all di time. If land use change for di river headwaters or di marshes before di river enter di lake, e fit cause serious wahala for dis flamingo dem.<ref>"[http://www.maurestoration.go.ke/index.php/faqs/42-importance-of-the-mau/50-why-is-the-mau-important-for-our-environment Why is the Mau important for our environment?]". Mau – ICS. Retrieved 10 April 2012</ref><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070725/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 TZ031 Lake Natron and Engaruka basin]". ''BirdLife International''. Archived from [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 the original] on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref> == References == fla0rsjiwk1z4eysd2c3645xh5yazjf 102408 102381 2026-06-13T15:57:13Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102408 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Southern Ewaso Ng'iro''' (dem dey call am Brown River) na one river wey dey inside [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] for [[Kenya]]. E dey play big role for di ecology of [[:en:Lake_Natron|Lake Natron]], wey be di main place wey [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|lesser flamingos]] (wey dem dey call near-threatened) dey breed all di time. If land use change for di river headwaters or di marshes before di river enter di lake, e fit cause serious wahala for dis flamingo dem.<ref>"[http://www.maurestoration.go.ke/index.php/faqs/42-importance-of-the-mau/50-why-is-the-mau-important-for-our-environment Why is the Mau important for our environment?]". Mau – ICS. Retrieved 10 April 2012</ref><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070725/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 TZ031 Lake Natron and Engaruka basin]". ''BirdLife International''. Archived from [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 the original] on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref>Di Ewaso Ng'iro dey rise for Mau Escarpment, na there e dey drain di south part of Mau Forest. Di forest dey very important because e dey regulate and filter di water wey dey enter di river, but e dey under threat from logging and people wey dey clear land for farming. If dem destroy am, e go make di river carry plenty sand (sediment) and e go cause bigger seasonal change for di water volume. == References == 4oiu1dvbq5b0pue7b686ydc9p4qs923 102409 102408 2026-06-13T15:57:45Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102409 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Southern Ewaso Ng'iro''' (dem dey call am Brown River) na one river wey dey inside [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] for [[Kenya]]. E dey play big role for di ecology of [[:en:Lake_Natron|Lake Natron]], wey be di main place wey [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|lesser flamingos]] (wey dem dey call near-threatened) dey breed all di time. If land use change for di river headwaters or di marshes before di river enter di lake, e fit cause serious wahala for dis flamingo dem.<ref>"[http://www.maurestoration.go.ke/index.php/faqs/42-importance-of-the-mau/50-why-is-the-mau-important-for-our-environment Why is the Mau important for our environment?]". Mau – ICS. Retrieved 10 April 2012</ref><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070725/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 TZ031 Lake Natron and Engaruka basin]". ''BirdLife International''. Archived from [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 the original] on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref> == Course == Di Ewaso Ng'iro dey rise for Mau Escarpment, na there e dey drain di south part of Mau Forest. Di forest dey very important because e dey regulate and filter di water wey dey enter di river, but e dey under threat from logging and people wey dey clear land for farming. If dem destroy am, e go make di river carry plenty sand (sediment) and e go cause bigger seasonal change for di water volume. == References == c4pn6feoo2edvsww9f699cgryfut3rd 102413 102409 2026-06-13T15:58:15Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102413 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Southern Ewaso Ng'iro''' (dem dey call am Brown River) na one river wey dey inside [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] for [[Kenya]]. E dey play big role for di ecology of [[:en:Lake_Natron|Lake Natron]], wey be di main place wey [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|lesser flamingos]] (wey dem dey call near-threatened) dey breed all di time. If land use change for di river headwaters or di marshes before di river enter di lake, e fit cause serious wahala for dis flamingo dem.<ref>"[http://www.maurestoration.go.ke/index.php/faqs/42-importance-of-the-mau/50-why-is-the-mau-important-for-our-environment Why is the Mau important for our environment?]". Mau – ICS. Retrieved 10 April 2012</ref><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070725/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 TZ031 Lake Natron and Engaruka basin]". ''BirdLife International''. Archived from [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 the original] on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref> == Course == Di Ewaso Ng'iro dey rise for Mau Escarpment, na there e dey drain di south part of Mau Forest. Di forest dey very important because e dey regulate and filter di water wey dey enter di river, but e dey under threat from logging and people wey dey clear land for farming. If dem destroy am, e go make di river carry plenty sand (sediment) and e go cause bigger seasonal change for di water volume.Di river dey flow go south through di rift valley, east of Nguruman Escarpment. From there e cross enter Tanzania, where e dey empty inside Lake Natron. Dis river dey run all year round, and na di main inflow wey dey supply water to di lake == References == q9w6p0y6ufqpih4gzowy6qr4zfc092p 102415 102413 2026-06-13T15:58:33Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102415 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Southern Ewaso Ng'iro''' (dem dey call am Brown River) na one river wey dey inside [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] for [[Kenya]]. E dey play big role for di ecology of [[:en:Lake_Natron|Lake Natron]], wey be di main place wey [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|lesser flamingos]] (wey dem dey call near-threatened) dey breed all di time. If land use change for di river headwaters or di marshes before di river enter di lake, e fit cause serious wahala for dis flamingo dem.<ref>"[http://www.maurestoration.go.ke/index.php/faqs/42-importance-of-the-mau/50-why-is-the-mau-important-for-our-environment Why is the Mau important for our environment?]". Mau – ICS. Retrieved 10 April 2012</ref><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070725/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 TZ031 Lake Natron and Engaruka basin]". ''BirdLife International''. Archived from [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 the original] on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref> == Course == Di Ewaso Ng'iro dey rise for Mau Escarpment, na there e dey drain di south part of Mau Forest. Di forest dey very important because e dey regulate and filter di water wey dey enter di river, but e dey under threat from logging and people wey dey clear land for farming. If dem destroy am, e go make di river carry plenty sand (sediment) and e go cause bigger seasonal change for di water volume. Di river dey flow go south through di rift valley, east of Nguruman Escarpment. From there e cross enter Tanzania, where e dey empty inside Lake Natron. Dis river dey run all year round, and na di main inflow wey dey supply water to di lake. == References == au9e886172p1xopwh2bi363ahpzlula 102418 102415 2026-06-13T15:59:00Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102418 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Southern Ewaso Ng'iro''' (dem dey call am Brown River) na one river wey dey inside [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] for [[Kenya]]. E dey play big role for di ecology of [[:en:Lake_Natron|Lake Natron]], wey be di main place wey [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|lesser flamingos]] (wey dem dey call near-threatened) dey breed all di time. If land use change for di river headwaters or di marshes before di river enter di lake, e fit cause serious wahala for dis flamingo dem.<ref>"[http://www.maurestoration.go.ke/index.php/faqs/42-importance-of-the-mau/50-why-is-the-mau-important-for-our-environment Why is the Mau important for our environment?]". Mau – ICS. Retrieved 10 April 2012</ref><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070725/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 TZ031 Lake Natron and Engaruka basin]". ''BirdLife International''. Archived from [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 the original] on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref> == Course == Di Ewaso Ng'iro dey rise for [[:en:Mau_Escarpment|Mau Escarpment]], na there e dey drain di south part of Mau Forest. Di forest dey very important because e dey regulate and filter di water wey dey enter di river, but e dey under threat from logging and people wey dey clear land for farming. If dem destroy am, e go make di river carry plenty sand (sediment) and e go cause bigger seasonal change for di water volume. Di river dey flow go south through di rift valley, east of Nguruman Escarpment. From there e cross enter Tanzania, where e dey empty inside Lake Natron. Dis river dey run all year round, and na di main inflow wey dey supply water to di lake. == References == mi4iuztlidvnxvbv2ult0p72pbzj4wg 102423 102418 2026-06-13T15:59:30Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102423 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Southern Ewaso Ng'iro''' (dem dey call am Brown River) na one river wey dey inside [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] for [[Kenya]]. E dey play big role for di ecology of [[:en:Lake_Natron|Lake Natron]], wey be di main place wey [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|lesser flamingos]] (wey dem dey call near-threatened) dey breed all di time. If land use change for di river headwaters or di marshes before di river enter di lake, e fit cause serious wahala for dis flamingo dem.<ref>"[http://www.maurestoration.go.ke/index.php/faqs/42-importance-of-the-mau/50-why-is-the-mau-important-for-our-environment Why is the Mau important for our environment?]". Mau – ICS. Retrieved 10 April 2012</ref><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070725/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 TZ031 Lake Natron and Engaruka basin]". ''BirdLife International''. Archived from [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 the original] on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref> == Course == Di Ewaso Ng'iro dey rise for [[:en:Mau_Escarpment|Mau Escarpment]], na there e dey drain di south part of [[:en:Mau_Forest|Mau Forest]]. Di forest dey very important because e dey regulate and filter di water wey dey enter di river, but e dey under threat from logging and people wey dey clear land for farming. If dem destroy am, e go make di river carry plenty sand (sediment) and e go cause bigger seasonal change for di water volume. Di river dey flow go south through di rift valley, east of Nguruman Escarpment. From there e cross enter Tanzania, where e dey empty inside Lake Natron. Dis river dey run all year round, and na di main inflow wey dey supply water to di lake. == References == 56jx5qrfuhhq4yoc1jt5ixyl5szvqdv 102427 102423 2026-06-13T16:00:21Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102427 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Southern Ewaso Ng'iro''' (dem dey call am Brown River) na one river wey dey inside [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] for [[Kenya]]. E dey play big role for di ecology of [[:en:Lake_Natron|Lake Natron]], wey be di main place wey [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|lesser flamingos]] (wey dem dey call near-threatened) dey breed all di time. If land use change for di river headwaters or di marshes before di river enter di lake, e fit cause serious wahala for dis flamingo dem.<ref>"[http://www.maurestoration.go.ke/index.php/faqs/42-importance-of-the-mau/50-why-is-the-mau-important-for-our-environment Why is the Mau important for our environment?]". Mau – ICS. Retrieved 10 April 2012</ref><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070725/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 TZ031 Lake Natron and Engaruka basin]". ''BirdLife International''. Archived from [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 the original] on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref> == Course == Di Ewaso Ng'iro dey rise for [[:en:Mau_Escarpment|Mau Escarpment]], na there e dey drain di south part of [[:en:Mau_Forest|Mau Forest]]. Di forest dey very important because e dey regulate and filter di water wey dey enter di river, but e dey under threat from logging and people wey dey clear land for farming. If dem destroy am, e go make di river carry plenty sand (sediment) and e go cause bigger seasonal change for di water volume. Di river dey flow go south through di rift valley, east of [[:en:Nguruman_Escarpment|Nguruman Escarpment]]. From there e cross enter Tanzania, where e dey empty inside Lake Natron. Dis river dey run all year round, and na di main inflow wey dey supply water to di lake. == References == cjsbnpo0dqn52v2zx18tlfdzgxzeluf 102431 102427 2026-06-13T16:00:57Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102431 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Southern Ewaso Ng'iro''' (dem dey call am Brown River) na one river wey dey inside [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] for [[Kenya]]. E dey play big role for di ecology of [[:en:Lake_Natron|Lake Natron]], wey be di main place wey [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|lesser flamingos]] (wey dem dey call near-threatened) dey breed all di time. If land use change for di river headwaters or di marshes before di river enter di lake, e fit cause serious wahala for dis flamingo dem.<ref>"[http://www.maurestoration.go.ke/index.php/faqs/42-importance-of-the-mau/50-why-is-the-mau-important-for-our-environment Why is the Mau important for our environment?]". Mau – ICS. Retrieved 10 April 2012</ref><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070725/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 TZ031 Lake Natron and Engaruka basin]". ''BirdLife International''. Archived from [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 the original] on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref> == Course == Di Ewaso Ng'iro dey rise for [[:en:Mau_Escarpment|Mau Escarpment]], na there e dey drain di south part of [[:en:Mau_Forest|Mau Forest]]. Di forest dey very important because e dey regulate and filter di water wey dey enter di river, but e dey under threat from logging and people wey dey clear land for farming. If dem destroy am, e go make di river carry plenty sand (sediment) and e go cause bigger seasonal change for di water volume. Di river dey flow go south through di rift valley, east of [[:en:Nguruman_Escarpment|Nguruman Escarpment]]. From there e cross enter [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]], where e dey empty inside Lake Natron. Dis river dey run all year round, and na di main inflow wey dey supply water to di lake. == References == 947xihor3hl5kkzhe0y9piovgexp3vx 102436 102431 2026-06-13T16:01:26Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102436 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Southern Ewaso Ng'iro''' (dem dey call am Brown River) na one river wey dey inside [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] for [[Kenya]]. E dey play big role for di ecology of [[:en:Lake_Natron|Lake Natron]], wey be di main place wey [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|lesser flamingos]] (wey dem dey call near-threatened) dey breed all di time. If land use change for di river headwaters or di marshes before di river enter di lake, e fit cause serious wahala for dis flamingo dem.<ref>"[http://www.maurestoration.go.ke/index.php/faqs/42-importance-of-the-mau/50-why-is-the-mau-important-for-our-environment Why is the Mau important for our environment?]". Mau – ICS. Retrieved 10 April 2012</ref><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070725/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 TZ031 Lake Natron and Engaruka basin]". ''BirdLife International''. Archived from [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 the original] on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref> == Course == Di Ewaso Ng'iro dey rise for [[:en:Mau_Escarpment|Mau Escarpment]], na there e dey drain di south part of [[:en:Mau_Forest|Mau Forest]]. Di forest dey very important because e dey regulate and filter di water wey dey enter di river, but e dey under threat from logging and people wey dey clear land for farming. If dem destroy am, e go make di river carry plenty sand (sediment) and e go cause bigger seasonal change for di water volume. Di river dey flow go south through di rift valley, east of [[:en:Nguruman_Escarpment|Nguruman Escarpment]]. From there e cross enter [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]], where e dey empty inside [[:en:Lake_Natron|Lake Natron]]. Dis river dey run all year round, and na di main inflow wey dey supply water to di lake. == References == fsly3re1ywa41rbvlqimw9xz41bh7mb 102440 102436 2026-06-13T16:02:26Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102440 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Southern Ewaso Ng'iro''' (dem dey call am Brown River) na one river wey dey inside [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] for [[Kenya]]. E dey play big role for di ecology of [[:en:Lake_Natron|Lake Natron]], wey be di main place wey [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|lesser flamingos]] (wey dem dey call near-threatened) dey breed all di time. If land use change for di river headwaters or di marshes before di river enter di lake, e fit cause serious wahala for dis flamingo dem.<ref>"[http://www.maurestoration.go.ke/index.php/faqs/42-importance-of-the-mau/50-why-is-the-mau-important-for-our-environment Why is the Mau important for our environment?]". Mau – ICS. Retrieved 10 April 2012</ref><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070725/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 TZ031 Lake Natron and Engaruka basin]". ''BirdLife International''. Archived from [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 the original] on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref> == Course == Di Ewaso Ng'iro dey rise for [[:en:Mau_Escarpment|Mau Escarpment]], na there e dey drain di south part of [[:en:Mau_Forest|Mau Forest]]<ref>"[http://www.maurestoration.go.ke/index.php/faqs/42-importance-of-the-mau/50-why-is-the-mau-important-for-our-environment Why is the Mau important for our environment?]". Mau – ICS. Retrieved 10 April 2012</ref>. Di forest dey very important because e dey regulate and filter di water wey dey enter di river, but e dey under threat from logging and people wey dey clear land for farming. If dem destroy am, e go make di river carry plenty sand (sediment) and e go cause bigger seasonal change for di water volume. Di river dey flow go south through di rift valley, east of [[:en:Nguruman_Escarpment|Nguruman Escarpment]]. From there e cross enter [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]], where e dey empty inside [[:en:Lake_Natron|Lake Natron]]. Dis river dey run all year round, and na di main inflow wey dey supply water to di lake. == References == mj0gmkd2tgg85xotlkes4b7ech6m4ib 102447 102440 2026-06-13T16:03:23Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102447 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Southern Ewaso Ng'iro''' (dem dey call am Brown River) na one river wey dey inside [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] for [[Kenya]]. E dey play big role for di ecology of [[:en:Lake_Natron|Lake Natron]], wey be di main place wey [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|lesser flamingos]] (wey dem dey call near-threatened) dey breed all di time. If land use change for di river headwaters or di marshes before di river enter di lake, e fit cause serious wahala for dis flamingo dem.<ref>"[http://www.maurestoration.go.ke/index.php/faqs/42-importance-of-the-mau/50-why-is-the-mau-important-for-our-environment Why is the Mau important for our environment?]". Mau – ICS. Retrieved 10 April 2012</ref><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070725/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 TZ031 Lake Natron and Engaruka basin]". ''BirdLife International''. Archived from [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 the original] on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref> == Course == Di Ewaso Ng'iro dey rise for [[:en:Mau_Escarpment|Mau Escarpment]], na there e dey drain di south part of [[:en:Mau_Forest|Mau Forest]]<ref>"[http://www.maurestoration.go.ke/index.php/faqs/42-importance-of-the-mau/50-why-is-the-mau-important-for-our-environment Why is the Mau important for our environment?]". Mau – ICS. Retrieved 10 April 2012</ref>. Di forest dey very important because e dey regulate and filter di water wey dey enter di river, but e dey under threat from logging and people wey dey clear land for farming. If dem destroy am, e go make di river carry plenty sand (sediment) and e go cause bigger seasonal change for di water volume<ref>E.J. Gereta, E. Wolanski and E.A.T. Chiombola (January 2003). "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237137494 Assessment of the environmental, social and economic impacts on the Serengeti ecosystem of the developments in the Mara river catchment in Kenya]". Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref>. Di river dey flow go south through di rift valley, east of [[:en:Nguruman_Escarpment|Nguruman Escarpment]]. From there e cross enter [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]], where e dey empty inside [[:en:Lake_Natron|Lake Natron]]. Dis river dey run all year round, and na di main inflow wey dey supply water to di lake. == References == guk79yocda6qo7sbult93pspuka9v6m 102456 102447 2026-06-13T16:04:30Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102456 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Southern Ewaso Ng'iro''' (dem dey call am Brown River) na one river wey dey inside [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] for [[Kenya]]. E dey play big role for di ecology of [[:en:Lake_Natron|Lake Natron]], wey be di main place wey [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|lesser flamingos]] (wey dem dey call near-threatened) dey breed all di time. If land use change for di river headwaters or di marshes before di river enter di lake, e fit cause serious wahala for dis flamingo dem.<ref>"[http://www.maurestoration.go.ke/index.php/faqs/42-importance-of-the-mau/50-why-is-the-mau-important-for-our-environment Why is the Mau important for our environment?]". Mau – ICS. Retrieved 10 April 2012</ref><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070725/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 TZ031 Lake Natron and Engaruka basin]". ''BirdLife International''. Archived from [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 the original] on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref> == Course == Di Ewaso Ng'iro dey rise for [[:en:Mau_Escarpment|Mau Escarpment]], na there e dey drain di south part of [[:en:Mau_Forest|Mau Forest]]<ref>"[http://www.maurestoration.go.ke/index.php/faqs/42-importance-of-the-mau/50-why-is-the-mau-important-for-our-environment Why is the Mau important for our environment?]". Mau – ICS. Retrieved 10 April 2012</ref>. Di forest dey very important because e dey regulate and filter di water wey dey enter di river, but e dey under threat from logging and people wey dey clear land for farming. If dem destroy am, e go make di river carry plenty sand (sediment) and e go cause bigger seasonal change for di water volume<ref>E.J. Gereta, E. Wolanski and E.A.T. Chiombola (January 2003). "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237137494 Assessment of the environmental, social and economic impacts on the Serengeti ecosystem of the developments in the Mara river catchment in Kenya]". Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref>. Di river dey flow go south through di rift valley, east of [[:en:Nguruman_Escarpment|Nguruman Escarpment]]. From there e cross enter [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]], where e dey empty inside [[:en:Lake_Natron|Lake Natron]]. Dis river dey run all year round, and na di main inflow wey dey supply water to di lake.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070725/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 TZ031 Lake Natron and Engaruka basin]". ''BirdLife International''. Archived from [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 the origina]l on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref> == References == h1vx81uz2lau6q6u5fk3anosajoplhx 102464 102456 2026-06-13T16:05:42Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102464 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Southern Ewaso Ng'iro''' (dem dey call am Brown River) na one river wey dey inside [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] for [[Kenya]]. E dey play big role for di ecology of [[:en:Lake_Natron|Lake Natron]], wey be di main place wey [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|lesser flamingos]] (wey dem dey call near-threatened) dey breed all di time. If land use change for di river headwaters or di marshes before di river enter di lake, e fit cause serious wahala for dis flamingo dem.<ref>"[http://www.maurestoration.go.ke/index.php/faqs/42-importance-of-the-mau/50-why-is-the-mau-important-for-our-environment Why is the Mau important for our environment?]". Mau – ICS. Retrieved 10 April 2012</ref><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070725/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 TZ031 Lake Natron and Engaruka basin]". ''BirdLife International''. Archived from [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 the original] on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref> == Course == Di Ewaso Ng'iro dey rise for [[:en:Mau_Escarpment|Mau Escarpment]], na there e dey drain di south part of [[:en:Mau_Forest|Mau Forest]]<ref>"[http://www.maurestoration.go.ke/index.php/faqs/42-importance-of-the-mau/50-why-is-the-mau-important-for-our-environment Why is the Mau important for our environment?]". Mau – ICS. Retrieved 10 April 2012</ref>. Di forest dey very important because e dey regulate and filter di water wey dey enter di river, but e dey under threat from logging and people wey dey clear land for farming. If dem destroy am, e go make di river carry plenty sand (sediment) and e go cause bigger seasonal change for di water volume<ref>E.J. Gereta, E. Wolanski and E.A.T. Chiombola (January 2003). "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237137494 Assessment of the environmental, social and economic impacts on the Serengeti ecosystem of the developments in the Mara river catchment in Kenya]". Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref>. Di river dey flow go south through di rift valley, east of [[:en:Nguruman_Escarpment|Nguruman Escarpment]]. From there e cross enter [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]], where e dey empty inside [[:en:Lake_Natron|Lake Natron]]. Dis river dey run all year round, and na di main inflow wey dey supply water to di lake.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070725/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 TZ031 Lake Natron and Engaruka basin]". ''BirdLife International''. Archived from [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 the origina]l on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref>Before, di river dey flow direct enter di lake, but for geologic recent time e don jam horst wey dey near Shompole volcano. Na dis one make di water spread enter di Engare Ng'iro swamp wey dey expand steady steady, and na there di river dey drop im sediment. Di water wey no get sediment again go seep enter di brine lake == References == 7bculaqt4oicptnadw6inphqhx1x5bh 102467 102464 2026-06-13T16:05:57Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102467 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Southern Ewaso Ng'iro''' (dem dey call am Brown River) na one river wey dey inside [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] for [[Kenya]]. E dey play big role for di ecology of [[:en:Lake_Natron|Lake Natron]], wey be di main place wey [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|lesser flamingos]] (wey dem dey call near-threatened) dey breed all di time. If land use change for di river headwaters or di marshes before di river enter di lake, e fit cause serious wahala for dis flamingo dem.<ref>"[http://www.maurestoration.go.ke/index.php/faqs/42-importance-of-the-mau/50-why-is-the-mau-important-for-our-environment Why is the Mau important for our environment?]". Mau – ICS. Retrieved 10 April 2012</ref><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070725/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 TZ031 Lake Natron and Engaruka basin]". ''BirdLife International''. Archived from [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 the original] on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref> == Course == Di Ewaso Ng'iro dey rise for [[:en:Mau_Escarpment|Mau Escarpment]], na there e dey drain di south part of [[:en:Mau_Forest|Mau Forest]]<ref>"[http://www.maurestoration.go.ke/index.php/faqs/42-importance-of-the-mau/50-why-is-the-mau-important-for-our-environment Why is the Mau important for our environment?]". Mau – ICS. Retrieved 10 April 2012</ref>. Di forest dey very important because e dey regulate and filter di water wey dey enter di river, but e dey under threat from logging and people wey dey clear land for farming. If dem destroy am, e go make di river carry plenty sand (sediment) and e go cause bigger seasonal change for di water volume<ref>E.J. Gereta, E. Wolanski and E.A.T. Chiombola (January 2003). "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237137494 Assessment of the environmental, social and economic impacts on the Serengeti ecosystem of the developments in the Mara river catchment in Kenya]". Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref>. Di river dey flow go south through di rift valley, east of [[:en:Nguruman_Escarpment|Nguruman Escarpment]]. From there e cross enter [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]], where e dey empty inside [[:en:Lake_Natron|Lake Natron]]. Dis river dey run all year round, and na di main inflow wey dey supply water to di lake.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070725/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 TZ031 Lake Natron and Engaruka basin]". ''BirdLife International''. Archived from [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 the origina]l on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref> Before, di river dey flow direct enter di lake, but for geologic recent time e don jam horst wey dey near Shompole volcano. Na dis one make di water spread enter di Engare Ng'iro swamp wey dey expand steady steady, and na there di river dey drop im sediment. Di water wey no get sediment again go seep enter di brine lake. == References == 4q89dsgplpl3aapqyi1qdgyyw6a4zh3 102470 102467 2026-06-13T16:06:29Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102470 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Southern Ewaso Ng'iro''' (dem dey call am Brown River) na one river wey dey inside [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] for [[Kenya]]. E dey play big role for di ecology of [[:en:Lake_Natron|Lake Natron]], wey be di main place wey [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|lesser flamingos]] (wey dem dey call near-threatened) dey breed all di time. If land use change for di river headwaters or di marshes before di river enter di lake, e fit cause serious wahala for dis flamingo dem.<ref>"[http://www.maurestoration.go.ke/index.php/faqs/42-importance-of-the-mau/50-why-is-the-mau-important-for-our-environment Why is the Mau important for our environment?]". Mau – ICS. Retrieved 10 April 2012</ref><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070725/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 TZ031 Lake Natron and Engaruka basin]". ''BirdLife International''. Archived from [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 the original] on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref> == Course == Di Ewaso Ng'iro dey rise for [[:en:Mau_Escarpment|Mau Escarpment]], na there e dey drain di south part of [[:en:Mau_Forest|Mau Forest]]<ref>"[http://www.maurestoration.go.ke/index.php/faqs/42-importance-of-the-mau/50-why-is-the-mau-important-for-our-environment Why is the Mau important for our environment?]". Mau – ICS. Retrieved 10 April 2012</ref>. Di forest dey very important because e dey regulate and filter di water wey dey enter di river, but e dey under threat from logging and people wey dey clear land for farming. If dem destroy am, e go make di river carry plenty sand (sediment) and e go cause bigger seasonal change for di water volume<ref>E.J. Gereta, E. Wolanski and E.A.T. Chiombola (January 2003). "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237137494 Assessment of the environmental, social and economic impacts on the Serengeti ecosystem of the developments in the Mara river catchment in Kenya]". Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref>. Di river dey flow go south through di rift valley, east of [[:en:Nguruman_Escarpment|Nguruman Escarpment]]. From there e cross enter [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]], where e dey empty inside [[:en:Lake_Natron|Lake Natron]]. Dis river dey run all year round, and na di main inflow wey dey supply water to di lake.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070725/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 TZ031 Lake Natron and Engaruka basin]". ''BirdLife International''. Archived from [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 the origina]l on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref> Before, di river dey flow direct enter di lake, but for geologic recent time e don jam [[:en:Horst_(geology)|horst]] wey dey near Shompole volcano. Na dis one make di water spread enter di Engare Ng'iro swamp wey dey expand steady steady, and na there di river dey drop im sediment. Di water wey no get sediment again go seep enter di brine lake. == References == swow5dg0x24yfu53qui9l55e76nn98g 102473 102470 2026-06-13T16:06:52Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102473 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Southern Ewaso Ng'iro''' (dem dey call am Brown River) na one river wey dey inside [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] for [[Kenya]]. E dey play big role for di ecology of [[:en:Lake_Natron|Lake Natron]], wey be di main place wey [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|lesser flamingos]] (wey dem dey call near-threatened) dey breed all di time. If land use change for di river headwaters or di marshes before di river enter di lake, e fit cause serious wahala for dis flamingo dem.<ref>"[http://www.maurestoration.go.ke/index.php/faqs/42-importance-of-the-mau/50-why-is-the-mau-important-for-our-environment Why is the Mau important for our environment?]". Mau – ICS. Retrieved 10 April 2012</ref><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070725/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 TZ031 Lake Natron and Engaruka basin]". ''BirdLife International''. Archived from [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 the original] on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref> == Course == Di Ewaso Ng'iro dey rise for [[:en:Mau_Escarpment|Mau Escarpment]], na there e dey drain di south part of [[:en:Mau_Forest|Mau Forest]]<ref>"[http://www.maurestoration.go.ke/index.php/faqs/42-importance-of-the-mau/50-why-is-the-mau-important-for-our-environment Why is the Mau important for our environment?]". Mau – ICS. Retrieved 10 April 2012</ref>. Di forest dey very important because e dey regulate and filter di water wey dey enter di river, but e dey under threat from logging and people wey dey clear land for farming. If dem destroy am, e go make di river carry plenty sand (sediment) and e go cause bigger seasonal change for di water volume<ref>E.J. Gereta, E. Wolanski and E.A.T. Chiombola (January 2003). "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237137494 Assessment of the environmental, social and economic impacts on the Serengeti ecosystem of the developments in the Mara river catchment in Kenya]". Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref>. Di river dey flow go south through di rift valley, east of [[:en:Nguruman_Escarpment|Nguruman Escarpment]]. From there e cross enter [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]], where e dey empty inside [[:en:Lake_Natron|Lake Natron]]. Dis river dey run all year round, and na di main inflow wey dey supply water to di lake.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070725/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 TZ031 Lake Natron and Engaruka basin]". ''BirdLife International''. Archived from [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 the origina]l on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref> Before, di river dey flow direct enter di lake, but for geologic recent time e don jam [[:en:Horst_(geology)|horst]] wey dey near Shompole volcano. Na dis one make di water spread enter di Engare Ng'iro swamp wey dey expand steady steady, and na there di river dey drop im sediment. Di water wey no get sediment again go seep enter di brine lake.Di permanent swamp cover about 4,000 hectares (9,900 acres). South of am, seasonal floodplain wey cover about 8,000 hectares (20,000 acres) dey stretch go Lake Natron and along di eastern shore == References == 0twmsfvszc0utly329aqd0v7cm52aj7 102474 102473 2026-06-13T16:07:07Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102474 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Southern Ewaso Ng'iro''' (dem dey call am Brown River) na one river wey dey inside [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] for [[Kenya]]. E dey play big role for di ecology of [[:en:Lake_Natron|Lake Natron]], wey be di main place wey [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|lesser flamingos]] (wey dem dey call near-threatened) dey breed all di time. If land use change for di river headwaters or di marshes before di river enter di lake, e fit cause serious wahala for dis flamingo dem.<ref>"[http://www.maurestoration.go.ke/index.php/faqs/42-importance-of-the-mau/50-why-is-the-mau-important-for-our-environment Why is the Mau important for our environment?]". Mau – ICS. Retrieved 10 April 2012</ref><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070725/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 TZ031 Lake Natron and Engaruka basin]". ''BirdLife International''. Archived from [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 the original] on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref> == Course == Di Ewaso Ng'iro dey rise for [[:en:Mau_Escarpment|Mau Escarpment]], na there e dey drain di south part of [[:en:Mau_Forest|Mau Forest]]<ref>"[http://www.maurestoration.go.ke/index.php/faqs/42-importance-of-the-mau/50-why-is-the-mau-important-for-our-environment Why is the Mau important for our environment?]". Mau – ICS. Retrieved 10 April 2012</ref>. Di forest dey very important because e dey regulate and filter di water wey dey enter di river, but e dey under threat from logging and people wey dey clear land for farming. If dem destroy am, e go make di river carry plenty sand (sediment) and e go cause bigger seasonal change for di water volume<ref>E.J. Gereta, E. Wolanski and E.A.T. Chiombola (January 2003). "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237137494 Assessment of the environmental, social and economic impacts on the Serengeti ecosystem of the developments in the Mara river catchment in Kenya]". Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref>. Di river dey flow go south through di rift valley, east of [[:en:Nguruman_Escarpment|Nguruman Escarpment]]. From there e cross enter [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]], where e dey empty inside [[:en:Lake_Natron|Lake Natron]]. Dis river dey run all year round, and na di main inflow wey dey supply water to di lake.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070725/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 TZ031 Lake Natron and Engaruka basin]". ''BirdLife International''. Archived from [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 the origina]l on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref> Before, di river dey flow direct enter di lake, but for geologic recent time e don jam [[:en:Horst_(geology)|horst]] wey dey near Shompole volcano. Na dis one make di water spread enter di Engare Ng'iro swamp wey dey expand steady steady, and na there di river dey drop im sediment. Di water wey no get sediment again go seep enter di brine lake. Di permanent swamp cover about 4,000 hectares (9,900 acres). South of am, seasonal floodplain wey cover about 8,000 hectares (20,000 acres) dey stretch go Lake Natron and along di eastern shore. == References == ns345aeiviu74ujqrfwo9hc00d2d8pc 102479 102474 2026-06-13T16:07:38Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102479 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Southern Ewaso Ng'iro''' (dem dey call am Brown River) na one river wey dey inside [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] for [[Kenya]]. E dey play big role for di ecology of [[:en:Lake_Natron|Lake Natron]], wey be di main place wey [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|lesser flamingos]] (wey dem dey call near-threatened) dey breed all di time. If land use change for di river headwaters or di marshes before di river enter di lake, e fit cause serious wahala for dis flamingo dem.<ref>"[http://www.maurestoration.go.ke/index.php/faqs/42-importance-of-the-mau/50-why-is-the-mau-important-for-our-environment Why is the Mau important for our environment?]". Mau – ICS. Retrieved 10 April 2012</ref><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070725/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 TZ031 Lake Natron and Engaruka basin]". ''BirdLife International''. Archived from [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 the original] on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref> == Course == Di Ewaso Ng'iro dey rise for [[:en:Mau_Escarpment|Mau Escarpment]], na there e dey drain di south part of [[:en:Mau_Forest|Mau Forest]]<ref>"[http://www.maurestoration.go.ke/index.php/faqs/42-importance-of-the-mau/50-why-is-the-mau-important-for-our-environment Why is the Mau important for our environment?]". Mau – ICS. Retrieved 10 April 2012</ref>. Di forest dey very important because e dey regulate and filter di water wey dey enter di river, but e dey under threat from logging and people wey dey clear land for farming. If dem destroy am, e go make di river carry plenty sand (sediment) and e go cause bigger seasonal change for di water volume<ref>E.J. Gereta, E. Wolanski and E.A.T. Chiombola (January 2003). "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237137494 Assessment of the environmental, social and economic impacts on the Serengeti ecosystem of the developments in the Mara river catchment in Kenya]". Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref>. Di river dey flow go south through di rift valley, east of [[:en:Nguruman_Escarpment|Nguruman Escarpment]]. From there e cross enter [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]], where e dey empty inside [[:en:Lake_Natron|Lake Natron]]. Dis river dey run all year round, and na di main inflow wey dey supply water to di lake.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070725/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 TZ031 Lake Natron and Engaruka basin]". ''BirdLife International''. Archived from [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 the origina]l on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref> Before, di river dey flow direct enter di lake, but for geologic recent time e don jam [[:en:Horst_(geology)|horst]] wey dey near [[:en:Shompole|Shompole]] volcano. Na dis one make di water spread enter di Engare Ng'iro swamp wey dey expand steady steady, and na there di river dey drop im sediment. Di water wey no get sediment again go seep enter di brine lake. Di permanent swamp cover about 4,000 hectares (9,900 acres). South of am, seasonal floodplain wey cover about 8,000 hectares (20,000 acres) dey stretch go Lake Natron and along di eastern shore. == References == 7teycu97fvn0gb5cb6i31ualb4hh30o 102491 102479 2026-06-13T16:10:09Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102491 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Southern Ewaso Ng'iro''' (dem dey call am Brown River) na one river wey dey inside [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] for [[Kenya]]. E dey play big role for di ecology of [[:en:Lake_Natron|Lake Natron]], wey be di main place wey [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|lesser flamingos]] (wey dem dey call near-threatened) dey breed all di time. If land use change for di river headwaters or di marshes before di river enter di lake, e fit cause serious wahala for dis flamingo dem.<ref>"[http://www.maurestoration.go.ke/index.php/faqs/42-importance-of-the-mau/50-why-is-the-mau-important-for-our-environment Why is the Mau important for our environment?]". Mau – ICS. Retrieved 10 April 2012</ref><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070725/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 TZ031 Lake Natron and Engaruka basin]". ''BirdLife International''. Archived from [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 the original] on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref> == Course == Di Ewaso Ng'iro dey rise for [[:en:Mau_Escarpment|Mau Escarpment]], na there e dey drain di south part of [[:en:Mau_Forest|Mau Forest]]<ref>"[http://www.maurestoration.go.ke/index.php/faqs/42-importance-of-the-mau/50-why-is-the-mau-important-for-our-environment Why is the Mau important for our environment?]". Mau – ICS. Retrieved 10 April 2012</ref>. Di forest dey very important because e dey regulate and filter di water wey dey enter di river, but e dey under threat from logging and people wey dey clear land for farming. If dem destroy am, e go make di river carry plenty sand (sediment) and e go cause bigger seasonal change for di water volume<ref>E.J. Gereta, E. Wolanski and E.A.T. Chiombola (January 2003). "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237137494 Assessment of the environmental, social and economic impacts on the Serengeti ecosystem of the developments in the Mara river catchment in Kenya]". Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref>. Di river dey flow go south through di rift valley, east of [[:en:Nguruman_Escarpment|Nguruman Escarpment]]. From there e cross enter [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]], where e dey empty inside [[:en:Lake_Natron|Lake Natron]]. Dis river dey run all year round, and na di main inflow wey dey supply water to di lake.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070725/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 TZ031 Lake Natron and Engaruka basin]". ''BirdLife International''. Archived from [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 the origina]l on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref> Before, di river dey flow direct enter di lake, but for geologic recent time e don jam [[:en:Horst_(geology)|horst]] wey dey near [[:en:Shompole|Shompole]] volcano. Na dis one make di water spread enter di Engare Ng'iro swamp wey dey expand steady steady, and na there di river dey drop im sediment. Di water wey no get sediment again go seep enter di brine lake<ref>Warren, John K. (2006). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ihny39BvVhIC&pg=PA257 Evaporites: Sediments, Resources And Hydrocarbons]''. Birkhäuser. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/3540260110|3540260110]]</bdi>.</ref>. Di permanent swamp cover about 4,000 hectares (9,900 acres). South of am, seasonal floodplain wey cover about 8,000 hectares (20,000 acres) dey stretch go Lake Natron and along di eastern shore. == References == gec0wodnji4a5h7q24yirnlyw2oq015 102509 102491 2026-06-13T16:14:51Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102509 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Southern Ewaso Ng'iro''' (dem dey call am Brown River) na one river wey dey inside [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] for [[Kenya]]. E dey play big role for di ecology of [[:en:Lake_Natron|Lake Natron]], wey be di main place wey [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|lesser flamingos]] (wey dem dey call near-threatened) dey breed all di time. If land use change for di river headwaters or di marshes before di river enter di lake, e fit cause serious wahala for dis flamingo dem.<ref>"[http://www.maurestoration.go.ke/index.php/faqs/42-importance-of-the-mau/50-why-is-the-mau-important-for-our-environment Why is the Mau important for our environment?]". Mau – ICS. Retrieved 10 April 2012</ref><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070725/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 TZ031 Lake Natron and Engaruka basin]". ''BirdLife International''. Archived from [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 the original] on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref> == Course == Di Ewaso Ng'iro dey rise for [[:en:Mau_Escarpment|Mau Escarpment]], na there e dey drain di south part of [[:en:Mau_Forest|Mau Forest]]<ref>"[http://www.maurestoration.go.ke/index.php/faqs/42-importance-of-the-mau/50-why-is-the-mau-important-for-our-environment Why is the Mau important for our environment?]". Mau – ICS. Retrieved 10 April 2012</ref>. Di forest dey very important because e dey regulate and filter di water wey dey enter di river, but e dey under threat from logging and people wey dey clear land for farming. If dem destroy am, e go make di river carry plenty sand (sediment) and e go cause bigger seasonal change for di water volume<ref>E.J. Gereta, E. Wolanski and E.A.T. Chiombola (January 2003). "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237137494 Assessment of the environmental, social and economic impacts on the Serengeti ecosystem of the developments in the Mara river catchment in Kenya]". Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref>. Di river dey flow go south through di rift valley, east of [[:en:Nguruman_Escarpment|Nguruman Escarpment]]. From there e cross enter [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]], where e dey empty inside [[:en:Lake_Natron|Lake Natron]]. Dis river dey run all year round, and na di main inflow wey dey supply water to di lake.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070725/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 TZ031 Lake Natron and Engaruka basin]". ''BirdLife International''. Archived from [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 the origina]l on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref> Before, di river dey flow direct enter di lake, but for geologic recent time e don jam [[:en:Horst_(geology)|horst]] wey dey near [[:en:Shompole|Shompole]] volcano. Na dis one make di water spread enter di Engare Ng'iro swamp wey dey expand steady steady, and na there di river dey drop im sediment. Di water wey no get sediment again go seep enter di brine lake<ref>Warren, John K. (2006). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ihny39BvVhIC&pg=PA257 Evaporites: Sediments, Resources And Hydrocarbons]''. Birkhäuser. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/3540260110|3540260110]]</bdi>.</ref>. Di permanent swamp cover about 4,000 hectares (9,900 acres). South of am, seasonal floodplain wey cover about 8,000 hectares (20,000 acres) dey stretch go Lake Natron and along di eastern shore.Di Lake Natron basin don get designation as Wetlands of International Importance under di Ramsar Convention. But before, dem don get plan to dam di Ewaso Ng'iro make e generate hydroelectric power and also use am irrigate di marshlands wey dey north of di lake. Dem even wan divert water from other rivers to increase di flow. Di plan still include make dem create one freshwater lagoon wey go dey change size, about 50 square kilometres (19 square miles) == References == dakwzjlzb6pcfuz65983qzm8o8ss6z1 102512 102509 2026-06-13T16:15:10Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102512 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Southern Ewaso Ng'iro''' (dem dey call am Brown River) na one river wey dey inside [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] for [[Kenya]]. E dey play big role for di ecology of [[:en:Lake_Natron|Lake Natron]], wey be di main place wey [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|lesser flamingos]] (wey dem dey call near-threatened) dey breed all di time. If land use change for di river headwaters or di marshes before di river enter di lake, e fit cause serious wahala for dis flamingo dem.<ref>"[http://www.maurestoration.go.ke/index.php/faqs/42-importance-of-the-mau/50-why-is-the-mau-important-for-our-environment Why is the Mau important for our environment?]". Mau – ICS. Retrieved 10 April 2012</ref><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070725/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 TZ031 Lake Natron and Engaruka basin]". ''BirdLife International''. Archived from [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 the original] on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref> == Course == Di Ewaso Ng'iro dey rise for [[:en:Mau_Escarpment|Mau Escarpment]], na there e dey drain di south part of [[:en:Mau_Forest|Mau Forest]]<ref>"[http://www.maurestoration.go.ke/index.php/faqs/42-importance-of-the-mau/50-why-is-the-mau-important-for-our-environment Why is the Mau important for our environment?]". Mau – ICS. Retrieved 10 April 2012</ref>. Di forest dey very important because e dey regulate and filter di water wey dey enter di river, but e dey under threat from logging and people wey dey clear land for farming. If dem destroy am, e go make di river carry plenty sand (sediment) and e go cause bigger seasonal change for di water volume<ref>E.J. Gereta, E. Wolanski and E.A.T. Chiombola (January 2003). "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237137494 Assessment of the environmental, social and economic impacts on the Serengeti ecosystem of the developments in the Mara river catchment in Kenya]". Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref>. Di river dey flow go south through di rift valley, east of [[:en:Nguruman_Escarpment|Nguruman Escarpment]]. From there e cross enter [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]], where e dey empty inside [[:en:Lake_Natron|Lake Natron]]. Dis river dey run all year round, and na di main inflow wey dey supply water to di lake.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070725/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 TZ031 Lake Natron and Engaruka basin]". ''BirdLife International''. Archived from [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 the origina]l on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref> Before, di river dey flow direct enter di lake, but for geologic recent time e don jam [[:en:Horst_(geology)|horst]] wey dey near [[:en:Shompole|Shompole]] volcano. Na dis one make di water spread enter di Engare Ng'iro swamp wey dey expand steady steady, and na there di river dey drop im sediment. Di water wey no get sediment again go seep enter di brine lake<ref>Warren, John K. (2006). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ihny39BvVhIC&pg=PA257 Evaporites: Sediments, Resources And Hydrocarbons]''. Birkhäuser. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/3540260110|3540260110]]</bdi>.</ref>. Di permanent swamp cover about 4,000 hectares (9,900 acres). South of am, seasonal floodplain wey cover about 8,000 hectares (20,000 acres) dey stretch go Lake Natron and along di eastern shore. Di Lake Natron basin don get designation as Wetlands of International Importance under di Ramsar Convention. But before, dem don get plan to dam di Ewaso Ng'iro make e generate hydroelectric power and also use am irrigate di marshlands wey dey north of di lake. Dem even wan divert water from other rivers to increase di flow. Di plan still include make dem create one freshwater lagoon wey go dey change size, about 50 square kilometres (19 square miles). == References == lt9n7yc1lrme5u6vptoh1ik8ccysmlw 102517 102512 2026-06-13T16:15:39Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102517 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Southern Ewaso Ng'iro''' (dem dey call am Brown River) na one river wey dey inside [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] for [[Kenya]]. E dey play big role for di ecology of [[:en:Lake_Natron|Lake Natron]], wey be di main place wey [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|lesser flamingos]] (wey dem dey call near-threatened) dey breed all di time. If land use change for di river headwaters or di marshes before di river enter di lake, e fit cause serious wahala for dis flamingo dem.<ref>"[http://www.maurestoration.go.ke/index.php/faqs/42-importance-of-the-mau/50-why-is-the-mau-important-for-our-environment Why is the Mau important for our environment?]". Mau – ICS. Retrieved 10 April 2012</ref><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070725/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 TZ031 Lake Natron and Engaruka basin]". ''BirdLife International''. Archived from [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 the original] on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref> == Course == Di Ewaso Ng'iro dey rise for [[:en:Mau_Escarpment|Mau Escarpment]], na there e dey drain di south part of [[:en:Mau_Forest|Mau Forest]]<ref>"[http://www.maurestoration.go.ke/index.php/faqs/42-importance-of-the-mau/50-why-is-the-mau-important-for-our-environment Why is the Mau important for our environment?]". Mau – ICS. Retrieved 10 April 2012</ref>. Di forest dey very important because e dey regulate and filter di water wey dey enter di river, but e dey under threat from logging and people wey dey clear land for farming. If dem destroy am, e go make di river carry plenty sand (sediment) and e go cause bigger seasonal change for di water volume<ref>E.J. Gereta, E. Wolanski and E.A.T. Chiombola (January 2003). "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237137494 Assessment of the environmental, social and economic impacts on the Serengeti ecosystem of the developments in the Mara river catchment in Kenya]". Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref>. Di river dey flow go south through di rift valley, east of [[:en:Nguruman_Escarpment|Nguruman Escarpment]]. From there e cross enter [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]], where e dey empty inside [[:en:Lake_Natron|Lake Natron]]. Dis river dey run all year round, and na di main inflow wey dey supply water to di lake.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070725/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 TZ031 Lake Natron and Engaruka basin]". ''BirdLife International''. Archived from [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 the origina]l on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref> Before, di river dey flow direct enter di lake, but for geologic recent time e don jam [[:en:Horst_(geology)|horst]] wey dey near [[:en:Shompole|Shompole]] volcano. Na dis one make di water spread enter di Engare Ng'iro swamp wey dey expand steady steady, and na there di river dey drop im sediment. Di water wey no get sediment again go seep enter di brine lake<ref>Warren, John K. (2006). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ihny39BvVhIC&pg=PA257 Evaporites: Sediments, Resources And Hydrocarbons]''. Birkhäuser. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/3540260110|3540260110]]</bdi>.</ref>. Di permanent swamp cover about 4,000 hectares (9,900 acres). South of am, seasonal floodplain wey cover about 8,000 hectares (20,000 acres) dey stretch go Lake Natron and along di eastern shore. == Possible changes == Di Lake Natron basin don get designation as Wetlands of International Importance under di Ramsar Convention. But before, dem don get plan to dam di Ewaso Ng'iro make e generate hydroelectric power and also use am irrigate di marshlands wey dey north of di lake. Dem even wan divert water from other rivers to increase di flow. Di plan still include make dem create one freshwater lagoon wey go dey change size, about 50 square kilometres (19 square miles). == References == inwpb2b6rrfw1nku7y8f915ta7asoce 102525 102517 2026-06-13T16:16:42Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102525 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Southern Ewaso Ng'iro''' (dem dey call am Brown River) na one river wey dey inside [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] for [[Kenya]]. E dey play big role for di ecology of [[:en:Lake_Natron|Lake Natron]], wey be di main place wey [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|lesser flamingos]] (wey dem dey call near-threatened) dey breed all di time. If land use change for di river headwaters or di marshes before di river enter di lake, e fit cause serious wahala for dis flamingo dem.<ref>"[http://www.maurestoration.go.ke/index.php/faqs/42-importance-of-the-mau/50-why-is-the-mau-important-for-our-environment Why is the Mau important for our environment?]". Mau – ICS. Retrieved 10 April 2012</ref><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070725/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 TZ031 Lake Natron and Engaruka basin]". ''BirdLife International''. Archived from [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 the original] on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref> == Course == Di Ewaso Ng'iro dey rise for [[:en:Mau_Escarpment|Mau Escarpment]], na there e dey drain di south part of [[:en:Mau_Forest|Mau Forest]]<ref>"[http://www.maurestoration.go.ke/index.php/faqs/42-importance-of-the-mau/50-why-is-the-mau-important-for-our-environment Why is the Mau important for our environment?]". Mau – ICS. Retrieved 10 April 2012</ref>. Di forest dey very important because e dey regulate and filter di water wey dey enter di river, but e dey under threat from logging and people wey dey clear land for farming. If dem destroy am, e go make di river carry plenty sand (sediment) and e go cause bigger seasonal change for di water volume<ref>E.J. Gereta, E. Wolanski and E.A.T. Chiombola (January 2003). "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237137494 Assessment of the environmental, social and economic impacts on the Serengeti ecosystem of the developments in the Mara river catchment in Kenya]". Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref>. Di river dey flow go south through di rift valley, east of [[:en:Nguruman_Escarpment|Nguruman Escarpment]]. From there e cross enter [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]], where e dey empty inside [[:en:Lake_Natron|Lake Natron]]. Dis river dey run all year round, and na di main inflow wey dey supply water to di lake.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070725/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 TZ031 Lake Natron and Engaruka basin]". ''BirdLife International''. Archived from [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 the origina]l on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref> Before, di river dey flow direct enter di lake, but for geologic recent time e don jam [[:en:Horst_(geology)|horst]] wey dey near [[:en:Shompole|Shompole]] volcano. Na dis one make di water spread enter di Engare Ng'iro swamp wey dey expand steady steady, and na there di river dey drop im sediment. Di water wey no get sediment again go seep enter di brine lake<ref>Warren, John K. (2006). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ihny39BvVhIC&pg=PA257 Evaporites: Sediments, Resources And Hydrocarbons]''. Birkhäuser. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/3540260110|3540260110]]</bdi>.</ref>. Di permanent swamp cover about 4,000 hectares (9,900 acres). South of am, seasonal floodplain wey cover about 8,000 hectares (20,000 acres) dey stretch go Lake Natron and along di eastern shore. == Possible changes == Di Lake Natron basin don get designation as Wetlands of International Importance under di Ramsar Convention. But before, dem don get plan to dam di Ewaso Ng'iro make e generate hydroelectric power and also use am irrigate di marshlands wey dey north of di lake. Dem even wan divert water from other rivers to increase di flow. Di plan still include make dem create one freshwater lagoon wey go dey change size, about 50 square kilometres (19 square miles). If dem carry out di plan, e fit spoil di lake ecology well-well. If salinity reduce and agri-chemical pollution enter, e fit kill di blue-green algae wey dey provide food for di lesser flamingo. Na dis lake be di main breeding ground for dis near-threatened species. As of 2007, di dam project look like e dey on hold. == References == 0au0glsusxhs8qeyoliqn60fsbhince 102530 102525 2026-06-13T16:17:11Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102530 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Southern Ewaso Ng'iro''' (dem dey call am Brown River) na one river wey dey inside [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] for [[Kenya]]. E dey play big role for di ecology of [[:en:Lake_Natron|Lake Natron]], wey be di main place wey [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|lesser flamingos]] (wey dem dey call near-threatened) dey breed all di time. If land use change for di river headwaters or di marshes before di river enter di lake, e fit cause serious wahala for dis flamingo dem.<ref>"[http://www.maurestoration.go.ke/index.php/faqs/42-importance-of-the-mau/50-why-is-the-mau-important-for-our-environment Why is the Mau important for our environment?]". Mau – ICS. Retrieved 10 April 2012</ref><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070725/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 TZ031 Lake Natron and Engaruka basin]". ''BirdLife International''. Archived from [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 the original] on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref> == Course == Di Ewaso Ng'iro dey rise for [[:en:Mau_Escarpment|Mau Escarpment]], na there e dey drain di south part of [[:en:Mau_Forest|Mau Forest]]<ref>"[http://www.maurestoration.go.ke/index.php/faqs/42-importance-of-the-mau/50-why-is-the-mau-important-for-our-environment Why is the Mau important for our environment?]". Mau – ICS. Retrieved 10 April 2012</ref>. Di forest dey very important because e dey regulate and filter di water wey dey enter di river, but e dey under threat from logging and people wey dey clear land for farming. If dem destroy am, e go make di river carry plenty sand (sediment) and e go cause bigger seasonal change for di water volume<ref>E.J. Gereta, E. Wolanski and E.A.T. Chiombola (January 2003). "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237137494 Assessment of the environmental, social and economic impacts on the Serengeti ecosystem of the developments in the Mara river catchment in Kenya]". Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref>. Di river dey flow go south through di rift valley, east of [[:en:Nguruman_Escarpment|Nguruman Escarpment]]. From there e cross enter [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]], where e dey empty inside [[:en:Lake_Natron|Lake Natron]]. Dis river dey run all year round, and na di main inflow wey dey supply water to di lake.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070725/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 TZ031 Lake Natron and Engaruka basin]". ''BirdLife International''. Archived from [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 the origina]l on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref> Before, di river dey flow direct enter di lake, but for geologic recent time e don jam [[:en:Horst_(geology)|horst]] wey dey near [[:en:Shompole|Shompole]] volcano. Na dis one make di water spread enter di Engare Ng'iro swamp wey dey expand steady steady, and na there di river dey drop im sediment. Di water wey no get sediment again go seep enter di brine lake<ref>Warren, John K. (2006). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ihny39BvVhIC&pg=PA257 Evaporites: Sediments, Resources And Hydrocarbons]''. Birkhäuser. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/3540260110|3540260110]]</bdi>.</ref>. Di permanent swamp cover about 4,000 hectares (9,900 acres). South of am, seasonal floodplain wey cover about 8,000 hectares (20,000 acres) dey stretch go Lake Natron and along di eastern shore. == Possible changes == Di Lake Natron basin don get designation as Wetlands of International Importance under di [[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar Convention]]. But before, dem don get plan to dam di Ewaso Ng'iro make e generate hydroelectric power and also use am irrigate di marshlands wey dey north of di lake. Dem even wan divert water from other rivers to increase di flow. Di plan still include make dem create one freshwater lagoon wey go dey change size, about 50 square kilometres (19 square miles). If dem carry out di plan, e fit spoil di lake ecology well-well. If salinity reduce and agri-chemical pollution enter, e fit kill di blue-green algae wey dey provide food for di lesser flamingo. Na dis lake be di main breeding ground for dis near-threatened species. As of 2007, di dam project look like e dey on hold. == References == lz82ex1b4wb4gcxk25ajunkd66k7dmr 102536 102530 2026-06-13T16:17:58Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102536 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Southern Ewaso Ng'iro''' (dem dey call am Brown River) na one river wey dey inside [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] for [[Kenya]]. E dey play big role for di ecology of [[:en:Lake_Natron|Lake Natron]], wey be di main place wey [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|lesser flamingos]] (wey dem dey call near-threatened) dey breed all di time. If land use change for di river headwaters or di marshes before di river enter di lake, e fit cause serious wahala for dis flamingo dem.<ref>"[http://www.maurestoration.go.ke/index.php/faqs/42-importance-of-the-mau/50-why-is-the-mau-important-for-our-environment Why is the Mau important for our environment?]". Mau – ICS. Retrieved 10 April 2012</ref><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070725/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 TZ031 Lake Natron and Engaruka basin]". ''BirdLife International''. Archived from [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 the original] on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref> == Course == Di Ewaso Ng'iro dey rise for [[:en:Mau_Escarpment|Mau Escarpment]], na there e dey drain di south part of [[:en:Mau_Forest|Mau Forest]]<ref>"[http://www.maurestoration.go.ke/index.php/faqs/42-importance-of-the-mau/50-why-is-the-mau-important-for-our-environment Why is the Mau important for our environment?]". Mau – ICS. Retrieved 10 April 2012</ref>. Di forest dey very important because e dey regulate and filter di water wey dey enter di river, but e dey under threat from logging and people wey dey clear land for farming. If dem destroy am, e go make di river carry plenty sand (sediment) and e go cause bigger seasonal change for di water volume<ref>E.J. Gereta, E. Wolanski and E.A.T. Chiombola (January 2003). "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237137494 Assessment of the environmental, social and economic impacts on the Serengeti ecosystem of the developments in the Mara river catchment in Kenya]". Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref>. Di river dey flow go south through di rift valley, east of [[:en:Nguruman_Escarpment|Nguruman Escarpment]]. From there e cross enter [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]], where e dey empty inside [[:en:Lake_Natron|Lake Natron]]. Dis river dey run all year round, and na di main inflow wey dey supply water to di lake.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070725/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 TZ031 Lake Natron and Engaruka basin]". ''BirdLife International''. Archived from [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 the origina]l on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref> Before, di river dey flow direct enter di lake, but for geologic recent time e don jam [[:en:Horst_(geology)|horst]] wey dey near [[:en:Shompole|Shompole]] volcano. Na dis one make di water spread enter di Engare Ng'iro swamp wey dey expand steady steady, and na there di river dey drop im sediment. Di water wey no get sediment again go seep enter di brine lake<ref>Warren, John K. (2006). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ihny39BvVhIC&pg=PA257 Evaporites: Sediments, Resources And Hydrocarbons]''. Birkhäuser. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/3540260110|3540260110]]</bdi>.</ref>. Di permanent swamp cover about 4,000 hectares (9,900 acres). South of am, seasonal floodplain wey cover about 8,000 hectares (20,000 acres) dey stretch go Lake Natron and along di eastern shore. == Possible changes == Di Lake Natron basin don get designation as Wetlands of International Importance under di [[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar Convention]]. But before, dem don get plan to dam di Ewaso Ng'iro make e generate hydroelectric power and also use am irrigate di marshlands wey dey north of di lake. Dem even wan divert water from other rivers to increase di flow. Di plan still include make dem create one freshwater lagoon wey go dey change size, about 50 square kilometres (19 square miles). If dem carry out di plan, e fit spoil di lake ecology well-well. If salinity reduce and agri-chemical pollution enter, e fit kill di blue-green algae wey dey provide food for di [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|lesser flamingo]]. Na dis lake be di main breeding ground for dis near-threatened species. As of 2007, di dam project look like e dey on hold. == References == k1gjc8qq25f3pxqhiv4ftkl8qt4dtbp 102546 102536 2026-06-13T16:19:20Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102546 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Southern Ewaso Ng'iro''' (dem dey call am Brown River) na one river wey dey inside [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] for [[Kenya]]. E dey play big role for di ecology of [[:en:Lake_Natron|Lake Natron]], wey be di main place wey [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|lesser flamingos]] (wey dem dey call near-threatened) dey breed all di time. If land use change for di river headwaters or di marshes before di river enter di lake, e fit cause serious wahala for dis flamingo dem.<ref>"[http://www.maurestoration.go.ke/index.php/faqs/42-importance-of-the-mau/50-why-is-the-mau-important-for-our-environment Why is the Mau important for our environment?]". Mau – ICS. Retrieved 10 April 2012</ref><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070725/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 TZ031 Lake Natron and Engaruka basin]". ''BirdLife International''. Archived from [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 the original] on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref> == Course == Di Ewaso Ng'iro dey rise for [[:en:Mau_Escarpment|Mau Escarpment]], na there e dey drain di south part of [[:en:Mau_Forest|Mau Forest]]<ref>"[http://www.maurestoration.go.ke/index.php/faqs/42-importance-of-the-mau/50-why-is-the-mau-important-for-our-environment Why is the Mau important for our environment?]". Mau – ICS. Retrieved 10 April 2012</ref>. Di forest dey very important because e dey regulate and filter di water wey dey enter di river, but e dey under threat from logging and people wey dey clear land for farming. If dem destroy am, e go make di river carry plenty sand (sediment) and e go cause bigger seasonal change for di water volume<ref>E.J. Gereta, E. Wolanski and E.A.T. Chiombola (January 2003). "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237137494 Assessment of the environmental, social and economic impacts on the Serengeti ecosystem of the developments in the Mara river catchment in Kenya]". Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref>. Di river dey flow go south through di rift valley, east of [[:en:Nguruman_Escarpment|Nguruman Escarpment]]. From there e cross enter [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]], where e dey empty inside [[:en:Lake_Natron|Lake Natron]]. Dis river dey run all year round, and na di main inflow wey dey supply water to di lake.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070725/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 TZ031 Lake Natron and Engaruka basin]". ''BirdLife International''. Archived from [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 the origina]l on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref> Before, di river dey flow direct enter di lake, but for geologic recent time e don jam [[:en:Horst_(geology)|horst]] wey dey near [[:en:Shompole|Shompole]] volcano. Na dis one make di water spread enter di Engare Ng'iro swamp wey dey expand steady steady, and na there di river dey drop im sediment. Di water wey no get sediment again go seep enter di brine lake<ref>Warren, John K. (2006). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ihny39BvVhIC&pg=PA257 Evaporites: Sediments, Resources And Hydrocarbons]''. Birkhäuser. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/3540260110|3540260110]]</bdi>.</ref>. Di permanent swamp cover about 4,000 hectares (9,900 acres). South of am, seasonal floodplain wey cover about 8,000 hectares (20,000 acres) dey stretch go Lake Natron and along di eastern shore. == Possible changes == Di Lake Natron basin don get designation as Wetlands of International Importance under di [[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar Convention]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070725/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 "TZ031 Lake Natron and Engaruka basin]". ''BirdLife International''. Archived from [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 the original] on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref>. But before, dem don get plan to dam di Ewaso Ng'iro make e generate hydroelectric power and also use am irrigate di marshlands wey dey north of di lake. Dem even wan divert water from other rivers to increase di flow. Di plan still include make dem create one freshwater lagoon wey go dey change size, about 50 square kilometres (19 square miles). If dem carry out di plan, e fit spoil di lake ecology well-well. If salinity reduce and agri-chemical pollution enter, e fit kill di blue-green algae wey dey provide food for di [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|lesser flamingo]]. Na dis lake be di main breeding ground for dis near-threatened species. As of 2007, di dam project look like e dey on hold. == References == hwem8urgmvbns1qbatibad9wo3m3hpl 102554 102546 2026-06-13T16:20:35Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102554 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Southern Ewaso Ng'iro''' (dem dey call am Brown River) na one river wey dey inside [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] for [[Kenya]]. E dey play big role for di ecology of [[:en:Lake_Natron|Lake Natron]], wey be di main place wey [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|lesser flamingos]] (wey dem dey call near-threatened) dey breed all di time. If land use change for di river headwaters or di marshes before di river enter di lake, e fit cause serious wahala for dis flamingo dem.<ref>"[http://www.maurestoration.go.ke/index.php/faqs/42-importance-of-the-mau/50-why-is-the-mau-important-for-our-environment Why is the Mau important for our environment?]". Mau – ICS. Retrieved 10 April 2012</ref><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070725/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 TZ031 Lake Natron and Engaruka basin]". ''BirdLife International''. Archived from [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 the original] on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref> == Course == Di Ewaso Ng'iro dey rise for [[:en:Mau_Escarpment|Mau Escarpment]], na there e dey drain di south part of [[:en:Mau_Forest|Mau Forest]]<ref>"[http://www.maurestoration.go.ke/index.php/faqs/42-importance-of-the-mau/50-why-is-the-mau-important-for-our-environment Why is the Mau important for our environment?]". Mau – ICS. Retrieved 10 April 2012</ref>. Di forest dey very important because e dey regulate and filter di water wey dey enter di river, but e dey under threat from logging and people wey dey clear land for farming. If dem destroy am, e go make di river carry plenty sand (sediment) and e go cause bigger seasonal change for di water volume<ref>E.J. Gereta, E. Wolanski and E.A.T. Chiombola (January 2003). "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237137494 Assessment of the environmental, social and economic impacts on the Serengeti ecosystem of the developments in the Mara river catchment in Kenya]". Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref>. Di river dey flow go south through di rift valley, east of [[:en:Nguruman_Escarpment|Nguruman Escarpment]]. From there e cross enter [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]], where e dey empty inside [[:en:Lake_Natron|Lake Natron]]. Dis river dey run all year round, and na di main inflow wey dey supply water to di lake.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070725/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 TZ031 Lake Natron and Engaruka basin]". ''BirdLife International''. Archived from [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 the origina]l on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref> Before, di river dey flow direct enter di lake, but for geologic recent time e don jam [[:en:Horst_(geology)|horst]] wey dey near [[:en:Shompole|Shompole]] volcano. Na dis one make di water spread enter di Engare Ng'iro swamp wey dey expand steady steady, and na there di river dey drop im sediment. Di water wey no get sediment again go seep enter di brine lake<ref>Warren, John K. (2006). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ihny39BvVhIC&pg=PA257 Evaporites: Sediments, Resources And Hydrocarbons]''. Birkhäuser. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/3540260110|3540260110]]</bdi>.</ref>. Di permanent swamp cover about 4,000 hectares (9,900 acres). South of am, seasonal floodplain wey cover about 8,000 hectares (20,000 acres) dey stretch go Lake Natron and along di eastern shore. == Possible changes == Di Lake Natron basin don get designation as Wetlands of International Importance under di [[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar Convention]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070725/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 "TZ031 Lake Natron and Engaruka basin]". ''BirdLife International''. Archived from [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 the original] on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref>. But before, dem don get plan to dam di Ewaso Ng'iro make e generate hydroelectric power and also use am irrigate di marshlands wey dey north of di lake. Dem even wan divert water from other rivers to increase di flow. Di plan still include make dem create one freshwater lagoon wey go dey change size, about 50 square kilometres (19 square miles). If dem carry out di plan, e fit spoil di lake ecology well-well. If salinity reduce and agri-chemical pollution enter, e fit kill di blue-green algae wey dey provide food for di [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|lesser flamingo]]. Na dis lake be di main breeding ground for dis near-threatened species. As of 2007, di dam project look like e dey on hold.<ref>[http://africanconservation.org/in-focus/tnrf-lake-natron-a-summary-of-the-major-discussion-points-2 "TNRF: Lake Natron: A summary of the major discussion points]". African Conservation Foundation. 6 November 2007. Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref> == References == 3o42lucquy0vta8hzt1zbtrwjmsu4gj 102565 102554 2026-06-13T16:23:44Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102565 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Di '''Southern Ewaso Ng'iro''' (dem dey call am Brown River) na one river wey dey inside [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] for [[Kenya]]. E dey play big role for di ecology of [[:en:Lake_Natron|Lake Natron]], wey be di main place wey [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|lesser flamingos]] (wey dem dey call near-threatened) dey breed all di time. If land use change for di river headwaters or di marshes before di river enter di lake, e fit cause serious wahala for dis flamingo dem.<ref>"[http://www.maurestoration.go.ke/index.php/faqs/42-importance-of-the-mau/50-why-is-the-mau-important-for-our-environment Why is the Mau important for our environment?]". Mau – ICS. Retrieved 10 April 2012</ref><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070725/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 TZ031 Lake Natron and Engaruka basin]". ''BirdLife International''. Archived from [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 the original] on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref> == Course == Di Ewaso Ng'iro dey rise for [[:en:Mau_Escarpment|Mau Escarpment]], na there e dey drain di south part of [[:en:Mau_Forest|Mau Forest]]<ref>"[http://www.maurestoration.go.ke/index.php/faqs/42-importance-of-the-mau/50-why-is-the-mau-important-for-our-environment Why is the Mau important for our environment?]". Mau – ICS. Retrieved 10 April 2012</ref>. Di forest dey very important because e dey regulate and filter di water wey dey enter di river, but e dey under threat from logging and people wey dey clear land for farming. If dem destroy am, e go make di river carry plenty sand (sediment) and e go cause bigger seasonal change for di water volume<ref>E.J. Gereta, E. Wolanski and E.A.T. Chiombola (January 2003). "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237137494 Assessment of the environmental, social and economic impacts on the Serengeti ecosystem of the developments in the Mara river catchment in Kenya]". Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref>. Di river dey flow go south through di rift valley, east of [[:en:Nguruman_Escarpment|Nguruman Escarpment]]. From there e cross enter [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]], where e dey empty inside [[:en:Lake_Natron|Lake Natron]]. Dis river dey run all year round, and na di main inflow wey dey supply water to di lake.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070725/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 TZ031 Lake Natron and Engaruka basin]". ''BirdLife International''. Archived from [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 the origina]l on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref> Before, di river dey flow direct enter di lake, but for geologic recent time e don jam [[:en:Horst_(geology)|horst]] wey dey near [[:en:Shompole|Shompole]] volcano. Na dis one make di water spread enter di Engare Ng'iro swamp wey dey expand steady steady, and na there di river dey drop im sediment. Di water wey no get sediment again go seep enter di brine lake<ref>Warren, John K. (2006). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ihny39BvVhIC&pg=PA257 Evaporites: Sediments, Resources And Hydrocarbons]''. Birkhäuser. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/3540260110|3540260110]]</bdi>.</ref>. Di permanent swamp cover about 4,000 hectares (9,900 acres). South of am, seasonal floodplain wey cover about 8,000 hectares (20,000 acres) dey stretch go Lake Natron and along di eastern shore. == Possible changes == Di Lake Natron basin don get designation as Wetlands of International Importance under di [[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar Convention]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070725/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 "TZ031 Lake Natron and Engaruka basin]". ''BirdLife International''. Archived from [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 the original] on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref>. But before, dem don get plan to dam di Ewaso Ng'iro make e generate hydroelectric power and also use am irrigate di marshlands wey dey north of di lake. Dem even wan divert water from other rivers to increase di flow. Di plan still include make dem create one freshwater lagoon wey go dey change size, about 50 square kilometres (19 square miles). If dem carry out di plan, e fit spoil di lake ecology well-well. If salinity reduce and agri-chemical pollution enter, e fit kill di blue-green algae wey dey provide food for di [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|lesser flamingo]]. Na dis lake be di main breeding ground for dis near-threatened species. As of 2007, di dam project look like e dey on hold.<ref>[http://africanconservation.org/in-focus/tnrf-lake-natron-a-summary-of-the-major-discussion-points-2 "TNRF: Lake Natron: A summary of the major discussion points]". African Conservation Foundation. 6 November 2007. Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref> == References == msuzrdapsfkthhh8u5d9gmjkl48p9r2 102582 102565 2026-06-13T16:30:28Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102582 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Di '''Southern Ewaso Ng'iro''' (dem dey call am Brown River) na one river wey dey inside [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] for [[Kenya]]. E dey play big role for di ecology of [[:en:Lake_Natron|Lake Natron]], wey be di main place wey [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|lesser flamingos]] (wey dem dey call near-threatened) dey breed all di time. If land use change for di river headwaters or di marshes before di river enter di lake, e fit cause serious wahala for dis flamingo dem.<ref>"[http://www.maurestoration.go.ke/index.php/faqs/42-importance-of-the-mau/50-why-is-the-mau-important-for-our-environment Why is the Mau important for our environment?]". Mau – ICS. Retrieved 10 April 2012</ref><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070725/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 TZ031 Lake Natron and Engaruka basin]". ''BirdLife International''. Archived from [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 the original] on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref> [[File:The view from inside the river..jpg|thumb|The River in Kenya's Shompole reserve.]] == Course == Di Ewaso Ng'iro dey rise for [[:en:Mau_Escarpment|Mau Escarpment]], na there e dey drain di south part of [[:en:Mau_Forest|Mau Forest]]<ref>"[http://www.maurestoration.go.ke/index.php/faqs/42-importance-of-the-mau/50-why-is-the-mau-important-for-our-environment Why is the Mau important for our environment?]". Mau – ICS. Retrieved 10 April 2012</ref>. Di forest dey very important because e dey regulate and filter di water wey dey enter di river, but e dey under threat from logging and people wey dey clear land for farming. If dem destroy am, e go make di river carry plenty sand (sediment) and e go cause bigger seasonal change for di water volume<ref>E.J. Gereta, E. Wolanski and E.A.T. Chiombola (January 2003). "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237137494 Assessment of the environmental, social and economic impacts on the Serengeti ecosystem of the developments in the Mara river catchment in Kenya]". Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref>. Di river dey flow go south through di rift valley, east of [[:en:Nguruman_Escarpment|Nguruman Escarpment]]. From there e cross enter [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]], where e dey empty inside [[:en:Lake_Natron|Lake Natron]]. Dis river dey run all year round, and na di main inflow wey dey supply water to di lake.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070725/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 TZ031 Lake Natron and Engaruka basin]". ''BirdLife International''. Archived from [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 the origina]l on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref> Before, di river dey flow direct enter di lake, but for geologic recent time e don jam [[:en:Horst_(geology)|horst]] wey dey near [[:en:Shompole|Shompole]] volcano. Na dis one make di water spread enter di Engare Ng'iro swamp wey dey expand steady steady, and na there di river dey drop im sediment. Di water wey no get sediment again go seep enter di brine lake<ref>Warren, John K. (2006). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ihny39BvVhIC&pg=PA257 Evaporites: Sediments, Resources And Hydrocarbons]''. Birkhäuser. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/3540260110|3540260110]]</bdi>.</ref>. Di permanent swamp cover about 4,000 hectares (9,900 acres). South of am, seasonal floodplain wey cover about 8,000 hectares (20,000 acres) dey stretch go Lake Natron and along di eastern shore. == Possible changes == Di Lake Natron basin don get designation as Wetlands of International Importance under di [[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar Convention]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070725/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 "TZ031 Lake Natron and Engaruka basin]". ''BirdLife International''. Archived from [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 the original] on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref>. But before, dem don get plan to dam di Ewaso Ng'iro make e generate hydroelectric power and also use am irrigate di marshlands wey dey north of di lake. Dem even wan divert water from other rivers to increase di flow. Di plan still include make dem create one freshwater lagoon wey go dey change size, about 50 square kilometres (19 square miles). If dem carry out di plan, e fit spoil di lake ecology well-well. If salinity reduce and agri-chemical pollution enter, e fit kill di blue-green algae wey dey provide food for di [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|lesser flamingo]]. Na dis lake be di main breeding ground for dis near-threatened species. As of 2007, di dam project look like e dey on hold.<ref>[http://africanconservation.org/in-focus/tnrf-lake-natron-a-summary-of-the-major-discussion-points-2 "TNRF: Lake Natron: A summary of the major discussion points]". African Conservation Foundation. 6 November 2007. Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref> == References == g9wnusiqjfkuy5niq88m4ldzntrwpps 102594 102582 2026-06-13T16:37:44Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102594 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Di '''Southern Ewaso Ng'iro''' (dem dey call am Brown River) na one river wey dey inside [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] for [[Kenya]]. E dey play big role for di ecology of [[:en:Lake_Natron|Lake Natron]], wey be di main place wey [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|lesser flamingos]] (wey dem dey call near-threatened) dey breed all di time. If land use change for di river headwaters or di marshes before di river enter di lake, e fit cause serious wahala for dis flamingo dem.<ref>"[http://www.maurestoration.go.ke/index.php/faqs/42-importance-of-the-mau/50-why-is-the-mau-important-for-our-environment Why is the Mau important for our environment?]". Mau – ICS. Retrieved 10 April 2012</ref><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070725/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 TZ031 Lake Natron and Engaruka basin]". ''BirdLife International''. Archived from [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 the original] on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref> [[File:The view from inside the river..jpg|thumb|The River in Kenya's Shompole reserve.]] == Course == [[File:Flamingos lake natron.jpg|thumb|Lesser flamingos over Lake Natron]] Di Ewaso Ng'iro dey rise for [[:en:Mau_Escarpment|Mau Escarpment]], na there e dey drain di south part of [[:en:Mau_Forest|Mau Forest]]<ref>"[http://www.maurestoration.go.ke/index.php/faqs/42-importance-of-the-mau/50-why-is-the-mau-important-for-our-environment Why is the Mau important for our environment?]". Mau – ICS. Retrieved 10 April 2012</ref>. Di forest dey very important because e dey regulate and filter di water wey dey enter di river, but e dey under threat from logging and people wey dey clear land for farming. If dem destroy am, e go make di river carry plenty sand (sediment) and e go cause bigger seasonal change for di water volume<ref>E.J. Gereta, E. Wolanski and E.A.T. Chiombola (January 2003). "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237137494 Assessment of the environmental, social and economic impacts on the Serengeti ecosystem of the developments in the Mara river catchment in Kenya]". Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref>. Di river dey flow go south through di rift valley, east of [[:en:Nguruman_Escarpment|Nguruman Escarpment]]. From there e cross enter [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]], where e dey empty inside [[:en:Lake_Natron|Lake Natron]]. Dis river dey run all year round, and na di main inflow wey dey supply water to di lake.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070725/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 TZ031 Lake Natron and Engaruka basin]". ''BirdLife International''. Archived from [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 the origina]l on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref> Before, di river dey flow direct enter di lake, but for geologic recent time e don jam [[:en:Horst_(geology)|horst]] wey dey near [[:en:Shompole|Shompole]] volcano. Na dis one make di water spread enter di Engare Ng'iro swamp wey dey expand steady steady, and na there di river dey drop im sediment. Di water wey no get sediment again go seep enter di brine lake<ref>Warren, John K. (2006). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ihny39BvVhIC&pg=PA257 Evaporites: Sediments, Resources And Hydrocarbons]''. Birkhäuser. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/3540260110|3540260110]]</bdi>.</ref>. Di permanent swamp cover about 4,000 hectares (9,900 acres). South of am, seasonal floodplain wey cover about 8,000 hectares (20,000 acres) dey stretch go Lake Natron and along di eastern shore. == Possible changes == Di Lake Natron basin don get designation as Wetlands of International Importance under di [[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar Convention]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070725/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 "TZ031 Lake Natron and Engaruka basin]". ''BirdLife International''. Archived from [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6994 the original] on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref>. But before, dem don get plan to dam di Ewaso Ng'iro make e generate hydroelectric power and also use am irrigate di marshlands wey dey north of di lake. Dem even wan divert water from other rivers to increase di flow. Di plan still include make dem create one freshwater lagoon wey go dey change size, about 50 square kilometres (19 square miles). If dem carry out di plan, e fit spoil di lake ecology well-well. If salinity reduce and agri-chemical pollution enter, e fit kill di blue-green algae wey dey provide food for di [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|lesser flamingo]]. Na dis lake be di main breeding ground for dis near-threatened species. As of 2007, di dam project look like e dey on hold.<ref>[http://africanconservation.org/in-focus/tnrf-lake-natron-a-summary-of-the-major-discussion-points-2 "TNRF: Lake Natron: A summary of the major discussion points]". African Conservation Foundation. 6 November 2007. Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref> == References == iix2vuf2ung343rr3csh8umovck7ri8 0 27517 102372 2026-06-13T15:49:01Z TSIGBAGLI CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS 2573 Created page with "Luapula River" 102372 wikitext text/x-wiki Luapula River rebu1yijbjlrptmsztp1uwqhj52mrfj 102375 102372 2026-06-13T15:50:48Z TSIGBAGLI CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS 2573 102375 wikitext text/x-wiki == Luapula River == rj3fejmxzqgjknq1uqw2a7mamrxnufj 102392 102375 2026-06-13T15:53:56Z TSIGBAGLI CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS 2573 102392 wikitext text/x-wiki == Luapula River == De '''Luapula River''' be a north-flowing river for central Africa, wey dey de Congo River watershed. E rises from de wetlands of Lake Bangweulu (Zambia), wey de Chambeshi River dey feed 3xbi69i5wts8rdi4cgt06vsbwfw2p4z 102395 102392 2026-06-13T15:54:22Z TSIGBAGLI CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS 2573 102395 wikitext text/x-wiki == Luapula River == De '''Luapula River''' be a north-flowing river for central Africa, wey dey de Congo River watershed. E rises from de wetlands of Lake Bangweulu (Zambia), wey de Chambeshi River dey feed. 5jkhmgmz14ru817p6f9ykt8l2bzniwe 102429 102395 2026-06-13T16:00:35Z TSIGBAGLI CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS 2573 102429 wikitext text/x-wiki == Luapula River == De '''Luapula River''' be a north-flowing river for central Africa, wey dey de Congo River watershed.<ref>Pourtier, Roland and Sautter, Gilles François. "Congo River". Encyclopedia Britannica, 19 Feb. 2024, [https://www.britannica.com/place/Congo-River https://www.britannica.com/place/Congo-Rive]r. Accessed 8 March 2024</ref> E rises from de wetlands of Lake Bangweulu (Zambia), wey de Chambeshi River dey feed. fc15s9e8tnv8mcnv2xlwzbeeebpwxox 102434 102429 2026-06-13T16:01:19Z TSIGBAGLI CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS 2573 102434 wikitext text/x-wiki <references /> == Luapula River == De '''Luapula River''' be a north-flowing river for central Africa, wey dey de Congo River watershed.<ref>Pourtier, Roland and Sautter, Gilles François. "Congo River". Encyclopedia Britannica, 19 Feb. 2024, [https://www.britannica.com/place/Congo-River https://www.britannica.com/place/Congo-Rive]r. Accessed 8 March 2024</ref> E rises from de wetlands of Lake Bangweulu (Zambia), wey de Chambeshi River dey feed. j0kwbz875dkeg9atqher37pzd29gikk 102454 102434 2026-06-13T16:04:17Z TSIGBAGLI CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS 2573 102454 wikitext text/x-wiki <references /> == Luapula River == De '''Luapula River''' be a north-flowing river for central Africa, wey dey de Congo River watershed.<ref>Pourtier, Roland and Sautter, Gilles François. "Congo River". Encyclopedia Britannica, 19 Feb. 2024, [https://www.britannica.com/place/Congo-River https://www.britannica.com/place/Congo-Rive]r. Accessed 8 March 2024</ref> E rises from de wetlands of Lake Bangweulu (Zambia), wey de Chambeshi River dey feed.De Luapula flows west den north, marking de border between Zambia den de Democratic Republic of de Congo before e go enter into Lake Mweru. De river gives ein name to Zambia's Luapula Province. coaf4earjq0m4jw75mlyxm27qhdmg4i 102469 102454 2026-06-13T16:06:22Z TSIGBAGLI CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS 2573 102469 wikitext text/x-wiki == Luapula River == De '''Luapula River''' be a north-flowing river for central Africa, wey dey de Congo River watershed.<ref>Pourtier, Roland and Sautter, Gilles François. "Congo River". Encyclopedia Britannica, 19 Feb. 2024, [https://www.britannica.com/place/Congo-River https://www.britannica.com/place/Congo-Rive]r. Accessed 8 March 2024</ref> E rises from de wetlands of Lake Bangweulu (Zambia), wey de Chambeshi River dey feed.De Luapula flows west den north, marking de border between Zambia den de Democratic Republic of de Congo before e go enter into Lake Mweru. De river gives ein name to Zambia's Luapula Province.<ref>Terracarta/International Travel Maps, Vancouver Canada: "Zambia, 2nd edition", 2000</ref> 5sbqudpzmvmr9kcrc7yd13m5kmm01iv 102478 102469 2026-06-13T16:07:37Z TSIGBAGLI CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS 2573 102478 wikitext text/x-wiki == Luapula River == De '''Luapula River''' be a north-flowing river for central Africa, wey dey de Congo River watershed.<ref>Pourtier, Roland and Sautter, Gilles François. "Congo River". Encyclopedia Britannica, 19 Feb. 2024, [https://www.britannica.com/place/Congo-River https://www.britannica.com/place/Congo-Rive]r. Accessed 8 March 2024</ref> E rises from de wetlands of Lake Bangweulu (Zambia), wey de Chambeshi River dey feed.De Luapula flows west den north, marking de border between Zambia den de Democratic Republic of de Congo before e go enter into Lake Mweru. De river gives ein name to Zambia's Luapula Province.<ref>Terracarta/International Travel Maps, Vancouver Canada: "Zambia, 2nd edition", 2000</ref> Source den upper Luapula 42ojq3orkzwtlrac1oaa234mulw7ymy 102489 102478 2026-06-13T16:09:29Z TSIGBAGLI CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS 2573 102489 wikitext text/x-wiki == Luapula River == De '''Luapula River''' be a north-flowing river for central Africa, wey dey de Congo River watershed.<ref>Pourtier, Roland and Sautter, Gilles François. "Congo River". Encyclopedia Britannica, 19 Feb. 2024, [https://www.britannica.com/place/Congo-River https://www.britannica.com/place/Congo-Rive]r. Accessed 8 March 2024</ref> E rises from de wetlands of Lake Bangweulu (Zambia), wey de Chambeshi River dey feed.De Luapula flows west den north, marking de border between Zambia den de Democratic Republic of de Congo before e go enter into Lake Mweru. De river gives ein name to Zambia's Luapula Province.<ref>Terracarta/International Travel Maps, Vancouver Canada: "Zambia, 2nd edition", 2000</ref> == Source den upper Luapula == ri0c9fg489fcn0711reqjmt1u1ldd15 102494 102489 2026-06-13T16:11:18Z TSIGBAGLI CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS 2573 102494 wikitext text/x-wiki == Luapula River == De '''Luapula River''' be a north-flowing river for central Africa, wey dey de Congo River watershed.<ref>Pourtier, Roland and Sautter, Gilles François. "Congo River". Encyclopedia Britannica, 19 Feb. 2024, [https://www.britannica.com/place/Congo-River https://www.britannica.com/place/Congo-Rive]r. Accessed 8 March 2024</ref> E rises from de wetlands of Lake Bangweulu (Zambia), wey de Chambeshi River dey feed.De Luapula flows west den north, marking de border between Zambia den de Democratic Republic of de Congo before e go enter into Lake Mweru. De river gives ein name to Zambia's Luapula Province.<ref>Terracarta/International Travel Maps, Vancouver Canada: "Zambia, 2nd edition", 2000</ref> == Source den upper Luapula == Reference <references /> ayl3disyre2zlihdalke9lf8v37rytf 102498 102494 2026-06-13T16:13:04Z TSIGBAGLI CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS 2573 102498 wikitext text/x-wiki == Luapula River == De '''Luapula River''' be a north-flowing river for central Africa, wey dey de Congo River watershed.<ref>Pourtier, Roland and Sautter, Gilles François. "Congo River". Encyclopedia Britannica, 19 Feb. 2024, [https://www.britannica.com/place/Congo-River https://www.britannica.com/place/Congo-Rive]r. Accessed 8 March 2024</ref> E rises from de wetlands of Lake Bangweulu (Zambia), wey de Chambeshi River dey feed.De Luapula flows west den north, marking de border between Zambia den de Democratic Republic of de Congo before e go enter into Lake Mweru. De river gives ein name to Zambia's Luapula Province.<ref>Terracarta/International Travel Maps, Vancouver Canada: "Zambia, 2nd edition", 2000</ref> == Source den upper Luapula == De Luapula drains Lake Bangweulu den ein swamps into which flows de Chambeshi River, de source of de Congo Reference <references /> ttdd162z46esepxjhlbsgeiqquvacc4 102500 102498 2026-06-13T16:13:21Z TSIGBAGLI CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS 2573 102500 wikitext text/x-wiki == Luapula River == De '''Luapula River''' be a north-flowing river for central Africa, wey dey de Congo River watershed.<ref>Pourtier, Roland and Sautter, Gilles François. "Congo River". Encyclopedia Britannica, 19 Feb. 2024, [https://www.britannica.com/place/Congo-River https://www.britannica.com/place/Congo-Rive]r. Accessed 8 March 2024</ref> E rises from de wetlands of Lake Bangweulu (Zambia), wey de Chambeshi River dey feed.De Luapula flows west den north, marking de border between Zambia den de Democratic Republic of de Congo before e go enter into Lake Mweru. De river gives ein name to Zambia's Luapula Province.<ref>Terracarta/International Travel Maps, Vancouver Canada: "Zambia, 2nd edition", 2000</ref> == Source den upper Luapula == De Luapula drains Lake Bangweulu den ein swamps into which flows de Chambeshi River, de source of de Congo. Reference <references /> iotfsxff2qfek1lqlmp06r8c5jggrar 102514 102500 2026-06-13T16:15:22Z TSIGBAGLI CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS 2573 102514 wikitext text/x-wiki == Luapula River == De '''Luapula River''' be a north-flowing river for central Africa, wey dey de Congo River watershed.<ref>Pourtier, Roland and Sautter, Gilles François. "Congo River". Encyclopedia Britannica, 19 Feb. 2024, [https://www.britannica.com/place/Congo-River https://www.britannica.com/place/Congo-Rive]r. Accessed 8 March 2024</ref> E rises from de wetlands of Lake Bangweulu (Zambia), wey de Chambeshi River dey feed.De Luapula flows west den north, marking de border between Zambia den de Democratic Republic of de Congo before e go enter into Lake Mweru. De river gives ein name to Zambia's Luapula Province.<ref>Terracarta/International Travel Maps, Vancouver Canada: "Zambia, 2nd edition", 2000</ref> == Source den upper Luapula == De Luapula drains Lake Bangweulu den ein swamps into which flows de Chambeshi River, de source of de Congo.Dem no sheda get clear channel wey dey connect de two rivers den de lake Reference <references /> pjxi27tcmnv8kix3vqu0j7pznpx6cog 102516 102514 2026-06-13T16:15:35Z TSIGBAGLI CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS 2573 102516 wikitext text/x-wiki == Luapula River == De '''Luapula River''' be a north-flowing river for central Africa, wey dey de Congo River watershed.<ref>Pourtier, Roland and Sautter, Gilles François. "Congo River". Encyclopedia Britannica, 19 Feb. 2024, [https://www.britannica.com/place/Congo-River https://www.britannica.com/place/Congo-Rive]r. Accessed 8 March 2024</ref> E rises from de wetlands of Lake Bangweulu (Zambia), wey de Chambeshi River dey feed.De Luapula flows west den north, marking de border between Zambia den de Democratic Republic of de Congo before e go enter into Lake Mweru. De river gives ein name to Zambia's Luapula Province.<ref>Terracarta/International Travel Maps, Vancouver Canada: "Zambia, 2nd edition", 2000</ref> == Source den upper Luapula == De Luapula drains Lake Bangweulu den ein swamps into which flows de Chambeshi River, de source of de Congo.Dem no sheda get clear channel wey dey connect de two rivers den de lake, Reference <references /> 5ya72fpdmayr2lrm6cbe7pe8tapj9oy 102526 102516 2026-06-13T16:16:49Z TSIGBAGLI CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS 2573 102526 wikitext text/x-wiki == Luapula River == De '''Luapula River''' be a north-flowing river for central Africa, wey dey de Congo River watershed.<ref>Pourtier, Roland and Sautter, Gilles François. "Congo River". Encyclopedia Britannica, 19 Feb. 2024, [https://www.britannica.com/place/Congo-River https://www.britannica.com/place/Congo-Rive]r. Accessed 8 March 2024</ref> E rises from de wetlands of Lake Bangweulu (Zambia), wey de Chambeshi River dey feed.De Luapula flows west den north, marking de border between Zambia den de Democratic Republic of de Congo before e go enter into Lake Mweru. De river gives ein name to Zambia's Luapula Province.<ref>Terracarta/International Travel Maps, Vancouver Canada: "Zambia, 2nd edition", 2000</ref> == Source den upper Luapula == De Luapula drains Lake Bangweulu den ein swamps into which flows de Chambeshi River, de source of de Congo.Dem no sheda get clear single channel wey dey connect de two rivers den de lake,buh plenty shifting channels Reference <references /> cej0tjc5juo91r3dy7y95p05o4uaahk 102528 102526 2026-06-13T16:17:01Z TSIGBAGLI CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS 2573 102528 wikitext text/x-wiki == Luapula River == De '''Luapula River''' be a north-flowing river for central Africa, wey dey de Congo River watershed.<ref>Pourtier, Roland and Sautter, Gilles François. "Congo River". Encyclopedia Britannica, 19 Feb. 2024, [https://www.britannica.com/place/Congo-River https://www.britannica.com/place/Congo-Rive]r. Accessed 8 March 2024</ref> E rises from de wetlands of Lake Bangweulu (Zambia), wey de Chambeshi River dey feed.De Luapula flows west den north, marking de border between Zambia den de Democratic Republic of de Congo before e go enter into Lake Mweru. De river gives ein name to Zambia's Luapula Province.<ref>Terracarta/International Travel Maps, Vancouver Canada: "Zambia, 2nd edition", 2000</ref> == Source den upper Luapula == De Luapula drains Lake Bangweulu den ein swamps into which flows de Chambeshi River, de source of de Congo.Dem no sheda get clear single channel wey dey connect de two rivers den de lake,buh plenty shifting channels. Reference <references /> av14s19uhhsfkonpsozsqgp03229pgz 102538 102528 2026-06-13T16:18:09Z TSIGBAGLI CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS 2573 102538 wikitext text/x-wiki == Luapula River == De '''Luapula River''' be a north-flowing river for central Africa, wey dey de Congo River watershed.<ref>Pourtier, Roland and Sautter, Gilles François. "Congo River". Encyclopedia Britannica, 19 Feb. 2024, [https://www.britannica.com/place/Congo-River https://www.britannica.com/place/Congo-Rive]r. Accessed 8 March 2024</ref> E rises from de wetlands of Lake Bangweulu (Zambia), wey de Chambeshi River dey feed.De Luapula flows west den north, marking de border between Zambia den de Democratic Republic of de Congo before e go enter into Lake Mweru. De river gives ein name to Zambia's Luapula Province.<ref>Terracarta/International Travel Maps, Vancouver Canada: "Zambia, 2nd edition", 2000</ref> == Source den upper Luapula == De Luapula drains Lake Bangweulu den ein swamps into which flows de Chambeshi River, de source of de Congo.Dem no sheda get clear single channel wey dey connect de two rivers den de lake,buh plenty shifting channels,lagoons == Reference == <references /> h8muovbv4oxy9redhjdx4644tsyzpob 102540 102538 2026-06-13T16:18:22Z TSIGBAGLI CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS 2573 102540 wikitext text/x-wiki == Luapula River == De '''Luapula River''' be a north-flowing river for central Africa, wey dey de Congo River watershed.<ref>Pourtier, Roland and Sautter, Gilles François. "Congo River". Encyclopedia Britannica, 19 Feb. 2024, [https://www.britannica.com/place/Congo-River https://www.britannica.com/place/Congo-Rive]r. Accessed 8 March 2024</ref> E rises from de wetlands of Lake Bangweulu (Zambia), wey de Chambeshi River dey feed.De Luapula flows west den north, marking de border between Zambia den de Democratic Republic of de Congo before e go enter into Lake Mweru. De river gives ein name to Zambia's Luapula Province.<ref>Terracarta/International Travel Maps, Vancouver Canada: "Zambia, 2nd edition", 2000</ref> == Source den upper Luapula == De Luapula drains Lake Bangweulu den ein swamps into which flows de Chambeshi River, de source of de Congo.Dem no sheda get clear single channel wey dey connect de two rivers den de lake,buh plenty shifting channels,lagoons, == Reference == <references /> 9gubkjtceqzw9jsjocgmj8b7p4u5svp 102544 102540 2026-06-13T16:19:08Z TSIGBAGLI CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS 2573 102544 wikitext text/x-wiki == Luapula River == De '''Luapula River''' be a north-flowing river for central Africa, wey dey de Congo River watershed.<ref>Pourtier, Roland and Sautter, Gilles François. "Congo River". Encyclopedia Britannica, 19 Feb. 2024, [https://www.britannica.com/place/Congo-River https://www.britannica.com/place/Congo-Rive]r. Accessed 8 March 2024</ref> E rises from de wetlands of Lake Bangweulu (Zambia), wey de Chambeshi River dey feed.De Luapula flows west den north, marking de border between Zambia den de Democratic Republic of de Congo before e go enter into Lake Mweru. De river gives ein name to Zambia's Luapula Province.<ref>Terracarta/International Travel Maps, Vancouver Canada: "Zambia, 2nd edition", 2000</ref> == Source den upper Luapula == De Luapula drains Lake Bangweulu den ein swamps into which flows de Chambeshi River, de source of de Congo.Dem no sheda get clear single channel wey dey connect de two rivers den de lake,buh plenty shifting channels,lagoons,den swamps == Reference == <references /> ijf0idm1kpvi5onzve0qtdhcoxv5hbd 102550 102544 2026-06-13T16:19:58Z TSIGBAGLI CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS 2573 102550 wikitext text/x-wiki == Luapula River == De '''Luapula River''' be a north-flowing river for central Africa, wey dey de Congo River watershed.<ref>Pourtier, Roland and Sautter, Gilles François. "Congo River". Encyclopedia Britannica, 19 Feb. 2024, [https://www.britannica.com/place/Congo-River https://www.britannica.com/place/Congo-Rive]r. Accessed 8 March 2024</ref> E rises from de wetlands of Lake Bangweulu (Zambia), wey de Chambeshi River dey feed.De Luapula flows west den north, marking de border between Zambia den de Democratic Republic of de Congo before e go enter into Lake Mweru. De river gives ein name to Zambia's Luapula Province.<ref>Terracarta/International Travel Maps, Vancouver Canada: "Zambia, 2nd edition", 2000</ref> == Source den upper Luapula == De Luapula drains Lake Bangweulu den ein swamps into which flows de Chambeshi River, de source of de Congo.Dem no sheda get clear single channel wey dey connect de two rivers den de lake,buh plenty shifting channels,lagoons,den swamps as de explorer David Livingstone found to ein cost. == Reference == <references /> 4cn4gv8xznq33bf41ipkzqa8c93t28o 102560 102550 2026-06-13T16:22:20Z TSIGBAGLI CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS 2573 102560 wikitext text/x-wiki == Luapula River == De '''Luapula River''' be a north-flowing river for central Africa, wey dey de Congo River watershed.<ref>Pourtier, Roland and Sautter, Gilles François. "Congo River". Encyclopedia Britannica, 19 Feb. 2024, [https://www.britannica.com/place/Congo-River https://www.britannica.com/place/Congo-Rive]r. Accessed 8 March 2024</ref> E rises from de wetlands of Lake Bangweulu (Zambia), wey de Chambeshi River dey feed.De Luapula flows west den north, marking de border between Zambia den de Democratic Republic of de Congo before e go enter into Lake Mweru. De river gives ein name to Zambia's Luapula Province.<ref>Terracarta/International Travel Maps, Vancouver Canada: "Zambia, 2nd edition", 2000</ref> == Source den upper Luapula == De Luapula drains Lake Bangweulu den ein swamps into which flows de Chambeshi River, de source of de Congo.Dem no sheda get clear single channel wey dey connect de two rivers den de lake,buh plenty shifting channels,lagoons,den swamps as de explorer David Livingstone found to ein cost. (He died exploring de area, denone of ein last acts was to question Chief Chitambo about de course of de Luapula.) == Reference == <references /> ofoxoqvnsms44a1qwg615fz6qpfmbyk 102563 102560 2026-06-13T16:23:26Z TSIGBAGLI CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS 2573 102563 wikitext text/x-wiki == Luapula River == De '''Luapula River''' be a north-flowing river for central Africa, wey dey de Congo River watershed.<ref>Pourtier, Roland and Sautter, Gilles François. "Congo River". Encyclopedia Britannica, 19 Feb. 2024, [https://www.britannica.com/place/Congo-River https://www.britannica.com/place/Congo-Rive]r. Accessed 8 March 2024</ref> E rises from de wetlands of Lake Bangweulu (Zambia), wey de Chambeshi River dey feed.De Luapula flows west den north, marking de border between Zambia den de Democratic Republic of de Congo before e go enter into Lake Mweru. De river gives ein name to Zambia's Luapula Province.<ref>Terracarta/International Travel Maps, Vancouver Canada: "Zambia, 2nd edition", 2000</ref> == Source den upper Luapula == De Luapula drains Lake Bangweulu den ein swamps into which flows de Chambeshi River, de source of de Congo.Dem no sheda get clear single channel wey dey connect de two rivers den de lake,buh plenty shifting channels,lagoons,den swamps as de explorer David Livingstone found to ein cost. (He died exploring de area, denone of ein last acts was to question Chief Chitambo about de course of de Luapula. == Reference == <references /> lcivm2us5gs2x2hg4vvqs8m2z68kfvu 102568 102563 2026-06-13T16:23:49Z TSIGBAGLI CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS 2573 102568 wikitext text/x-wiki == Luapula River == De '''Luapula River''' be a north-flowing river for central Africa, wey dey de Congo River watershed.<ref>Pourtier, Roland and Sautter, Gilles François. "Congo River". Encyclopedia Britannica, 19 Feb. 2024, [https://www.britannica.com/place/Congo-River https://www.britannica.com/place/Congo-Rive]r. Accessed 8 March 2024</ref> E rises from de wetlands of Lake Bangweulu (Zambia), wey de Chambeshi River dey feed.De Luapula flows west den north, marking de border between Zambia den de Democratic Republic of de Congo before e go enter into Lake Mweru. De river gives ein name to Zambia's Luapula Province.<ref>Terracarta/International Travel Maps, Vancouver Canada: "Zambia, 2nd edition", 2000</ref> == Source den upper Luapula == De Luapula drains Lake Bangweulu den ein swamps into which flows de Chambeshi River, de source of de Congo.Dem no sheda get clear single channel wey dey connect de two rivers den de lake,buh plenty shifting channels,lagoons,den swamps as de explorer David Livingstone found to ein cost. (He died exploring de area, denone of ein last acts was to question Chief Chitambo about de course of de Luapula). == Reference == <references /> 8ei7qru5ia8z2ng63vkdp907ajseku7 102574 102568 2026-06-13T16:26:28Z TSIGBAGLI CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS 2573 102574 wikitext text/x-wiki == Luapula River == De '''Luapula River''' be a north-flowing river for central Africa, wey dey de Congo River watershed.<ref>Pourtier, Roland and Sautter, Gilles François. "Congo River". Encyclopedia Britannica, 19 Feb. 2024, [https://www.britannica.com/place/Congo-River https://www.britannica.com/place/Congo-Rive]r. Accessed 8 March 2024</ref> E rises from de wetlands of Lake Bangweulu (Zambia), wey de Chambeshi River dey feed.De Luapula flows west den north, marking de border between Zambia den de Democratic Republic of de Congo before e go enter into Lake Mweru. De river gives ein name to Zambia's Luapula Province.<ref>Terracarta/International Travel Maps, Vancouver Canada: "Zambia, 2nd edition", 2000</ref> == Source den upper Luapula == De Luapula drains Lake Bangweulu den ein swamps into which flows de Chambeshi River, de source of de Congo.Dem no sheda get clear single channel wey dey connect de two rivers den de lake,buh plenty shifting channels,lagoons,den swamps as de explorer David Livingstone found to ein cost. (He died exploring de area, denone of ein last acts was to question Chief Chitambo about de course of de Luapula).<ref>Blaikie, William Garden (1880): ''The Personal Life Of David Livingstone''. [[gutenberg:13262|Project Gutenberg Ebook #13262,]] release date: August 23, 2004.</ref> == Reference == <references /> rgyu0tbxs5h529bp6ecktb649wb7kbg 102581 102574 2026-06-13T16:29:01Z TSIGBAGLI CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS 2573 102581 wikitext text/x-wiki == Luapula River == De '''Luapula River''' be a north-flowing river for central Africa, wey dey de Congo River watershed.<ref>Pourtier, Roland and Sautter, Gilles François. "Congo River". Encyclopedia Britannica, 19 Feb. 2024, [https://www.britannica.com/place/Congo-River https://www.britannica.com/place/Congo-Rive]r. Accessed 8 March 2024</ref> E rises from de wetlands of Lake Bangweulu (Zambia), wey de Chambeshi River dey feed.De Luapula flows west den north, marking de border between Zambia den de Democratic Republic of de Congo before e go enter into Lake Mweru. De river gives ein name to Zambia's Luapula Province.<ref>Terracarta/International Travel Maps, Vancouver Canada: "Zambia, 2nd edition", 2000</ref> == Source den upper Luapula == De Luapula drains Lake Bangweulu den ein swamps into which flows de Chambeshi River, de source of de Congo.Dem no sheda get clear single channel wey dey connect de two rivers den de lake,buh plenty shifting channels,lagoons,den swamps as de explorer David Livingstone found to ein cost. (He died exploring de area, denone of ein last acts was to question Chief Chitambo about de course of de Luapula).<ref>Blaikie, William Garden (1880): ''The Personal Life Of David Livingstone''. [[gutenberg:13262|Project Gutenberg Ebook #13262,]] release date: August 23, 2004.</ref><ref>[[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] and [[:en:Horace_Waller_(activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, 1874.</ref> == Reference == <references /> hten6mlnn4chjxy3slv124e4l3ic7rw 0 27518 102411 2026-06-13T15:58:05Z Naula Ayisabun Aningore 2564 Created page with "Omi-Ọṣun mean ‘Ọṣun water’. Na di northern source tributary of Ọṣun River wey dey southwest Nigeria. E dey rise from di eastern side of Yoruba hills, flow go west enter Òyì River. Di Òyì River come dey move south through two deep gorge inside Oke-Ila quartzite ridge near Oke-Ila Orangun, before e join other rivers wey later form di main Ọṣun." 102411 wikitext text/x-wiki Omi-Ọṣun mean ‘Ọṣun water’. Na di northern source tributary of Ọṣun River wey dey southwest Nigeria. E dey rise from di eastern side of Yoruba hills, flow go west enter Òyì River. Di Òyì River come dey move south through two deep gorge inside Oke-Ila quartzite ridge near Oke-Ila Orangun, before e join other rivers wey later form di main Ọṣun. 9cessmtyumm6vjg09aioif30zgprn99 102422 102411 2026-06-13T15:59:25Z Naula Ayisabun Aningore 2564 102422 wikitext text/x-wiki Omi-Ọṣun mean ‘Ọṣun water’. Na di northern source tributary of Ọṣun River wey dey southwest Nigeria.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Omi-Osun-Joni-L-Jones-2050144370</ref> E dey rise from di eastern side of Yoruba hills, flow go west enter Òyì River. Di Òyì River come dey move south through two deep gorge inside Oke-Ila quartzite ridge near Oke-Ila Orangun, before e join other rivers wey later form di main Ọṣun. e9ihou2wb3imahmgiwpde5k55ebd0f5 102428 102422 2026-06-13T16:00:26Z Naula Ayisabun Aningore 2564 102428 wikitext text/x-wiki Omi-Ọṣun mean ‘Ọṣun water’. Na di northern source tributary of Ọṣun River wey dey southwest Nigeria.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Omi-Osun-Joni-L-Jones-2050144370</ref> E dey rise from di eastern side of Yoruba hills, flow go west enter Òyì River. Di Òyì River come dey move south through two deep gorge inside Oke-Ila quartzite ridge near Oke-Ila Orangun, before e join other rivers wey later form di main Ọṣun.<ref>https://www.owamarket.com/ifa-orisha-items-1/omi-osun-river-water</ref> fbxrybk0a47abknbcabndwe8mxbhc17 102432 102428 2026-06-13T16:01:04Z Naula Ayisabun Aningore 2564 102432 wikitext text/x-wiki Omi-Ọṣun mean ‘Ọṣun water’. Na di northern source tributary of Ọṣun River wey dey southwest Nigeria.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Omi-Osun-Joni-L-Jones-2050144370</ref> E dey rise from di eastern side of Yoruba hills, flow go west enter Òyì River. Di Òyì River come dey move south through two deep gorge inside Oke-Ila quartzite ridge near Oke-Ila Orangun, before e join other rivers wey later form di main Ọṣun.<ref>https://www.owamarket.com/ifa-orisha-items-1/omi-osun-river-water</ref> == References == p0fyp19bm55w1g2y2q9ei3yi40b3on7 102441 102432 2026-06-13T16:02:31Z Naula Ayisabun Aningore 2564 102441 wikitext text/x-wiki Omi-Ọṣun mean ‘Ọṣun water’. Na di northern source tributary of Ọṣun River wey dey southwest Nigeria.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Omi-Osun-Joni-L-Jones-2050144370</ref> E dey rise from di eastern side of Yoruba hills, flow go west enter Òyì River. Di Òyì River come dey move south through two deep gorge inside Oke-Ila quartzite ridge near Oke-Ila Orangun, before e join other rivers wey later form di main Ọṣun.<ref>https://www.owamarket.com/ifa-orisha-items-1/omi-osun-river-water</ref> Ruins of one old settlement wey dem dey call Omi-Ọṣun still dey for di side of Omi-Ọṣun river. Na di place be former location of Oke-Ila Orangun kingdom during di migration wey happen centuries ago, after di Oke-Ila and Ila people comot from their old kingdom and mother city Ila-Yara. == References == dup1t5e3hja884i6vvhraqt1slooql4 102444 102441 2026-06-13T16:03:01Z Naula Ayisabun Aningore 2564 102444 wikitext text/x-wiki Omi-Ọṣun mean ‘Ọṣun water’. Na di northern source tributary of Ọṣun River wey dey southwest Nigeria.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Omi-Osun-Joni-L-Jones-2050144370</ref> E dey rise from di eastern side of Yoruba hills, flow go west enter Òyì River. Di Òyì River come dey move south through two deep gorge inside Oke-Ila quartzite ridge near Oke-Ila Orangun, before e join other rivers wey later form di main Ọṣun.<ref>https://www.owamarket.com/ifa-orisha-items-1/omi-osun-river-water</ref> Ruins of one old settlement wey dem dey call Omi-Ọṣun still dey for di side of Omi-Ọṣun river. Na di place be former location of Oke-Ila Orangun kingdom during di migration wey happen centuries ago, after di Oke-Ila and Ila people comot from their old kingdom and mother city Ila-Yara.<ref>https://www.owamarket.com/ifa-orisha-items-1/omi-osun-river-water</ref> == References == p4jd5n4ucsm1860oiqj9fqzghdi0b48 102453 102444 2026-06-13T16:04:14Z Naula Ayisabun Aningore 2564 102453 wikitext text/x-wiki Omi-Ọṣun mean ‘Ọṣun water’. Na di northern source tributary of Ọṣun River wey dey southwest Nigeria.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Omi-Osun-Joni-L-Jones-2050144370</ref> E dey rise from di eastern side of Yoruba hills, flow go west enter Òyì River. Di Òyì River come dey move south through two deep gorge inside Oke-Ila quartzite ridge near Oke-Ila Orangun, before e join other rivers wey later form di main Ọṣun.<ref>https://www.owamarket.com/ifa-orisha-items-1/omi-osun-river-water</ref> Ruins of one old settlement wey dem dey call Omi-Ọṣun still dey for di side of Omi-Ọṣun river. Na di place be former location of Oke-Ila Orangun kingdom during di migration wey happen centuries ago, after di Oke-Ila and Ila people comot from their old kingdom and mother city Ila-Yara.<ref>https://www.owamarket.com/ifa-orisha-items-1/omi-osun-river-water</ref> Dem give di name Omi-Ọṣun because people realize say di tributary dey feed di Ọṣun River. Plus, for olden days dem dedicate am to Ọṣun worship. == References == 7avmmlwd6cdnw3zwiiiicsqicx2ro5r 102458 102453 2026-06-13T16:04:43Z Naula Ayisabun Aningore 2564 102458 wikitext text/x-wiki Omi-Ọṣun mean ‘Ọṣun water’. Na di northern source tributary of Ọṣun River wey dey southwest Nigeria.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Omi-Osun-Joni-L-Jones-2050144370</ref> E dey rise from di eastern side of Yoruba hills, flow go west enter Òyì River. Di Òyì River come dey move south through two deep gorge inside Oke-Ila quartzite ridge near Oke-Ila Orangun, before e join other rivers wey later form di main Ọṣun.<ref>https://www.owamarket.com/ifa-orisha-items-1/omi-osun-river-water</ref> Ruins of one old settlement wey dem dey call Omi-Ọṣun still dey for di side of Omi-Ọṣun river. Na di place be former location of Oke-Ila Orangun kingdom during di migration wey happen centuries ago, after di Oke-Ila and Ila people comot from their old kingdom and mother city Ila-Yara.<ref>https://www.owamarket.com/ifa-orisha-items-1/omi-osun-river-water</ref> Dem give di name Omi-Ọṣun because people realize say di tributary dey feed di Ọṣun River. Plus, for olden days dem dedicate am to Ọṣun worship. == Pollution == == References == 6q6et5yfstlbvqvk0rwqpzp46p31pc1 102465 102458 2026-06-13T16:05:43Z Naula Ayisabun Aningore 2564 102465 wikitext text/x-wiki Omi-Ọṣun mean ‘Ọṣun water’. Na di northern source tributary of Ọṣun River wey dey southwest Nigeria.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Omi-Osun-Joni-L-Jones-2050144370</ref> E dey rise from di eastern side of Yoruba hills, flow go west enter Òyì River. Di Òyì River come dey move south through two deep gorge inside Oke-Ila quartzite ridge near Oke-Ila Orangun, before e join other rivers wey later form di main Ọṣun.<ref>https://www.owamarket.com/ifa-orisha-items-1/omi-osun-river-water</ref> Ruins of one old settlement wey dem dey call Omi-Ọṣun still dey for di side of Omi-Ọṣun river. Na di place be former location of Oke-Ila Orangun kingdom during di migration wey happen centuries ago, after di Oke-Ila and Ila people comot from their old kingdom and mother city Ila-Yara.<ref>https://www.owamarket.com/ifa-orisha-items-1/omi-osun-river-water</ref> Dem give di name Omi-Ọṣun because people realize say di tributary dey feed di Ọṣun River. Plus, for olden days dem dedicate am to Ọṣun worship. == Pollution == For recent years, di river wey dey pass five states before e enter Gulf of Guinea don spoil because of mining work from di nearby communities. But nobody sabi who exactly spoil di water. For Nigeria, na artisanal mining wey common pass. == References == eomoq4msjweiqo8thcu9wc14f8gprly 102471 102465 2026-06-13T16:06:39Z Naula Ayisabun Aningore 2564 /* Pollution */ 102471 wikitext text/x-wiki Omi-Ọṣun mean ‘Ọṣun water’. Na di northern source tributary of Ọṣun River wey dey southwest Nigeria.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Omi-Osun-Joni-L-Jones-2050144370</ref> E dey rise from di eastern side of Yoruba hills, flow go west enter Òyì River. Di Òyì River come dey move south through two deep gorge inside Oke-Ila quartzite ridge near Oke-Ila Orangun, before e join other rivers wey later form di main Ọṣun.<ref>https://www.owamarket.com/ifa-orisha-items-1/omi-osun-river-water</ref> Ruins of one old settlement wey dem dey call Omi-Ọṣun still dey for di side of Omi-Ọṣun river. Na di place be former location of Oke-Ila Orangun kingdom during di migration wey happen centuries ago, after di Oke-Ila and Ila people comot from their old kingdom and mother city Ila-Yara.<ref>https://www.owamarket.com/ifa-orisha-items-1/omi-osun-river-water</ref> Dem give di name Omi-Ọṣun because people realize say di tributary dey feed di Ọṣun River. Plus, for olden days dem dedicate am to Ọṣun worship. == Pollution == For recent years, di river wey dey pass five states before e enter Gulf of Guinea don spoil because of mining work from di nearby communities. But nobody sabi who exactly spoil di water. For Nigeria, na artisanal mining wey common pass. Artisans dey use light tools like shovel, and dem dey focus on alluvial deposits. But some other people wey small companies dey back dem, dey use heavy machines like excavator. For Osun, residents talk say Chinese backers dey operate secretly, plus dem carry armed security men follow dem. == References == jxsuf1u6xmvzk3bm4yf4x9jdqffwuxh 102480 102471 2026-06-13T16:07:43Z Naula Ayisabun Aningore 2564 /* Pollution */ 102480 wikitext text/x-wiki Omi-Ọṣun mean ‘Ọṣun water’. Na di northern source tributary of Ọṣun River wey dey southwest Nigeria.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Omi-Osun-Joni-L-Jones-2050144370</ref> E dey rise from di eastern side of Yoruba hills, flow go west enter Òyì River. Di Òyì River come dey move south through two deep gorge inside Oke-Ila quartzite ridge near Oke-Ila Orangun, before e join other rivers wey later form di main Ọṣun.<ref>https://www.owamarket.com/ifa-orisha-items-1/omi-osun-river-water</ref> Ruins of one old settlement wey dem dey call Omi-Ọṣun still dey for di side of Omi-Ọṣun river. Na di place be former location of Oke-Ila Orangun kingdom during di migration wey happen centuries ago, after di Oke-Ila and Ila people comot from their old kingdom and mother city Ila-Yara.<ref>https://www.owamarket.com/ifa-orisha-items-1/omi-osun-river-water</ref> Dem give di name Omi-Ọṣun because people realize say di tributary dey feed di Ọṣun River. Plus, for olden days dem dedicate am to Ọṣun worship. == Pollution == For recent years, di river wey dey pass five states before e enter Gulf of Guinea don spoil because of mining work from di nearby communities. But nobody sabi who exactly spoil di water. For Nigeria, na artisanal mining wey common pass. Artisans dey use light tools like shovel, and dem dey focus on alluvial deposits. But some other people wey small companies dey back dem, dey use heavy machines like excavator. For Osun, residents talk say Chinese backers dey operate secretly, plus dem carry armed security men follow dem. Along di river and e tributaries, plenty mining sites dey. But Osun get di only big commercial gold mine for Nigeria. Even though government for state and federal level don announce say dem go investigate, experts talk say no matter who cause am, di long-term effect go still dey for people wey depend on di water for their livelihood and faith. == References == cnyqwkpjt399x25a8ig8dvxxmddidq2 102488 102480 2026-06-13T16:09:04Z Naula Ayisabun Aningore 2564 /* Pollution */ 102488 wikitext text/x-wiki Omi-Ọṣun mean ‘Ọṣun water’. Na di northern source tributary of Ọṣun River wey dey southwest Nigeria.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Omi-Osun-Joni-L-Jones-2050144370</ref> E dey rise from di eastern side of Yoruba hills, flow go west enter Òyì River. Di Òyì River come dey move south through two deep gorge inside Oke-Ila quartzite ridge near Oke-Ila Orangun, before e join other rivers wey later form di main Ọṣun.<ref>https://www.owamarket.com/ifa-orisha-items-1/omi-osun-river-water</ref> Ruins of one old settlement wey dem dey call Omi-Ọṣun still dey for di side of Omi-Ọṣun river. Na di place be former location of Oke-Ila Orangun kingdom during di migration wey happen centuries ago, after di Oke-Ila and Ila people comot from their old kingdom and mother city Ila-Yara.<ref>https://www.owamarket.com/ifa-orisha-items-1/omi-osun-river-water</ref> Dem give di name Omi-Ọṣun because people realize say di tributary dey feed di Ọṣun River. Plus, for olden days dem dedicate am to Ọṣun worship. == Pollution == For recent years, di river wey dey pass five states before e enter Gulf of Guinea don spoil because of mining work from di nearby communities. But nobody sabi who exactly spoil di water. For Nigeria, na artisanal mining wey common pass. Artisans dey use light tools like shovel, and dem dey focus on alluvial deposits. But some other people wey small companies dey back dem, dey use heavy machines like excavator. For Osun, residents talk say Chinese backers dey operate secretly, plus dem carry armed security men follow dem. Along di river and e tributaries, plenty mining sites dey. But Osun get di only big commercial gold mine for Nigeria. Even though government for state and federal level don announce say dem go investigate, experts talk say no matter who cause am, di long-term effect go still dey for people wey depend on di water for their livelihood and faith. Water sample test show say arsenic and mercury levels - wey WHO and Nigerian Industrial Standards (NIS) call priority chemical contaminants - dey 850 percent and over 2,000 percent above di level wey dem allow. == References == oljvp69j32b7sp71myb8acvr2l1cb18 102493 102488 2026-06-13T16:10:28Z Naula Ayisabun Aningore 2564 /* Pollution */ 102493 wikitext text/x-wiki Omi-Ọṣun mean ‘Ọṣun water’. Na di northern source tributary of Ọṣun River wey dey southwest Nigeria.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Omi-Osun-Joni-L-Jones-2050144370</ref> E dey rise from di eastern side of Yoruba hills, flow go west enter Òyì River. Di Òyì River come dey move south through two deep gorge inside Oke-Ila quartzite ridge near Oke-Ila Orangun, before e join other rivers wey later form di main Ọṣun.<ref>https://www.owamarket.com/ifa-orisha-items-1/omi-osun-river-water</ref> Ruins of one old settlement wey dem dey call Omi-Ọṣun still dey for di side of Omi-Ọṣun river. Na di place be former location of Oke-Ila Orangun kingdom during di migration wey happen centuries ago, after di Oke-Ila and Ila people comot from their old kingdom and mother city Ila-Yara.<ref>https://www.owamarket.com/ifa-orisha-items-1/omi-osun-river-water</ref> Dem give di name Omi-Ọṣun because people realize say di tributary dey feed di Ọṣun River. Plus, for olden days dem dedicate am to Ọṣun worship. == Pollution == For recent years, di river wey dey pass five states before e enter Gulf of Guinea don spoil because of mining work from di nearby communities. But nobody sabi who exactly spoil di water. For Nigeria, na artisanal mining wey common pass. Artisans dey use light tools like shovel, and dem dey focus on alluvial deposits. But some other people wey small companies dey back dem, dey use heavy machines like excavator. For Osun, residents talk say Chinese backers dey operate secretly, plus dem carry armed security men follow dem. Along di river and e tributaries, plenty mining sites dey. But Osun get di only big commercial gold mine for Nigeria. Even though government for state and federal level don announce say dem go investigate, experts talk say no matter who cause am, di long-term effect go still dey for people wey depend on di water for their livelihood and faith. Water sample test show say arsenic and mercury levels - wey WHO and Nigerian Industrial Standards (NIS) call priority chemical contaminants - dey 850 percent and over 2,000 percent above di level wey dem allow.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2022/9/2/photos-the-pollution-of-nigerias-sacred-osun-river "Photos: The pollution of Nigeria's sacred Osun River".] www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2023-08-23.</ref> == References == 7hce62k8shok1rftosufyo6tkspmaht 102502 102493 2026-06-13T16:13:38Z Naula Ayisabun Aningore 2564 102502 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Osogbo-Oni (3) THE WATER SIDE OF OSUN.jpg|thumb|The Water Side of Osun]] Omi-Ọṣun mean ‘Ọṣun water’. Na di northern source tributary of Ọṣun River wey dey southwest Nigeria.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Omi-Osun-Joni-L-Jones-2050144370</ref> E dey rise from di eastern side of Yoruba hills, flow go west enter Òyì River. Di Òyì River come dey move south through two deep gorge inside Oke-Ila quartzite ridge near Oke-Ila Orangun, before e join other rivers wey later form di main Ọṣun.<ref>https://www.owamarket.com/ifa-orisha-items-1/omi-osun-river-water</ref> Ruins of one old settlement wey dem dey call Omi-Ọṣun still dey for di side of Omi-Ọṣun river. Na di place be former location of Oke-Ila Orangun kingdom during di migration wey happen centuries ago, after di Oke-Ila and Ila people comot from their old kingdom and mother city Ila-Yara.<ref>https://www.owamarket.com/ifa-orisha-items-1/omi-osun-river-water</ref> Dem give di name Omi-Ọṣun because people realize say di tributary dey feed di Ọṣun River. Plus, for olden days dem dedicate am to Ọṣun worship. == Pollution == For recent years, di river wey dey pass five states before e enter Gulf of Guinea don spoil because of mining work from di nearby communities. But nobody sabi who exactly spoil di water. For Nigeria, na artisanal mining wey common pass. Artisans dey use light tools like shovel, and dem dey focus on alluvial deposits. But some other people wey small companies dey back dem, dey use heavy machines like excavator. For Osun, residents talk say Chinese backers dey operate secretly, plus dem carry armed security men follow dem. Along di river and e tributaries, plenty mining sites dey. But Osun get di only big commercial gold mine for Nigeria. Even though government for state and federal level don announce say dem go investigate, experts talk say no matter who cause am, di long-term effect go still dey for people wey depend on di water for their livelihood and faith. Water sample test show say arsenic and mercury levels - wey WHO and Nigerian Industrial Standards (NIS) call priority chemical contaminants - dey 850 percent and over 2,000 percent above di level wey dem allow.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2022/9/2/photos-the-pollution-of-nigerias-sacred-osun-river "Photos: The pollution of Nigeria's sacred Osun River".] www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2023-08-23.</ref> == References == qdtpj54z3zbqrjzrp7m3ec3j61oi5u5 102521 102502 2026-06-13T16:16:07Z Naula Ayisabun Aningore 2564 102521 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Osogbo-Oni (3) THE WATER SIDE OF OSUN.jpg|thumb|The Water Side of Osun]] [[File:Osun Oshogbo Sacred groove river.jpg|thumb|Omi Osun]] Omi-Ọṣun mean ‘Ọṣun water’. Na di northern source tributary of Ọṣun River wey dey southwest Nigeria.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Omi-Osun-Joni-L-Jones-2050144370</ref> E dey rise from di eastern side of Yoruba hills, flow go west enter Òyì River. Di Òyì River come dey move south through two deep gorge inside Oke-Ila quartzite ridge near Oke-Ila Orangun, before e join other rivers wey later form di main Ọṣun.<ref>https://www.owamarket.com/ifa-orisha-items-1/omi-osun-river-water</ref> Ruins of one old settlement wey dem dey call Omi-Ọṣun still dey for di side of Omi-Ọṣun river. Na di place be former location of Oke-Ila Orangun kingdom during di migration wey happen centuries ago, after di Oke-Ila and Ila people comot from their old kingdom and mother city Ila-Yara.<ref>https://www.owamarket.com/ifa-orisha-items-1/omi-osun-river-water</ref> Dem give di name Omi-Ọṣun because people realize say di tributary dey feed di Ọṣun River. Plus, for olden days dem dedicate am to Ọṣun worship. == Pollution == For recent years, di river wey dey pass five states before e enter Gulf of Guinea don spoil because of mining work from di nearby communities. But nobody sabi who exactly spoil di water. For Nigeria, na artisanal mining wey common pass. Artisans dey use light tools like shovel, and dem dey focus on alluvial deposits. But some other people wey small companies dey back dem, dey use heavy machines like excavator. For Osun, residents talk say Chinese backers dey operate secretly, plus dem carry armed security men follow dem. Along di river and e tributaries, plenty mining sites dey. But Osun get di only big commercial gold mine for Nigeria. Even though government for state and federal level don announce say dem go investigate, experts talk say no matter who cause am, di long-term effect go still dey for people wey depend on di water for their livelihood and faith. Water sample test show say arsenic and mercury levels - wey WHO and Nigerian Industrial Standards (NIS) call priority chemical contaminants - dey 850 percent and over 2,000 percent above di level wey dem allow.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2022/9/2/photos-the-pollution-of-nigerias-sacred-osun-river "Photos: The pollution of Nigeria's sacred Osun River".] www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2023-08-23.</ref> == References == j6aerewnp74xj6ga6br8t1pjt5zx5jh 102532 102521 2026-06-13T16:17:27Z Naula Ayisabun Aningore 2564 102532 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Osogbo-Oni (3) THE WATER SIDE OF OSUN.jpg|thumb|The Water Side of Osun]] [[File:Osun Oshogbo Sacred groove river.jpg|thumb|Omi Osun]] [[File:OSUN GODDESS.jpg|thumb|Osun goddess]] Omi-Ọṣun mean ‘Ọṣun water’. Na di northern source tributary of Ọṣun River wey dey southwest Nigeria.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Omi-Osun-Joni-L-Jones-2050144370</ref> E dey rise from di eastern side of Yoruba hills, flow go west enter Òyì River. Di Òyì River come dey move south through two deep gorge inside Oke-Ila quartzite ridge near Oke-Ila Orangun, before e join other rivers wey later form di main Ọṣun.<ref>https://www.owamarket.com/ifa-orisha-items-1/omi-osun-river-water</ref> Ruins of one old settlement wey dem dey call Omi-Ọṣun still dey for di side of Omi-Ọṣun river. Na di place be former location of Oke-Ila Orangun kingdom during di migration wey happen centuries ago, after di Oke-Ila and Ila people comot from their old kingdom and mother city Ila-Yara.<ref>https://www.owamarket.com/ifa-orisha-items-1/omi-osun-river-water</ref> Dem give di name Omi-Ọṣun because people realize say di tributary dey feed di Ọṣun River. Plus, for olden days dem dedicate am to Ọṣun worship. == Pollution == For recent years, di river wey dey pass five states before e enter Gulf of Guinea don spoil because of mining work from di nearby communities. But nobody sabi who exactly spoil di water. For Nigeria, na artisanal mining wey common pass. Artisans dey use light tools like shovel, and dem dey focus on alluvial deposits. But some other people wey small companies dey back dem, dey use heavy machines like excavator. For Osun, residents talk say Chinese backers dey operate secretly, plus dem carry armed security men follow dem. Along di river and e tributaries, plenty mining sites dey. But Osun get di only big commercial gold mine for Nigeria. Even though government for state and federal level don announce say dem go investigate, experts talk say no matter who cause am, di long-term effect go still dey for people wey depend on di water for their livelihood and faith. Water sample test show say arsenic and mercury levels - wey WHO and Nigerian Industrial Standards (NIS) call priority chemical contaminants - dey 850 percent and over 2,000 percent above di level wey dem allow.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2022/9/2/photos-the-pollution-of-nigerias-sacred-osun-river "Photos: The pollution of Nigeria's sacred Osun River".] www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2023-08-23.</ref> == References == axxxlklz51vf8fn91tupnbu5qc1fsf0 102543 102532 2026-06-13T16:19:05Z Naula Ayisabun Aningore 2564 102543 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Osogbo-Oni (3) THE WATER SIDE OF OSUN.jpg|thumb|The Water Side of Osun]] [[File:Osun Oshogbo Sacred groove river.jpg|thumb|Omi Osun]] [[File:OSUN GODDESS.jpg|thumb|Osun goddess]] Omi-Ọṣun mean ‘Ọṣun water’. Na di northern source tributary of Ọṣun River wey dey southwest Nigeria.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Omi-Osun-Joni-L-Jones-2050144370</ref> E dey rise from di eastern side of Yoruba hills, flow go west enter Òyì River. Di Òyì River come dey move south through two deep gorge inside Oke-Ila quartzite ridge near Oke-Ila Orangun, before e join other rivers wey later form di main Ọṣun.<ref>https://www.owamarket.com/ifa-orisha-items-1/omi-osun-river-water</ref> [[File:Worshippers at the Osun-Oshogbo river.jpg|thumb|Worshippers at Omi Osun]] Ruins of one old settlement wey dem dey call Omi-Ọṣun still dey for di side of Omi-Ọṣun river. Na di place be former location of Oke-Ila Orangun kingdom during di migration wey happen centuries ago, after di Oke-Ila and Ila people comot from their old kingdom and mother city Ila-Yara.<ref>https://www.owamarket.com/ifa-orisha-items-1/omi-osun-river-water</ref> Dem give di name Omi-Ọṣun because people realize say di tributary dey feed di Ọṣun River. Plus, for olden days dem dedicate am to Ọṣun worship. == Pollution == For recent years, di river wey dey pass five states before e enter Gulf of Guinea don spoil because of mining work from di nearby communities. But nobody sabi who exactly spoil di water. For Nigeria, na artisanal mining wey common pass. Artisans dey use light tools like shovel, and dem dey focus on alluvial deposits. But some other people wey small companies dey back dem, dey use heavy machines like excavator. For Osun, residents talk say Chinese backers dey operate secretly, plus dem carry armed security men follow dem. Along di river and e tributaries, plenty mining sites dey. But Osun get di only big commercial gold mine for Nigeria. Even though government for state and federal level don announce say dem go investigate, experts talk say no matter who cause am, di long-term effect go still dey for people wey depend on di water for their livelihood and faith. Water sample test show say arsenic and mercury levels - wey WHO and Nigerian Industrial Standards (NIS) call priority chemical contaminants - dey 850 percent and over 2,000 percent above di level wey dem allow.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2022/9/2/photos-the-pollution-of-nigerias-sacred-osun-river "Photos: The pollution of Nigeria's sacred Osun River".] www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2023-08-23.</ref> == References == ht5y0iwrs7zsqn0dvshh5cljr09ozk7 102561 102543 2026-06-13T16:22:54Z Naula Ayisabun Aningore 2564 102561 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Osogbo-Oni (3) THE WATER SIDE OF OSUN.jpg|thumb|The Water Side of Osun]] [[File:Osun Oshogbo Sacred groove river.jpg|thumb|Omi Osun]] [[File:OSUN GODDESS.jpg|thumb|Osun goddess]] Omi-Ọṣun mean ‘Ọṣun water’. Na di northern source tributary of Ọṣun River wey dey southwest Nigeria.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Omi-Osun-Joni-L-Jones-2050144370</ref> E dey rise from di eastern side of Yoruba hills, flow go west enter Òyì River. Di Òyì River come dey move south through two deep gorge inside Oke-Ila quartzite ridge near Oke-Ila Orangun, before e join other rivers wey later form di main Ọṣun.<ref>https://www.owamarket.com/ifa-orisha-items-1/omi-osun-river-water</ref> [[File:Worshippers at the Osun-Oshogbo river.jpg|thumb|Worshippers at Omi Osun]] Ruins of one old settlement wey dem dey call Omi-Ọṣun still dey for di side of Omi-Ọṣun river. Na di place be former location of Oke-Ila Orangun kingdom during di migration wey happen centuries ago, after di Oke-Ila and Ila people comot from their old kingdom and mother city Ila-Yara.<ref>https://www.owamarket.com/ifa-orisha-items-1/omi-osun-river-water</ref> Dem give di name Omi-Ọṣun because people realize say di tributary dey feed di Ọṣun River. Plus, for olden days dem dedicate am to Ọṣun worship. == Pollution == For recent years, di river wey dey pass five states before e enter Gulf of Guinea don spoil because of mining work from di nearby communities. But nobody sabi who exactly spoil di water. For Nigeria, na artisanal mining wey common pass. Artisans dey use light tools like shovel, and dem dey focus on alluvial deposits. But some other people wey small companies dey back dem, dey use heavy machines like excavator. For Osun, residents talk say Chinese backers dey operate secretly, plus dem carry armed security men follow dem. Along di river and e tributaries, plenty mining sites dey. But Osun get di only big commercial gold mine for Nigeria. Even though government for state and federal level don announce say dem go investigate, experts talk say no matter who cause am, di long-term effect go still dey for people wey depend on di water for their livelihood and faith. Water sample test show say arsenic and mercury levels - wey WHO and Nigerian Industrial Standards (NIS) call priority chemical contaminants - dey 850 percent and over 2,000 percent above di level wey dem allow.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2022/9/2/photos-the-pollution-of-nigerias-sacred-osun-river "Photos: The pollution of Nigeria's sacred Osun River".] www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2023-08-23.</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:Rivers of Africa]] ti2io9luglanisvwdusqr4lanvkrd3v 102567 102561 2026-06-13T16:23:48Z Naula Ayisabun Aningore 2564 102567 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Osogbo-Oni (3) THE WATER SIDE OF OSUN.jpg|thumb|The Water Side of Osun]] [[File:Osun Oshogbo Sacred groove river.jpg|thumb|Omi Osun]] [[File:OSUN GODDESS.jpg|thumb|Osun goddess]] Omi-Ọṣun mean ‘Ọṣun water’. Na di northern source tributary of Ọṣun River wey dey southwest Nigeria.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Omi-Osun-Joni-L-Jones-2050144370</ref> E dey rise from di eastern side of Yoruba hills, flow go west enter Òyì River. Di Òyì River come dey move south through two deep gorge inside Oke-Ila quartzite ridge near Oke-Ila Orangun, before e join other rivers wey later form di main Ọṣun.<ref>https://www.owamarket.com/ifa-orisha-items-1/omi-osun-river-water</ref> [[File:Worshippers at the Osun-Oshogbo river.jpg|thumb|Worshippers at Omi Osun]] Ruins of one old settlement wey dem dey call Omi-Ọṣun still dey for di side of Omi-Ọṣun river. Na di place be former location of Oke-Ila Orangun kingdom during di migration wey happen centuries ago, after di Oke-Ila and Ila people comot from their old kingdom and mother city Ila-Yara.<ref>https://www.owamarket.com/ifa-orisha-items-1/omi-osun-river-water</ref> Dem give di name Omi-Ọṣun because people realize say di tributary dey feed di Ọṣun River. Plus, for olden days dem dedicate am to Ọṣun worship. == Pollution == For recent years, di river wey dey pass five states before e enter Gulf of Guinea don spoil because of mining work from di nearby communities. But nobody sabi who exactly spoil di water. For Nigeria, na artisanal mining wey common pass. Artisans dey use light tools like shovel, and dem dey focus on alluvial deposits. But some other people wey small companies dey back dem, dey use heavy machines like excavator. For Osun, residents talk say Chinese backers dey operate secretly, plus dem carry armed security men follow dem. Along di river and e tributaries, plenty mining sites dey. But Osun get di only big commercial gold mine for Nigeria. Even though government for state and federal level don announce say dem go investigate, experts talk say no matter who cause am, di long-term effect go still dey for people wey depend on di water for their livelihood and faith. Water sample test show say arsenic and mercury levels - wey WHO and Nigerian Industrial Standards (NIS) call priority chemical contaminants - dey 850 percent and over 2,000 percent above di level wey dem allow.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2022/9/2/photos-the-pollution-of-nigerias-sacred-osun-river "Photos: The pollution of Nigeria's sacred Osun River".] www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2023-08-23.</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:Rivers of Africa]] [[Category:Rivers of Yorubaland]] av52e4i9fq4fhsqwjjozwpvwhem68mw 102577 102567 2026-06-13T16:27:47Z Naula Ayisabun Aningore 2564 102577 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Osogbo-Oni (3) THE WATER SIDE OF OSUN.jpg|thumb|The Water Side of Osun]] [[File:Osun Oshogbo Sacred groove river.jpg|thumb|Omi Osun]] [[File:OSUN GODDESS.jpg|thumb|Osun goddess]] Omi-Ọṣun mean ‘Ọṣun water’. Na di northern source tributary of Ọṣun River wey dey southwest Nigeria.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Omi-Osun-Joni-L-Jones-2050144370</ref> E dey rise from di eastern side of Yoruba hills, flow go west enter Òyì River. Di Òyì River come dey move south through two deep gorge inside Oke-Ila quartzite ridge near Oke-Ila Orangun, before e join other rivers wey later form di main Ọṣun.<ref>https://www.owamarket.com/ifa-orisha-items-1/omi-osun-river-water</ref> [[File:Worshippers at the Osun-Oshogbo river.jpg|thumb|Worshippers at Omi Osun]] Ruins of one old settlement wey dem dey call Omi-Ọṣun still dey for di side of Omi-Ọṣun river. Na di place be former location of Oke-Ila Orangun kingdom during di migration wey happen centuries ago, after di Oke-Ila and Ila people comot from their old kingdom and mother city Ila-Yara.<ref>https://www.owamarket.com/ifa-orisha-items-1/omi-osun-river-water</ref> Dem give di name Omi-Ọṣun because people realize say di tributary dey feed di Ọṣun River. Plus, for olden days dem dedicate am to Ọṣun worship. == Pollution == For recent years, di river wey dey pass five states before e enter Gulf of Guinea don spoil because of mining work from di nearby communities. But nobody sabi who exactly spoil di water. For Nigeria, na artisanal mining wey common pass. Artisans dey use light tools like shovel, and dem dey focus on alluvial deposits. But some other people wey small companies dey back dem, dey use heavy machines like excavator. For Osun, residents talk say Chinese backers dey operate secretly, plus dem carry armed security men follow dem. Along di river and e tributaries, plenty mining sites dey. But Osun get di only big commercial gold mine for Nigeria. Even though government for state and federal level don announce say dem go investigate, experts talk say no matter who cause am, di long-term effect go still dey for people wey depend on di water for their livelihood and faith. Water sample test show say arsenic and mercury levels - wey WHO and Nigerian Industrial Standards (NIS) call priority chemical contaminants - dey 850 percent and over 2,000 percent above di level wey dem allow.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2022/9/2/photos-the-pollution-of-nigerias-sacred-osun-river "Photos: The pollution of Nigeria's sacred Osun River".] www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2023-08-23.</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:Rivers of Africa]] [[Category:Rivers of Yorubaland]] 7j7s4nkp5bubbe5yjl1yyyflxtt6jbo 0 27519 102583 2026-06-13T16:31:29Z TSIGBAGLI CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS 2573 Created page with "== Ruzizi River ==" 102583 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ruzizi River == gc8nvrw0ymj5b3zqv33lpglj6d4oh9i 102585 102583 2026-06-13T16:33:00Z TSIGBAGLI CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS 2573 102585 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ruzizi River == De '''Ruzizi''' (wey sometimes dem dey spell '''Rusizi''', French; ''Rivière Ruzizi''; Dutch: ''Ruzizi Rivier'') be river, 117 kilometres (73 mi) long 8eq4b3gwj9tt22w29j6j4hzsg23ha6v 102587 102585 2026-06-13T16:34:02Z TSIGBAGLI CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS 2573 102587 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ruzizi River == De '''Ruzizi''' (wey sometimes dem dey spell '''Rusizi''', French; ''Rivière Ruzizi''; Dutch: ''Ruzizi Rivier'') be river, 117 kilometres (73 mi) long == Reference == <references /> t2ht3oco3x23i1b6s9x92c4dpm7u27r 102593 102587 2026-06-13T16:37:38Z TSIGBAGLI CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS 2573 102593 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ruzizi River == De '''Ruzizi''' (wey sometimes dem dey spell '''Rusizi''', French; ''Rivière Ruzizi''; Dutch: ''Ruzizi Rivier'') be river, 117 kilometres (73 mi) long<ref>Felton, Anna A.; Russell, James M.; Cohen, Andrew S.; Baker, Mark E.; Chesley, John T.; Lezzar, Kiram E.; McGlue, Michael M.; Pigati, Jeffrey S.; Quade, Jay; Curt Stager, J.; Tiercelin, Jean Jacques (2007). "Paleolimnological Evidence for the Onset and Termination of Glacial Aridity from Lake Tanganyika, Tropical East Africa". ''Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology''. '''252''' (3–4): 405. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PPP...252..405F 2007PPP...252..405F.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.04.003|10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.04.003.]]</ref> == Reference == <references /> 6hpl1iyxt7l1stpkq6rnz5lbei9xvpg 102597 102593 2026-06-13T16:39:32Z TSIGBAGLI CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS 2573 102597 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ruzizi River == De '''Ruzizi''' (wey sometimes dem dey spell '''Rusizi''', French; ''Rivière Ruzizi''; Dutch: ''Ruzizi Rivier'') be river, 117 kilometres (73 mi) long<ref>Felton, Anna A.; Russell, James M.; Cohen, Andrew S.; Baker, Mark E.; Chesley, John T.; Lezzar, Kiram E.; McGlue, Michael M.; Pigati, Jeffrey S.; Quade, Jay; Curt Stager, J.; Tiercelin, Jean Jacques (2007). "Paleolimnological Evidence for the Onset and Termination of Glacial Aridity from Lake Tanganyika, Tropical East Africa". ''Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology''. '''252''' (3–4): 405. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PPP...252..405F 2007PPP...252..405F.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.04.003|10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.04.003.]]</ref> wey dey flows from Lake Kivu to Lake Tanganyika for Central Africa, descending from about 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) to about 770 metres (2,530 ft) above sea level over ein length. == Reference == <references /> 8p42xe6t1e23cngloq064jlbqmrrgfa 102603 102597 2026-06-13T16:42:06Z TSIGBAGLI CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS 2573 102603 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ruzizi River == De '''Ruzizi''' (wey sometimes dem dey spell '''Rusizi''', French; ''Rivière Ruzizi''; Dutch: ''Ruzizi Rivier'') be river, 117 kilometres (73 mi) long<ref>Felton, Anna A.; Russell, James M.; Cohen, Andrew S.; Baker, Mark E.; Chesley, John T.; Lezzar, Kiram E.; McGlue, Michael M.; Pigati, Jeffrey S.; Quade, Jay; Curt Stager, J.; Tiercelin, Jean Jacques (2007). "Paleolimnological Evidence for the Onset and Termination of Glacial Aridity from Lake Tanganyika, Tropical East Africa". ''Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology''. '''252''' (3–4): 405. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PPP...252..405F 2007PPP...252..405F.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.04.003|10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.04.003.]]</ref> wey dey flows from Lake Kivu to Lake Tanganyika for Central Africa, descending from about 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) to about 770 metres (2,530 ft) above sea level over ein length. De steepest gradients occur over de first 40 kilometres (25 mi), where dem build hydroelectric dams. == Reference == <references /> rgm34iklbrohhmhyqw4iyymiw5xtlp5 102607 102603 2026-06-13T16:45:18Z TSIGBAGLI CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS 2573 102607 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ruzizi River == De '''Ruzizi''' (wey sometimes dem dey spell '''Rusizi''', French; ''Rivière Ruzizi''; Dutch: ''Ruzizi Rivier'') be river, 117 kilometres (73 mi) long<ref>Felton, Anna A.; Russell, James M.; Cohen, Andrew S.; Baker, Mark E.; Chesley, John T.; Lezzar, Kiram E.; McGlue, Michael M.; Pigati, Jeffrey S.; Quade, Jay; Curt Stager, J.; Tiercelin, Jean Jacques (2007). "Paleolimnological Evidence for the Onset and Termination of Glacial Aridity from Lake Tanganyika, Tropical East Africa". ''Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology''. '''252''' (3–4): 405. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PPP...252..405F 2007PPP...252..405F.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.04.003|10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.04.003.]]</ref> wey dey flows from Lake Kivu to Lake Tanganyika for Central Africa, descending from about 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) to about 770 metres (2,530 ft) above sea level over ein length. De steepest gradients occur over de first 40 kilometres (25 mi), where dem build hydroelectric dams.<ref>Lamers, Alfred (1990). [http://www.greenstone.org/greenstone3/nzdl?a=d&c=edudev&d=HASH71e2a38183455b196e1b94.7.3&sib=1&p.a=b&p.sa=&p.s=ClassifierBrowse&p.c=edudev "Ruzizi II - A Fine Example of Regional Cooperation".] Human Info NGO Library for Education and Development. Retrieved 14 January 2013</ref> == Reference == <references /> 3piryelwy28l318xievhg9fkuhkxsa6 0 27520 102586 2026-06-13T16:33:59Z Naula Ayisabun Aningore 2564 Created page with "Oramiriukwa River na one stream wey dey Imo State, Nigeria. E run about 14 kilometre (9 miles) before e drain enter Otamiri River. Oramiriukwa be one of di rivers inside Imo River drainage, e dey flow roughly 14 km (8.7 miles) from e headwaters for Abba Isu (Nwangele LGA) then e release enter Otamiri Waterway." 102586 wikitext text/x-wiki Oramiriukwa River na one stream wey dey Imo State, Nigeria. E run about 14 kilometre (9 miles) before e drain enter Otamiri River. Oramiriukwa be one of di rivers inside Imo River drainage, e dey flow roughly 14 km (8.7 miles) from e headwaters for Abba Isu (Nwangele LGA) then e release enter Otamiri Waterway. 4ij1wupd2lmfdk0zsw5r5hcw8ft78qh 102590 102586 2026-06-13T16:35:25Z Naula Ayisabun Aningore 2564 102590 wikitext text/x-wiki Oramiriukwa River na one stream wey dey Imo State, Nigeria. E run about 14 kilometre (9 miles) before e drain enter Otamiri River. Oramiriukwa be one of di rivers inside Imo River drainage, e dey flow roughly 14 km (8.7 miles) from e headwaters for Abba Isu (Nwangele LGA) then e release enter Otamiri Waterway. For di fish catch wey local fishermen do with different fishing tools for one sampling station inside Emekuku (Owerri LGA), dem identify total of 17 groups of fish wey get 27 species inside di river. s1rt8zmlqqsl20r4rao93qkp2s6zjbh 102592 102590 2026-06-13T16:37:26Z Naula Ayisabun Aningore 2564 102592 wikitext text/x-wiki Oramiriukwa River na one stream wey dey Imo State, Nigeria. E run about 14 kilometre (9 miles) before e drain enter Otamiri River.<ref>[http://aquacomm.fcla.edu/4085/ "Icthyofauna of Oramiriukwa River in Imo State, Nigeria".] Aquatic Commons. Retrieved 16 October 2010.</ref> Oramiriukwa be one of di rivers inside Imo River drainage, e dey flow roughly 14 km (8.7 miles) from e headwaters for Abba Isu (Nwangele LGA) then e release enter Otamiri Waterway. For di fish catch wey local fishermen do with different fishing tools for one sampling station inside Emekuku (Owerri LGA), dem identify total of 17 groups of fish wey get 27 species inside di river. tgs0cpj89g80op1emfqvoj564hm57zs 102598 102592 2026-06-13T16:39:34Z Naula Ayisabun Aningore 2564 102598 wikitext text/x-wiki Oramiriukwa River na one stream wey dey Imo State, Nigeria. E run about 14 kilometre (9 miles) before e drain enter Otamiri River.<ref>[http://aquacomm.fcla.edu/4085/ "Icthyofauna of Oramiriukwa River in Imo State, Nigeria".] Aquatic Commons. Retrieved 16 October 2010.</ref> Oramiriukwa be one of di rivers inside Imo River drainage, e dey flow roughly 14 km (8.7 miles) from e headwaters for Abba Isu (Nwangele LGA) then e release enter Otamiri Waterway. For di fish catch wey local fishermen do with different fishing tools for one sampling station inside Emekuku (Owerri LGA), dem identify total of 17 groups of fish wey get 27 species inside di river.<ref>Okorie, P. U. (2005). [https://aquadocs.org/handle/1834/21739 "Icthyofauna of Oramiriukwa River in Imo State, Nigeria".] [http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4085 ''http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4085''.]</ref> 2lj62wharbonlgokt1dn9dc6nn476qm 102599 102598 2026-06-13T16:40:10Z Naula Ayisabun Aningore 2564 102599 wikitext text/x-wiki Oramiriukwa River na one stream wey dey Imo State, Nigeria. E run about 14 kilometre (9 miles) before e drain enter Otamiri River.<ref>[http://aquacomm.fcla.edu/4085/ "Icthyofauna of Oramiriukwa River in Imo State, Nigeria".] Aquatic Commons. Retrieved 16 October 2010.</ref> Oramiriukwa be one of di rivers inside Imo River drainage, e dey flow roughly 14 km (8.7 miles) from e headwaters for Abba Isu (Nwangele LGA) then e release enter Otamiri Waterway. For di fish catch wey local fishermen do with different fishing tools for one sampling station inside Emekuku (Owerri LGA), dem identify total of 17 groups of fish wey get 27 species inside di river.<ref>Okorie, P. U. (2005). [https://aquadocs.org/handle/1834/21739 "Icthyofauna of Oramiriukwa River in Imo State, Nigeria".] [http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4085 ''http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4085''.]</ref> == References == oeovyotggaardci8zhrvw0af7jqvqfk 102606 102599 2026-06-13T16:44:03Z Naula Ayisabun Aningore 2564 102606 wikitext text/x-wiki Oramiriukwa River na one stream wey dey Imo State, Nigeria. E run about 14 kilometre (9 miles) before e drain enter Otamiri River.<ref>[http://aquacomm.fcla.edu/4085/ "Icthyofauna of Oramiriukwa River in Imo State, Nigeria".] Aquatic Commons. Retrieved 16 October 2010.</ref> Oramiriukwa be one of di rivers inside Imo River drainage, e dey flow roughly 14 km (8.7 miles) from e headwaters for Abba Isu (Nwangele LGA) then e release enter Otamiri Waterway. For di fish catch wey local fishermen do with different fishing tools for one sampling station inside Emekuku (Owerri LGA), dem identify total of 17 groups of fish wey get 27 species inside di river.<ref>Okorie, P. U. (2005). [https://aquadocs.org/handle/1834/21739 "Icthyofauna of Oramiriukwa River in Imo State, Nigeria".] [http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4085 ''http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4085''.]</ref> == Further reading == == References == s4uo6cnsgnd9zqh5bk39tbwy6n635e1 102613 102606 2026-06-13T16:47:49Z Naula Ayisabun Aningore 2564 102613 wikitext text/x-wiki Oramiriukwa River na one stream wey dey Imo State, Nigeria. E run about 14 kilometre (9 miles) before e drain enter Otamiri River.<ref>[http://aquacomm.fcla.edu/4085/ "Icthyofauna of Oramiriukwa River in Imo State, Nigeria".] Aquatic Commons. Retrieved 16 October 2010.</ref> Oramiriukwa be one of di rivers inside Imo River drainage, e dey flow roughly 14 km (8.7 miles) from e headwaters for Abba Isu (Nwangele LGA) then e release enter Otamiri Waterway. For di fish catch wey local fishermen do with different fishing tools for one sampling station inside Emekuku (Owerri LGA), dem identify total of 17 groups of fish wey get 27 species inside di river.<ref>Okorie, P. U. (2005). [https://aquadocs.org/handle/1834/21739 "Icthyofauna of Oramiriukwa River in Imo State, Nigeria".] [http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4085 ''http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4085''.]</ref> == Further reading == * [https://aquadocs.org/handle/1834/21739 Icthyofauna of Oramiriukwa River in Imo State, Nigeria.] == References == 9fap6wdum6bjwx47dowan9t97cryf9o 102615 102613 2026-06-13T16:48:46Z Naula Ayisabun Aningore 2564 102615 wikitext text/x-wiki Oramiriukwa River na one stream wey dey Imo State, Nigeria. E run about 14 kilometre (9 miles) before e drain enter Otamiri River.<ref>[http://aquacomm.fcla.edu/4085/ "Icthyofauna of Oramiriukwa River in Imo State, Nigeria".] Aquatic Commons. Retrieved 16 October 2010.</ref> Oramiriukwa be one of di rivers inside Imo River drainage, e dey flow roughly 14 km (8.7 miles) from e headwaters for Abba Isu (Nwangele LGA) then e release enter Otamiri Waterway. For di fish catch wey local fishermen do with different fishing tools for one sampling station inside Emekuku (Owerri LGA), dem identify total of 17 groups of fish wey get 27 species inside di river.<ref>Okorie, P. U. (2005). [https://aquadocs.org/handle/1834/21739 "Icthyofauna of Oramiriukwa River in Imo State, Nigeria".] [http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4085 ''http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4085''.]</ref> == Further reading == * [https://aquadocs.org/handle/1834/21739 Icthyofauna of Oramiriukwa River in Imo State, Nigeria.] == References == <references /> [[Category:Rivers of Nigeria]] kdt5bv1v4oyj87393vyjwrcf1cdkm3u 102617 102615 2026-06-13T16:52:41Z Naula Ayisabun Aningore 2564 102617 wikitext text/x-wiki Oramiriukwa River na one stream wey dey Imo State, Nigeria. E run about 14 kilometre (9 miles) before e drain enter Otamiri River.<ref>[http://aquacomm.fcla.edu/4085/ "Icthyofauna of Oramiriukwa River in Imo State, Nigeria".] Aquatic Commons. Retrieved 16 October 2010.</ref> Oramiriukwa be one of di rivers inside Imo River drainage, e dey flow roughly 14 km (8.7 miles) from e headwaters for Abba Isu (Nwangele LGA) then e dey release enter Otamiri Waterway. For di fish catch wey local fishermen do with different fishing tools for one sampling station inside Emekuku (Owerri LGA), dem identify total of 17 groups of fish wey get 27 species inside di river.<ref>Okorie, P. U. (2005). [https://aquadocs.org/handle/1834/21739 "Icthyofauna of Oramiriukwa River in Imo State, Nigeria".] [http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4085 ''http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4085''.]</ref> == Further reading == * [https://aquadocs.org/handle/1834/21739 Icthyofauna of Oramiriukwa River in Imo State, Nigeria.] == References == <references /> [[Category:Rivers of Nigeria]] mx3tb6zt78vuec34juqdxn83uzieesv 102619 102617 2026-06-13T16:55:35Z Naula Ayisabun Aningore 2564 102619 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Oramiriukwa River na one stream wey dey Imo State, Nigeria. E run about 14 kilometre (9 miles) before e drain enter Otamiri River.<ref>[http://aquacomm.fcla.edu/4085/ "Icthyofauna of Oramiriukwa River in Imo State, Nigeria".] Aquatic Commons. Retrieved 16 October 2010.</ref> Oramiriukwa be one of di rivers inside Imo River drainage, e dey flow roughly 14 km (8.7 miles) from e headwaters for Abba Isu (Nwangele LGA) then e dey release enter Otamiri Waterway. For di fish catch wey local fishermen do with different fishing tools for one sampling station inside Emekuku (Owerri LGA), dem identify total of 17 groups of fish wey get 27 species inside di river.<ref>Okorie, P. U. (2005). [https://aquadocs.org/handle/1834/21739 "Icthyofauna of Oramiriukwa River in Imo State, Nigeria".] [http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4085 ''http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4085''.]</ref> == Further reading == * [https://aquadocs.org/handle/1834/21739 Icthyofauna of Oramiriukwa River in Imo State, Nigeria.] == References == <references /> [[Category:Rivers of Nigeria]] 8d8dauclgpcbyr0s7pmosyi0o7qlp0e 0 27521 102620 2026-06-13T16:56:16Z TSIGBAGLI CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS 2573 Created page with "== Sankuru River ==" 102620 wikitext text/x-wiki == Sankuru River == muw0tdbyl9pe247hjgl79bzydstrpii 102622 102620 2026-06-13T16:57:43Z TSIGBAGLI CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS 2573 102622 wikitext text/x-wiki == Sankuru River == De '''Sankuru River''' (Swahili: ''Mto Sankuru'') be a major river in de Democratic Republic of de Congo. ein approximate length be 1,200 km 3pvg44f96qlqzssx16qsglrqaybspka 102624 102622 2026-06-13T16:58:08Z TSIGBAGLI CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS 2573 102624 wikitext text/x-wiki == Sankuru River == De '''Sankuru River''' (Swahili: ''Mto Sankuru'') be a major river in de Democratic Republic of de Congo. ein approximate length be 1,200 km == Reference == amplmdfke7zgoka3mbt554dmv52qhh7 102627 102624 2026-06-13T16:58:38Z TSIGBAGLI CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS 2573 102627 wikitext text/x-wiki == Sankuru River == De '''Sankuru River''' (Swahili: ''Mto Sankuru'') be a major river in de Democratic Republic of de Congo. ein approximate length be 1,200 km == Reference == <references /> 8va750x32yffrho2ri0hmikhzia3yij 102634 102627 2026-06-13T17:01:14Z TSIGBAGLI CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS 2573 102634 wikitext text/x-wiki == Sankuru River == De '''Sankuru River''' (Swahili: ''Mto Sankuru'') be a major river in de Democratic Republic of de Congo. ein approximate length be 1,200 km<ref>"Sankuru River" in [[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica_Inc.|''The New Encyclopædia Britannica''. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica]] Inc., 15th edn., 1992, Vol. 10, p. 278.</ref> == Reference == <references /> tvmoudflavzjain9hprtyfrdkhd4r43 102637 102634 2026-06-13T17:02:11Z TSIGBAGLI CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS 2573 102637 wikitext text/x-wiki == Sankuru River == De '''Sankuru River''' (Swahili: ''Mto Sankuru'') be a major river in de Democratic Republic of de Congo. ein approximate length be 1,200 km<ref>"Sankuru River" in [[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica_Inc.|''The New Encyclopædia Britannica''. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica]] Inc., 15th edn., 1992, Vol. 10, p. 278.</ref> making it de longest tributary of de Kasai River. == Reference == <references /> fim3b86kzi6qrbgbgvkoeisncasv6sm 102641 102637 2026-06-13T17:03:10Z TSIGBAGLI CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS 2573 102641 wikitext text/x-wiki == Sankuru River == De '''Sankuru River''' (Swahili: ''Mto Sankuru'') be a major river in de Democratic Republic of de Congo. ein approximate length be 1,200 km<ref>"Sankuru River" in [[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica_Inc.|''The New Encyclopædia Britannica''. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica]] Inc., 15th edn., 1992, Vol. 10, p. 278.</ref> making it de longest tributary of de Kasai River. Above de confluence with ein tributary Mbuji-Mayi == Reference == <references /> s5skh20ad07akq39ag7pa6p05f4it4u 102642 102641 2026-06-13T17:03:29Z TSIGBAGLI CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS 2573 102642 wikitext text/x-wiki == Sankuru River == De '''Sankuru River''' (Swahili: ''Mto Sankuru'') be a major river in de Democratic Republic of de Congo. ein approximate length be 1,200 km<ref>"Sankuru River" in [[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica_Inc.|''The New Encyclopædia Britannica''. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica]] Inc., 15th edn., 1992, Vol. 10, p. 278.</ref> making it de longest tributary of de Kasai River. Above de confluence with ein tributary Mbuji-Mayi, == Reference == <references /> nzc7nacfhuwr58ozsy9fif3tunx2bz7 102647 102642 2026-06-13T17:04:34Z TSIGBAGLI CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS 2573 102647 wikitext text/x-wiki == Sankuru River == De '''Sankuru River''' (Swahili: ''Mto Sankuru'') be a major river in de Democratic Republic of de Congo. ein approximate length be 1,200 km<ref>"Sankuru River" in [[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica_Inc.|''The New Encyclopædia Britannica''. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica]] Inc., 15th edn., 1992, Vol. 10, p. 278.</ref> making it de longest tributary of de Kasai River. Above de confluence with ein tributary Mbuji-Mayi, E sana known as '''Lubilash''' or '''Lubilanji''' == Reference == <references /> hhq3p0s1g96trg5q4nuas1i2v3sr62j 102661 102647 2026-06-13T17:08:01Z TSIGBAGLI CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS 2573 102661 wikitext text/x-wiki == Sankuru River == De '''Sankuru River''' (Swahili: ''Mto Sankuru'') be a major river in de Democratic Republic of de Congo. ein approximate length be 1,200 km<ref name=":0">"Sankuru River" in [[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica_Inc.|''The New Encyclopædia Britannica''. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica]] Inc., 15th edn., 1992, Vol. 10, p. 278.</ref> making it de longest tributary of de Kasai River. Above de confluence with ein tributary Mbuji-Mayi, E sana known as '''Lubilash''' or '''Lubilanji'''<ref name=":0" /> == Reference == <references /> 26bizr9jhcqpzbbq2allcuekqebgafs 102671 102661 2026-06-13T17:10:36Z TSIGBAGLI CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS 2573 102671 wikitext text/x-wiki == Sankuru River == De '''Sankuru River''' (Swahili: ''Mto Sankuru'') be a major river in de Democratic Republic of de Congo. ein approximate length be 1,200 km<ref name=":0">"Sankuru River" in [[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica_Inc.|''The New Encyclopædia Britannica''. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica]] Inc., 15th edn., 1992, Vol. 10, p. 278.</ref> making it de longest tributary of de Kasai River. Above de confluence with ein tributary Mbuji-Mayi, E sana known as '''Lubilash''' or '''Lubilanji'''<ref name=":0" /> E dey flow northwards den westwards crossing through some small towns, most notably Lusambo. den e enters de Kasai River near Bena-Bendi, at 4°17′S 20°25′E. == Reference == <references /> 6x1qwf05sp52vqhzxvfvajfqp1p2ltl 0 27522 102621 2026-06-13T16:57:22Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 Created page with "Di River Lumi (wey people dey also call am Lomi or Luffu) dey Rombo District for Kilimanjaro, northeast Tanzania, and small part dey southern Kenya for Coast Province. E dey start from di east side of Mawenzi peak for Mount Kilimanjaro, and e dey flow near River Rombo like say dem wan form fork. But di Lumi still dey maintain im south direction, so people dey talk say na di upper course of di Ruvu, one of di two main sources of Pangani River" 102621 wikitext text/x-wiki Di River Lumi (wey people dey also call am Lomi or Luffu) dey Rombo District for Kilimanjaro, northeast Tanzania, and small part dey southern Kenya for Coast Province. E dey start from di east side of Mawenzi peak for Mount Kilimanjaro, and e dey flow near River Rombo like say dem wan form fork. But di Lumi still dey maintain im south direction, so people dey talk say na di upper course of di Ruvu, one of di two main sources of Pangani River 6tneutn7dj7iwkthcfi669f8ba6lgkw 102623 102621 2026-06-13T16:58:05Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102623 wikitext text/x-wiki Di River Lumi (wey people dey also call am Lomi or Luffu) dey [[:en:Rombo_District|Rombo District]] for Kilimanjaro, northeast Tanzania, and small part dey southern Kenya for Coast Province. E dey start from di east side of Mawenzi peak for Mount Kilimanjaro, and e dey flow near River Rombo like say dem wan form fork. But di Lumi still dey maintain im south direction, so people dey talk say na di upper course of di Ruvu, one of di two main sources of Pangani River gkoqrjanajjllod3j0a2w06p3am2vtd 102625 102623 2026-06-13T16:58:30Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102625 wikitext text/x-wiki Di River Lumi (wey people dey also call am Lomi or Luffu) dey [[:en:Rombo_District|Rombo District]] for Kilimanjaro, northeast Tanzania, and small part dey southern Kenya for Coast Province. E dey start from di east side of Mawenzi peak for Mount Kilimanjaro, and e dey flow near River Rombo like say dem wan form fork. But di Lumi still dey maintain im south direction, so people dey talk say na di upper course of di Ruvu, one of di two main sources of Pangani River.E dey flow round Lake Chala and Taveta town for west before e empty inside Lake Jipe. One fish species wey dem dey call Barbus sp. 'Pangani' don only dey found for di river N’joro Springs, wey dey inside di upper Pangani River drainage basin ksmdk7t513aizxh33ofphhusnex456j 102628 102625 2026-06-13T16:58:48Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102628 wikitext text/x-wiki Di River Lumi (wey people dey also call am Lomi or Luffu) dey [[:en:Rombo_District|Rombo District]] for Kilimanjaro, northeast Tanzania, and small part dey southern Kenya for Coast Province. E dey start from di east side of Mawenzi peak for Mount Kilimanjaro, and e dey flow near River Rombo like say dem wan form fork. But di Lumi still dey maintain im south direction, so people dey talk say na di upper course of di Ruvu, one of di two main sources of Pangani River. E dey flow round Lake Chala and Taveta town for west before e empty inside Lake Jipe. One fish species wey dem dey call Barbus sp. 'Pangani' don only dey found for di river N’joro Springs, wey dey inside di upper Pangani River drainage basin. 60tqrlji1qf5ttnx5v4r97knenbshjw 102629 102628 2026-06-13T16:59:12Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102629 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''River Lumi''' (wey people dey also call am Lomi or Luffu) dey [[:en:Rombo_District|Rombo District]] for Kilimanjaro, northeast Tanzania, and small part dey southern Kenya for Coast Province. E dey start from di east side of Mawenzi peak for Mount Kilimanjaro, and e dey flow near River Rombo like say dem wan form fork. But di Lumi still dey maintain im south direction, so people dey talk say na di upper course of di Ruvu, one of di two main sources of Pangani River. E dey flow round Lake Chala and Taveta town for west before e empty inside Lake Jipe. One fish species wey dem dey call Barbus sp. 'Pangani' don only dey found for di river N’joro Springs, wey dey inside di upper Pangani River drainage basin. rk2su9w5ssjm6bwcgj2782tqjkvybn6 102631 102629 2026-06-13T17:00:49Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102631 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''River Lumi''' (wey people dey also call am Lomi or Luffu) dey [[:en:Rombo_District|Rombo District]] for Kilimanjaro, northeast Tanzania, and small part dey southern Kenya for Coast Province. E dey start from di east side of Mawenzi peak for Mount Kilimanjaro, and e dey flow near River Rombo like say dem wan form fork. But di Lumi still dey maintain im south direction, so people dey talk say na di upper course of di Ruvu, one of di two main sources of Pangani River. E dey flow round Lake Chala and Taveta town for west before e empty inside Lake Jipe<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060622132023/http://www.esfconsultants.org/images/downloads/20060128_ESF_LakeJipeCaseStudy_BaselineSurvey.pdf "BASELINE SURVEY REPORT FOR LAKE JIPE"] (PDF). Archived from [http://www.esfconsultants.org/images/downloads/20060128_ESF_LakeJipeCaseStudy_BaselineSurvey.pdf the original] (PDF) on 22 June 2006. Retrieved 10 December 2011.</ref>. One fish species wey dem dey call Barbus sp. 'Pangani' don only dey found for di river N’joro Springs, wey dey inside di upper Pangani River drainage basin. gv9d1ga5mz9zmljymzdolnl6lu5uf6r 102633 102631 2026-06-13T17:01:06Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102633 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''River Lumi''' (wey people dey also call am Lomi or Luffu) dey [[:en:Rombo_District|Rombo District]] for Kilimanjaro, northeast Tanzania, and small part dey southern Kenya for Coast Province. E dey start from di east side of Mawenzi peak for Mount Kilimanjaro, and e dey flow near River Rombo like say dem wan form fork. But di Lumi still dey maintain im south direction, so people dey talk say na di upper course of di Ruvu, one of di two main sources of Pangani River. E dey flow round Lake Chala and Taveta town for west before e empty inside Lake Jipe<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060622132023/http://www.esfconsultants.org/images/downloads/20060128_ESF_LakeJipeCaseStudy_BaselineSurvey.pdf "BASELINE SURVEY REPORT FOR LAKE JIPE"] (PDF). Archived from [http://www.esfconsultants.org/images/downloads/20060128_ESF_LakeJipeCaseStudy_BaselineSurvey.pdf the original] (PDF) on 22 June 2006. Retrieved 10 December 2011.</ref>. One fish species wey dem dey call Barbus sp. 'Pangani' don only dey found for di river N’joro Springs, wey dey inside di upper Pangani River drainage basin. == Reference == 5iu7glxjagrkg2dtuvhwvxbxyvpgllr 102635 102633 2026-06-13T17:01:57Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102635 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''River Lumi''' (wey people dey also call am Lomi or Luffu) dey [[:en:Rombo_District|Rombo District]] for [[:en:Kilimanjaro|Kilimanjaro]], northeast Tanzania, and small part dey southern Kenya for Coast Province. E dey start from di east side of Mawenzi peak for Mount Kilimanjaro, and e dey flow near River Rombo like say dem wan form fork. But di Lumi still dey maintain im south direction, so people dey talk say na di upper course of di Ruvu, one of di two main sources of Pangani River. E dey flow round Lake Chala and Taveta town for west before e empty inside Lake Jipe<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060622132023/http://www.esfconsultants.org/images/downloads/20060128_ESF_LakeJipeCaseStudy_BaselineSurvey.pdf "BASELINE SURVEY REPORT FOR LAKE JIPE"] (PDF). Archived from [http://www.esfconsultants.org/images/downloads/20060128_ESF_LakeJipeCaseStudy_BaselineSurvey.pdf the original] (PDF) on 22 June 2006. Retrieved 10 December 2011.</ref>. One fish species wey dem dey call Barbus sp. 'Pangani' don only dey found for di river N’joro Springs, wey dey inside di upper Pangani River drainage basin. == Reference == 88fje6odkhcyova0b4nvf7j112654al 102638 102635 2026-06-13T17:02:30Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102638 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''River Lumi''' (wey people dey also call am Lomi or Luffu) dey [[:en:Rombo_District|Rombo District]] for [[:en:Kilimanjaro|Kilimanjaro]], northeast [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]], and small part dey southern Kenya for Coast Province. E dey start from di east side of Mawenzi peak for Mount Kilimanjaro, and e dey flow near River Rombo like say dem wan form fork. But di Lumi still dey maintain im south direction, so people dey talk say na di upper course of di Ruvu, one of di two main sources of Pangani River. E dey flow round Lake Chala and Taveta town for west before e empty inside Lake Jipe<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060622132023/http://www.esfconsultants.org/images/downloads/20060128_ESF_LakeJipeCaseStudy_BaselineSurvey.pdf "BASELINE SURVEY REPORT FOR LAKE JIPE"] (PDF). Archived from [http://www.esfconsultants.org/images/downloads/20060128_ESF_LakeJipeCaseStudy_BaselineSurvey.pdf the original] (PDF) on 22 June 2006. Retrieved 10 December 2011.</ref>. One fish species wey dem dey call Barbus sp. 'Pangani' don only dey found for di river N’joro Springs, wey dey inside di upper Pangani River drainage basin. == Reference == er947x0mwzkh8mf8ov619x34rgotq86 102640 102638 2026-06-13T17:03:06Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102640 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''River Lumi''' (wey people dey also call am Lomi or Luffu) dey [[:en:Rombo_District|Rombo District]] for [[:en:Kilimanjaro|Kilimanjaro]], northeast [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]], and small part dey southern [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] for Coast Province. E dey start from di east side of Mawenzi peak for Mount Kilimanjaro, and e dey flow near River Rombo like say dem wan form fork. But di Lumi still dey maintain im south direction, so people dey talk say na di upper course of di Ruvu, one of di two main sources of Pangani River. E dey flow round Lake Chala and Taveta town for west before e empty inside Lake Jipe<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060622132023/http://www.esfconsultants.org/images/downloads/20060128_ESF_LakeJipeCaseStudy_BaselineSurvey.pdf "BASELINE SURVEY REPORT FOR LAKE JIPE"] (PDF). Archived from [http://www.esfconsultants.org/images/downloads/20060128_ESF_LakeJipeCaseStudy_BaselineSurvey.pdf the original] (PDF) on 22 June 2006. Retrieved 10 December 2011.</ref>. One fish species wey dem dey call Barbus sp. 'Pangani' don only dey found for di river N’joro Springs, wey dey inside di upper Pangani River drainage basin. == Reference == f8wloto79dgsmgxb4xcb4qhiefhi0k6 102645 102640 2026-06-13T17:03:47Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102645 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''River Lumi''' (wey people dey also call am Lomi or Luffu) dey [[:en:Rombo_District|Rombo District]] for [[:en:Kilimanjaro|Kilimanjaro]], northeast [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]], and small part dey southern [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] for [[:en:Coast_Province|Coast Province]]. E dey start from di east side of Mawenzi peak for Mount Kilimanjaro, and e dey flow near River Rombo like say dem wan form fork. But di Lumi still dey maintain im south direction, so people dey talk say na di upper course of di Ruvu, one of di two main sources of Pangani River. E dey flow round Lake Chala and Taveta town for west before e empty inside Lake Jipe<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060622132023/http://www.esfconsultants.org/images/downloads/20060128_ESF_LakeJipeCaseStudy_BaselineSurvey.pdf "BASELINE SURVEY REPORT FOR LAKE JIPE"] (PDF). Archived from [http://www.esfconsultants.org/images/downloads/20060128_ESF_LakeJipeCaseStudy_BaselineSurvey.pdf the original] (PDF) on 22 June 2006. Retrieved 10 December 2011.</ref>. One fish species wey dem dey call Barbus sp. 'Pangani' don only dey found for di river N’joro Springs, wey dey inside di upper Pangani River drainage basin. == Reference == jqm1i5hte0hmgggdombtp7lejs5ysf9 102646 102645 2026-06-13T17:04:21Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102646 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''River Lumi''' (wey people dey also call am Lomi or Luffu) dey [[:en:Rombo_District|Rombo District]] for [[:en:Kilimanjaro|Kilimanjaro]], northeast [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]], and small part dey southern [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] for [[:en:Coast_Province|Coast Province]]. E dey start from di east side of [[:en:Mawenzi|Mawenzi]] peak for Mount Kilimanjaro, and e dey flow near River Rombo like say dem wan form fork. But di Lumi still dey maintain im south direction, so people dey talk say na di upper course of di Ruvu, one of di two main sources of Pangani River. E dey flow round Lake Chala and Taveta town for west before e empty inside Lake Jipe<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060622132023/http://www.esfconsultants.org/images/downloads/20060128_ESF_LakeJipeCaseStudy_BaselineSurvey.pdf "BASELINE SURVEY REPORT FOR LAKE JIPE"] (PDF). Archived from [http://www.esfconsultants.org/images/downloads/20060128_ESF_LakeJipeCaseStudy_BaselineSurvey.pdf the original] (PDF) on 22 June 2006. Retrieved 10 December 2011.</ref>. One fish species wey dem dey call Barbus sp. 'Pangani' don only dey found for di river N’joro Springs, wey dey inside di upper Pangani River drainage basin. == Reference == jcebshma893tzs5jaax2yrc9289q6h0 102649 102646 2026-06-13T17:04:56Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102649 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''River Lumi''' (wey people dey also call am Lomi or Luffu) dey [[:en:Rombo_District|Rombo District]] for [[:en:Kilimanjaro|Kilimanjaro]], northeast [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]], and small part dey southern [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] for [[:en:Coast_Province|Coast Province]]. E dey start from di east side of [[:en:Mawenzi|Mawenzi]] peak for [[:en:Mount_Kilimanjaro|Mount Kilimanjaro]], and e dey flow near River Rombo like say dem wan form fork. But di Lumi still dey maintain im south direction, so people dey talk say na di upper course of di Ruvu, one of di two main sources of Pangani River. E dey flow round Lake Chala and Taveta town for west before e empty inside Lake Jipe<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060622132023/http://www.esfconsultants.org/images/downloads/20060128_ESF_LakeJipeCaseStudy_BaselineSurvey.pdf "BASELINE SURVEY REPORT FOR LAKE JIPE"] (PDF). Archived from [http://www.esfconsultants.org/images/downloads/20060128_ESF_LakeJipeCaseStudy_BaselineSurvey.pdf the original] (PDF) on 22 June 2006. Retrieved 10 December 2011.</ref>. One fish species wey dem dey call Barbus sp. 'Pangani' don only dey found for di river N’joro Springs, wey dey inside di upper Pangani River drainage basin. == Reference == 23tqrd6uty1xau2q3v0u1f6rh85zr35 102652 102649 2026-06-13T17:05:30Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102652 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''River Lumi''' (wey people dey also call am Lomi or Luffu) dey [[:en:Rombo_District|Rombo District]] for [[:en:Kilimanjaro|Kilimanjaro]], northeast [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]], and small part dey southern [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] for [[:en:Coast_Province|Coast Province]]. E dey start from di east side of [[:en:Mawenzi|Mawenzi]] peak for [[:en:Mount_Kilimanjaro|Mount Kilimanjaro]], and e dey flow near River Rombo like say dem wan form fork. But di Lumi still dey maintain im south direction, so people dey talk say na di upper course of di Ruvu, one of di two main sources of [[:en:Pangani_River|Pangani River]]. E dey flow round Lake Chala and Taveta town for west before e empty inside Lake Jipe<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060622132023/http://www.esfconsultants.org/images/downloads/20060128_ESF_LakeJipeCaseStudy_BaselineSurvey.pdf "BASELINE SURVEY REPORT FOR LAKE JIPE"] (PDF). Archived from [http://www.esfconsultants.org/images/downloads/20060128_ESF_LakeJipeCaseStudy_BaselineSurvey.pdf the original] (PDF) on 22 June 2006. Retrieved 10 December 2011.</ref>. One fish species wey dem dey call Barbus sp. 'Pangani' don only dey found for di river N’joro Springs, wey dey inside di upper Pangani River drainage basin. == Reference == 5aotlpbof9itzajumsuvwo5yqsjilhc 102653 102652 2026-06-13T17:05:55Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102653 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''River Lumi''' (wey people dey also call am Lomi or Luffu) dey [[:en:Rombo_District|Rombo District]] for [[:en:Kilimanjaro|Kilimanjaro]], northeast [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]], and small part dey southern [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] for [[:en:Coast_Province|Coast Province]]. E dey start from di east side of [[:en:Mawenzi|Mawenzi]] peak for [[:en:Mount_Kilimanjaro|Mount Kilimanjaro]], and e dey flow near River Rombo like say dem wan form fork. But di Lumi still dey maintain im south direction, so people dey talk say na di upper course of di Ruvu, one of di two main sources of [[:en:Pangani_River|Pangani River]]. E dey flow round [[:en:Lake_Chala|Lake Chala]] and Taveta town for west before e empty inside Lake Jipe<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060622132023/http://www.esfconsultants.org/images/downloads/20060128_ESF_LakeJipeCaseStudy_BaselineSurvey.pdf "BASELINE SURVEY REPORT FOR LAKE JIPE"] (PDF). Archived from [http://www.esfconsultants.org/images/downloads/20060128_ESF_LakeJipeCaseStudy_BaselineSurvey.pdf the original] (PDF) on 22 June 2006. Retrieved 10 December 2011.</ref>. One fish species wey dem dey call Barbus sp. 'Pangani' don only dey found for di river N’joro Springs, wey dey inside di upper Pangani River drainage basin. == Reference == 47k3c9qaf19fhxbwacywtff2x41d34b 102657 102653 2026-06-13T17:06:43Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102657 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''River Lumi''' (wey people dey also call am Lomi or Luffu) dey [[:en:Rombo_District|Rombo District]] for [[:en:Kilimanjaro|Kilimanjaro]], northeast [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]], and small part dey southern [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] for [[:en:Coast_Province|Coast Province]]. E dey start from di east side of [[:en:Mawenzi|Mawenzi]] peak for [[:en:Mount_Kilimanjaro|Mount Kilimanjaro]], and e dey flow near River Rombo like say dem wan form fork. But di Lumi still dey maintain im south direction, so people dey talk say na di upper course of di Ruvu, one of di two main sources of [[:en:Pangani_River|Pangani River]]. E dey flow round [[:en:Lake_Chala|Lake Chala]] and [[:en:Taveta,_Kenya|Taveta]] town for west before e empty inside Lake Jipe<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060622132023/http://www.esfconsultants.org/images/downloads/20060128_ESF_LakeJipeCaseStudy_BaselineSurvey.pdf "BASELINE SURVEY REPORT FOR LAKE JIPE"] (PDF). Archived from [http://www.esfconsultants.org/images/downloads/20060128_ESF_LakeJipeCaseStudy_BaselineSurvey.pdf the original] (PDF) on 22 June 2006. Retrieved 10 December 2011.</ref>. One fish species wey dem dey call Barbus sp. 'Pangani' don only dey found for di river N’joro Springs, wey dey inside di upper Pangani River drainage basin. == Reference == bm0ob3vqoaly0x147ps9fz63a6l5qxb 102658 102657 2026-06-13T17:07:09Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102658 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''River Lumi''' (wey people dey also call am Lomi or Luffu) dey [[:en:Rombo_District|Rombo District]] for [[:en:Kilimanjaro|Kilimanjaro]], northeast [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]], and small part dey southern [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] for [[:en:Coast_Province|Coast Province]]. E dey start from di east side of [[:en:Mawenzi|Mawenzi]] peak for [[:en:Mount_Kilimanjaro|Mount Kilimanjaro]], and e dey flow near River Rombo like say dem wan form fork. But di Lumi still dey maintain im south direction, so people dey talk say na di upper course of di Ruvu, one of di two main sources of [[:en:Pangani_River|Pangani River]]. E dey flow round [[:en:Lake_Chala|Lake Chala]] and [[:en:Taveta,_Kenya|Taveta]] town for west before e empty inside [[:en:Lake_Jipe|Lake Jipe]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060622132023/http://www.esfconsultants.org/images/downloads/20060128_ESF_LakeJipeCaseStudy_BaselineSurvey.pdf "BASELINE SURVEY REPORT FOR LAKE JIPE"] (PDF). Archived from [http://www.esfconsultants.org/images/downloads/20060128_ESF_LakeJipeCaseStudy_BaselineSurvey.pdf the original] (PDF) on 22 June 2006. Retrieved 10 December 2011.</ref>. One fish species wey dem dey call Barbus sp. 'Pangani' don only dey found for di river N’joro Springs, wey dey inside di upper Pangani River drainage basin. == Reference == co6ia5zoxxkfa0z697xwouf73mlg3dy 102660 102658 2026-06-13T17:07:46Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102660 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''River Lumi''' (wey people dey also call am Lomi or Luffu) dey [[:en:Rombo_District|Rombo District]] for [[:en:Kilimanjaro|Kilimanjaro]], northeast [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]], and small part dey southern [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] for [[:en:Coast_Province|Coast Province]]. E dey start from di east side of [[:en:Mawenzi|Mawenzi]] peak for [[:en:Mount_Kilimanjaro|Mount Kilimanjaro]], and e dey flow near River Rombo like say dem wan form fork. But di Lumi still dey maintain im south direction, so people dey talk say na di upper course of di Ruvu, one of di two main sources of [[:en:Pangani_River|Pangani River]]. E dey flow round [[:en:Lake_Chala|Lake Chala]] and [[:en:Taveta,_Kenya|Taveta]] town for west before e empty inside [[:en:Lake_Jipe|Lake Jipe]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060622132023/http://www.esfconsultants.org/images/downloads/20060128_ESF_LakeJipeCaseStudy_BaselineSurvey.pdf "BASELINE SURVEY REPORT FOR LAKE JIPE"] (PDF). Archived from [http://www.esfconsultants.org/images/downloads/20060128_ESF_LakeJipeCaseStudy_BaselineSurvey.pdf the original] (PDF) on 22 June 2006. Retrieved 10 December 2011.</ref>. One fish species wey dem dey call [[:en:Barbus_sp._'Pangani'|Barbus sp. 'Pangani']] don only dey found for di river N’joro Springs, wey dey inside di upper Pangani River drainage basin. == Reference == al8xc8zc7wfaov0uh0arao2qwwu6coq 102662 102660 2026-06-13T17:08:20Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102662 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''River Lumi''' (wey people dey also call am Lomi or Luffu) dey [[:en:Rombo_District|Rombo District]] for [[:en:Kilimanjaro|Kilimanjaro]], northeast [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]], and small part dey southern [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] for [[:en:Coast_Province|Coast Province]]. E dey start from di east side of [[:en:Mawenzi|Mawenzi]] peak for [[:en:Mount_Kilimanjaro|Mount Kilimanjaro]], and e dey flow near River Rombo like say dem wan form fork. But di Lumi still dey maintain im south direction, so people dey talk say na di upper course of di Ruvu, one of di two main sources of [[:en:Pangani_River|Pangani River]]. E dey flow round [[:en:Lake_Chala|Lake Chala]] and [[:en:Taveta,_Kenya|Taveta]] town for west before e empty inside [[:en:Lake_Jipe|Lake Jipe]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060622132023/http://www.esfconsultants.org/images/downloads/20060128_ESF_LakeJipeCaseStudy_BaselineSurvey.pdf "BASELINE SURVEY REPORT FOR LAKE JIPE"] (PDF). Archived from [http://www.esfconsultants.org/images/downloads/20060128_ESF_LakeJipeCaseStudy_BaselineSurvey.pdf the original] (PDF) on 22 June 2006. Retrieved 10 December 2011.</ref>. One fish species wey dem dey call [[:en:Barbus_sp._'Pangani'|Barbus sp. 'Pangani']] don only dey found for di river N’joro Springs, wey dey inside di upper [[:en:Pangani_River|Pangani River]] drainage basin. == Reference == 17e8r8mueufegz4r9x8quftpypc0jfi 102665 102662 2026-06-13T17:08:49Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102665 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''River Lumi''' (wey people dey also call am Lomi or Luffu) dey [[:en:Rombo_District|Rombo District]] for [[:en:Kilimanjaro|Kilimanjaro]], northeast [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]], and small part dey southern [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] for [[:en:Coast_Province|Coast Province]]. E dey start from di east side of [[:en:Mawenzi|Mawenzi]] peak for [[:en:Mount_Kilimanjaro|Mount Kilimanjaro]], and e dey flow near River Rombo like say dem wan form fork. But di Lumi still dey maintain im south direction, so people dey talk say na di upper course of di Ruvu, one of di two main sources of [[:en:Pangani_River|Pangani River]]. E dey flow round [[:en:Lake_Chala|Lake Chala]] and [[:en:Taveta,_Kenya|Taveta]] town for west before e empty inside [[:en:Lake_Jipe|Lake Jipe]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060622132023/http://www.esfconsultants.org/images/downloads/20060128_ESF_LakeJipeCaseStudy_BaselineSurvey.pdf "BASELINE SURVEY REPORT FOR LAKE JIPE"] (PDF). Archived from [http://www.esfconsultants.org/images/downloads/20060128_ESF_LakeJipeCaseStudy_BaselineSurvey.pdf the original] (PDF) on 22 June 2006. Retrieved 10 December 2011.</ref>. One fish species wey dem dey call [[:en:Barbus_sp._'Pangani'|Barbus sp. 'Pangani']] don only dey found for di river N’joro Springs, wey dey inside di upper [[:en:Pangani_River|Pangani River]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]]. == Reference == 736xh1h1go7x06jbyd6xgkthf6rm4yj 102669 102665 2026-06-13T17:10:07Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102669 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''River Lumi''' (wey people dey also call am Lomi or Luffu) dey [[:en:Rombo_District|Rombo District]] for [[:en:Kilimanjaro|Kilimanjaro]], northeast [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]], and small part dey southern [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] for [[:en:Coast_Province|Coast Province]]. E dey start from di east side of [[:en:Mawenzi|Mawenzi]] peak for [[:en:Mount_Kilimanjaro|Mount Kilimanjaro]], and e dey flow near River Rombo like say dem wan form fork. But di Lumi still dey maintain im south direction, so people dey talk say na di upper course of di Ruvu, one of di two main sources of [[:en:Pangani_River|Pangani River]]. E dey flow round [[:en:Lake_Chala|Lake Chala]] and [[:en:Taveta,_Kenya|Taveta]] town for west before e empty inside [[:en:Lake_Jipe|Lake Jipe]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060622132023/http://www.esfconsultants.org/images/downloads/20060128_ESF_LakeJipeCaseStudy_BaselineSurvey.pdf "BASELINE SURVEY REPORT FOR LAKE JIPE"] (PDF). Archived from [http://www.esfconsultants.org/images/downloads/20060128_ESF_LakeJipeCaseStudy_BaselineSurvey.pdf the original] (PDF) on 22 June 2006. Retrieved 10 December 2011.</ref>. One fish species wey dem dey call [[:en:Barbus_sp._'Pangani'|Barbus sp. 'Pangani']] don only dey found for di river N’joro Springs, wey dey inside di upper [[:en:Pangani_River|Pangani River]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]].Most of di water wey people dey take from Lumi na from di section wey dey pass through Kenya. After dem build plenty dams for Kenyan side of di Lumi, plus di time wey rain reduce, people begin worry say Lake Jipe fit dry. Na im make dem start wetland management programs == Reference == qxuyu6cxop8vq3hudg3m9qox4yssh01 102672 102669 2026-06-13T17:10:42Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102672 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''River Lumi''' (wey people dey also call am Lomi or Luffu) dey [[:en:Rombo_District|Rombo District]] for [[:en:Kilimanjaro|Kilimanjaro]], northeast [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]], and small part dey southern [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] for [[:en:Coast_Province|Coast Province]]. E dey start from di east side of [[:en:Mawenzi|Mawenzi]] peak for [[:en:Mount_Kilimanjaro|Mount Kilimanjaro]], and e dey flow near River Rombo like say dem wan form fork. But di Lumi still dey maintain im south direction, so people dey talk say na di upper course of di Ruvu, one of di two main sources of [[:en:Pangani_River|Pangani River]]. E dey flow round [[:en:Lake_Chala|Lake Chala]] and [[:en:Taveta,_Kenya|Taveta]] town for west before e empty inside [[:en:Lake_Jipe|Lake Jipe]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060622132023/http://www.esfconsultants.org/images/downloads/20060128_ESF_LakeJipeCaseStudy_BaselineSurvey.pdf "BASELINE SURVEY REPORT FOR LAKE JIPE"] (PDF). Archived from [http://www.esfconsultants.org/images/downloads/20060128_ESF_LakeJipeCaseStudy_BaselineSurvey.pdf the original] (PDF) on 22 June 2006. Retrieved 10 December 2011.</ref>. One fish species wey dem dey call [[:en:Barbus_sp._'Pangani'|Barbus sp. 'Pangani']] don only dey found for di river N’joro Springs, wey dey inside di upper [[:en:Pangani_River|Pangani River]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]]. Most of di water wey people dey take from Lumi na from di section wey dey pass through Kenya. After dem build plenty dams for Kenyan side of di Lumi, plus di time wey rain reduce, people begin worry say Lake Jipe fit dry. Na im make dem start wetland management programs. == Reference == bj6t618iwi2p7ji16d2z5ao4qno2ywh 102673 102672 2026-06-13T17:11:12Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102673 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''River Lumi''' (wey people dey also call am Lomi or Luffu) dey [[:en:Rombo_District|Rombo District]] for [[:en:Kilimanjaro|Kilimanjaro]], northeast [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]], and small part dey southern [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] for [[:en:Coast_Province|Coast Province]]. E dey start from di east side of [[:en:Mawenzi|Mawenzi]] peak for [[:en:Mount_Kilimanjaro|Mount Kilimanjaro]], and e dey flow near River Rombo like say dem wan form fork. But di Lumi still dey maintain im south direction, so people dey talk say na di upper course of di Ruvu, one of di two main sources of [[:en:Pangani_River|Pangani River]]. E dey flow round [[:en:Lake_Chala|Lake Chala]] and [[:en:Taveta,_Kenya|Taveta]] town for west before e empty inside [[:en:Lake_Jipe|Lake Jipe]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060622132023/http://www.esfconsultants.org/images/downloads/20060128_ESF_LakeJipeCaseStudy_BaselineSurvey.pdf "BASELINE SURVEY REPORT FOR LAKE JIPE"] (PDF). Archived from [http://www.esfconsultants.org/images/downloads/20060128_ESF_LakeJipeCaseStudy_BaselineSurvey.pdf the original] (PDF) on 22 June 2006. Retrieved 10 December 2011.</ref>. One fish species wey dem dey call [[:en:Barbus_sp._'Pangani'|Barbus sp. 'Pangani']] don only dey found for di river N’joro Springs, wey dey inside di upper [[:en:Pangani_River|Pangani River]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]]. == Wetland management == Most of di water wey people dey take from Lumi na from di section wey dey pass through Kenya. After dem build plenty dams for Kenyan side of di Lumi, plus di time wey rain reduce, people begin worry say Lake Jipe fit dry. Na im make dem start wetland management programs. == Reference == 23a5yxqunr5jvn7h1aezofhg2osaecx 102675 102673 2026-06-13T17:11:51Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102675 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''River Lumi''' (wey people dey also call am Lomi or Luffu) dey [[:en:Rombo_District|Rombo District]] for [[:en:Kilimanjaro|Kilimanjaro]], northeast [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]], and small part dey southern [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] for [[:en:Coast_Province|Coast Province]]. E dey start from di east side of [[:en:Mawenzi|Mawenzi]] peak for [[:en:Mount_Kilimanjaro|Mount Kilimanjaro]], and e dey flow near River Rombo like say dem wan form fork. But di Lumi still dey maintain im south direction, so people dey talk say na di upper course of di Ruvu, one of di two main sources of [[:en:Pangani_River|Pangani River]]. E dey flow round [[:en:Lake_Chala|Lake Chala]] and [[:en:Taveta,_Kenya|Taveta]] town for west before e empty inside [[:en:Lake_Jipe|Lake Jipe]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060622132023/http://www.esfconsultants.org/images/downloads/20060128_ESF_LakeJipeCaseStudy_BaselineSurvey.pdf "BASELINE SURVEY REPORT FOR LAKE JIPE"] (PDF). Archived from [http://www.esfconsultants.org/images/downloads/20060128_ESF_LakeJipeCaseStudy_BaselineSurvey.pdf the original] (PDF) on 22 June 2006. Retrieved 10 December 2011.</ref>. One fish species wey dem dey call [[:en:Barbus_sp._'Pangani'|Barbus sp. 'Pangani']] don only dey found for di river N’joro Springs, wey dey inside di upper [[:en:Pangani_River|Pangani River]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]]. == Wetland management == Most of di water wey people dey take from Lumi na from di section wey dey pass through Kenya. After dem build plenty dams for Kenyan side of di Lumi, plus di time wey rain reduce, people begin worry say Lake Jipe fit dry. Na im make dem start wetland management programs.Between 2004–2006, di United Nations Development Programme GEF Small Grants Programme together with di Biodiversity Conservation Programme of di European Union finish one de-siltation and restoration project wey return di river to im original course == Reference == 36lmloalt1upszxbrc94989gair4yvb 102676 102675 2026-06-13T17:12:09Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102676 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''River Lumi''' (wey people dey also call am Lomi or Luffu) dey [[:en:Rombo_District|Rombo District]] for [[:en:Kilimanjaro|Kilimanjaro]], northeast [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]], and small part dey southern [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] for [[:en:Coast_Province|Coast Province]]. E dey start from di east side of [[:en:Mawenzi|Mawenzi]] peak for [[:en:Mount_Kilimanjaro|Mount Kilimanjaro]], and e dey flow near River Rombo like say dem wan form fork. But di Lumi still dey maintain im south direction, so people dey talk say na di upper course of di Ruvu, one of di two main sources of [[:en:Pangani_River|Pangani River]]. E dey flow round [[:en:Lake_Chala|Lake Chala]] and [[:en:Taveta,_Kenya|Taveta]] town for west before e empty inside [[:en:Lake_Jipe|Lake Jipe]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060622132023/http://www.esfconsultants.org/images/downloads/20060128_ESF_LakeJipeCaseStudy_BaselineSurvey.pdf "BASELINE SURVEY REPORT FOR LAKE JIPE"] (PDF). Archived from [http://www.esfconsultants.org/images/downloads/20060128_ESF_LakeJipeCaseStudy_BaselineSurvey.pdf the original] (PDF) on 22 June 2006. Retrieved 10 December 2011.</ref>. One fish species wey dem dey call [[:en:Barbus_sp._'Pangani'|Barbus sp. 'Pangani']] don only dey found for di river N’joro Springs, wey dey inside di upper [[:en:Pangani_River|Pangani River]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]]. == Wetland management == Most of di water wey people dey take from Lumi na from di section wey dey pass through Kenya. After dem build plenty dams for Kenyan side of di Lumi, plus di time wey rain reduce, people begin worry say Lake Jipe fit dry. Na im make dem start wetland management programs. Between 2004–2006, di United Nations Development Programme GEF Small Grants Programme together with di Biodiversity Conservation Programme of di European Union finish one de-siltation and restoration project wey return di river to im original course. == Reference == piwj93bw23r8cqhm45fk9yb6mo5xs3n 102680 102676 2026-06-13T17:14:17Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102680 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''River Lumi''' (wey people dey also call am Lomi or Luffu) dey [[:en:Rombo_District|Rombo District]] for [[:en:Kilimanjaro|Kilimanjaro]], northeast [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]], and small part dey southern [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] for [[:en:Coast_Province|Coast Province]]. E dey start from di east side of [[:en:Mawenzi|Mawenzi]] peak for [[:en:Mount_Kilimanjaro|Mount Kilimanjaro]], and e dey flow near River Rombo like say dem wan form fork. But di Lumi still dey maintain im south direction, so people dey talk say na di upper course of di Ruvu, one of di two main sources of [[:en:Pangani_River|Pangani River]]. E dey flow round [[:en:Lake_Chala|Lake Chala]] and [[:en:Taveta,_Kenya|Taveta]] town for west before e empty inside [[:en:Lake_Jipe|Lake Jipe]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060622132023/http://www.esfconsultants.org/images/downloads/20060128_ESF_LakeJipeCaseStudy_BaselineSurvey.pdf "BASELINE SURVEY REPORT FOR LAKE JIPE"] (PDF). Archived from [http://www.esfconsultants.org/images/downloads/20060128_ESF_LakeJipeCaseStudy_BaselineSurvey.pdf the original] (PDF) on 22 June 2006. Retrieved 10 December 2011.</ref>. One fish species wey dem dey call [[:en:Barbus_sp._'Pangani'|Barbus sp. 'Pangani']] don only dey found for di river N’joro Springs, wey dey inside di upper [[:en:Pangani_River|Pangani River]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]]. == Wetland management == Most of di water wey people dey take from Lumi na from di section wey dey pass through Kenya.<ref>IUCN Eastern Africa Programme (2003). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=NW9bRbbgft8C&pg=PA34 Pangani basin: a situation analysis]''. IUCN. pp. 34–. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-2-8317-0760-0|978-2-8317-0760-0]]</bdi>. Retrieved 9 October 2011</ref> After dem build plenty dams for Kenyan side of di Lumi, plus di time wey rain reduce, people begin worry say Lake Jipe fit dry. Na im make dem start wetland management programs. Between 2004–2006, di United Nations Development Programme GEF Small Grants Programme together with di Biodiversity Conservation Programme of di European Union finish one de-siltation and restoration project wey return di river to im original course. == Reference == c6avxckcfb6poy5ilkta4iqav17h39k 102683 102680 2026-06-13T17:16:00Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102683 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''River Lumi''' (wey people dey also call am Lomi or Luffu) dey [[:en:Rombo_District|Rombo District]] for [[:en:Kilimanjaro|Kilimanjaro]], northeast [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]], and small part dey southern [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] for [[:en:Coast_Province|Coast Province]]. E dey start from di east side of [[:en:Mawenzi|Mawenzi]] peak for [[:en:Mount_Kilimanjaro|Mount Kilimanjaro]], and e dey flow near River Rombo like say dem wan form fork. But di Lumi still dey maintain im south direction, so people dey talk say na di upper course of di Ruvu, one of di two main sources of [[:en:Pangani_River|Pangani River]]. E dey flow round [[:en:Lake_Chala|Lake Chala]] and [[:en:Taveta,_Kenya|Taveta]] town for west before e empty inside [[:en:Lake_Jipe|Lake Jipe]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060622132023/http://www.esfconsultants.org/images/downloads/20060128_ESF_LakeJipeCaseStudy_BaselineSurvey.pdf "BASELINE SURVEY REPORT FOR LAKE JIPE"] (PDF). Archived from [http://www.esfconsultants.org/images/downloads/20060128_ESF_LakeJipeCaseStudy_BaselineSurvey.pdf the original] (PDF) on 22 June 2006. Retrieved 10 December 2011.</ref>. One fish species wey dem dey call [[:en:Barbus_sp._'Pangani'|Barbus sp. 'Pangani']] don only dey found for di river N’joro Springs, wey dey inside di upper [[:en:Pangani_River|Pangani River]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]]. == Wetland management == Most of di water wey people dey take from Lumi na from di section wey dey pass through Kenya.<ref>IUCN Eastern Africa Programme (2003). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=NW9bRbbgft8C&pg=PA34 Pangani basin: a situation analysis]''. IUCN. pp. 34–. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-2-8317-0760-0|978-2-8317-0760-0]]</bdi>. Retrieved 9 October 2011</ref> After dem build plenty dams for Kenyan side of di Lumi, plus di time wey rain reduce, people begin worry say Lake Jipe fit dry. Na im make dem start wetland management programs<ref>Maltby, Edward (2009). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=-K5TCHfEEtMC&pg=PA855 The wetlands handbook]''. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 855–. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-632-05255-4|978-0-632-05255-4]]</bdi>. Retrieved 9 October 2011</ref>. Between 2004–2006, di United Nations Development Programme GEF Small Grants Programme together with di Biodiversity Conservation Programme of di European Union finish one de-siltation and restoration project wey return di river to im original course. == Reference == inu14d50ejqwgxc0jza9p281ejrgsim 102684 102683 2026-06-13T17:16:33Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102684 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''River Lumi''' (wey people dey also call am Lomi or Luffu) dey [[:en:Rombo_District|Rombo District]] for [[:en:Kilimanjaro|Kilimanjaro]], northeast [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]], and small part dey southern [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] for [[:en:Coast_Province|Coast Province]]. E dey start from di east side of [[:en:Mawenzi|Mawenzi]] peak for [[:en:Mount_Kilimanjaro|Mount Kilimanjaro]], and e dey flow near River Rombo like say dem wan form fork. But di Lumi still dey maintain im south direction, so people dey talk say na di upper course of di Ruvu, one of di two main sources of [[:en:Pangani_River|Pangani River]]. E dey flow round [[:en:Lake_Chala|Lake Chala]] and [[:en:Taveta,_Kenya|Taveta]] town for west before e empty inside [[:en:Lake_Jipe|Lake Jipe]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060622132023/http://www.esfconsultants.org/images/downloads/20060128_ESF_LakeJipeCaseStudy_BaselineSurvey.pdf "BASELINE SURVEY REPORT FOR LAKE JIPE"] (PDF). Archived from [http://www.esfconsultants.org/images/downloads/20060128_ESF_LakeJipeCaseStudy_BaselineSurvey.pdf the original] (PDF) on 22 June 2006. Retrieved 10 December 2011.</ref>. One fish species wey dem dey call [[:en:Barbus_sp._'Pangani'|Barbus sp. 'Pangani']] don only dey found for di river N’joro Springs, wey dey inside di upper [[:en:Pangani_River|Pangani River]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]]. == Wetland management == Most of di water wey people dey take from Lumi na from di section wey dey pass through Kenya.<ref>IUCN Eastern Africa Programme (2003). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=NW9bRbbgft8C&pg=PA34 Pangani basin: a situation analysis]''. IUCN. pp. 34–. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-2-8317-0760-0|978-2-8317-0760-0]]</bdi>. Retrieved 9 October 2011</ref> After dem build plenty dams for Kenyan side of di Lumi, plus di time wey rain reduce, people begin worry say Lake Jipe fit dry. Na im make dem start wetland management programs<ref>Maltby, Edward (2009). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=-K5TCHfEEtMC&pg=PA855 The wetlands handbook]''. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 855–. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-632-05255-4|978-0-632-05255-4]]</bdi>. Retrieved 9 October 2011</ref>. Between 2004–2006, di [[:en:United_Nations_Development_Programme|United Nations Development Programme]] GEF Small Grants Programme together with di Biodiversity Conservation Programme of di European Union finish one de-siltation and restoration project wey return di river to im original course. == Reference == bhuaimjozof4ohgqux41jfynxaberwj 102685 102684 2026-06-13T17:17:21Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102685 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''River Lumi''' (wey people dey also call am Lomi or Luffu) dey [[:en:Rombo_District|Rombo District]] for [[:en:Kilimanjaro|Kilimanjaro]], northeast [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]], and small part dey southern [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] for [[:en:Coast_Province|Coast Province]]. E dey start from di east side of [[:en:Mawenzi|Mawenzi]] peak for [[:en:Mount_Kilimanjaro|Mount Kilimanjaro]], and e dey flow near River Rombo like say dem wan form fork. But di Lumi still dey maintain im south direction, so people dey talk say na di upper course of di Ruvu, one of di two main sources of [[:en:Pangani_River|Pangani River]]. E dey flow round [[:en:Lake_Chala|Lake Chala]] and [[:en:Taveta,_Kenya|Taveta]] town for west before e empty inside [[:en:Lake_Jipe|Lake Jipe]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060622132023/http://www.esfconsultants.org/images/downloads/20060128_ESF_LakeJipeCaseStudy_BaselineSurvey.pdf "BASELINE SURVEY REPORT FOR LAKE JIPE"] (PDF). Archived from [http://www.esfconsultants.org/images/downloads/20060128_ESF_LakeJipeCaseStudy_BaselineSurvey.pdf the original] (PDF) on 22 June 2006. Retrieved 10 December 2011.</ref>. One fish species wey dem dey call [[:en:Barbus_sp._'Pangani'|Barbus sp. 'Pangani']] don only dey found for di river N’joro Springs, wey dey inside di upper [[:en:Pangani_River|Pangani River]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]]. == Wetland management == Most of di water wey people dey take from Lumi na from di section wey dey pass through Kenya.<ref>IUCN Eastern Africa Programme (2003). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=NW9bRbbgft8C&pg=PA34 Pangani basin: a situation analysis]''. IUCN. pp. 34–. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-2-8317-0760-0|978-2-8317-0760-0]]</bdi>. Retrieved 9 October 2011</ref> After dem build plenty dams for Kenyan side of di Lumi, plus di time wey rain reduce, people begin worry say Lake Jipe fit dry. Na im make dem start wetland management programs<ref>Maltby, Edward (2009). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=-K5TCHfEEtMC&pg=PA855 The wetlands handbook]''. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 855–. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-632-05255-4|978-0-632-05255-4]]</bdi>. Retrieved 9 October 2011</ref>. Between 2004–2006, di [[:en:United_Nations_Development_Programme|United Nations Development Programme]] GEF Small Grants Programme together with di Biodiversity Conservation Programme of di European Union finish one de-siltation and restoration project wey return di river to im original course.<ref>"[http://sgp.undp.org/web/projects/7731/rehabilitation_of_lake_jipe_ecosystem_river_lumi_banks_stabilization_and_rehabilitation_of_irrigatio.html Rehabilitation of Lake Jipe Ecosystem: River Lumi Banks Stabilization and Rehabilitation of Irrigation Canals (KEN-GEF-04-020)]". GEF Small Grants Programme. 2006. Retrieved 9 October 2011.</ref> == Reference == 7c10za5zketx9mxh92wvneoomz4zaly 0 27523 102626 2026-06-13T16:58:34Z Naula Ayisabun Aningore 2564 Created page with "Orisa River (Yorùbá: [òɾisá]) na one river wey dey Kwara State, Nigeria." 102626 wikitext text/x-wiki Orisa River (Yorùbá: [òɾisá]) na one river wey dey Kwara State, Nigeria. qq806w93qtvke42zdr3rp1p2qu670f2 102630 102626 2026-06-13T16:59:45Z Naula Ayisabun Aningore 2564 102630 wikitext text/x-wiki Orisa River (Yorùbá: [òɾisá]) na one river wey dey Kwara State, Nigeria. E be alluvial river and tributary wey get 300 kilometre (186 miles) path. E start from Ọra, flow pass towns like Aran-Orin, Rore, Olla and Omu-Aran before e drain enter River Niger. 9196swuas0cj98xwakk2ux3wjgm600q 102632 102630 2026-06-13T17:01:06Z Naula Ayisabun Aningore 2564 102632 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref>Oyegun, Rowland. [https://www.google.com.ng/books/edition/Water_Resources_in_Kwara_State_Nigeria/h8EMAQAAIAAJ?hl=en ''Water Resources in Kwara State Nigeria''.] Matanmi & Sons Printing & Publishing Company. ISBN <bdi>9781870125</bdi>.</ref>Orisa River (Yorùbá: [òɾisá]) na one river wey dey Kwara State, Nigeria. E be alluvial river and tributary wey get 300 kilometre (186 miles) path. E start from Ọra, flow pass towns like Aran-Orin, Rore, Olla and Omu-Aran before e drain enter River Niger. tjn4phulxbmbfphwmuek7a8qcsf2mp8 102636 102632 2026-06-13T17:02:05Z Naula Ayisabun Aningore 2564 102636 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref>Oyegun, Rowland. [https://www.google.com.ng/books/edition/Water_Resources_in_Kwara_State_Nigeria/h8EMAQAAIAAJ?hl=en ''Water Resources in Kwara State Nigeria''.] Matanmi & Sons Printing & Publishing Company. ISBN <bdi>9781870125</bdi>.</ref>Orisa River (Yorùbá: [òɾisá]) na one river wey dey Kwara State, Nigeria. E be alluvial river and tributary wey get 300 kilometre (186 miles) path. E start from Ọra, flow pass towns like Aran-Orin, Rore, Olla and Omu-Aran before e drain enter River Niger.<ref>[https://eprints.lmu.edu.ng/3836/1/6%20Paper%20on%20Boundary%20Influence.pdf "Boundary Influence and Flow Characteristics of Orisa and Ala Rivers in Kwara and Ondo States, Nigeria"] (PDF). ''Landmark University Repository''. Retrieved March 1, 2026.</ref> 54uu44jucziejo8tttgoreyn7nz1uoz 102639 102636 2026-06-13T17:02:49Z Naula Ayisabun Aningore 2564 102639 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref>Oyegun, Rowland. [https://www.google.com.ng/books/edition/Water_Resources_in_Kwara_State_Nigeria/h8EMAQAAIAAJ?hl=en ''Water Resources in Kwara State Nigeria''.] Matanmi & Sons Printing & Publishing Company. ISBN <bdi>9781870125</bdi>.</ref>Orisa River (Yorùbá: [òɾisá]) na one river wey dey Kwara State, Nigeria. E be alluvial river and tributary wey get 300 kilometre (186 miles) path. E start from Ọra, flow pass towns like Aran-Orin, Rore, Olla and Omu-Aran before e drain enter River Niger.<ref>[https://eprints.lmu.edu.ng/3836/1/6%20Paper%20on%20Boundary%20Influence.pdf "Boundary Influence and Flow Characteristics of Orisa and Ala Rivers in Kwara and Ondo States, Nigeria"] (PDF). ''Landmark University Repository''. Retrieved March 1, 2026.</ref><ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352374043_Assessment_of_levels_of_some_physico-chemical_parameters_and_heavy_metals_of_Orisa_River_Omu-Aran_Nigeria "Assessment of levels of some physico-chemical parameters and heavy metals of Orisa River, Omu-Aran, Nigeria"]. ''ResearchGate''. Retrieved March 1, 2026.</ref> e23lbvezdb5xrz60hl4quunfdxzqxja 102644 102639 2026-06-13T17:03:40Z Naula Ayisabun Aningore 2564 102644 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref name=":0">Oyegun, Rowland. [https://www.google.com.ng/books/edition/Water_Resources_in_Kwara_State_Nigeria/h8EMAQAAIAAJ?hl=en ''Water Resources in Kwara State Nigeria''.] Matanmi & Sons Printing & Publishing Company. ISBN <bdi>9781870125</bdi>.</ref>Orisa River (Yorùbá: [òɾisá]) na one river wey dey Kwara State, Nigeria. E be alluvial river and tributary wey get 300 kilometre (186 miles) path. E start from Ọra, flow pass towns like Aran-Orin, Rore, Olla and Omu-Aran before e drain enter River Niger.<ref name=":0" /><ref>[https://eprints.lmu.edu.ng/3836/1/6%20Paper%20on%20Boundary%20Influence.pdf "Boundary Influence and Flow Characteristics of Orisa and Ala Rivers in Kwara and Ondo States, Nigeria"] (PDF). ''Landmark University Repository''. Retrieved March 1, 2026.</ref><ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352374043_Assessment_of_levels_of_some_physico-chemical_parameters_and_heavy_metals_of_Orisa_River_Omu-Aran_Nigeria "Assessment of levels of some physico-chemical parameters and heavy metals of Orisa River, Omu-Aran, Nigeria"]. ''ResearchGate''. Retrieved March 1, 2026.</ref> kij01crjn2kopzl485om59q3izvvthk 102648 102644 2026-06-13T17:04:50Z Naula Ayisabun Aningore 2564 102648 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref name=":0">Oyegun, Rowland. [https://www.google.com.ng/books/edition/Water_Resources_in_Kwara_State_Nigeria/h8EMAQAAIAAJ?hl=en ''Water Resources in Kwara State Nigeria''.] Matanmi & Sons Printing & Publishing Company. ISBN <bdi>9781870125</bdi>.</ref>Orisa River (Yorùbá: [òɾisá]) na one river wey dey Kwara State, Nigeria. E be alluvial river and tributary wey get 300 kilometre (186 miles) path. E start from Ọra, flow pass towns like Aran-Orin, Rore, Olla and Omu-Aran before e drain enter River Niger.<ref name=":0" /><ref>[https://eprints.lmu.edu.ng/3836/1/6%20Paper%20on%20Boundary%20Influence.pdf "Boundary Influence and Flow Characteristics of Orisa and Ala Rivers in Kwara and Ondo States, Nigeria"] (PDF). ''Landmark University Repository''. Retrieved March 1, 2026.</ref><ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352374043_Assessment_of_levels_of_some_physico-chemical_parameters_and_heavy_metals_of_Orisa_River_Omu-Aran_Nigeria "Assessment of levels of some physico-chemical parameters and heavy metals of Orisa River, Omu-Aran, Nigeria"]. ''ResearchGate''. Retrieved March 1, 2026.</ref> == References == i6s3xiuyqmsx2a4dvspkr2sh553idsa 102651 102648 2026-06-13T17:05:08Z Naula Ayisabun Aningore 2564 102651 wikitext text/x-wiki Orisa River (Yorùbá: [òɾisá]) na one river wey dey Kwara State, Nigeria. E be alluvial river and tributary wey get 300 kilometre (186 miles) path. E start from Ọra, flow pass towns like Aran-Orin, Rore, Olla and Omu-Aran before e drain enter River Niger.<ref name=":0">Oyegun, Rowland. [https://www.google.com.ng/books/edition/Water_Resources_in_Kwara_State_Nigeria/h8EMAQAAIAAJ?hl=en ''Water Resources in Kwara State Nigeria''.] Matanmi & Sons Printing & Publishing Company. ISBN <bdi>9781870125</bdi>.</ref><ref>[https://eprints.lmu.edu.ng/3836/1/6%20Paper%20on%20Boundary%20Influence.pdf "Boundary Influence and Flow Characteristics of Orisa and Ala Rivers in Kwara and Ondo States, Nigeria"] (PDF). ''Landmark University Repository''. Retrieved March 1, 2026.</ref><ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352374043_Assessment_of_levels_of_some_physico-chemical_parameters_and_heavy_metals_of_Orisa_River_Omu-Aran_Nigeria "Assessment of levels of some physico-chemical parameters and heavy metals of Orisa River, Omu-Aran, Nigeria"]. ''ResearchGate''. Retrieved March 1, 2026.</ref> == References == qx9lu9ebt9edr6unwdxcf4nwvik2dvw 102656 102651 2026-06-13T17:06:20Z Naula Ayisabun Aningore 2564 102656 wikitext text/x-wiki Orisa River (Yorùbá: [òɾisá]) na one river wey dey Kwara State, Nigeria. E be alluvial river and tributary wey get 300 kilometre (186 miles) path. E start from Ọra, flow pass towns like Aran-Orin, Rore, Olla and Omu-Aran before e drain enter River Niger.<ref name=":0">Oyegun, Rowland. [https://www.google.com.ng/books/edition/Water_Resources_in_Kwara_State_Nigeria/h8EMAQAAIAAJ?hl=en ''Water Resources in Kwara State Nigeria''.] Matanmi & Sons Printing & Publishing Company. ISBN <bdi>9781870125</bdi>.</ref><ref>[https://eprints.lmu.edu.ng/3836/1/6%20Paper%20on%20Boundary%20Influence.pdf "Boundary Influence and Flow Characteristics of Orisa and Ala Rivers in Kwara and Ondo States, Nigeria"] (PDF). ''Landmark University Repository''. Retrieved March 1, 2026.</ref><ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352374043_Assessment_of_levels_of_some_physico-chemical_parameters_and_heavy_metals_of_Orisa_River_Omu-Aran_Nigeria "Assessment of levels of some physico-chemical parameters and heavy metals of Orisa River, Omu-Aran, Nigeria"]. ''ResearchGate''. Retrieved March 1, 2026.</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:Rivers of Nigeria]] [[Category:Tributaries of de Niger River]] rejeqf7mo9kzv09ap44cj4h5hi30nbp 102664 102656 2026-06-13T17:08:38Z Naula Ayisabun Aningore 2564 102664 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Orisa River (Yorùbá: [òɾisá]) na one river wey dey Kwara State, Nigeria. E be alluvial river and tributary wey get 300 kilometre (186 miles) path. E start from Ọra, flow pass towns like Aran-Orin, Rore, Olla and Omu-Aran before e drain enter River Niger.<ref name=":0">Oyegun, Rowland. [https://www.google.com.ng/books/edition/Water_Resources_in_Kwara_State_Nigeria/h8EMAQAAIAAJ?hl=en ''Water Resources in Kwara State Nigeria''.] Matanmi & Sons Printing & Publishing Company. ISBN <bdi>9781870125</bdi>.</ref><ref>[https://eprints.lmu.edu.ng/3836/1/6%20Paper%20on%20Boundary%20Influence.pdf "Boundary Influence and Flow Characteristics of Orisa and Ala Rivers in Kwara and Ondo States, Nigeria"] (PDF). ''Landmark University Repository''. Retrieved March 1, 2026.</ref><ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352374043_Assessment_of_levels_of_some_physico-chemical_parameters_and_heavy_metals_of_Orisa_River_Omu-Aran_Nigeria "Assessment of levels of some physico-chemical parameters and heavy metals of Orisa River, Omu-Aran, Nigeria"]. ''ResearchGate''. Retrieved March 1, 2026.</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:Rivers of Nigeria]] [[Category:Tributaries of de Niger River]] i0jxwnzljurf2tff3h4ldv4ebpxdklt 0 27524 102643 2026-06-13T17:03:37Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1262162543|Mo River]]" 102643 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  De Mo River (French: ''Rivière Mo'') dey for Ghana den Togo. E start from Togo, den e dey flow go west, and for some small part e dey form de international boundary btn Ghana den Togo. Later e go empty all de water for Lake Volta wey dey for Ghana insyd. == References == {{Reflist}}{{Rivers of Ghana}}{{Rivers of Togo}}{{Clear}} [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] 322xkg69ok4054yum14yuz0kayimup9 102650 102643 2026-06-13T17:05:00Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102650 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  De '''''Mo River''''' (French: ''Rivière Mo'') dey for Ghana den Togo. E start from Togo, den e dey flow go west, and for some small part e dey form de international boundary btn Ghana den Togo. Later e go empty all de water for Lake Volta wey dey for Ghana insyd. == References == {{Reflist}}{{Rivers of Ghana}}{{Rivers of Togo}}{{Clear}} [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] il3ekd64f4tjrlmz93hz8ij5dlv1fb0 102654 102650 2026-06-13T17:06:01Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102654 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  De '''''Mo River''''' (French: ''Rivière Mo'') be river dey for Ghana den Togo. E start from Togo, den e dey flow go west, and for some small part e dey form de international boundary btn Ghana den Togo. Later e go empty all de water for Lake Volta wey dey for Ghana insyd. == References == {{Reflist}}{{Rivers of Ghana}}{{Rivers of Togo}}{{Clear}} [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] ox4ortnsje2x7ycvnfjd7m4sieotht2 102655 102654 2026-06-13T17:06:18Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102655 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  De '''''Mo River''''' (French: ''Rivière Mo'') be river wey dey for Ghana den Togo. E start from Togo, den e dey flow go west, and for some small part e dey form de international boundary btn Ghana den Togo. Later e go empty all de water for Lake Volta wey dey for Ghana insyd. == References == {{Reflist}}{{Rivers of Ghana}}{{Rivers of Togo}}{{Clear}} [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] pq5u04se77r1m95ij1xc7k5eswgki4q 102659 102655 2026-06-13T17:07:41Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102659 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  De '''''Mo River''''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Rivière Mo'') be river wey dey for Ghana den Togo. E start from Togo, den e dey flow go west, and for some small part e dey form de international boundary btn Ghana den Togo. Later e go empty all de water for Lake Volta wey dey for Ghana insyd. == References == {{Reflist}}{{Rivers of Ghana}}{{Rivers of Togo}}{{Clear}} [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] tilduwv2x54zouzlptaawus8t67w63n 102663 102659 2026-06-13T17:08:21Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102663 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  De '''''Mo River''''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Rivière Mo'') be [[:en:River|river]] wey dey for Ghana den Togo. E start from Togo, den e dey flow go west, and for some small part e dey form de international boundary btn Ghana den Togo. Later e go empty all de water for Lake Volta wey dey for Ghana insyd. == References == {{Reflist}}{{Rivers of Ghana}}{{Rivers of Togo}}{{Clear}} [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] 6v7fzt5ivjaf1b6ija58xnuxukdac4c 102666 102663 2026-06-13T17:08:49Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102666 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  De '''''Mo River''''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Rivière Mo'') be [[:en:River|river]] wey dey for [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]] den Togo. E start from Togo, den e dey flow go west, and for some small part e dey form de international boundary btn Ghana den Togo. Later e go empty all de water for Lake Volta wey dey for Ghana insyd. == References == {{Reflist}}{{Rivers of Ghana}}{{Rivers of Togo}}{{Clear}} [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] rsvvtdr1i0695s6egicvfeu83atxjij 102667 102666 2026-06-13T17:09:23Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102667 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  De '''''Mo River''''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Rivière Mo'') be [[:en:River|river]] wey dey for [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]] den Togo. E start from [[:en:Togo|Togo]], den e dey flow go west, and for some small part e dey form de international boundary btn Ghana den Togo. Later e go empty all de water for Lake Volta wey dey for Ghana insyd. == References == {{Reflist}}{{Rivers of Ghana}}{{Rivers of Togo}}{{Clear}} [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] toeimz2zki5fpotkodas6shk88ze2wx 102668 102667 2026-06-13T17:10:00Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102668 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  De '''''Mo River''''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Rivière Mo'') be [[:en:River|river]] wey dey for [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]] den Togo. E start from [[:en:Togo|Togo]], den e dey flow go west, and for some small part e dey form de [[:en:Ghana–Togo_border|international boundary]] btn Ghana den Togo. Later e go empty all de water for Lake Volta wey dey for Ghana insyd. == References == {{Reflist}}{{Rivers of Ghana}}{{Rivers of Togo}}{{Clear}} [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] jurf599vh56h14v03fntm03zo40fn2v 102670 102668 2026-06-13T17:10:35Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102670 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  De '''''Mo River''''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Rivière Mo'') be [[:en:River|river]] wey dey for [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]] den Togo. E start from [[:en:Togo|Togo]], den e dey flow go west, and for some small part e dey form de [[:en:Ghana–Togo_border|international boundary]] btn Ghana den Togo. Later e go empty all de water for [[:en:Lake_Volta|Lake Volta]] wey dey for Ghana insyd. == References == {{Reflist}}{{Rivers of Ghana}}{{Rivers of Togo}}{{Clear}} [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] se01fxjxprok6f0s4djiot1ektj7zif 102674 102670 2026-06-13T17:11:20Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102674 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  De '''''Mo River''''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Rivière Mo'') be [[:en:River|river]] wey dey for [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]] den Togo. E start from [[:en:Togo|Togo]], den e dey flow go west, and for some small part e dey form de [[:en:Ghana–Togo_border|international boundary]] btn Ghana den Togo<ref>{{Citation |title=Mo River |date=2024-12-09 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mo_River&oldid=1262162543 |access-date=2026-06-13 |language=en}}</ref>. Later e go empty all de water for [[:en:Lake_Volta|Lake Volta]] wey dey for Ghana insyd. == References == {{Reflist}}{{Rivers of Ghana}}{{Rivers of Togo}}{{Clear}} [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] rc5h55vmgu3wq811hv7duhca9cwpitv 102677 102674 2026-06-13T17:12:29Z Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna 5061 102677 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  De '''''Mo River''''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Rivière Mo'') be [[:en:River|river]] wey dey for [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]] den Togo. E start from [[:en:Togo|Togo]], den e dey flow go west, and for some small part e dey form de [[:en:Ghana–Togo_border|international boundary]] btn Ghana den Togo<ref>{{Citation |title=Mo River |date=2024-12-09 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mo_River&oldid=1262162543 |access-date=2026-06-13 |language=en}}</ref>. Later e go empty all de water for [[:en:Lake_Volta|Lake Volta]] wey dey for Ghana insyd. = References = [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] 3pz7knvl8bacahrdet2kzmxclnkjaf2 0 27525 102678 2026-06-13T17:13:13Z Naula Ayisabun Aningore 2564 Created page with "Otin River na one river wey dey Inisa, Osun State, Nigeria. Eko-Ende Dam don block am." 102678 wikitext text/x-wiki Otin River na one river wey dey Inisa, Osun State, Nigeria. Eko-Ende Dam don block am. l4yfc6s8byw532gbamc1hyyqb45k04e 102679 102678 2026-06-13T17:14:10Z Naula Ayisabun Aningore 2564 102679 wikitext text/x-wiki Otin River na one river wey dey Inisa, Osun State, Nigeria. Eko-Ende Dam don block am.<ref>[https://heyplaces.com.ng/0644521/Otin_River "Otin River « HEYPLACES.COM.NG"]. ''heyplaces.com.ng''. Retrieved 2023-07-11.</ref> b7r4uyntu0vts2rxkyp9864jcfhkkao 102681 102679 2026-06-13T17:15:03Z Naula Ayisabun Aningore 2564 102681 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Otin River''' na one river wey dey Inisa, Osun State, Nigeria. Eko-Ende Dam don block am.<ref>[https://heyplaces.com.ng/0644521/Otin_River "Otin River « HEYPLACES.COM.NG"]. ''heyplaces.com.ng''. Retrieved 2023-07-11.</ref> == Ein Legend == cz5bv4ou7y9k8z857cs3i4d72vm8yf4 102682 102681 2026-06-13T17:15:26Z Naula Ayisabun Aningore 2564 102682 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Otin River''' na one river wey dey Inisa, Osun State, Nigeria. Eko-Ende Dam don block am.<ref>[https://heyplaces.com.ng/0644521/Otin_River "Otin River « HEYPLACES.COM.NG"]. ''heyplaces.com.ng''. Retrieved 2023-07-11.</ref> == Ein Legend == == References == 9agqv94m4yu6a1gg2it1ldwbseuqlja 102686 102682 2026-06-13T17:20:10Z Naula Ayisabun Aningore 2564 /* Ein Legend */ 102686 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Otin River''' na one river wey dey Inisa, Osun State, Nigeria. Eko-Ende Dam don block am.<ref>[https://heyplaces.com.ng/0644521/Otin_River "Otin River « HEYPLACES.COM.NG"]. ''heyplaces.com.ng''. Retrieved 2023-07-11.</ref> == Ein Legend == According to Yoruba story, dem say di orisha Otin dey show as person inside Otin River. == References == 91gqd4rbe1khvlnemtvlhlpof9ysikr 102687 102686 2026-06-13T17:20:31Z Naula Ayisabun Aningore 2564 /* Ein Legend */ 102687 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Otin River''' na one river wey dey Inisa, Osun State, Nigeria. Eko-Ende Dam don block am.<ref>[https://heyplaces.com.ng/0644521/Otin_River "Otin River « HEYPLACES.COM.NG"]. ''heyplaces.com.ng''. Retrieved 2023-07-11.</ref> == Ein Legend == According to Yoruba story, dem say di orisha Otin dey show as person inside Otin River. As historical person, before dem turn am to deity, people believe say she once protect Inisa town from enemy invasion. Na why di townspeople dey worship her today. == References == aigv7ef55zg5ed85e94anh21randdy3 102688 102687 2026-06-13T17:21:29Z Naula Ayisabun Aningore 2564 /* Ein Legend */ 102688 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Otin River''' na one river wey dey Inisa, Osun State, Nigeria. Eko-Ende Dam don block am.<ref>[https://heyplaces.com.ng/0644521/Otin_River "Otin River « HEYPLACES.COM.NG"]. ''heyplaces.com.ng''. Retrieved 2023-07-11.</ref> == Ein Legend == According to Yoruba story, dem say di orisha Otin dey show as person inside Otin River. As historical person, before dem turn am to deity, people believe say she once protect Inisa town from enemy invasion. Na why di townspeople dey worship her today. Otin first come from Otan town, but she waka go Inisa to help fight against invasion from di neighboring towns. == References == h67qvbo96z9mv3c6zb92mozvq4g2whr 102689 102688 2026-06-13T17:22:04Z Naula Ayisabun Aningore 2564 102689 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Otin River''' na one river wey dey Inisa, Osun State, Nigeria. Eko-Ende Dam don block am.<ref>[https://heyplaces.com.ng/0644521/Otin_River "Otin River « HEYPLACES.COM.NG"]. ''heyplaces.com.ng''. Retrieved 2023-07-11.</ref> == Ein Legend == According to Yoruba story, dem say di orisha Otin dey show as person inside Otin River. As historical person, before dem turn am to deity, people believe say she once protect Inisa town from enemy invasion. Na why di townspeople dey worship her today. Otin first come from Otan town, but she waka go Inisa to help fight against invasion from di neighboring towns. == Region == == References == 3x6tu711pxmpb0ikzamvf1gukdnnvat 102690 102689 2026-06-13T17:33:16Z Naula Ayisabun Aningore 2564 /* Region */ 102690 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Otin River''' na one river wey dey Inisa, Osun State, Nigeria. Eko-Ende Dam don block am.<ref>[https://heyplaces.com.ng/0644521/Otin_River "Otin River « HEYPLACES.COM.NG"]. ''heyplaces.com.ng''. Retrieved 2023-07-11.</ref> == Ein Legend == According to Yoruba story, dem say di orisha Otin dey show as person inside Otin River. As historical person, before dem turn am to deity, people believe say she once protect Inisa town from enemy invasion. Na why di townspeople dey worship her today. Otin first come from Otan town, but she waka go Inisa to help fight against invasion from di neighboring towns. == Region == Otin River dey cross Odo Otin Local Government Area for northeast Osun State. Di area big reach 950 square kilometre (370 square miles), and na di river give am name. Di river dey flow through rugged land, wey elevation dey between 35 to 400 metres (115 to 1,312 feet) above sea level. == References == 5te23qx6oyh4l02gqszmugu18zo0gb8 102691 102690 2026-06-13T17:36:34Z Naula Ayisabun Aningore 2564 /* Region */ 102691 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Otin River''' na one river wey dey Inisa, Osun State, Nigeria. Eko-Ende Dam don block am.<ref>[https://heyplaces.com.ng/0644521/Otin_River "Otin River « HEYPLACES.COM.NG"]. ''heyplaces.com.ng''. Retrieved 2023-07-11.</ref> == Ein Legend == According to Yoruba story, dem say di orisha Otin dey show as person inside Otin River. As historical person, before dem turn am to deity, people believe say she once protect Inisa town from enemy invasion. Na why di townspeople dey worship her today. Otin first come from Otan town, but she waka go Inisa to help fight against invasion from di neighboring towns. == Region == Otin River dey cross Odo Otin Local Government Area for northeast Osun State. Di area big reach 950 square kilometre (370 square miles), and na di river give am name.<ref>[[:en:Otin_River#CITEREFBrief_Historical_Background,_Odo-Otin|Brief Historical Background, Odo-Otin.]]</ref> Di river dey flow through rugged land, wey elevation dey between 35 to 400 metres (115 to 1,312 feet) above sea level. == References == 05rupz081vsvmgfscprilg5sv5m75hv 102692 102691 2026-06-13T17:37:15Z Naula Ayisabun Aningore 2564 /* Region */ 102692 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Otin River''' na one river wey dey Inisa, Osun State, Nigeria. Eko-Ende Dam don block am.<ref>[https://heyplaces.com.ng/0644521/Otin_River "Otin River « HEYPLACES.COM.NG"]. ''heyplaces.com.ng''. Retrieved 2023-07-11.</ref> == Ein Legend == According to Yoruba story, dem say di orisha Otin dey show as person inside Otin River. As historical person, before dem turn am to deity, people believe say she once protect Inisa town from enemy invasion. Na why di townspeople dey worship her today. Otin first come from Otan town, but she waka go Inisa to help fight against invasion from di neighboring towns. == Region == Otin River dey cross Odo Otin Local Government Area for northeast Osun State. Di area big reach 950 square kilometre (370 square miles), and na di river give am name.<ref>[[:en:Otin_River#CITEREFBrief_Historical_Background,_Odo-Otin|Brief Historical Background, Odo-Otin.]]</ref> Di river dey flow through rugged land, wey elevation dey between 35 to 400 metres (115 to 1,312 feet) above sea level. Rainfall for di area dey around 1,400 millimetre (55 inches), and rainy season dey last from April go reach November. Land cover na partly tropical rainforest, but people still dey do rotational bush farming. Cash crops like cocoa, kola and plantain dem dey grow around di settlements. == References == gsicjrmzsyukxnp4f8dyxh3hdc42yq1 102693 102692 2026-06-13T17:38:55Z Naula Ayisabun Aningore 2564 /* Region */ 102693 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Otin River''' na one river wey dey Inisa, Osun State, Nigeria. Eko-Ende Dam don block am.<ref>[https://heyplaces.com.ng/0644521/Otin_River "Otin River « HEYPLACES.COM.NG"]. ''heyplaces.com.ng''. Retrieved 2023-07-11.</ref> == Ein Legend == According to Yoruba story, dem say di orisha Otin dey show as person inside Otin River. As historical person, before dem turn am to deity, people believe say she once protect Inisa town from enemy invasion. Na why di townspeople dey worship her today. Otin first come from Otan town, but she waka go Inisa to help fight against invasion from di neighboring towns. == Region == Otin River dey cross Odo Otin Local Government Area for northeast Osun State. Di area big reach 950 square kilometre (370 square miles), and na di river give am name.<ref>[[:en:Otin_River#CITEREFBrief_Historical_Background,_Odo-Otin|Brief Historical Background, Odo-Otin.]]</ref> Di river dey flow through rugged land, wey elevation dey between 35 to 400 metres (115 to 1,312 feet) above sea level.<ref>[https://ng.geoview.info/river_otin,2325478 "River Otin stream, Nigeria".] ''ng.geoview.info''. Retrieved 2023-07-11.</ref> Rainfall for di area dey around 1,400 millimetre (55 inches), and rainy season dey last from April go reach November. Land cover na partly tropical rainforest, but people still dey do rotational bush farming. Cash crops like cocoa, kola and plantain dem dey grow around di settlements. == References == oj8zt3mcbgsxyjywphu6calfcdjnbep 102694 102693 2026-06-13T17:40:13Z Naula Ayisabun Aningore 2564 /* Region */ 102694 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Otin River''' na one river wey dey Inisa, Osun State, Nigeria. Eko-Ende Dam don block am.<ref>[https://heyplaces.com.ng/0644521/Otin_River "Otin River « HEYPLACES.COM.NG"]. ''heyplaces.com.ng''. Retrieved 2023-07-11.</ref> == Ein Legend == According to Yoruba story, dem say di orisha Otin dey show as person inside Otin River. As historical person, before dem turn am to deity, people believe say she once protect Inisa town from enemy invasion. Na why di townspeople dey worship her today. Otin first come from Otan town, but she waka go Inisa to help fight against invasion from di neighboring towns. == Region == Otin River dey cross Odo Otin Local Government Area for northeast Osun State. Di area big reach 950 square kilometre (370 square miles), and na di river give am name.<ref>[[:en:Otin_River#CITEREFBrief_Historical_Background,_Odo-Otin|Brief Historical Background, Odo-Otin.]]</ref> Di river dey flow through rugged land, wey elevation dey between 35 to 400 metres (115 to 1,312 feet) above sea level.<ref>[https://ng.geoview.info/river_otin,2325478 "River Otin stream, Nigeria".] ''ng.geoview.info''. Retrieved 2023-07-11.</ref> Rainfall for di area dey around 1,400 millimetre (55 inches), and rainy season dey last from April go reach November.<ref>[https://travelingluck.com/Africa/Nigeria/Nigeria+(general)/_2325478_River+Otin.html "River Otin / River Otin, Nigeria (general), Nigeria, Africa".] ''travelingluck.com''. Retrieved 2023-07-11.</ref> Land cover na partly tropical rainforest, but people still dey do rotational bush farming. Cash crops like cocoa, kola and plantain dem dey grow around di settlements. == References == lvytbm3kf8uvpgnlfdnfvi7f4h48v7b 102696 102694 2026-06-13T17:41:22Z Naula Ayisabun Aningore 2564 /* Region */ 102696 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Otin River''' na one river wey dey Inisa, Osun State, Nigeria. Eko-Ende Dam don block am.<ref>[https://heyplaces.com.ng/0644521/Otin_River "Otin River « HEYPLACES.COM.NG"]. ''heyplaces.com.ng''. Retrieved 2023-07-11.</ref> == Ein Legend == According to Yoruba story, dem say di orisha Otin dey show as person inside Otin River. As historical person, before dem turn am to deity, people believe say she once protect Inisa town from enemy invasion. Na why di townspeople dey worship her today. Otin first come from Otan town, but she waka go Inisa to help fight against invasion from di neighboring towns. == Region == Otin River dey cross Odo Otin Local Government Area for northeast Osun State. Di area big reach 950 square kilometre (370 square miles), and na di river give am name.<ref>[[:en:Otin_River#CITEREFBrief_Historical_Background,_Odo-Otin|Brief Historical Background, Odo-Otin.]]</ref> Di river dey flow through rugged land, wey elevation dey between 35 to 400 metres (115 to 1,312 feet) above sea level.<ref>[https://ng.geoview.info/river_otin,2325478 "River Otin stream, Nigeria".] ''ng.geoview.info''. Retrieved 2023-07-11.</ref> Rainfall for di area dey around 1,400 millimetre (55 inches), and rainy season dey last from April go reach November.<ref>[https://travelingluck.com/Africa/Nigeria/Nigeria+(general)/_2325478_River+Otin.html "River Otin / River Otin, Nigeria (general), Nigeria, Africa".] ''travelingluck.com''. Retrieved 2023-07-11.</ref> Land cover na partly tropical rainforest, but people still dey do rotational bush farming. Cash crops like cocoa, kola and plantain dem dey grow around di settlements.<ref>[[:en:Otin_River#CITEREFAdedijiAjibade2008|Adediji & Ajibade 2008,]] p. 111.</ref> == References == 6l1oywlr5rp9eh8drzp2t97gh26sm3v 102697 102696 2026-06-13T17:42:42Z Naula Ayisabun Aningore 2564 102697 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Otin River''' na one river wey dey Inisa, Osun State, Nigeria. Eko-Ende Dam don block am.<ref>[https://heyplaces.com.ng/0644521/Otin_River "Otin River « HEYPLACES.COM.NG"]. ''heyplaces.com.ng''. Retrieved 2023-07-11.</ref> == Ein Legend == According to Yoruba story, dem say di orisha Otin dey show as person inside Otin River. As historical person, before dem turn am to deity, people believe say she once protect Inisa town from enemy invasion. Na why di townspeople dey worship her today. Otin first come from Otan town, but she waka go Inisa to help fight against invasion from di neighboring towns. == Region == Otin River dey cross Odo Otin Local Government Area for northeast Osun State. Di area big reach 950 square kilometre (370 square miles), and na di river give am name.<ref>[[:en:Otin_River#CITEREFBrief_Historical_Background,_Odo-Otin|Brief Historical Background, Odo-Otin.]]</ref> Di river dey flow through rugged land, wey elevation dey between 35 to 400 metres (115 to 1,312 feet) above sea level.<ref>[https://ng.geoview.info/river_otin,2325478 "River Otin stream, Nigeria".] ''ng.geoview.info''. Retrieved 2023-07-11.</ref> Rainfall for di area dey around 1,400 millimetre (55 inches), and rainy season dey last from April go reach November.<ref>[https://travelingluck.com/Africa/Nigeria/Nigeria+(general)/_2325478_River+Otin.html "River Otin / River Otin, Nigeria (general), Nigeria, Africa".] ''travelingluck.com''. Retrieved 2023-07-11.</ref> Land cover na partly tropical rainforest, but people still dey do rotational bush farming. Cash crops like cocoa, kola and plantain dem dey grow around di settlements.<ref>[[:en:Otin_River#CITEREFAdedijiAjibade2008|Adediji & Ajibade 2008,]] p. 111.</ref> == Course == == References == myg9dmoysfr8r3rkmcws4bjtrhnzwbh 102699 102697 2026-06-13T17:45:52Z Naula Ayisabun Aningore 2564 /* Course */ 102699 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Otin River''' na one river wey dey Inisa, Osun State, Nigeria. Eko-Ende Dam don block am.<ref>[https://heyplaces.com.ng/0644521/Otin_River "Otin River « HEYPLACES.COM.NG"]. ''heyplaces.com.ng''. Retrieved 2023-07-11.</ref> == Ein Legend == According to Yoruba story, dem say di orisha Otin dey show as person inside Otin River. As historical person, before dem turn am to deity, people believe say she once protect Inisa town from enemy invasion. Na why di townspeople dey worship her today. Otin first come from Otan town, but she waka go Inisa to help fight against invasion from di neighboring towns. == Region == Otin River dey cross Odo Otin Local Government Area for northeast Osun State. Di area big reach 950 square kilometre (370 square miles), and na di river give am name.<ref>[[:en:Otin_River#CITEREFBrief_Historical_Background,_Odo-Otin|Brief Historical Background, Odo-Otin.]]</ref> Di river dey flow through rugged land, wey elevation dey between 35 to 400 metres (115 to 1,312 feet) above sea level.<ref>[https://ng.geoview.info/river_otin,2325478 "River Otin stream, Nigeria".] ''ng.geoview.info''. Retrieved 2023-07-11.</ref> Rainfall for di area dey around 1,400 millimetre (55 inches), and rainy season dey last from April go reach November.<ref>[https://travelingluck.com/Africa/Nigeria/Nigeria+(general)/_2325478_River+Otin.html "River Otin / River Otin, Nigeria (general), Nigeria, Africa".] ''travelingluck.com''. Retrieved 2023-07-11.</ref> Land cover na partly tropical rainforest, but people still dey do rotational bush farming. Cash crops like cocoa, kola and plantain dem dey grow around di settlements.<ref>[[:en:Otin_River#CITEREFAdedijiAjibade2008|Adediji & Ajibade 2008,]] p. 111.</ref> == Course == Otin River dey 36 kilometre (22 miles) long. E peak discharge na 76.01 cubic metre (2,684 cubic feet) per second. Di drainage basin cover 475 kilometre square (183 miles square). E be tributary wey dey join Erinle River. For Irepodun LGA, dem build Eko-Ende Dam for Otin River in 1973, wey impound am to form reservoir wey get 5.5 million cubic metre capacity. == References == es13c4ybrv488k8awbb44qndi87ct5r 102700 102699 2026-06-13T17:47:39Z Naula Ayisabun Aningore 2564 /* Course */ 102700 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Otin River''' na one river wey dey Inisa, Osun State, Nigeria. Eko-Ende Dam don block am.<ref>[https://heyplaces.com.ng/0644521/Otin_River "Otin River « HEYPLACES.COM.NG"]. ''heyplaces.com.ng''. Retrieved 2023-07-11.</ref> == Ein Legend == According to Yoruba story, dem say di orisha Otin dey show as person inside Otin River. As historical person, before dem turn am to deity, people believe say she once protect Inisa town from enemy invasion. Na why di townspeople dey worship her today. Otin first come from Otan town, but she waka go Inisa to help fight against invasion from di neighboring towns. == Region == Otin River dey cross Odo Otin Local Government Area for northeast Osun State. Di area big reach 950 square kilometre (370 square miles), and na di river give am name.<ref>[[:en:Otin_River#CITEREFBrief_Historical_Background,_Odo-Otin|Brief Historical Background, Odo-Otin.]]</ref> Di river dey flow through rugged land, wey elevation dey between 35 to 400 metres (115 to 1,312 feet) above sea level.<ref>[https://ng.geoview.info/river_otin,2325478 "River Otin stream, Nigeria".] ''ng.geoview.info''. Retrieved 2023-07-11.</ref> Rainfall for di area dey around 1,400 millimetre (55 inches), and rainy season dey last from April go reach November.<ref>[https://travelingluck.com/Africa/Nigeria/Nigeria+(general)/_2325478_River+Otin.html "River Otin / River Otin, Nigeria (general), Nigeria, Africa".] ''travelingluck.com''. Retrieved 2023-07-11.</ref> Land cover na partly tropical rainforest, but people still dey do rotational bush farming. Cash crops like cocoa, kola and plantain dem dey grow around di settlements.<ref>[[:en:Otin_River#CITEREFAdedijiAjibade2008|Adediji & Ajibade 2008,]] p. 111.</ref> == Course == Otin River dey 36 kilometre (22 miles) long. E peak discharge na 76.01 cubic metre (2,684 cubic feet) per second. Di drainage basin cover 475 kilometre square (183 miles square). E be tributary wey dey join Erinle River. For Irepodun LGA, dem build Eko-Ende Dam for Otin River in 1973, wey impound am to form reservoir wey get 5.5 million cubic metre capacity. Otin River headworks dem design am make e fit supply clean water give communities like Inisa, Oba, Eko-Ende, Eko-Ajala, Ikirun, Iragbiji and Okuku. When dem build di dam, e flood Oba people dem farmlands. As exchange, dem give Oba piped water. Downstream, Erinle Dam for Olorunda LGA be extension of di old Ede Dam wey dey Erinle River. Di reservoir wey dey behind Ede-Erinle dam stretch about 12 kilometre (7.5 miles) north along Erinle River and e cover di lowest portion of Otin River. == References == p1gnnkdljoe0pglqgrtbu2cs9z63owa 102702 102700 2026-06-13T17:49:03Z Naula Ayisabun Aningore 2564 /* Course */ 102702 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Otin River''' na one river wey dey Inisa, Osun State, Nigeria. Eko-Ende Dam don block am.<ref>[https://heyplaces.com.ng/0644521/Otin_River "Otin River « HEYPLACES.COM.NG"]. ''heyplaces.com.ng''. Retrieved 2023-07-11.</ref> == Ein Legend == According to Yoruba story, dem say di orisha Otin dey show as person inside Otin River. As historical person, before dem turn am to deity, people believe say she once protect Inisa town from enemy invasion. Na why di townspeople dey worship her today. Otin first come from Otan town, but she waka go Inisa to help fight against invasion from di neighboring towns. == Region == Otin River dey cross Odo Otin Local Government Area for northeast Osun State. Di area big reach 950 square kilometre (370 square miles), and na di river give am name.<ref>[[:en:Otin_River#CITEREFBrief_Historical_Background,_Odo-Otin|Brief Historical Background, Odo-Otin.]]</ref> Di river dey flow through rugged land, wey elevation dey between 35 to 400 metres (115 to 1,312 feet) above sea level.<ref>[https://ng.geoview.info/river_otin,2325478 "River Otin stream, Nigeria".] ''ng.geoview.info''. Retrieved 2023-07-11.</ref> Rainfall for di area dey around 1,400 millimetre (55 inches), and rainy season dey last from April go reach November.<ref>[https://travelingluck.com/Africa/Nigeria/Nigeria+(general)/_2325478_River+Otin.html "River Otin / River Otin, Nigeria (general), Nigeria, Africa".] ''travelingluck.com''. Retrieved 2023-07-11.</ref> Land cover na partly tropical rainforest, but people still dey do rotational bush farming. Cash crops like cocoa, kola and plantain dem dey grow around di settlements.<ref>[[:en:Otin_River#CITEREFAdedijiAjibade2008|Adediji & Ajibade 2008,]] p. 111.</ref> == Course == Otin River dey 36 kilometre (22 miles) long. E peak discharge na 76.01 cubic metre (2,684 cubic feet) per second. Di drainage basin cover 475 kilometre square (183 miles square).<ref>[[:en:Otin_River#CITEREFSalamiBilewuAyansholaOritola2009|Salami et al. 2009]], p. 26.</ref> E be tributary wey dey join Erinle River. For Irepodun LGA, dem build Eko-Ende Dam for Otin River in 1973, wey impound am to form reservoir wey get 5.5 million cubic metre capacity. Otin River headworks dem design am make e fit supply clean water give communities like Inisa, Oba, Eko-Ende, Eko-Ajala, Ikirun, Iragbiji and Okuku. When dem build di dam, e flood Oba people dem farmlands. As exchange, dem give Oba piped water. Downstream, Erinle Dam for Olorunda LGA be extension of di old Ede Dam wey dey Erinle River. Di reservoir wey dey behind Ede-Erinle dam stretch about 12 kilometre (7.5 miles) north along Erinle River and e cover di lowest portion of Otin River. == References == szbspope93k9nxzlgmey3usb8e15tkq 102704 102702 2026-06-13T17:51:35Z Naula Ayisabun Aningore 2564 /* Course */ 102704 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Otin River''' na one river wey dey Inisa, Osun State, Nigeria. Eko-Ende Dam don block am.<ref>[https://heyplaces.com.ng/0644521/Otin_River "Otin River « HEYPLACES.COM.NG"]. ''heyplaces.com.ng''. Retrieved 2023-07-11.</ref> == Ein Legend == According to Yoruba story, dem say di orisha Otin dey show as person inside Otin River. As historical person, before dem turn am to deity, people believe say she once protect Inisa town from enemy invasion. Na why di townspeople dey worship her today. Otin first come from Otan town, but she waka go Inisa to help fight against invasion from di neighboring towns. == Region == Otin River dey cross Odo Otin Local Government Area for northeast Osun State. Di area big reach 950 square kilometre (370 square miles), and na di river give am name.<ref>[[:en:Otin_River#CITEREFBrief_Historical_Background,_Odo-Otin|Brief Historical Background, Odo-Otin.]]</ref> Di river dey flow through rugged land, wey elevation dey between 35 to 400 metres (115 to 1,312 feet) above sea level.<ref>[https://ng.geoview.info/river_otin,2325478 "River Otin stream, Nigeria".] ''ng.geoview.info''. Retrieved 2023-07-11.</ref> Rainfall for di area dey around 1,400 millimetre (55 inches), and rainy season dey last from April go reach November.<ref>[https://travelingluck.com/Africa/Nigeria/Nigeria+(general)/_2325478_River+Otin.html "River Otin / River Otin, Nigeria (general), Nigeria, Africa".] ''travelingluck.com''. Retrieved 2023-07-11.</ref> Land cover na partly tropical rainforest, but people still dey do rotational bush farming. Cash crops like cocoa, kola and plantain dem dey grow around di settlements.<ref>[[:en:Otin_River#CITEREFAdedijiAjibade2008|Adediji & Ajibade 2008,]] p. 111.</ref> == Course == Otin River dey 36 kilometre (22 miles) long. E peak discharge na 76.01 cubic metre (2,684 cubic feet) per second. Di drainage basin cover 475 kilometre square (183 miles square).<ref>[[:en:Otin_River#CITEREFSalamiBilewuAyansholaOritola2009|Salami et al. 2009]], p. 26.</ref> E be tributary wey dey join Erinle River. For Irepodun LGA, dem build Eko-Ende Dam for Otin River in 1973, wey impound am to form reservoir wey get 5.5 million cubic metre capacity. Otin River headworks dem design am make e fit supply clean water give communities like Inisa, Oba, Eko-Ende, Eko-Ajala, Ikirun, Iragbiji and Okuku. When dem build di dam, e flood Oba people dem farmlands. As exchange, dem give Oba piped water.<ref>[[:en:Otin_River#CITEREFFarazmand1999|Farazmand 1999]], p. 517.</ref> Downstream, Erinle Dam for Olorunda LGA be extension of di old Ede Dam wey dey Erinle River. Di reservoir wey dey behind Ede-Erinle dam stretch about 12 kilometre (7.5 miles) north along Erinle River and e cover di lowest portion of Otin River. == References == nbhak5uiawj1mvr2ei53ip2wuafcyns 102706 102704 2026-06-13T17:53:44Z Naula Ayisabun Aningore 2564 /* Course */ 102706 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Otin River''' na one river wey dey Inisa, Osun State, Nigeria. Eko-Ende Dam don block am.<ref>[https://heyplaces.com.ng/0644521/Otin_River "Otin River « HEYPLACES.COM.NG"]. ''heyplaces.com.ng''. Retrieved 2023-07-11.</ref> == Ein Legend == According to Yoruba story, dem say di orisha Otin dey show as person inside Otin River. As historical person, before dem turn am to deity, people believe say she once protect Inisa town from enemy invasion. Na why di townspeople dey worship her today. Otin first come from Otan town, but she waka go Inisa to help fight against invasion from di neighboring towns. == Region == Otin River dey cross Odo Otin Local Government Area for northeast Osun State. Di area big reach 950 square kilometre (370 square miles), and na di river give am name.<ref>[[:en:Otin_River#CITEREFBrief_Historical_Background,_Odo-Otin|Brief Historical Background, Odo-Otin.]]</ref> Di river dey flow through rugged land, wey elevation dey between 35 to 400 metres (115 to 1,312 feet) above sea level.<ref>[https://ng.geoview.info/river_otin,2325478 "River Otin stream, Nigeria".] ''ng.geoview.info''. Retrieved 2023-07-11.</ref> Rainfall for di area dey around 1,400 millimetre (55 inches), and rainy season dey last from April go reach November.<ref>[https://travelingluck.com/Africa/Nigeria/Nigeria+(general)/_2325478_River+Otin.html "River Otin / River Otin, Nigeria (general), Nigeria, Africa".] ''travelingluck.com''. Retrieved 2023-07-11.</ref> Land cover na partly tropical rainforest, but people still dey do rotational bush farming. Cash crops like cocoa, kola and plantain dem dey grow around di settlements.<ref name=":0">[[:en:Otin_River#CITEREFAdedijiAjibade2008|Adediji & Ajibade 2008,]] p. 111.</ref> == Course == Otin River dey 36 kilometre (22 miles) long. E peak discharge na 76.01 cubic metre (2,684 cubic feet) per second. Di drainage basin cover 475 kilometre square (183 miles square).<ref>[[:en:Otin_River#CITEREFSalamiBilewuAyansholaOritola2009|Salami et al. 2009]], p. 26.</ref> E be tributary wey dey join Erinle River. For Irepodun LGA, dem build Eko-Ende Dam for Otin River in 1973, wey impound am to form reservoir wey get 5.5 million cubic metre capacity. Otin River headworks dem design am make e fit supply clean water give communities like Inisa, Oba, Eko-Ende, Eko-Ajala, Ikirun, Iragbiji and Okuku. When dem build di dam, e flood Oba people dem farmlands. As exchange, dem give Oba piped water.<ref>[[:en:Otin_River#CITEREFFarazmand1999|Farazmand 1999]], p. 517.</ref> Downstream, Erinle Dam for Olorunda LGA be extension of di old Ede Dam wey dey Erinle River. Di reservoir wey dey behind Ede-Erinle dam stretch about 12 kilometre (7.5 miles) north along Erinle River and e cover di lowest portion of Otin River.<ref name=":0" /> == References == gpvxqkplp0lba7vklelygkctuh62pjs 102713 102706 2026-06-13T18:06:58Z Naula Ayisabun Aningore 2564 102713 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Otin River''' na one river wey dey Inisa, Osun State, Nigeria. Eko-Ende Dam don block am.<ref>[https://heyplaces.com.ng/0644521/Otin_River "Otin River « HEYPLACES.COM.NG"]. ''heyplaces.com.ng''. Retrieved 2023-07-11.</ref> == Ein Legend == According to Yoruba story, dem say di orisha Otin dey show as person inside Otin River. As historical person, before dem turn am to deity, people believe say she once protect Inisa town from enemy invasion. Na why di townspeople dey worship her today. Otin first come from Otan town, but she waka go Inisa to help fight against invasion from di neighboring towns. == Region == Otin River dey cross Odo Otin Local Government Area for northeast Osun State. Di area big reach 950 square kilometre (370 square miles), and na di river give am name.<ref>[[:en:Otin_River#CITEREFBrief_Historical_Background,_Odo-Otin|Brief Historical Background, Odo-Otin.]]</ref> Di river dey flow through rugged land, wey elevation dey between 35 to 400 metres (115 to 1,312 feet) above sea level.<ref>[https://ng.geoview.info/river_otin,2325478 "River Otin stream, Nigeria".] ''ng.geoview.info''. Retrieved 2023-07-11.</ref> Rainfall for di area dey around 1,400 millimetre (55 inches), and rainy season dey last from April go reach November.<ref>[https://travelingluck.com/Africa/Nigeria/Nigeria+(general)/_2325478_River+Otin.html "River Otin / River Otin, Nigeria (general), Nigeria, Africa".] ''travelingluck.com''. Retrieved 2023-07-11.</ref> Land cover na partly tropical rainforest, but people still dey do rotational bush farming. Cash crops like cocoa, kola and plantain dem dey grow around di settlements.<ref name=":0">[[:en:Otin_River#CITEREFAdedijiAjibade2008|Adediji & Ajibade 2008,]] p. 111.</ref> == Course == Otin River dey 36 kilometre (22 miles) long. E peak discharge na 76.01 cubic metre (2,684 cubic feet) per second. Di drainage basin cover 475 kilometre square (183 miles square).<ref>[[:en:Otin_River#CITEREFSalamiBilewuAyansholaOritola2009|Salami et al. 2009]], p. 26.</ref> E be tributary wey dey join Erinle River. For Irepodun LGA, dem build Eko-Ende Dam for Otin River in 1973, wey impound am to form reservoir wey get 5.5 million cubic metre capacity. Otin River headworks dem design am make e fit supply clean water give communities like Inisa, Oba, Eko-Ende, Eko-Ajala, Ikirun, Iragbiji and Okuku. When dem build di dam, e flood Oba people dem farmlands. As exchange, dem give Oba piped water.<ref>[[:en:Otin_River#CITEREFFarazmand1999|Farazmand 1999]], p. 517.</ref> Downstream, Erinle Dam for Olorunda LGA be extension of di old Ede Dam wey dey Erinle River. Di reservoir wey dey behind Ede-Erinle dam stretch about 12 kilometre (7.5 miles) north along Erinle River and e cover di lowest portion of Otin River.<ref name=":0" /> == References == 7hoebeq2vrbv13vx2iom5qdcxtf0dpl 102716 102713 2026-06-13T18:09:23Z Naula Ayisabun Aningore 2564 102716 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Otin River''' na one river wey dey Inisa, Osun State, Nigeria. Eko-Ende Dam don block am.<ref>[https://heyplaces.com.ng/0644521/Otin_River "Otin River « HEYPLACES.COM.NG"]. ''heyplaces.com.ng''. Retrieved 2023-07-11.</ref> == Ein Legend == According to Yoruba story, dem say di orisha Otin dey show as person inside Otin River. As historical person, before dem turn am to deity, people believe say she once protect Inisa town from enemy invasion. Na why di townspeople dey worship her today. Otin first come from Otan town, but she waka go Inisa to help fight against invasion from di neighboring towns. == Region == Otin River dey cross Odo Otin Local Government Area for northeast Osun State. Di area big reach 950 square kilometre (370 square miles), and na di river give am name.<ref>[[:en:Otin_River#CITEREFBrief_Historical_Background,_Odo-Otin|Brief Historical Background, Odo-Otin.]]</ref> Di river dey flow through rugged land, wey elevation dey between 35 to 400 metres (115 to 1,312 feet) above sea level.<ref>[https://ng.geoview.info/river_otin,2325478 "River Otin stream, Nigeria".] ''ng.geoview.info''. Retrieved 2023-07-11.</ref> Rainfall for di area dey around 1,400 millimetre (55 inches), and rainy season dey last from April go reach November.<ref>[https://travelingluck.com/Africa/Nigeria/Nigeria+(general)/_2325478_River+Otin.html "River Otin / River Otin, Nigeria (general), Nigeria, Africa".] ''travelingluck.com''. Retrieved 2023-07-11.</ref> Land cover na partly tropical rainforest, but people still dey do rotational bush farming. Cash crops like cocoa, kola and plantain dem dey grow around di settlements.<ref name=":0">[[:en:Otin_River#CITEREFAdedijiAjibade2008|Adediji & Ajibade 2008,]] p. 111.</ref> == Course == Otin River dey 36 kilometre (22 miles) long. E peak discharge na 76.01 cubic metre (2,684 cubic feet) per second. Di drainage basin cover 475 kilometre square (183 miles square).<ref>[[:en:Otin_River#CITEREFSalamiBilewuAyansholaOritola2009|Salami et al. 2009]], p. 26.</ref> E be tributary wey dey join Erinle River. For Irepodun LGA, dem build Eko-Ende Dam for Otin River in 1973, wey impound am to form reservoir wey get 5.5 million cubic metre capacity. Otin River headworks dem design am make e fit supply clean water give communities like Inisa, Oba, Eko-Ende, Eko-Ajala, Ikirun, Iragbiji and Okuku. When dem build di dam, e flood Oba people dem farmlands. As exchange, dem give Oba piped water.<ref>[[:en:Otin_River#CITEREFFarazmand1999|Farazmand 1999]], p. 517.</ref> Downstream, Erinle Dam for Olorunda LGA be extension of di old Ede Dam wey dey Erinle River. Di reservoir wey dey behind Ede-Erinle dam stretch about 12 kilometre (7.5 miles) north along Erinle River and e cover di lowest portion of Otin River.<ref name=":0" /> == References == <references /> [[Category:Rivers of Nigeria]] [[Category:Osun State]] [[Category:Rivers of Yorubaland]] mdjzltpnfumx7e9verpi68fpivhxnly 0 27526 102708 2026-06-13T18:04:20Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 Created page with "Di Zikuli, wey people dey also call Gereb Awhi or Mennewe River, na one river wey belong to di Nile basin. E dey rise from di mountains of Dogu’a Tembien for northern Ethiopia, and e dey flow go south until e finally empty inside di Giba and Tekezé River" 102708 wikitext text/x-wiki Di Zikuli, wey people dey also call Gereb Awhi or Mennewe River, na one river wey belong to di Nile basin. E dey rise from di mountains of Dogu’a Tembien for northern Ethiopia, and e dey flow go south until e finally empty inside di Giba and Tekezé River mmlqezac39pb3h8lcmrfn7ajcf61s11 102709 102708 2026-06-13T18:04:49Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102709 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Zikuli''', wey people dey also call Gereb Awhi or Mennewe River, na one river wey belong to di Nile basin. E dey rise from di mountains of Dogu’a Tembien for northern Ethiopia, and e dey flow go south until e finally empty inside di Giba and Tekezé River asnihejwv3l2vva54lzspn479w9zte7 102710 102709 2026-06-13T18:05:08Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102710 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Zikuli''', wey people dey also call '''Gereb Awhi''' or Mennewe River, na one river wey belong to di Nile basin. E dey rise from di mountains of Dogu’a Tembien for northern Ethiopia, and e dey flow go south until e finally empty inside di Giba and Tekezé River p0q813z6ydabjbxtqswiqx6ry1umqt3 102711 102710 2026-06-13T18:05:34Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102711 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Zikuli''', wey people dey also call '''Gereb Awhi''' or '''Mennewe River''', na one river wey belong to di Nile basin. E dey rise from di mountains of Dogu’a Tembien for northern Ethiopia, and e dey flow go south until e finally empty inside di Giba and Tekezé River. auot0pmaenem73bl0xi6sdp0kgrfteo 102714 102711 2026-06-13T18:08:21Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102714 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Zikuli''', wey people dey also call '''Gereb Awhi''' or '''Mennewe River''', na one river wey belong to di Nile basin. E dey rise from di mountains of Dogu’a Tembien for northern Ethiopia, and e dey flow go south until e finally empty inside di Giba and Tekezé River.<ref>Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). ''[https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546 Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District]''. SpringerNature. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|<bdi>978-3-030-04954-6</bdi>.]]</ref> kk0vhsdo4fc2p060un75rl4gjmo9bbr 102715 102714 2026-06-13T18:08:39Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102715 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Zikuli''', wey people dey also call '''Gereb Awhi''' or '''Mennewe River''', na one river wey belong to di Nile basin. E dey rise from di mountains of Dogu’a Tembien for northern Ethiopia, and e dey flow go south until e finally empty inside di Giba and Tekezé River.<ref>Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). ''[https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546 Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District]''. SpringerNature. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|<bdi>978-3-030-04954-6</bdi>.]]</ref> == Reference == co5xr9m0y7x82vu44iyaxx8uvfocxhp 102717 102715 2026-06-13T18:10:43Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102717 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Zikuli''', wey people dey also call '''Gereb Awhi''' or '''Mennewe River''', na one river wey belong to di [[:en:Nile|Nile]] basin. E dey rise from di mountains of Dogu’a Tembien for northern Ethiopia, and e dey flow go south until e finally empty inside di Giba and Tekezé River.<ref>Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). ''[https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546 Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District]''. SpringerNature. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|<bdi>978-3-030-04954-6</bdi>.]]</ref> == Reference == fwi3t6xquvj8k9wqcqeup5x5db226e8 102718 102717 2026-06-13T18:11:15Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102718 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Zikuli''', wey people dey also call '''Gereb Awhi''' or '''Mennewe River''', na one river wey belong to di [[:en:Nile|Nile]] basin. E dey rise from di mountains of [[:en:Degua_Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] for northern Ethiopia, and e dey flow go south until e finally empty inside di Giba and Tekezé River.<ref>Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). ''[https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546 Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District]''. SpringerNature. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|<bdi>978-3-030-04954-6</bdi>.]]</ref> == Reference == e63esbfmphek90nm0d81vj3bce6zmvu 102719 102718 2026-06-13T18:11:42Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102719 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Zikuli''', wey people dey also call '''Gereb Awhi''' or '''Mennewe River''', na one river wey belong to di [[:en:Nile|Nile]] basin. E dey rise from di mountains of [[:en:Degua_Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] for northern [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], and e dey flow go south until e finally empty inside di Giba and Tekezé River.<ref>Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). ''[https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546 Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District]''. SpringerNature. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|<bdi>978-3-030-04954-6</bdi>.]]</ref> == Reference == gld34vwsskd2td5515ljk032e2x27uk 102720 102719 2026-06-13T18:12:15Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 102720 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Zikuli''', wey people dey also call '''Gereb Awhi''' or '''Mennewe River''', na one river wey belong to di [[:en:Nile|Nile]] basin. E dey rise from di mountains of [[:en:Degua_Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] for northern [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], and e dey flow go south until e finally empty inside di [[:en:Giba_River|Giba]] and Tekezé River.<ref>Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). ''[https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546 Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District]''. SpringerNature. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|<bdi>978-3-030-04954-6</bdi>.]]</ref> == Reference == 4nra1bmb1vwijsqvrnfp9xx31gdp8rz 0 27527 102721 2026-06-13T19:28:20Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 I don start one article 102721 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Black Volta''' or '''Mouhoun''' (French: ''Volta noire'')<ref name="amisigo">{{cite book |last1=Amisigo |first1=Barnabas Akurigo |title=Modelling Riverflow in the Volta Basin of West Africa: A Data-driven Framework |date=2005 |publisher=Cuvilier |isbn=9783865377012 |page=27 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FBXya_-FfJAC&q=nakanbe+volta&pg=PA27 |accessdate=18 July 2018}}</ref> na river wey dey flow pass [[Burkina Faso]] for about 1,352 km (840 mi) go join White Volta for Dagbon, Ghana, for the upper side of Lake Volta.<ref name="Rivers and Lakes">{{Cite web|url=http://www.countrystudies.us/ghana/30.htm|title=Ghana - Rivers and Lakes|website=www.countrystudies.us|access-date=2017-08-17}}</ref> Ebi one of the three main branches of the Volta River, together plus White Volta and Red Volta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Upper Volta (Burkina Faso, 1959-1984) |url=https://www.fotw.info/flags/bf_uv.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920045902/https://www.fotw.info/flags/bf_uv.html |archive-date=2020-09-20 |access-date=2020-01-15 |website=Flags of the World}}</ref> The source of Black Volta dey Cascades Region for Burkina Faso, near Mount Tenakourou, wey be the highest place for the country. As the river dey flow go down, e form part of the border between Ghana and Burkina Faso, and later between Ivory Coast and Ghana. Inside Ghana, e separate Savannah Region and Bono Region.<ref>{{Cite news|title=CONFIRMED: Results of the 2018 Referendum on new regions|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/confirmed-results-of-the-2018-referendum-on-new-regions.html|location=Accra, Ghana|access-date=2020-08-18|newspaper=Daily Graphic|language=en-gb}}</ref><ref name="Rivers and Lakes" /> Dem build the Bui Dam, one hydroelectric power station, on top the river just south of Bui National Park, and the river pass through the middle of the park.<ref name="Rivers and Lakes" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Bui National Park|url=http://ghanawildlife.org/bui.html|website=Ghana Wildlife Division|accessdate=23 April 2018|archive-date=23 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223183647/http://ghanawildlife.org/bui.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==References== [[Category:Volta River]] [[Category:Rivers of Ghana]] [[Category:Lake Volta]] [[Category:Rivers of Burkina Faso]] [[Category:International rivers of Africa]] [[Category:Ghana–Ivory Coast border]] [[Category:Burkina Faso–Ghana border]] [[Category:Rivers of Ivory Coast]] [[Category:Border rivers]] [[Category:Lowest points of countries]] 759n3xdi7v79s9xuk9tlr7asum7l2i5 102722 102721 2026-06-13T19:31:10Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 Added an interlink 102722 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Black Volta''' or '''Mouhoun''' (French: ''Volta noire'')<ref name="amisigo">{{cite book |last1=Amisigo |first1=Barnabas Akurigo |title=Modelling Riverflow in the Volta Basin of West Africa: A Data-driven Framework |date=2005 |publisher=Cuvilier |isbn=9783865377012 |page=27 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FBXya_-FfJAC&q=nakanbe+volta&pg=PA27 |accessdate=18 July 2018}}</ref> na river wey dey flow pass [[Burkina Faso]] for about 1,352 km (840 mi) go join White Volta for [[Dagbon]], Ghana, for the upper side of Lake Volta.<ref name="Rivers and Lakes">{{Cite web|url=http://www.countrystudies.us/ghana/30.htm|title=Ghana - Rivers and Lakes|website=www.countrystudies.us|access-date=2017-08-17}}</ref> Ebi one of the three main branches of the Volta River, together plus White Volta and Red Volta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Upper Volta (Burkina Faso, 1959-1984) |url=https://www.fotw.info/flags/bf_uv.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920045902/https://www.fotw.info/flags/bf_uv.html |archive-date=2020-09-20 |access-date=2020-01-15 |website=Flags of the World}}</ref> The source of Black Volta dey Cascades Region for Burkina Faso, near Mount Tenakourou, wey be the highest place for the country. As the river dey flow go down, e form part of the border between Ghana and Burkina Faso, and later between Ivory Coast and Ghana. Inside Ghana, e separate Savannah Region and Bono Region.<ref>{{Cite news|title=CONFIRMED: Results of the 2018 Referendum on new regions|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/confirmed-results-of-the-2018-referendum-on-new-regions.html|location=Accra, Ghana|access-date=2020-08-18|newspaper=Daily Graphic|language=en-gb}}</ref><ref name="Rivers and Lakes" /> Dem build the Bui Dam, one hydroelectric power station, on top the river just south of Bui National Park, and the river pass through the middle of the park.<ref name="Rivers and Lakes" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Bui National Park|url=http://ghanawildlife.org/bui.html|website=Ghana Wildlife Division|accessdate=23 April 2018|archive-date=23 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223183647/http://ghanawildlife.org/bui.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==References== [[Category:Volta River]] [[Category:Rivers of Ghana]] [[Category:Lake Volta]] [[Category:Rivers of Burkina Faso]] [[Category:International rivers of Africa]] [[Category:Ghana–Ivory Coast border]] [[Category:Burkina Faso–Ghana border]] [[Category:Rivers of Ivory Coast]] [[Category:Border rivers]] [[Category:Lowest points of countries]] 9f7acitazzhzcgfsr48utr0pn1h1sks 102723 102722 2026-06-13T19:32:01Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 Added an interlink 102723 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Black Volta''' or '''Mouhoun''' (French: ''Volta noire'')<ref name="amisigo">{{cite book |last1=Amisigo |first1=Barnabas Akurigo |title=Modelling Riverflow in the Volta Basin of West Africa: A Data-driven Framework |date=2005 |publisher=Cuvilier |isbn=9783865377012 |page=27 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FBXya_-FfJAC&q=nakanbe+volta&pg=PA27 |accessdate=18 July 2018}}</ref> na river wey dey flow pass [[Burkina Faso]] for about 1,352 km (840 mi) go join White Volta for [[Dagbon]], [[Ghana]], for the upper side of Lake Volta.<ref name="Rivers and Lakes">{{Cite web|url=http://www.countrystudies.us/ghana/30.htm|title=Ghana - Rivers and Lakes|website=www.countrystudies.us|access-date=2017-08-17}}</ref> Ebi one of the three main branches of the Volta River, together plus White Volta and Red Volta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Upper Volta (Burkina Faso, 1959-1984) |url=https://www.fotw.info/flags/bf_uv.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920045902/https://www.fotw.info/flags/bf_uv.html |archive-date=2020-09-20 |access-date=2020-01-15 |website=Flags of the World}}</ref> The source of Black Volta dey Cascades Region for Burkina Faso, near Mount Tenakourou, wey be the highest place for the country. As the river dey flow go down, e form part of the border between Ghana and Burkina Faso, and later between Ivory Coast and Ghana. Inside Ghana, e separate Savannah Region and Bono Region.<ref>{{Cite news|title=CONFIRMED: Results of the 2018 Referendum on new regions|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/confirmed-results-of-the-2018-referendum-on-new-regions.html|location=Accra, Ghana|access-date=2020-08-18|newspaper=Daily Graphic|language=en-gb}}</ref><ref name="Rivers and Lakes" /> Dem build the Bui Dam, one hydroelectric power station, on top the river just south of Bui National Park, and the river pass through the middle of the park.<ref name="Rivers and Lakes" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Bui National Park|url=http://ghanawildlife.org/bui.html|website=Ghana Wildlife Division|accessdate=23 April 2018|archive-date=23 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223183647/http://ghanawildlife.org/bui.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==References== [[Category:Volta River]] [[Category:Rivers of Ghana]] [[Category:Lake Volta]] [[Category:Rivers of Burkina Faso]] [[Category:International rivers of Africa]] [[Category:Ghana–Ivory Coast border]] [[Category:Burkina Faso–Ghana border]] [[Category:Rivers of Ivory Coast]] [[Category:Border rivers]] [[Category:Lowest points of countries]] 1m3s0abm69464j0wmtihae1eii82h4n 14 27528 102729 2026-06-13T22:11:56Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 102729 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27529 102730 2026-06-13T22:12:08Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 102730 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27530 102739 2026-06-13T22:59:33Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 102739 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27531 102740 2026-06-13T22:59:48Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 102740 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27532 102741 2026-06-13T22:59:58Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 102741 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27533 102742 2026-06-13T23:00:12Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 102742 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27534 102746 2026-06-13T23:30:27Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 102746 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27535 102750 2026-06-13T23:57:34Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 102750 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27536 102751 2026-06-13T23:58:41Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 102751 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 27537 102813 2026-06-14T10:01:20Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Create a fresh article 102813 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Kariba Dam''' be a double curvature concrete arch dam insyd de Kariba Gorge of de [[Zambezi]] river basin between [[Zambia]] den [[Zimbabwe]]. De dam stands {{Convert|128|m}} tall den {{Convert|579|m}} long.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.questia.com/library/encyclopedia/kariba-dam.jsp?l=K&p=1 |title=Kariba Dam |publisher=Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th Ed. |access-date=2007-07-31 }} </ref> De dam forms [[Lake Kariba]], wich extends for {{convert|280|km}} den holds {{convert|185|km3|acre.ft}} of water. == References == j3hj6mtzq8xwwo3fh14yh16ckmay0ax 102814 102813 2026-06-14T10:02:12Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Add sub-heading 102814 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Kariba Dam''' be a double curvature concrete arch dam insyd de Kariba Gorge of de [[Zambezi]] river basin between [[Zambia]] den [[Zimbabwe]]. De dam stands {{Convert|128|m}} tall den {{Convert|579|m}} long.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.questia.com/library/encyclopedia/kariba-dam.jsp?l=K&p=1 |title=Kariba Dam |publisher=Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th Ed. |access-date=2007-07-31 }} </ref> De dam forms [[Lake Kariba]], wich extends for {{convert|280|km}} den holds {{convert|185|km3|acre.ft}} of water. == Construction == == References == e5siiwyazgkbow7vl9ixjyeqy5mlzuy 102815 102814 2026-06-14T10:09:40Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve am 102815 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Kariba Dam''' be a double curvature concrete arch dam insyd de Kariba Gorge of de [[Zambezi]] river basin between [[Zambia]] den [[Zimbabwe]]. De dam stands {{Convert|128|m}} tall den {{Convert|579|m}} long.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.questia.com/library/encyclopedia/kariba-dam.jsp?l=K&p=1 |title=Kariba Dam |publisher=Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th Ed. |access-date=2007-07-31 }} </ref> De dam forms [[Lake Kariba]], wich extends for {{convert|280|km}} den holds {{convert|185|km3|acre.ft}} of water. == Construction == De dam was constructed on de orders of de Government of de Federation of Rhodesia den Nyasaland, a 'federal colony' within de British Empire. De consulting engineers, hu were Gibb, Coyne, Sogei (Kariba) (PVT.) Limited, a joint venture of consulting engineers, wich included Sir Alexander Gibb & Partners, whose team det lead by Sir Angus Paton,<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.newcivilengineer.com/archive/obituary-sir-angus-paton-15-04-1999/ |title=Obituary Sir Angus Paton|date=15 April 1999|newspaper = New Civil Engineer|access-date=12 May 2025}}</ref> den Coyne et Bellier, whose team be lead by André Coyne.<ref name="spurwing">{{cite web|url=http://www.spurwing.co.zw/facts_kariba.htm |title=Kariba Dam|publisher=Spurwing facts|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091105204805/http://www.spurwing.co.zw/facts_kariba.htm |archive-date=5 November 2009}}</ref> De double curvature concrete arch dam be construct between 1955 den 1959 by Cogefar-Impresit of Italy<ref name="spurwing"/> at a cost of $135,000,000 for de first stage plus only de Kariba South power cavern. Final construction den de addition of de Kariba North Power cavern by Mitchell Construction<ref>Indictment: Power & Politics in the Construction Industry, David Morrell, Faber & Faber, 1987, {{ISBN|978-0-571-14985-8}}</ref> was not completed until 1977, due to largely political problems, for a total cost of $480,000,000. During construction, 86 construction workers lost their lives.<ref name="spurwing"/><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.industcards.com/hydro-africa-southern.htm | title=Hydroelectric Power Plants in Southern Africa | publisher=Industry Cards | work=Power Plants Around the World Photo Gallery | access-date=20 February 2014 | url-status=usurped | archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090719030742/http://www.industcards.com/hydro%2Dafrica%2Dsouthern.htm | archive-date=19 July 2009 }}</ref> == References == f9yjkwxmoia6q643u5dopmxrvzrbbnb 102816 102815 2026-06-14T10:10:34Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Add databox 102816 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Kariba Dam''' be a double curvature concrete arch dam insyd de Kariba Gorge of de [[Zambezi]] river basin between [[Zambia]] den [[Zimbabwe]]. De dam stands {{Convert|128|m}} tall den {{Convert|579|m}} long.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.questia.com/library/encyclopedia/kariba-dam.jsp?l=K&p=1 |title=Kariba Dam |publisher=Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th Ed. |access-date=2007-07-31 }} </ref> De dam forms [[Lake Kariba]], wich extends for {{convert|280|km}} den holds {{convert|185|km3|acre.ft}} of water. == Construction == De dam was constructed on de orders of de Government of de Federation of Rhodesia den Nyasaland, a 'federal colony' within de British Empire. De consulting engineers, hu were Gibb, Coyne, Sogei (Kariba) (PVT.) Limited, a joint venture of consulting engineers, wich included Sir Alexander Gibb & Partners, whose team det lead by Sir Angus Paton,<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.newcivilengineer.com/archive/obituary-sir-angus-paton-15-04-1999/ |title=Obituary Sir Angus Paton|date=15 April 1999|newspaper = New Civil Engineer|access-date=12 May 2025}}</ref> den Coyne et Bellier, whose team be lead by André Coyne.<ref name="spurwing">{{cite web|url=http://www.spurwing.co.zw/facts_kariba.htm |title=Kariba Dam|publisher=Spurwing facts|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091105204805/http://www.spurwing.co.zw/facts_kariba.htm |archive-date=5 November 2009}}</ref> De double curvature concrete arch dam be construct between 1955 den 1959 by Cogefar-Impresit of Italy<ref name="spurwing"/> at a cost of $135,000,000 for de first stage plus only de Kariba South power cavern. Final construction den de addition of de Kariba North Power cavern by Mitchell Construction<ref>Indictment: Power & Politics in the Construction Industry, David Morrell, Faber & Faber, 1987, {{ISBN|978-0-571-14985-8}}</ref> was not completed until 1977, due to largely political problems, for a total cost of $480,000,000. During construction, 86 construction workers lost their lives.<ref name="spurwing"/><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.industcards.com/hydro-africa-southern.htm | title=Hydroelectric Power Plants in Southern Africa | publisher=Industry Cards | work=Power Plants Around the World Photo Gallery | access-date=20 February 2014 | url-status=usurped | archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090719030742/http://www.industcards.com/hydro%2Dafrica%2Dsouthern.htm | archive-date=19 July 2009 }}</ref> == References == 9l7w01790rl55atkn7ejznj6d4ow8l2