African Continental Free Trade Area

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De '''African Continental Free Trade Area''' ('''AfCFTA''')&lt;ref&gt;Loes Witschge (March 20, 2018). [https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/03/african-continental-free-trade-area-afcfta-180317191954318.html &quot;African Continental Free Trade Area: What you need to know&quot;]. ''Al Jazeera''.&lt;/ref&gt; be free trade area wey edey encompass most of Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-43489255 &quot;African states agree massive trade bloc&quot;]. ''BBC News''. March 21, 2018. Retrieved March 21, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-03-21/africa-set-to-agree-3-trillion-trade-bloc-without-key-economy &quot;Africa Set to Agree $3 Trillion Trade Bloc, Without Key Economy&quot;]. ''Bloomberg.com''. March 21, 2018. Retrieved March 21, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;AfricaNews. [http://www.africanews.com/2018/03/21/forty-four-countries-sign-historic-africa-union-free-trade-agreement/ &quot;Forty-four countries sign historic African Union free trade agreement | Africanews&quot;]. ''Africanews''. Retrieved March 21, 2018&lt;/ref&gt; Dem establish am insyd 2018 by de '''African Continental Free Trade Agreement''', wey get 43 parties den another 11 signatories, wey emake am de largest free-trade area plus ein number of member states, after de World Trade Organization,&lt;ref&gt;Justina Crabtree (March 20, 2018). [https://www.cnbc.com/2018/03/20/africa-leaders-to-form-largest-free-trade-area-since-the-wto.html &quot;Africa is on the verge of forming the largest free trade area since the World Trade Organization&quot;]. ''CNBC''.&lt;/ref&gt; den de largest as we dey talk for population den geographic size wey edey span 1.3 billion manners across de worlds second largest continent.

De agreement wey come found AfCFTA dem broke am by de African Union (AU) den sign am by 44 of ein 55 member states for Kigali, Rwanda on 21 March 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21739224-nigeria-among-protectionist-holdouts-forty-four-african-countries-sign &quot;Forty-four African countries sign a free-trade deal&quot;]. ''The Economist''. March 22, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.arabnews.com/node/1270936/business-economy &quot;44 African nations sign pact establishing free trade area&quot;]. ''Arab News''. March 21, 2018. Retrieved April 7, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Dema proposal come into after 30 days of ratification by 22 of de signatory states.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Insyd 29 April 2019,&lt;ref&gt;Abdi Latif Dahir (April 3, 2019). [https://qz.com/africa/1586526/africa-free-trade-deal-gets-gambia-signature-to-go-into-force/ &quot;Africa's historic free trade deal now has enough countries signed up to go into force&quot;]. ''Quartz Africa''.&lt;/ref&gt; de Saharawi Republic make de 22 deposit for instruments of ratification, wey dem carry de agreement into effect for May 30; ego enter ein operational phase as edey follow a summit for 7 July 2019,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190602063054/https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20190429/afcfta-agreement-secures-minimum-threshold-22-ratification-sierra-leone-and &quot;AfCFTA Agreement secures minimum threshold of 22 ratification as Sierra Leone and the Saharawi Republic deposit instruments&quot;]. African Union. April 29, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; den officially dem start am for 1 January 2021. AfCFTA ein negotiations den implementation dem oversee am by a permanent secretariat wey dey insyd Accra, Ghana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://www.trade.gov/market-intelligence/african-continental-free-trade-area U.S. International Trade Administration, African Continental Free Trade Area] (3 January 2022).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.myjoyonline.com/news/akufo-addo-commissions-and-hands-over-afcfta-secretariat-to-au-commission/ &quot;Akufo-Addo commissions and hands-over AfCFTA secretariat to AU commission&quot;]. ''Joy online''. Retrieved December 2, 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Under dema agreement, AfCFTA members be commit say dem go eliminate tariffs for most goods den services for a period of 5, 10, or 13 years, wey edey depend on de country ein level of development or ein nature of products.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Dema general long-term objectives dey include creating a single, liberalized market; reduce barriers give dema capital and labour wey ego facilitate investment; develop regional infrastructure; den establish continental customs union.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20230520213136/https://www.tralac.org/documents/resources/african-union/2162-afcfta-agreement-legally-scrubbed-version-signed-16-may-2018/file.html &quot;Agreement Establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt; De overall aims wey AfCFTA dey carry be increase for socioeconomic development, reduce poverty, den make Africa more competitive for de global economy. 

Insyd January 13, 2022, AfCFTA dey take a major step towards ein objective plus de establishment of de Pan-African Payment and Settlement System (PAPSS) wey dey allow payment plus companies wey dey insyd Africa gonna be done for ein local currency.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; 

== Dema History ==

=== Dema Background ===
For 1963 insyd, de Organization of Africa Unity dem establish am by de independent state for Africa. De OAU dey aim say ego promote cooperation give African states. De 1980 Lagos Plan of Action wey dem adopt am by de organization. De plan dem suggest be say Africa go minimize ein reliance for de West as dem dey promote intra-African trade. Dis dem start as dem dey create number of regional cooperation organization give different regions for Africa, wey de Southern African Development Coordination Conference. Dis lead am go Abuja Treaty insyd 1991, wey dem create de African Economic Community, ebe organization wey dey promote development for free trade areas, customs unions, African Central Bank den African common currency union.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;[https://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/webditc2016d7_en.pdf &quot;African Continental Free Trade Area: Policy and Negotiation Options for Trade in Goods&quot;] (PDF). ''unctad.org''. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. 2016. Retrieved July 8, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20230423210920/https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20190704/african-union-will-launch-operational-phase-afcfta-summit-niger &quot;African Union will launch operational phase of the AfCFTA at Summit in Niger&quot;]. ''African Union''. July 4, 2019. Retrieved July 8, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Insyd 2002, de OAU dem change am wey e cam turn African Union (AU) wey eget one of ein goals be say ego accelerate de &quot;economic integration for de continent&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20200415235637/https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/34873-file-constitutiveact_en.pdf &quot;Constitutive Act of the African Union&quot;] (PDF). ''au.int''. African Union. Retrieved July 8, 2019. &lt;q&gt;Article 3c: &quot;accelerate the political and socio-economic integration of the continent;&quot;&lt;/q&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Dema second goal be &quot;coordinate den harmonise de policies between dema existing den future Regional Economic Communities for de gradual attainment give objective for de Union.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20200415235637/https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/34873-file-constitutiveact_en.pdf &quot;Constitutive Act of the African Union&quot;] (PDF). ''au.int''. African Union. Retrieved July 8, 2019. &lt;q&gt;Article 3 (l): &quot;coordinate and harmonize the policies between the existing and future Regional Economic Communities for the gradual attainment of the objectives of the Union;&quot;&lt;/q&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dema Negotiations ===
For de 2012 African Union summit for Addis Ababa, leaders for Africa agree say dem go create a new Continental Free Trade Area by 2017. At de 2015 AU summit for Johannesburg, de summit agree say edey start ein negotiations. Dis come start plenty of ein ten negotiating sessions wey etake place for over ein next three years.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Signé, Landry; van der Ven, Colette (May 2019). [https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Keys_to_success_for_AfCFTA.pdf &quot;Keys to success for the AfCFTA negotiations&quot;] (PDF). ''Brookings''. Retrieved July 8, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

Dema first negotiation forum dem do am insyd February 2016 den do dema eight meetings wey until de Summit insyd March 2018 for Kigali. From February 2017, de technical working groups go organize four meetings, wey de technical issues wey dem discuss den implement insyd de draft. On March 8-9, 2018 de African Union Ministers of Trade Union Ministers of Trade approved de draft.&lt;ref&gt;tralac, trade law centre. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190507061138/https://www.tralac.org/resources/by-region/cfta.html &quot;African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) Legal Texts and Policy Documents&quot;]. ''tralac.org''. Retrieved March 28, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2018 Kigali Summit ===
Insyd March 2018, insyd dema 10th Extraordinary Session for de African Union on AfCFTA, three separate agreements wey dey signed: de African Continental Free Trade Agreement, de Kigali Declaration; den de Protocol on Free Movement of Persons. De Protocol give de Free Movement for Persons wey dey seek say dem go establish visa-free zone within de AfCFTA countries, den support de creation for African Union Passport.&lt;ref&gt;Gwatiwa, Tshepo T.; Sam, Michael Noel (March 14, 2018). [https://theconversation.com/how-the-free-movement-of-people-could-benefit-africa-92057 &quot;How the free movement of people could benefit Africa&quot;]. ''The Conversation''. Retrieved July 7, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; At de summit insyd Kigali on 21 March 2018, 44 countries go sign de AfCFTA , 47 sign de Kigali Declaration, den 30 sign de Protocol for Free Movement for People. While emake successful, wey two notable holdout: Nigeria den South Africa, de two largest economies insyd Africa.&lt;ref&gt;Shaban, Abdur Rahman Alfa (March 21, 2018). [https://web.archive.org/web/20230604203539/https://www.africanews.com/2018/03/21/forty-four-countries-sign-historic-africa-union-free-trade-agreement/ &quot;Forty-four countries sign historic African Union free trade agreement&quot;]. ''AfricaNews''. Retrieved July 7, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20230604073152/https://www.tralac.org/resources/our-resources/6730-continental-free-trade-area-cfta.html &quot;African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) Legal Texts and Policy Documents&quot;]. ''Tralac''. Tralac Trade Law Centre. Retrieved July 7, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20230520052416/https://www.tralac.org/resources/by-region/african-union-resources.html &quot;African Union Legal Resources and Policy Documents&quot;]. ''Tralac''. Retrieved July 8, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

One complicating factor insyd de negotiations be dat Africa gey already dem divide am into eight separate free trade areas den/or customs unions, each plus different regulations. Dese regional bodies wey continue go exist; de African Continental Free Trade Agreement initially dey seek say ego reduce trade barriers between de different pillars wey African Economic Community, den eventually use regional organisation as dema building blocks for de ultimate goal for an Africa-wide customs union.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Balima, Boureima (July 8, 2019). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-africa-trade/economic-game-changer-african-leaders-launch-free-trade-zone-idUSKCN1U20BX &quot;Economic 'game changer'? African leaders launch free-trade zone&quot;]. ''Reuters''. Retrieved July 8, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;Erasmus, Gerhard (March 22, 2018). [https://web.archive.org/web/20191214041329/https://www.tralac.org/discussions/article/12869-how-will-the-afcfta-be-established-and-its-legal-instruments-be-implemented.html &quot;How will the AfCFTA be established and its Legal Instruments be implemented?&quot;]. ''Tralac''. Retrieved July 8, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Declaration signed at de 2018 Kigali Summit&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240419022613/https://www.tralac.org/documents/resources/african-union/1831-legal-instruments-signed-at-10th-extraordinary-summit-on-afcfta-21-march-2018/file.html &quot;INDICATION OF LEGAL INSTRUMENTS SIGNED AT THE 10TH EXTRAORDINARY SESSION OF THE ASSEMBLY ON THE LAUNCH OF THE AFCFTA&quot;]. ''Tralac''. Retrieved July 8, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;
!Country
!Signed By
!AfCFTA Consolidated Text
(signature)
!Kigali Declaration
!Free Movement
Protocol
|-
|[[Algeria]]
|Prime Minister Ahmed Ouyahia
|Yes
|Yes
|No
|-
|[[Angola]]
|President João Lourenço
|Yes
|Yes
|Yes
|-
|[[Central African Republic]]
|President Faustin Archange Touadéra
|Yes
|Yes
|Yes
|-
|[[Chad]]
|President Idriss Déby
|Yes
|Yes
|Yes
|-
|[[Comoros]]
|President Azali Assoumani
|Yes
|Yes
|Yes
|-
|[[Djibouti]]
|President Ismaïl Omar Guelleh
|Yes
|Yes
|No
|-
|[[Equatorial Guinea]]
|Prime Minister Francisco Pascual Obama Asue
|Yes
|Yes
|Yes
|-
|[[Eswatini]]
|Prime Minister Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini
|Yes
|Yes
|No
|-
|[[Gabon]]
|President Ali Bongo Ondimba
|Yes
|Yes
|Yes
|-
|[[Gambia]]
|President Adama Barrow
|Yes
|Yes
|Yes
|-
|[[Ghana]]
|President [[Nana Akufo-Addo]]
|Yes
|Yes
|Yes
|-
|[[Ivory Coast]]
|Vice President Daniel Kablan Duncan
|Yes
|No
|No
|-
|[[Kenya]]
|President Uhuru Kenyatta
|Yes
|Yes
|Yes
|-
|[[Lesotho]]
|Prime Minister Tom Thabane
|No
|Yes
|Yes
|-
|[[Mauritania]]
|President Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz
|Yes
|Yes
|Yes
|-
|[[Morocco]]
|Prime Minister Saadeddine Othmani
|Yes
|No
|No
|-
|[[Mozambique]]
|President Filipe Nyusi
|Yes
|Yes
|Yes
|-
|[[Niger]]
|President Mahamadou Issoufou
|Yes
|Yes
|Yes
|-
|[[Republic of the Congo]]
|President Denis Sassou Nguesso
|Yes
|Yes
|Yes
|-
|[[Rwanda]]
|President Paul Kagame
|Yes
|Yes
|Yes
|-
|Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
|President Brahim Ghali
|Yes
|Yes
|No
|-
|[[Senegal]]
|President Macky Sall
|Yes
|Yes
|Yes
|-
|[[Seychelles]]
|Vice President Vincent Meriton
|Yes
|Yes
|No
|-
|[[South Africa]]
|President Cyril Ramaphosa
|No
|Yes
|No
|-
|[[Sudan]]
|Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok
|Yes
|Yes
|Yes
|-
|[[Tanzania]]
|Prime Minister Kassim Majaliwa
|No
|Yes
|No
|-
|[[Uganda]]
|President Yoweri Museveni
|Yes
|Yes
|Yes
|-
|[[Zimbabwe]]
|President Emmerson Mnangagwa
|Yes
|Yes
|No
|}

=== Drafting of further protocols ===
Negotiations go continue for insyd 2018 plus Phase II, wey edey include policies for investment, competition den intellectual property rights.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190403214541/https://au.int/sites/default/files/documents/33984-doc-qa_cfta_en_rev15march.pdf &quot;African Continental Free Trade Area - Questions &amp; Answers&quot;] (PDF). ''au.int''. African Union. March 15, 2018. Archived from [https://au.int/sites/default/files/documents/33984-doc-qa_cfta_en_rev15march.pdf the original] (PDF) on April 3, 2019. Retrieved March 28, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd January 2020, AU Assembly negotiations dem see am as dem conclude am.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180629105428/https://au.int/sites/default/files/decisions/34055-ext_assembly_dec_1x_e26_march.pdf &quot;Decision on the draft agreement establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA)&quot;] (PDF). ''au.int''. African Union. March 21, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem expect de draft for January 2020 AU Assembly.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180629105428/https://au.int/sites/default/files/decisions/34055-ext_assembly_dec_1x_e26_march.pdf &quot;Decision on the draft agreement establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA)&quot;] (PDF). ''au.int''. African Union. March 21, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dema Institutions ==
Dem establish de following institutions say ego facilitate de implementation of de free trade area. For ein Phase II negotiations, dem go establish plenty committees as dem dey use dema protocols.&lt;ref&gt;Erasmus, Gerhard (March 22, 2018). [https://web.archive.org/web/20191214041329/https://www.tralac.org/discussions/article/12869-how-will-the-afcfta-be-established-and-its-legal-instruments-be-implemented.html &quot;How will the AfCFTA be established and its Legal Instruments be implemented?&quot;]. ''tralac Discussion''. trade law centre. Retrieved March 28, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

De AfCFTA Secretariat go be responsible for dema coordination for de implementation give de agreement den dem go be autonomous body wey dey insyd de AU system. Ego gey independent legal personality buh ego work plus de AU Commission den esan go receive ein budget from de AU. De Council of Ministers go be responsible for trade wey dem go decide de location for ein headquarters, ein structure, ein role den ein responsibilities.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; De Assembly of de African Union Heads of State den Government be ein highest decision-making body. Ebe likely say dem go meet during de AU Summits.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;Chidede, Talkmore (March 15, 2018). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190531234057/https://www.tralac.org/discussions/article/12838-the-legal-and-institutional-architecture-of-the-agreement-establishing-the-african-continental-free-trade-area.html &quot;The legal and institutional architecture of the Agreement Establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area&quot;]. ''tralac Discussion''. trade law centre. Retrieved March 28, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; De Council of Ministers who be responsible for Trade de provide strategic trade policy oversight den esan dey ensure say dem implement den enforce de AfCFTA Agreement.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

Dem establish plenty committees for trade insyd goods, trade insyd services, rules of origin, trade remedies, non-tariff barriers, technical barriers to trade den on sanitary den phytosanitary measures. Dispute resolution rules den procedures dem still dey negotiate am, buh dem go add designation for de dispute resolution body. De Committee for Senior Trade Officials dey implement de Council's decisions. De Committee be responsible for ein development for de programs den action plans wey dem implement am for de AfCFTA Agreement.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

== Dema Implementation ==
De AfCFTA see say dem go implement am in phases, den some of de future phases still dey under negotiation.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Phase I dey cover trade insyd goods den trade for services. Phase II dey cover intellectual property rights, investment den competition policy. Phase III dey cover E-Commerce.

At de 2018 Kigali summit, areas of agreement wey dey find be trade protocols, dispute settlement procedures, customs cooperation, trade facilitation, den rules of origin. Dem san gey agreement say dem go reduce tariff for 90% for all goods. Each nation dey permit 3% goods from dis agreement.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Dis be part of de Phase I of de agreement, wey dey cover goods den services liberalization. Some of de Phase I dey issues dey remain as dem dey negotiate say ego include de schedule de tariff concessions den other specific commitments.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

De 12th Extraordinary Session for de African Union on AfCFTA be call am to launch de new agreement as dem come operate de phase, wey dem host am for Niamey on 7 July 2019.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190602063054/https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20190429/afcfta-agreement-secures-minimum-threshold-22-ratification-sierra-leone-and &quot;AfCFTA Agreement secures minimum threshold of 22 ratification as Sierra Leone and the Saharawi Republic deposit instruments&quot;]. ''African Union''. April 29, 2019. Retrieved July 7, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;Meldrum, Andrew (July 7, 2019). [https://www.apnews.com/e5ab779ada5e40c2a2ae782f844e519a &quot;African leaders to launch continent-wide free trade zone&quot;]. ''AP News''. Associated Press. Retrieved July 7, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; For de launch, five operational instruments wey dey govern de AfCFTA wey dem activate am: &quot;de rules of origin; de online negotiating forum; de monitoring den elimination of non-tariff barriers; a digital payment system; den de African Trade Observatory.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20230609151728/https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20190707/operational-phase-african-continental-free-trade-area-launched-niger-summit &quot;Operational phase of the African Continental Free Trade Area is launched at Niger Summit of the African Union&quot;]. ''African Union''. July 7, 2019. Retrieved July 8, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Phase II den III negotiations dem expect am to be initiate am by all AU member countries den hold am in successive rounds. Insyd February 2020, de AU Assembly of Heads of State den Government decide say de Phase III dem go begin am immediately de conclusion of Phase II negotiations, wey dem initially schedule am to conclude insyd December 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Buh, dema deadline delay sake of de COVID-19 pandemic in Africa, den new date be (December 31, 2021) be de new set deadline for de conclusion for Phase II den III negotiations. De AfCFTA officially buh largely symbolically launch am for January 1, 2021.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2021/1/1/after-months-of-covid-delays-african-free-trade-bloc-launches &quot;After months of COVID delays, African free trade bloc launches&quot;]. ''aljazeera.com''. Al Jazeera English. January 1, 2021. Retrieved January 2, 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Dema Membership ==
Among de 55 AU member states, 44 sign de African Continental Free Trade Agreement (wey dem consolidate text), 47 sign de Kigali Declaration den 30 sign de Protocol on Free Movement of People for de end of de 2018 Kigali Summit. Benin, Botswana, Eritrea, Guinea-Bissau, Nigeria den Zambia be among de 11 countries wey no sign dema initial agreement.&lt;ref&gt;Uwiringiyimana, Clement (March 21, 2018). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-africa-trade/nigeria-keen-to-ensure-africa-trade-bloc-good-for-itself-president-idUSKBN1GX29V &quot;Nigeria keen to ensure Africa trade bloc good for itself: president&quot;]. Reuters.&lt;/ref&gt; After de 2018 Kigali Summit insyd Nouakchott on 1 July 2018, South Africa (de second largest economy of Africa), Sierra Leone, Namibia, Lesotho den Burundi join de agreement.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/African-free-trade-area-agreement-signing/2560-4644458-nutmsnz/index.html &quot;More countries sign the African free trade area agreement&quot;]. ''The East African''. Retrieved April 7, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd February 2019, Guinea-Bissau, Zambia den Botswana san join. Kenya den Ghana be de first nations wey ratify de agreement, depositing dema ratification on 10 May 2018.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180511144610/https://au.int/en/newsevents/20180510/kenya-and-ghana-ratify-instruments-african-continental-free-trade-area &quot;Kenya and Ghana to ratify instruments of African Continental Free Trade Area | African Union&quot;]. ''au.int''. Archived from [https://au.int/en/newsevents/20180510/kenya-and-ghana-ratify-instruments-african-continental-free-trade-area the original] on May 11, 2018. Retrieved May 11, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Of de signatories, 22 need am to deposit de instrument of ratification for de agreement for am to come into effect, den dis occur am 29 April 2019 wen both Sierra Leone den de Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic de agreement.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190507061138/https://www.tralac.org/resources/by-region/cfta.html &quot;African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) Legal Texts and Policy Documents&quot;]. Retrieved October 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, de agreement come into force 30 days later on 30 May 2019. At dis point, only Nigeria (de continent ein largest economy), Eritrea den Benin no sign de agreement.  

President of Nigeria Muhammadu Buhari no dey feel say he go join de AfCFTA, he dey fear say ego hurt de Nigerian entrepreneurship den local industries,&lt;ref&gt;Giles, Chris (March 22, 2018). [https://www.cnn.com/2018/03/22/africa/african-trade-agreement-world/index.html &quot;44 African countries agree free trade agreement, Nigeria yet to sign&quot;]. CNN.&lt;/ref&gt; den ein decision dem no praise by ein local groups wey edey include de Manufacturers Association of Nigeria&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190705085802/https://www.africanews.com/2018/03/23/nigeria-s-buhari-explains-failure-to-sign-continental-free-trade-agreement/ &quot;Nigeria's Buhari explains failure to sign continental free trade agreement&quot;]. Retrieved December 24, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; den de Nigeria Labour Congress.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190624221812/https://www.pulse.ng/bi/strategy/strategy-why-nigeria-south-africa-did-not-join-other-nations-to-sign-continental-free/1sfvms6 &quot;Why Nigeria, South Africa did not join other Nations to sign Continental Free Trade agreement&quot;]. Retrieved December 24, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; De Nigerian government make dema mind say dem go talk plus de private sector if dem go agree,&lt;ref&gt;[https://theconversation.com/why-nigeria-had-good-reasons-to-delay-signing-africas-free-trade-deal-100203 &quot;Why Nigeria had good reasons to delay signing Africa's free trade deal&quot;]. Retrieved December 24, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; sake of de key concern say dem go agree or dem go prevent am sake of anti-competitive practices lyk dumping.&lt;ref&gt;[https://allafrica.com/stories/201811080199.html &quot;Nigeria: Why We Are Worried Over African Free Trade Agreement - Dangote, MAN, LCCI&quot;]. Retrieved December 24, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd July 2019, just months afta dem re-elect am into ein new term, Buhari agree say he go adhere to de Africa free trade at dema 12th extraordinary session of de assembly of de union on AfCFTA.&lt;ref&gt;Kazeem, Yomi (July 3, 2019). [https://qz.com/africa/1657861/nigeria-to-sign-africa-free-trade-agreement-afcfta/ &quot;Africa's largest economy is finally backing the continent's plans for a single free trade market&quot;]. ''Quartz Africa''.&lt;/ref&gt;  

At de same meeting, Benin san commit wey dem come sign de agreement, leaving Eritrea as de only of de 55 African Union Member States wey no sign up to de deal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;AfricaNews (July 6, 2019). [https://www.africanews.com/2019/07/06/eritrea-now-sole-outsiders-of-free-trade-deal-as-nigeria-benin-sign-up/ &quot;Eritrea now sole outsiders of free trade deal as Nigeria, Benin sign up&quot;]. ''Africanews''. Retrieved July 7, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20250703072308/https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/nigeria-finally-commits-to-signing-the-africa-free-trade-agreement/ &quot;Nigeria finally commits to signing the Africa free trade agreement&quot;]. ''The South African''. July 3, 2019. Retrieved July 7, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Formally, Eritrea no be part of de initial agreement sake of de ongoing state of war, buh de 2018 peace agreement between Ethiopia den Eritrea come end de conflict den de barrier for Eritrean participation insyd de free trade agreement.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-48899701 &quot;Nigeria signs African free trade area agreement&quot;]. BBC. July 7, 2019. Retrieved July 7, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Mayeni (July 7, 2019). [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-48899701 &quot;Nigeria signs African free trade area agreement&quot;]. ''BBC News''. BBC. Retrieved July 8, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ighobor, Kingsley (August–November 2018). [https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/august-november-2018/africa-set-massive-free-trade-area &quot;Africa set for a massive free trade area&quot;]. ''Africa Renewal''. United Nations. Retrieved July 8, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240714192856/https://www.tralac.org/resources/infographics/13795-status-of-afcfta-ratification.html &quot;Status of AfCFTA Ratification&quot;]. ''Tralac''. Retrieved July 8, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

As of May 2022, dem gey 54 signatories wey 43 (80%) gey deposite for dema ratification instruments.&lt;ref&gt;Ndlovu, Sitshengisiwe (July 23, 2020). [https://www.herald.co.zw/afcfta-establishment-pushed-to-2021-by-covid-19/ &quot;AfCFTA establishment pushed to 2021 by Covid-19&quot;]. ''The Herald''. Retrieved August 21, 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20220715192327/https://au.int/en/speeches/20200319/statement-he-mr-wamkele-mene-occasion-swearing-secretary-general-afcfta &quot;Statement of H.E. Mr. Wamkele Mene on the Occasion of Swearing-in as the Secretary General of the AfCFTA Secretariat&quot;]. African Union. March 19, 2020. Retrieved August 21, 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20230603150556/https://www.tralac.org/resources/infographic/13795-status-of-afcfta-ratification.html &quot;AfCFTA: Towards the African Continental Free Trade Area&quot;]. ''Tralac''. May 6, 2020. Retrieved August 21, 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; Additionally, one country (Somalia) plete ein domestic ratification, buh no get dema deposit ratification plus de depository by May 2020.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20230603150556/https://www.tralac.org/resources/infographic/13795-status-of-afcfta-ratification.html &quot;AfCFTA: Towards the African Continental Free Trade Area&quot;]. ''Tralac''. May 6, 2020. Retrieved August 21, 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20230520211205/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-08/14/c_139291333.htm &quot;Somalia approves Africa free trade area treaty for ratification - Xinhua &amp;#x7C; English.news.cn&quot;]. ''www.xinhuanet.com''.&lt;/ref&gt; Eritrea be de only AU member state wey no gey sign de agreement by 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;   
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Ratification Status of African Nations&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.today/20190417104917/https://au.int/en/treaties/agreement-establishing-african-continental-free-trade-area &quot;Agreement Establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area&quot;]. ''African Union''. October 8, 2019. Retrieved October 14, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;
!Country
!Signed
!Date of Signing
!Ratified
!Date of Ratification
!Deposited
!Date of Deposit
|-
|Algeria
|Yes
|March 21, 2018
|Yes
|June 7, 2021
|Yes
|June 23, 2021&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20231008162033/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/africa/2021-06/25/c_1310026264.htm &quot;UNECA announces initiative to spur role of AfCFTA in Africa's post-COVID-19 economic recovery&quot;]. June 25, 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Angola
|Yes
|March 21, 2018
|Yes
|October 6, 2020
|Yes
|November 4, 2020&lt;ref&gt;Abdulrahman Olagunju (November 4, 2020). [https://www.africannewspage.net/2020/11/angola-becomes-30th-state-party-to-the-afcfta-by-depositing-instruments-of-ratification/ &quot;Angola becomes 30th state party to the AfCFTA by depositing instruments of ratification&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Benin]]
|Yes
|July 7, 2019
|No
|
|No
|
|-
|[[Botswana]]
|Yes
|February 10, 2019
|Yes
|
|Yes
|
|-
|[[Burkina Faso]]
|Yes
|March 21, 2018
|Yes
|May 27, 2019
|Yes
|May 29, 2019&lt;ref&gt;[http://northafricapost.com/31338-africas-free-trade-zone-kicks-off.html &quot;Africa's Free Trade Zone Kicks-Off&quot;]. Retrieved January 10, 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Burundi]]
|Yes
|July 2, 2018
|Yes
|June 17, 2021
|Yes
|August 26, 2021
|-
|[[Cameroon]]
|Yes
|March 21, 2018
|Yes
|January 31, 2020
|Yes
|December 1, 2020
|-
|Central African Republic
|Yes
|March 21, 2018
|Yes
|April 9, 2020
|Yes
|September 22, 2020
|-
|[[Cape Verde]]
|Yes
|March 21, 2018
|Yes
|November 13, 2020
|Yes
|February 5, 2022
|-
|Chad
|Yes
|March 21, 2018
|Yes
|June 29, 2018
|Yes
|July 2, 2018&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;[http://en.igihe.com/news/five-more-countries-sign-two-ratify-afcfta-at-au.html &quot;Five more countries sign, two ratify AfCFTA at AU Summit&quot;]. Retrieved January 10, 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ivory Coast
|Yes
|March 21, 2018
|Yes
|November 13, 2018
|Yes
|November 23, 2018
|-
|Comoros
|Yes
|March 21, 2018
|Yes
|
|Yes
|
|-
|Republic of the Congo
|Yes
|March 21, 2018
|Yes
|February 7, 2019
|Yes
|February 10, 2019
|-
|[[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
|Yes
|March 21, 2018
|Yes
|January 28, 2022
|Yes
|February 23, 2022
|-
|Djibouti
|Yes
|March 21, 2018
|Yes
|February 5, 2019
|Yes
|February 11, 2019
|-
|[[Egypt]]
|Yes
|March 21, 2018
|Yes
|February 27, 2019
|Yes
|April 8, 2019&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/3/68092/Egypt-is-18th-AfCFTA-ratification-instrument-depositor &quot;Egypt is 18th AfCFTA ratification instrument depositor&quot;]. April 8, 2019. Retrieved January 10, 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Equatorial Guinea
|Yes
|March 21, 2018
|Yes
|June 28, 2022
|Yes
|July 2, 2019&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190707143303/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-07/07/c_138206491.htm &quot;Gabon, Equatorial Guinea submit AfCFTA ratification to AU&quot;]. Archived from [http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-07/07/c_138206491.htm the original] on July 7, 2019. Retrieved January 10, 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Eritrea]]
|No
|
|No
|
|No
|
|-
|Eswatini
|Yes
|March 21, 2018
|Yes
|June 21, 2018
|Yes
|July 2, 2018&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;
|-
|[[Ethiopia]]
|Yes
|March 21, 2018
|Yes
|March 23, 2019
|Yes
|April 10, 2019&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240702135651/https://au.int/ar/node/36361 &quot;Ethiopia deposits instruments of ratification of AfCFTA&quot;]. Retrieved January 10, 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Gabon
|Yes
|March 21, 2018
|Yes
|July 2, 2019
|Yes
|July 7, 2019&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Gambia
|Yes
|March 21, 2018
|Yes
|April 11, 2019
|Yes
|April 16, 2019
|-
|Ghana
|Yes
|March 21, 2018
|Yes
|May 7, 2018
|Yes
|May 10, 2018&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20231008162812/https://www.tralac.org/news/article/13033-kenya-and-ghana-ratify-instruments-of-african-continental-free-trade-area.html &quot;Kenya and Ghana deposit instruments of African Continental Free Trade Area ratification&quot;]. Retrieved January 10, 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Guinea]]
|Yes
|March 21, 2018
|Yes
|July 31, 2018
|Yes
|October 16, 2018
|-
|[[Guinea-Bissau]]
|Yes
|February 8, 2019
|Yes
|August 31, 2022&lt;ref&gt;Lusa. [https://www.macaubusiness.com/guinea-bissau-country-is-44th-member-of-african-continental-free-trade-area/ &quot;Guinea-Bissau: Country is 44th member of African Continental Free Trade Area&quot;]. Macau Business. Retrieved January 24, 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;
|Yes
|August 31, 2022
|-
|Kenya
|Yes
|March 21, 2018
|Yes
|May 6, 2018
|Yes
|May 10, 2018&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Lesotho
|Yes
|July 2, 2018
|Yes
|October 20, 2020
|Yes
|November 27, 2020
|-
|[[Liberia]]
|Yes
|March 21, 2018
|No
|
|No
|
|-
|[[Libya]]
|Yes
|March 21, 2018
|No
|
|No
|
|-
|[[Madagascar]]
|Yes
|March 21, 2018
|No
|
|No
|
|-
|[[Malawi]]
|Yes
|March 21, 2018
|Yes
|November 1, 2020&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20231008162501/https://www.mitc.mw/index.php/media-centre/latest-news/190-free-trade-area.html &quot;Malawi Ratifies AfCFTA after Submitting Instruments of Ratification&quot;]. Retrieved February 22, 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;
|Yes
|January 15, 2021&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20231008162449/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/africa/2021-01/15/c_139671191.htm &quot;Malawi deposits AfCFTA ratification to AU&quot;]. January 15, 2021. Retrieved February 22, 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Mali]]
|Yes
|March 21, 2018
|Yes
|January 11, 2019
|Yes
|February 1, 2019
|-
|Mauritania
|Yes
|March 21, 2018
|Yes
|January 31, 2019
|Yes
|February 11, 2019&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240705024825/https://au.int/sw/node/35799 &quot;Deposit of the instrument of Ratification of the AfCFTA Agreement by Mauritania&quot;]. Retrieved January 10, 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Mauritius]]
|Yes
|March 21, 2018
|Yes
|September 30, 2019
|Yes
|October 7, 2019
|-
|Morocco
|Yes
|March 21, 2018
|Yes
|February 24, 2022
|Yes
|April 18, 2022
|-
|Mozambique
|Yes
|March 21, 2018
|No
|
|No
|
|-
|[[Namibia]]
|Yes
|July 2, 2018
|Yes
|January 25, 2019
|Yes
|February 1, 2019
|-
|Niger
|Yes
|March 21, 2018
|Yes
|May 28, 2018
|Yes
|June 19, 2018&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20231008162808/https://www.tralac.org/news/article/13137-niger-deposits-its-instrument-of-ratification-of-the-agreement-on-the-afcfta.html &quot;Niger deposits its instrument of ratification of the Agreement on the AfCFTA&quot;]. Retrieved January 10, 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Nigeria]]
|Yes
|July 7, 2019
|Yes
|December 3, 2020&lt;ref&gt;[https://qz.com/africa/1932390/nigeria-ratifies-afcfta-despite-closed-benin-cameroon-borders/ &quot;Nigeria has ratified Africa's historic free trade agreement—but its land borders remain closed&quot;]. November 12, 2020. Retrieved November 14, 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;
|Yes
|December 5, 2020&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.uneca.org/storys/nigeria-becomes-34th-country-ratify-afcfta-agreement &quot;Nigeria becomes 34th country to ratify AfCFTA agreement&quot;]. December 5, 2020. Retrieved February 22, 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Rwanda
|Yes
|March 21, 2018
|Yes
|May 25, 2018
|Yes
|May 26, 2018&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.africanews.com/2018/05/27/rwanda-becomes-third-country-to-ratify-au-free-trade-pact/ &quot;Rwanda becomes third country to ratify A.U. free trade pact&quot;]. May 27, 2018. Retrieved January 10, 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
|Yes
|March 21, 2018
|Yes
|April 27, 2019
|Yes
|
|-
|[[São Tomé and Príncipe]]
|Yes
|March 21, 2018
|Yes
|May 28, 2019
|Yes
|April 30, 2019&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.facebook.com/africanunion.ecosocc/posts/2381006718834255/ &quot;African Union ECOSOCC&quot;]. ''Facebook''. Retrieved January 10, 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Senegal
|Yes
|March 21, 2018
|Yes
|March 12, 2019
|Yes
|June 27, 2019
|-
|Seychelles
|Yes
|March 21, 2018
|Yes
|July 8, 2021
|Yes
|September 15, 2021 
|-
|[[Sierra Leone]]
|Yes
|
|Yes
|April 19, 2019
|Yes
|April 30, 2019
|-
|[[Somalia]]
|Yes
|March 21, 2018
|Yes
|
|No
|
|-
|South Africa
|Yes
|July 2, 2018
|Yes
|January 31, 2019
|Yes
|February 10, 2019&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sanews.gov.za/south-africa/president-deposits-sas-afcfta-instrument-ratification &quot;President deposits SA's AfCFTA instrument of ratification&quot;]. Retrieved January 10, 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[South Sudan]]
|Yes
|March 21, 2018
|No
|
|No
|
|-
|Sudan
|Yes
|March 21, 2018
|No
|
|No
|
|-
|Tanzania
|Yes
|March 21, 2018
|Yes
|January 17, 2022
|Yes
|January 27, 2022&lt;ref&gt;Tanzania Embassy in Ethiopia [@tanzaniainaddis] (January 17, 2022). [https://twitter.com/tanzaniainaddis/status/1482988442338439168 &quot;Ambassador deposits instrument of accession&quot;] (Tweet). Addis Ababa. Retrieved January 26, 2022 – via Twitter.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Togo]]
|Yes
|March 21, 2018
|Yes
|January 9, 2019
|Yes
|April 2, 2019
|-
|[[Tunisia]]
|Yes
|March 21, 2018
|Yes
|September 7, 2020
|Yes
|November 27, 2020
|-
|Uganda
|Yes
|March 21, 2018
|Yes
|November 20, 2018
|Yes
|February 9, 2019&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20231008162035/https://www.tralac.org/news/article/13750-uganda-deposits-its-instrument-of-ratification-of-the-agreement-on-the-afcfta.html &quot;Uganda deposits its instrument of ratification of the Agreement on the AfCFTA&quot;]. Retrieved January 10, 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Zambia]]
|Yes
|February 10, 2019
|Yes
|January 28, 2021&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20230927182940/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-10/27/c_139471320.htm &quot;Zambian cabinet approves ratification of African free trade agreement&quot;]. October 27, 2020. Retrieved February 22, 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;
|Yes
|February 5, 2021&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.uneca.org/stories/zambia-latest-country-ratify-african-continental-free-trade-area-afcfta-agreement &quot;Zambia is latest country to ratify the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) agreement&quot;]. February 8, 2021. Retrieved February 22, 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Zimbabwe
|Yes
|March 21, 2018
|Yes
|April 25, 2019
|Yes
|May 24, 2019&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190814122820/https://www.uneca.org/stories/zimbabwe%E2%80%99s-national-consultative-forum-african-continental-free-trade-area-slated-19-june &quot;Zimbabwe's National Consultative Forum on the African continental free trade area slated for 19 June&quot;]. Archived from [https://www.uneca.org/stories/zimbabwe%E2%80%99s-national-consultative-forum-african-continental-free-trade-area-slated-19-june the original] on August 14, 2019. Retrieved January 10, 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

=== Oda AU member states ===
Eritrea no sign sake of tension wey between dem den Ethiopia, buh as of 2019, as dem follow de 2018 Eritrea-Ethiopia summit, de AU Commissioner for Trade den Industry dey expect say Eritrea go eventually sign de agreement.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;

== Dema Human right assessment ==
July 2017 United Nations Economic Commission for Africa report talk say de CFTA go help fight poverty den inequality as edey bolar for de continent top as ego change plenty insyd Africa economies. Dem san talk say ebe lyk ego help make African Union go achieve ein Agenda 2063 den de Sustainable Development Goals. De document dem target say ego tackle human rights as edey de negotiation insyd.&lt;ref&gt;''[https://repository.uneca.org/handle/10855/24089 Report: the Continental Free Trade Area (CFTA) in a human rights perspective]''. UN Economic Commission for Africa. July 2017. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/9783958618596|9783958618596]]&lt;/bdi&gt;. Retrieved June 6, 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180719173611/https://www.uneca.org/sites/default/files/PublicationFiles/policy_brief_building_sustainable_and_inclusive.pdf &quot;Building a Sustainable and Inclusive Continental Free Trade Area - Nine Priority Recommendations from a Human Rights Perspective&quot;] (PDF). UN Economic Commission for Africa. July 2017. Archived from [https://www.uneca.org/sites/default/files/PublicationFiles/policy_brief_building_sustainable_and_inclusive.pdf the original] (PDF) on July 19, 2018. Retrieved June 6, 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

According to de Food den Agriculture Organization, dem recognize de intersection wey dey de gender, agriculture, den trade, say ebe critical say ego ensure say dem implement de AfCFTA ein address de nuance den vary de challenges dat women plenty tyms dey face.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.4060/cb6966en|''Seizing the opportunities of the African Continental Free Trade Area for the economic empowerment of women in agriculture''.]] Accra: FAO. 2021. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.4060/cb6966en|10.4060/cb6966en]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-5-135021-8|978-92-5-135021-8]]&lt;/bdi&gt;. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244712893 244712893].&lt;/ref&gt; Ebe vital say dem go operationlise de AfCFTA agreement wey ego ensure say de future trade policies, practices den regulation wey go promote gender equality den empower women den girls for de African continent, especially in support of women to make dem seize new opportunities as de AfCFTA present for de agriculture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt;

Implementation for de agreement dat no be inclusive for women wey fi result in widening gender gap by negatively affect women-led micro, small or medium-sixed enterprises den those who dey rely on de informal trade (wey dey include cross border) for dema livelihoods.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt;

== San see ==

* ASEAN Free Trade Area
* Caribbean Community (CARICOM)
* Central European Free Trade Agreement
* Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
* Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Area
* Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership
* Council of Arab Economic Unity
* Free trade agreement
* Free-trade area
* Free trade areas in Europe
* Market access
* [[Single African Air Transport Market]]
* Rules of Origin
* Tariffs
* Tourism in Africa
* [[Tripartite Free Trade Area]]

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:African Continental Free Trade Agreement]]
[[Category:African Union]]
[[Category:Economy of de African Union]]
[[Category:Free trade agreements]]
[[Category:2018 insyd economics]]
[[Category:2018 insyd international relations]]
[[Category:2018 establishments insyd Africa]]
[[Category:Trade blocs]]
[[Category:Politics of Africa]]
[[Category:March 2018 events insyd Africa]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>African Women's Development Fund</title>
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      <text bytes="3829" sha1="2o3ntttsmw4zupdfdgwggtfxznvnufd" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox|item=Q18204867}}De '''African Women's Development Fund''' ('''AWDF''') be de first pan-African foundation wey dey support de work of shoddies dema rights organisations for Africa insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140714205738/http://www.newfieldfound.org/grants.awarded.php?group=16 &quot;African Women's Development Fund (AWDF)&quot;]. ''www.newfieldfound.org''. Newfield Foundation. Retrieved 5 July 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304224736/http://news.stkate.edu/articles/film_forum.html &quot;Pan-African Women's Film Forum to be held at St. Kate's&quot;]. ''www.stkate.edu''. St Catherine University. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 5 July 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; Bisi Adeleye-Fayemi, Joana Foster, den Hilda M. Tardia&lt;ref&gt;Waweru, Nduta (17 June 2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140714183515/http://www.the-star.co.ke/news/article-171591/nana-darkoa-seykiamah-opens-windows-african-womens-bedrooms &quot;Nana Darkoa-Seykiamah opens windows to African women's bedrooms&quot;]. ''The Star''. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 21 June 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; start AWDF for 2001.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150518082934/http://www.awdf.org/our-work/about/ &quot;About Us&quot;], AWDF. Retrieved 5 July 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; AWDF dey part of de International Network of Women's Funds, sam umbrella organisation for feminist foundations wey dey focus for say ego support shoddies dema human rights top.

== Achievements ==
Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, President of Liberia den 2011 Nobel Peace Prize winner,&lt;ref&gt;AWDF (19 November 2010). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140117083823/http://www.awdf.org/%E2%80%9Cafrican-women-and-political-participation%E2%80%9D-lecture-by-h-e-ellen-johnson-sirleaf-president-of-the-republic-of-liberia/ &quot;'African Women and Political Participation' Lecture by H.E. Ellen Johnson Sirleaf President of the Republic of Liberia&quot;]. African Women's Development Fund. Archived from [http://www.awdf.org/%E2%80%9Cafrican-women-and-political-participation%E2%80%9D-lecture-by-h-e-ellen-johnson-sirleaf-president-of-the-republic-of-liberia/ the original] on 17 January 2014. Retrieved 5 July 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; deliver AWDF ein tenth anniversary lecture for de celebration wey happen for Accra, Ghana, for November 2010 insyd. For de occasion, Sirleaf talk say: &quot;Heartfelt congratulations give you, AWDF Sisters, say you reach your tenth year! You succeed for your goals insyd; you weather de global economic crisis; you demonstrate resilience den determination say you go succeed for your noble cause insyd say you go promote leadership den empowerment for African women.&quot;

Between 2001 den 2016, AWDF distribute US$26 million give shoddies dema rights organizations (women's rights organizations).&lt;ref&gt;Kessenides, Dimitra &amp; Max Chafkin (22 December 2016). [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2016-12-22/how-woke-is-wikipedia-s-editorial-pool &quot;Is Wikipedia Woke?&quot;]. ''Bloomberg Businessweek''. Retrieved 5 May 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

AWDF sign one working document so say ego guide ein analysis den practices for The African Feminists Forum tym wey take place for Accra from 15 go 19 November 2016.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Aili_M._Tripp|Tripp, Aili Mari]] (20 October 2015). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=70-2CgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Charter+of+Feminist+Principles+for+African+Feminists&amp;pg=PA39 Women and Power in Post-Conflict Africa]''. Cambridge University Press. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/9781107115576|9781107115576]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==

* [http://www.awdf.org/ Official website]
[[Category:Women's organisations base insyd Ghana]]
[[Category:Non-profit organizations base insyd Africa]]
[[Category:Feminist organizations insyd Africa]]
[[Category:Organizations dem establish insyd 2001]]
[[Category:2001 establishments insyd Ghana]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>University of Makeni</title>
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'''University of Makeni''' (formerly dem know am as de '''Fatima Institute''' dem often know as '''UNIMAK''') be de first private, Catholic, university wey dey locate insyd Makeni, [[Sierra Leone]].

== History ==

Na dem found am as de Fatima Institute for October 8, 2005, by de Emeritus of de Roman Catholic Diocese of Makeni lead by Reverend George Biguzzi (born 1936, Italy).&lt;ref&gt;Jibba, Mac (August 29, 2011). [http://allafrica.com/stories/201108301078.html &quot;Sierra Leone: The University of Makeni - A University With a Difference&quot;]. ''Concord Times (Freetown)''. Retrieved July 17, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd August 2009, na dem grant am university status wey e take ein present name. Own by de Diocese of Makeni, den de Bishop of Makeni be de university chancellor.

Insyd 2011, along plus City of Rest den de Community Association for Psychosocial Services (CAPS), UNIMAK cam turn founding member of de Mental Health Coalition (MHC) of Sierra Leone. Dem dey specialize insyd mental health service provision, academia, den advocacy, de consortium of organizations be for de forefront of calls for reform of de mental health sector insyd Sierra Leone.&lt;ref&gt;on, Posted (2018-10-04). [http://politicosl.com/articles/sierra-leone-long-road-towards-mental-health-reform &quot;Sierra Leone: A long road towards mental health reform&quot;]. ''Politico SL''. Retrieved 2019-06-21.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ebola restrictions force temporary closure of de University of Makeni between 2014 den 2016.&lt;ref&gt;Guardian Staff (2016-11-11). [https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2016/nov/11/volunteers-who-fought-ebola-for-sierra-leone-one-year-on &quot;Volunteers who fought Ebola for Sierra Leone – one year on&quot;]. ''The Guardian''. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2019-06-21.&lt;/ref&gt;

Insys 2018, UNIMAK create additional campus insyd de Koinadugu District of Sierra Leone. De campus dey locate insyd Kabala Town wey UNIMAK be de first University make e begin operations insyd de district.&lt;ref&gt;Media, Sierra Express. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240626120321/https://sierraexpressmedia.com/?p=84653 &quot;Momoh Konte Takes UNIMAK To Koinadugu – Sierra Express Media&quot;]. Retrieved 2019-06-21.&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 2018, na dem eliminate de university ein application fees for application forms as part of initiative champion by Presido Julius Maada Bio make e improve access to higher education for young people.&lt;ref&gt;Contributor, S. E. M. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240615084053/https://sierraexpressmedia.com/?p=84890 &quot;President Bio Eliminates Fees For University Application Forms – Sierra Express Media&quot;.] Retrieved 2019-06-21.&lt;/ref&gt;

Inays 2019, de university cam turn founding member of de First Responder Coalition of Sierra Leone (FRCSL), plus de Sierra Leone Red Cross Society, LFR International, de Holy Spirit Hospital, den Agency for Rural Community Transformation (ARCT). Na de Coalition ein mission be make e &quot;facilitate de development of emergency first responder programs to alleviate de burden of traumatic injury insyd Sierra Leone.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190704220823/http://thepatrioticvanguard.com/in-makeni-five-national-and-international &quot;Makeni: Coalition of First Responders formed&quot;]. ''The Patriotic Vanguard''. 2019-07-04. Retrieved 2019-07-04.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Thomas, Abdul Rashid (2019-07-05). [https://www.thesierraleonetelegraph.com/sierra-leones-road-accident-first-responder-coalition-to-save-thousands-of-lives/ &quot;Sierra Leone's road accident First Responder Coalition to save thousands of lives&quot;]. Retrieved 2019-07-05.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Governance ==

De university be privately owned by de Emeritus of de Catholic Diocese of Makeni wey ebe de first private university insyd de country owned by de Catholic Mission.&lt;ref&gt;[https://awoko.org/2015/03/25/sierra-leone-news-unimak-to-re-open-with-2-lawyers/ &quot;Sierra Leone News: UNIMAK to Re-Open with 2 Lawyers&quot;]. ''Awoko Newspaper''. 2015-03-25. Retrieved 2019-06-21.&lt;/ref&gt; E sanso be govern by members of de Makeni University Governing Council.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130224022210/http://universityofmakeni.com/wordpress/?page_id=606 &quot;Members of the University Council&quot;]. University of Makeni. Retrieved July 17, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Programs ==

As research-oriented university, der be large breadth make dem conduct de research for UNIMAK.&lt;ref&gt;[https://awoko.org/2012/07/03/unimak-to-host-julius-maada-bio/ &quot;UniMak to host Julius Maada Bio&quot;]. ''Awoko Newspaper''. 2012-07-03. Retrieved 2019-06-21.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Public health ===
Representatives from de University of Makeni den [[Makerere University]] insyd [[Uganda]] meet plus academics from de School of Public Health for de Imperial College London make dem discuss building institutional capacities make e provide public health education.&lt;ref&gt;London, Imperial College London. [https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/187328/sporty-science-partying-west-news-from/ &quot;Sporty science and partying way out west: News from the College | Imperial News | Imperial College London&quot;]. ''Imperial News''. Retrieved 2019-06-21.&lt;/ref&gt; De partnership help build de health education program for de university.

==== Ebola ====
Insyd 2015, during de latter stages of de Ebola crisis outbreak, researchers from de University of Cambridge den Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute wey dey study unconventional transmission of Ebola by dem dey sequence de virus for real-time initially insyd wey dem construct temporary genome sequencing facilities make e provide in-country sequencing capabilities to process patient samples from Makeni. Since de end of de crisis, dem move de facilities go de university, wer dem form de UNIMAK Infectious Disease Research Laboratory.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/05/160518120113.htm &quot;Sexual transmission involved in tail end of Ebola epidemic&quot;]. ''ScienceDaily''. Retrieved 2019-06-21.&lt;/ref&gt; De laboratory dey provides training give local scientists den students, crucial to make dem dey sequence den manage continue Ebola cases insyd Makeni widout international collaborators present.

Na UNIMAK be leader insyd de PREDICT Ebola Host Project, as one of two Sierra Leonean institutions dem involve insyd de project (de oda be [[Njala University]]).&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.avma.org/News/JAVMANews/Pages/190415e.aspx &quot;Pre-empting zoonotic disease threats: Researchers focus on animal reservoirs for Lassa and Ebola viruses&quot;]. ''www.avma.org''. March 27, 2019. Retrieved 2019-06-21.&lt;/ref&gt; De PREDCIT project bee USAID-funded project headquarter for de UC-Davis One Health Institute. Subsequent to de Ebola Crisis, two groups begin dey searche for hemorrhagic disease reservoirs insyd [[West Africa]] make dem preempt future crises.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20220125001258/https://www.axios.com/deadly-marburg-virus-detected-in-west-africa-for-first-time-7c120a4e-5d62-48d8-a5bf-59bedde01ced.html &quot;Deadly Marburg virus detected in West Africa for the first time, in fruit bat populations&quot;]. ''Axios''. Retrieved 2019-06-21.&lt;/ref&gt; Na one group be led by de CDC den Njala University, while na de oda be led by UC-Davis den UNIMAK. As result of de project, na scientists be able make dem discover Ebola virus species (Marburg Virus) for host insyd (fruit-eating bats) prior to detection give infected human anaa sick animal for de first time ever.&lt;ref&gt;Sun, Lena H. (December 20, 2018). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2018/12/20/deadly-marburg-virus-found-bats-sierra-leone/?noredirect=on &quot;Deadly Marburg virus found in bats in Sierra Leone&quot;]. ''The Washington Post''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Kerlin, Kat; Davis, U. C. (2018-10-19). [https://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/finding-ebola-it-finds-you &quot;Finding Ebola before it finds you&quot;]. ''University of California''. Retrieved 2019-06-21.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://awoko.org/2018/12/21/sierra-leone-news-marburg-virus-detected-in-fruit-eating-bats/ &quot;Sierra Leone News: Marburg virus detected in fruit-eating bats&quot;]. ''Awoko Newspaper''. 2018-12-21. Retrieved 2019-06-21.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Special needs educators program ===
UNIMAK be currently de university per insyd Sierra Leone make e offer special needs teacher training.&lt;ref&gt;[https://awoko.org/2017/12/05/sierra-leone-news-sight-savers-champion-inclusive-education-policy/ &quot;Sierra Leone News: Sight Savers champion Inclusive Education Policy&quot;]. ''Awoko Newspaper''. 2017-12-05. Retrieved 2019-06-21.&lt;/ref&gt; De absence of special needs teachers insyd Sierra Leone make dem educate disabled children cam turn priority give de Ministry of Education, wey e assure de government say e dey champion policy for de expansion of dese programs insyd Parliament base for UNIMAK ein programs top.&lt;ref&gt;[https://awoko.org/2017/11/29/sierra-leone-news-inclusive-education-policy-ready/ &quot;Sierra Leone News: Inclusive education policy ready&quot;]. ''Awoko Newspaper''. 2017-11-29. Retrieved 2019-06-21.&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20210506144949/http://www.universityofmakeni.com/wordpress/ University of Makeni] on Wordpress

[[Category:Educational institutions dem establish insyd 2005]]
[[Category:Universities den colleges insyd Sierra Leone]]
[[Category:2005 establishments insyd Sierra Leone]]
[[Category:Universities den colleges dem establish insyd 2005]]
[[Category:Catholic educational institutions]]
[[Category:Catholic universities den colleges insyd Africa]]</text>
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    <title>Water supply and sanitation in Ghana</title>
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De '''water supply and sanitation''' sector insyd [[Ghana]] be a sector wey be in charge of de supply of healthy water den sanso dey improve de sanitation of water bodies insyd de country.

Insyd Ghana, de drinking water supply den sanitation sectors dey face a number of issues, wey dey include relatively limited sanitation access, intermittent supply, significant water losses, poor water pressure, den pollution. Since 1994, na dem gradually reform de sector thru de creation of an autonomous regulatory agency, introduction of private sector participation, decentralization of de rural supply to 138 [[Districts of Ghana|districts]] wey dem increase community participation insyd de management of rural water systems.&lt;ref name=&quot;WaterAid&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=WaterAid|title=National Water Sector Assessment, Ghana|url=http://www.wateraid.org/other/startdownload.asp?DocumentID=28&amp;mode=plugin|format=PDF|access-date=26 March 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Scaling up Water and Sanitation in Ghana |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2020/11/18/scaling-up-water-and-sanitation-in-ghana |access-date=13 September 2023 |website=World Bank}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
==External links==
{{Commons}}

===Policy setting===
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190926043318/http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/2012-02-08-08-18-09/ministries/274-ministry-of-water-resources-works-housing Ghanaian Ministry of Water Resources, Works and Housing]

===Economic regulation===
* [http://www.purc.com.gh/ Ghanaian Public Utilities and Regulatory Commission (PURC)]

===Service provision===
* [http://www.cwsagh.org/ Community Water and Sanitation Agency]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110727204856/http://www.ghanawater.com.gh/ Ghana Water Company Limited (GWCL)]
* [http://waterinafrica.org/ Water In Africa Through Everyday Responsiveness, a nonprofit which installs boreholes throughout Ghana]

==Ein Access==
De water supply den sanitation [[infrastructure]] be insufficient, especially insyd [[rural area]]s. Substantial discrepancies between access data from various sources dey, partially secof different definitions wey different institutions dey use wey dey provide access data. According to de Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation of [[UNICEF]] and [[WHO]], access plus [[Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa|water den sanitation]] be as follows:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! colspan=2|
! Urban&lt;br /&gt;(51% of the population)
! Rural&lt;br /&gt;(49% of the population)
! Total
|-
| rowspan=2|Water&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;/&gt;
| [[At least basic water source|'At least basic' definition]]
| 88%
| 66%
| 78%
|-
| House connections
| 33%
| 3%
| 18%
|-
| rowspan=2|Sanitation&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;/&gt;
| [['At least basic' sanitation|'At least basic' definition]]
| 19%
| 9%
| 14%
|-
|Sewerage
| ?
| ?
| ?
|}

According to de [[United Nations]] 2015 [[Millennium Development Goal|MDG]] report, Ghana don achieve de target of reducing by half de number of people wey no get access to safe drinking water.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.gh.undp.org/content/ghana/en/home/library/poverty/2015-ghana-millennium-development-goals-report.html|title=2015 Ghana Millennium Development Goals Report|website=UNDP in Ghana|access-date=6 May 2016|archive-date=2 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602042020/http://www.gh.undp.org/content/ghana/en/home/library/poverty/2015-ghana-millennium-development-goals-report.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem estimate say almost one-third of de water supply systems for Ghana no dey function properly, while many others dey operate far below de capacity wey dem design dem for. On top of dat, domestic water supply dey compete plus increasing demand for water from de growing industry den agriculture sectors.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ghana Safe Water Network&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Ghana|url=http://www.safewaternetwork.org/countries-regions/ghana|website=Safe Water Network|access-date=29 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:A picture of a boy drinking polluted water.jpg|thumb|Water pollution insyd Ghana]]About 88% of de urban population for Ghana get access to at least [[Improved water source|basic drinking water]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.unicef.org/ghana/Ghana_MICS_Final.pdf|title=Ghana Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, differences still dey between urban den rural access to safe drinking water. According to de Ghana Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey of 2011, people wey dey live for urban areas get more chance to access safe drinking water than people for rural areas, with rates of 91% den 69% respectively.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Because of dis, dependence on unsafe water sources higher for rural areas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://water.org/country/ghana/|title=Ghana – Water Crisis {{!}} Water.org|website=Water.org|access-date=6 May 2016|archive-date=22 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422112638/http://water.org/country/ghana/}}&lt;/ref&gt; De turbidity levels of most local surface waters for rural communities pass 200 NTUs (nephelometric turbidity units) den dem contain high microbial den fecal contamination, wey dey put children den de rest of de population for high risk of water-related diseases.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Mintz |first1=Eric |last2=Bartram |first2=Jamie |last3=Lochery |first3=Peter |last4=Wegelin |first4=Martin |date=1 October 2001 |title=Not Just a Drop in the Bucket: Expanding Access to Point-of-Use Water Treatment Systems |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=91 |issue=10 |pages=1565–1570 |issn=0090-0036 |pmc=1446826 |pmid=11574307 |doi=10.2105/ajph.91.10.1565}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Compared plus de rest of Ghana, de three northern regions of Ghana suffer more from lack of clean drinking water, with one out of every ten children dying before dem reach five years because of some water-related illnesses.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.wateraid.org/us/where-we-work/page/ghana |title=Ghana – Where We Work – WaterAid America |website=www.wateraid.org |access-date=6 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; For de main Northern Region alone, 32% of de 2.5 million residents no get access to improved water sources den often dem dey depend on contaminated drinking water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; As for sanitation, only 14% of de total population of Ghana dey use improved sanitation facilities as of 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://data.unicef.org/corecode/uploads/document6/uploaded_pdfs/corecode/Pneumonia_Diarrhoea_2012_35.pdf |title=UNICEF. 2012. Pneumonia and Diarrhoea – Tackling the deadliest diseases for the world's poorest children. }}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Improved Drinking Water Source
!Unimproved Drinking Water Source
|-
|Household connection
|Rivers or ponds
|-
|Borehole
|Bucket
|-
|Protected dug well
|Unprotected well
|-
|Protected spring
|Unprotected spring
|-
|Public Standpipe
|Vendor-provided water
|-
|
|Tanker truck water
|-
|
|Bottled (den sachet) water
|}

Dis table dey present de classifications of improved den  unimproved water sources insyd Ghana since de end of de [[Millennium Development Goals]], according to de [[WHO]] den UNICEF.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1251454622-A_Snapshot_of_Drinking_Water_in_Africa_Eng.pdf|title=WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (2008). A Snapshot of Drinking Water and Sanitation in Africa.|access-date=6 May 2016|archive-date=1 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001154210/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1251454622-A_Snapshot_of_Drinking_Water_in_Africa_Eng.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; As of de end of 2015, na improved water sources dey include household water pipes, [[borehole]]s, protected dug wells den [[Spring (hydrology)|springs]], den  public standpipes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.gh.undp.org/content/dam/ghana/docs/Doc/Inclgro/UNDP_GH_2015%20Ghana%20MDGs%20Report.pdf|title=United Nations. 2015. Ghana Millennium Development Goals Report.|access-date=6 May 2016|archive-date=17 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517051924/http://www.gh.undp.org/content/dam/ghana/docs/Doc/Inclgro/UNDP_GH_2015%20Ghana%20MDGs%20Report.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ein Service quality==
===Continuity of supply===
According to sam estimate, one quarter of de people wey dey live for [[Accra]] dey receive continuous water supply. About 30% dey get water for 12 hours each day, five days for week. Another 35% dey receive water for two days every week. De remaining 10% wey mostly dey live for de outskirts of de capital no get access to piped water at all.&lt;ref name=&quot;wateraid 2&quot; /&gt;

According to another source, de situation even worse: for February 2008, some communities insyd de Accra-Tema metropolis dey get water only once for week, or once for two weeks, or even once for month.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;[http://www.water-mwrwh.com/sub.htm#top AVRL: The Dodowa intervention]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The continuity of water supply in rural areas and the Northern Region of Ghana are less frequent. Particularly in rural areas, locals are forced to fetch their own water from a variety of water sources depending on location:&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

De regularity of water supply for rural areas den de Northern Region of Ghana dey even less frequent. Especially for rural areas, people dey forced to fetch their own water from different sources depending on where dem dey live:&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

* Tube wells or boreholes – deep hole wey dem drill or dig reach underground water. Dem dey bring de water come up through pipe plus pump wey human power dey operate, den de well get protection platform to stop dirty water run-off or bird droppings enter de water.

* Protected dug well – well wey dem protect from surface runoff water by lining or casing wey dey raised above ground level.

* Rainwater collection – rain wey dem collect from surfaces den store inside container for use.

* Water tank truck – water wey truck carry come community den dem dey sell am from de truck.

* Unprotected dug wells or springs – well wey no get protection from runoff or bird droppings.

* Cart plus small tank/drum – water seller dey carry water enter community, den dem dey sell am. Dem dey use donkey cart or motoking for transport.

* Surface water sources – rivers, dams, lakes, ponds, etc. All of dem dey very likely to be polluted, wey fit be dangerous for people wey dey drink from there. Dis ones be de most dangerous water sources for Ghana population, because dem fit contain plenty bacteria den toxic substances wey fit cause infections den diseases, some wey even fit kill people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Water contamination ==

=== Drinking water quality ===
[[File:F-diagram-01.jpg|thumb|450x450px|De Fecal-oral disease route transmission]]
De lack of clean drinking [[Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa|water]] [[Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa|den sanitation]] systems be serious public health problem for Ghana, den e dey cause about 70% of diseases for de country. Even though government den e development partners dey try plenty, about 76% of households still dey risk drinking water wey get contamination from animal den human waste.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation and Hygiene {{!}} UNICEF Ghana |url=https://www.unicef.org/ghana/water-sanitation-and-hygiene |access-date=28 September 2023 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chao dey use of plastic sachet water secof clean tap water no dey enough aN sey cause big [[plastic pollution]], wey dey block water bodies, clog storm-water drains den even cause death of livestock.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Adam |first1=Issahaku |last2=Walker |first2=Tony R. |last3=Bezerra |first3=Joana Carlos |last4=Clayton |first4=Andrea |date=1 June 2020 |title=Policies to reduce single-use plastic marine pollution in West Africa |journal=Marine Policy |volume=116 |bibcode=2020MarPo.11603928A |doi=10.1016/j.marpol.2020.103928 |s2cid=216397079 |article-number=103928}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ghana ein gold mining industry sana dey pollute about 60% of de country water sources.&lt;ref name=&quot;illegal_gold_mines_2021_08_11_bbc&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=The illegal gold mines killing rivers and livelihoods in Ghana|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-58119653|access-date=16 October 2024|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=13 October 2024 |title=CONIWAS expresses worry over increasing effects of Galamsey |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1348449/coniwas-expresses-worry-over-increasing-effects.html |access-date=16 October 2024 |website=Modern Ghana}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Secof dirty water den bad sanitation, about 1,000 children under five years dey die every year from diarrhea wey come from polluted water.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Water Aid- Where we work: Ghana |url=https://www.wateraid.org/uk/where-we-work/ghana |access-date=10 May 2018 |website=Water Aid UK}}&lt;/ref&gt; De water wey dem dey take from [[Pond|ponds]], [[Lake|lakes]] abaa rivers no dey good at all. So households wey no get access to clean water dey forced to use unsafe sources, den dem even dey pay more money.&lt;ref name=&quot;oecd 294&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) |author-link=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |title=African Economic Outlook 2007 – Ghana Country Note |url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/26/51/38562673.pdf |journal=African Economic Outlook 2007 |access-date=25 March 2008}}, p. 294&lt;/ref&gt;

Contaminated drinking water, plus poor sanitation, dey linked to diseases like cholera, diarrhoea, dysentery, hepatitis A, typhoid den polio wey dem dey transmit through water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Drinking-water |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs391/en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808013616/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs391/en/ |archive-date=8 August 2014 |access-date=6 May 2016 |website=World Health Organization |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Because people dey drink dirty water, diarrheal disease be the third most common sickness wey dem dey report for health centers across Ghana. 25% of all deaths for children under five years dey come from diarrhea.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt; Apart from lack of sanitation infrastructure, some cultural beliefs den attitudes dey encourage [[open defecation]]. From de total population for Ghana, 23% dey practice open defecation as their sanitation method.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ghana Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2011 |url=http://www.unicef.org/ghana/Ghana_MICS_Final.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; As many as 72% of people for de [[Northern Region (Ghana)|Northern Region]] dey do open defecation, wey make am de region wey get de highest rate for Ghana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt;

Most of de waterborne diseases be enteric diseases (meaning intestinal diseases) wey dem dey spread through fecal-oral route.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=WHO. 2006. Preventing disease through healthy environments. |url=https://www.who.int/quantifying_ehimpacts/publications/preventingdisease.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; For de way disease dey spread through water contamination, human feces from public defecation dey enter sewage systems den non-recycling latrines, den rain carry am go local surface waters, den menners later drink anaa contact am directly, wey cause infection through exposure, absorption den ingestion. Surface water be de main drinking water source for communities for Northern Region of Ghana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Mintz |first1=Eric |last2=Bartram |first2=Jamie |last3=Lochery |first3=Peter |last4=Wegelin |first4=Martin |date=1 October 2001 |title=Not Just a Drop in the Bucket: Expanding Access to Point-of-Use Water Treatment Systems |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=91 |issue=10 |pages=1565–1570 |doi=10.2105/ajph.91.10.1565 |issn=0090-0036 |pmc=1446826 |pmid=11574307}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2024, for one stakeholder conference, Ing. Harold Esseku, Senior Water den Sanitation Specialist for World Bank talk say Ghana dey on track to improve water quality by 2030.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ghana to upscale efforts to improve water quality by 2030 - Esseku |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1348313/ghana-to-upscale-efforts-to-improve-water-quality.html |access-date=16 October 2024 |website=Modern Ghana}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Effects for education top ===
De main traditional water sources for many parts of rural Ghana be small ponds den unprotected wells, den both of dem dey very easy make dem get polluted, wey dey cause diseases for people wey dey drink am (Oxfam). More than 50% of de rural population for Ghana also dey depend on unsafe water resources from vendors (Ghana Clean Water Project). Dis thing dey bring plenty sicknesses. De water get parasites den high microbial content, plus dangerous minerals. Many people, mostly children, dey suffer plenty diseases from dis water, den some of dem even fit die from am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Water.org: Ghana&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Ghana |url=http://water.org/country/ghana/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422112638/http://water.org/country/ghana/ |archive-date=22 April 2016 |access-date=27 April 2016 |website=Water.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

No be only health de water dey affect; e dey also affect education. For example, for some places for Ghana, children—mostly girls—dey deny their right to go school because their schools no get proper private toilet facilities. Instead, dem expect dem make dem spend whole day dey fetch water. Dis dey affect their education den e dey make am hard make de country develop fast. If people get more clean water den proper sanitation, girls no go dey deny school, den dem go get education wey go increase number of educated people for Ghana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Delali|first=Sika|title=Ghana Marks Global Hand-washing Day with renewed call for improved hygiene|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-ghana-marks-global-handwashing-day-with-renewed-call-for-improved-hygiene.html|location=Accra, Ghana|access-date=16 October 2024|newspaper=[[Daily Graphic (Ghana)|Daily Graphic]]|date=16 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

All things considered, de water problems wey Ghana dey face no be only about sickness for de population, but e dey also affect education. Dis one no dey happen every time, but e dey happen for some parts of Ghana, especially rural areas.&lt;ref name=&quot;Water.org: Ghana&quot; /&gt;

=== Wastewater treatment ===
{{further|wastewater treatment}}
Dem estimate say for year 2000, urban areas for Ghana dey generate about 763,698 m³ of wastewater every day, wey go amount to around 280 million m³ for the whole year. Regional capitals also add another 180 million m³.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite conference|first=SK|last=Agodzo|author2=Huibers, FP|author3=Chenini, F.|author4=van Lier, JB|author5=Duran A.|title=Use of wastewater in irrgigated agriculture. Country studies from Bolivia, Ghana and Tunisia. Volume 2: Ghana|publisher=WUR|location=Wageningen|url=http://www.iwe.wur.nl/NR/rdonlyres/B87C7F6A-BACA-43CF-BC29-B223B0102B21/9226/fh030624GHANAfinal.PDF|isbn=90-6754-704-2|access-date=28 March 2008}}, p. 16-17&lt;/ref&gt;

Only small part of de wastewater wey urban areas dey produce dey collected, den even smaller part dey treated. Bad management of urban, industrial den agricultural wastewater often mean say drinking water for millions of people dey either dangerously contaminated or chemically polluted.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;

For Accra, de capital city, only about 10% of wastewater dey collected. More than that, less than 25% of de 46 industrial den municipal treatment plants for Ghana dey function properly according to inventory wey Ghana Environmental Protection Agency do for 2001. Most of de treatment plants for municipal wastewater dey run by local governments, den most of dem be stabilization ponds.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=RUAF Ghana sanitation report |url=http://www.ruaf.org/system/files?file=Chap6-Sanitation.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725133727/http://www.ruaf.org/system/files?file=Chap6-Sanitation.pdf |archive-date=25 July 2011 |access-date=13 April 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

One biological treatment plant dem build am for late 1990s for [[Korle Lagoon]] for Accra, but e only dey handle about 8% of Accra ein wastewater.

== Water resources ==
Ghana get chao water resources. De Volta River system basin, wey dey include [[Oti River|Oti]], [[Daka River|Daka]], [[Pru River|Pru]], [[Sene River|Sene]] den  [[Afram River|Afram]] rivers plus de [[White Volta|white]] den [[Black Volta]]  rivers, cover about 70% of de country land area. Another 22% of Ghana land dey covered by de southwestern river system watershed wey include [[Bia River|Bia]], [[Tano River|Tano]], [[Ankobra River|Ankobra]] den [[Pra River (Ghana)|Pra]] rivers. De coastal river system watershed, wey include Ochi-Nawuka, Ochi Amissah, [[Ayensu River|Ayensu]], [[Densu River|Densu]]  den Tordzie rivers, cover de remaining 8% of Ghana.

Plus dat, groundwater dey available for mesozoic den cenozoic sedimentary rocks den inside sedimentary formations wey dey under de Volta basin. De [[Volta Lake]], wey get surface area of 8,500 km², be one of de biggest artificial lakes for di world. Overall, total renewable water resources for Ghana dem estimate say be about 53.2 billion m³ per year.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |author-link=Food and Agriculture Organization |title=Ghana Country Overview |url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/ghana/ghana_cp.pdf |access-date=25 March 2008}}, p. 3–4&lt;/ref&gt;

== Water use ==
For year 2000, total water wey dem withdraw be 982 million m³, den about two-thirds of am go for agricultural use. Another 10% dem take go industry, wey leave 24% or 235 million m³ for domestic use. Plus dat, 37,843 km³ dey use for hydroelectric power generation for [[Akosombo Dam]] each year.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |author-link=Food and Agriculture Organization |title=Ghana Country Overview |url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/ghana/ghana_cp.pdf |access-date=25 March 2008}}, p. 4–5&lt;/ref&gt;

== History den recent developments ==
Archaeological work for de house ruins of Begho (12th–19th century) don show say cisterns exist, den on average dem be about two meters deep.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Posnansky |first=Merrick |date=2015 |title=Begho: Life and Times |journal=Journal of West African History |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=95–118 |doi=10.14321/jwestafrihist.1.2.0095 |issn=2327-1868 |jstor=10.14321/jwestafrihist.1.2.0095 |s2cid=193121437}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 1817, Thomas Edward Bowdich document de sanitation methods for de Ashanti Empire, including how latrines dey common for most houses for [[Kumasi]].&lt;blockquote&gt;Wetin surprise me pass… be say dem discover say every house get ein own cloacae (latrine), apart from de common ones wey dey outside town for lower class people. Dem usually dey place dem under small archway for de most hidden corner of de building, but sometimes dem dey even upstairs, inside separate room like small closet where big hollow pillar still dey help support de upper floor. De holes small for size, but dem dig dem reach very deep, den dem dey pour boiling water inside every day, wey dey make sure say no bad smell dey at all.&lt;/blockquote&gt;— Bowdich, 1817.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |year=2004 |title=Freshwater Country Profile: Ghana |url=https://www.un.org/esa/agenda21/natlinfo/countr/ghana/waterghana04f.pdf |access-date=7 April 2008}}, p. 2&lt;/ref&gt; For 1821, William Hutton confirm wetin Bowdich observe.&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Bowdich ein observation about say houses get cloacae den de general cleanliness of de Ashantees be correct; den e no get doubt say for how dem dey arrange their houses, dem pass plenty of their neighbours for cleanliness.&lt;/blockquote&gt;— Hutton, 1821.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Bowdich record am for early 19th century say rubbish den waste from all houses dem dey burn am every morning behind de streets. According to scholar Donna Maier, Public Works Department dey exist for de Ashanti Empire under de stool wey dem call Akwammofo Akonnwa. Dis department be responsible for cleaning de streets of Kumasi every day, den e make sure say people dey keep their compounds clean den dem dey weed am well well.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Feierman |first=Steven |year=1985 |title=Struggles for Control: The Social Roots of Health and Healing in Modern Africa |journal=African Studies Review |volume=28 |issue=2/3 |pages=73–147 |doi=10.2307/524604 |jstor=524604}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1928, dem build de first piped water supply system for [[Cape Coast]]. De Water Supply Division of de Public Works Department dey handle water service provision for both rural den urban areas for Ghana. After Ghana gain independence for 1957, dem separate de division from Public Works Department den put am under Ministry of Works den Housing. For 1965, dem turn am into Ghana Water den Sewerage Corporation (GWSC), one legal public utility wey dey responsible for providing water for urban den rural areas for public, domestic den industrial use, as well as setting up, running den controlling sewerage systems.

=== Decentralization, focus for rural areas top, den independent regulation (1994–1999) ===
For mid-1990s, under Presidency of [[Jerry Rawlings]] den after Ghana pass new democratic Constitution for 1992, government of Ghana bring five key laws wey affect how responsibility for water supply den sanitation dey run:

* De Local Government Act No. 462 of 1993 explain say District Assemblies be de highest political authority for each district, den dem dey head am by District Chief Executive (like mayor). But neither de constitution nor de Local Government Act clearly define wetin District Assemblies suppose do, den at first dem no get role for water supply den sanitation until 1999 wey dem partially transfer am give dem.

* De Water Resources Commission Act No. 552 of 1996 create Water Resources Commission (WRC) wey dem give responsibility for integrated water resources management, wey dey include permits for water abstraction.&lt;ref name=&quot;wateraid 5&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=WaterAid |author-link=WaterAid |title=National Water Sector Assessment, Ghana |url=http://www.wateraid.org/other/startdownload.asp?DocumentID=28&amp;mode=plugin |access-date=26 March 2008 |format=[[PDF]]}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, p. 5&lt;/ref&gt;

* De Public Utilities den Regulatory Commission Act No. 538 of 1997 create Public Utilities and Regulatory Commission (PURC) wey dem put insyd charge of regulating electricity sector den urban water supply, including checking tariff increase requests, monitoring service quality den protecting consumers.&lt;ref name=&quot;oecd 2942&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) |author-link=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |title=African Economic Outlook 2007 – Ghana Country Note |url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/26/51/38562673.pdf |journal=African Economic Outlook 2007 |access-date=25 March 2008}}, p. 294&lt;/ref&gt;

* De Community Water and Sanitation Agency Act No. 564 of 1998 create Community Water den Sanitation Agency (CWSA) wey cam turn responsible for supporting local communities den District Assemblies for rural water supply den sanitation. CWSA come from Community Water den Sanitation Division wey dem create as semi-autonomous part of GWSC for 1994.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Ghanaian Water Resources and Environmental Sanitation Project |author-link=macmeshack |title=Water Supply &amp; Sanitation in Ghana |url=http://www.wresp.org/wsesingh.php#history |access-date=26 March 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Under Statutory Corporations (Conversion to Companies) Act 461 of 1993 den government policy wey aim turn state corporations go commercial companies, GWSC transform cam turn company wey dem call GWCL. GWCL remain responsible only for urban water supply, while responsibility for sewer systems move go District Assemblies.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |year=2004 |title=Freshwater Country Profile: Ghana |url=https://www.un.org/esa/agenda21/natlinfo/countr/ghana/waterghana04f.pdf |access-date=7 April 2008}}, p. 2&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1999, responsibility say dem go take support communities for provision of water supply den sanitation for more than 110 small towns den rural areas transfer go District Assemblies. Sanitation sana cam turn responsibility of District Assemblies for both urban den rural areas. Plus dat, government try bring private sector go urban water supply plus help from World Bank through preparatory studies den workshops, but dem no fully bring private companies insyd yet.

=== Private sector participation insyd urban areas (2000–2011) ===
To carry out de private sector participation of GWCL, dem originally plan say make dem use 10-year lease contract. For 2000, lease contract between GWCL den de US company Azurix fail because of public opposition den accusations of corruption, wey later lead to de formation of de Coalition against Water Privatization.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Rahaman |first=Abu Shiraz |author2=Everett, Jeff |author3=Neu, Dean |year=2007 |title=Accounting and the move to privatize water services in Africa |journal=Accounting, Auditing &amp; Accountability Journal |publisher=Emerald Group Publishing Limited |volume=20 |issue=5 |pages=637–670 |doi=10.1108/09513570710778992}}, p. 648–651&lt;/ref&gt;

For October 2006 insyd, under Presidency of [[John Kufuor]] den plus support from de World Bank-funded Urban Water Project (see below), dem sign five-year management contract between GWCL den Aqua Vitens Rand Limited (AVRL), wey be consortium of de Dutch public water company Vitens den de South African public company Rand Water. De main objectives of de five-year management contract be:

* Improve de reliability (pressure den flow rate) den quality of potable water;
* Ensure de company ein financial sustainability;
* Improve customer service; den
* Provide access to potable water at affordable prices for low-income consumers.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vitens Evides&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Vitens Evides International |title=Management Contract 2006–2011 for urban water supply in Ghana A Partnership – in and for – development |url=http://www.vitensevidesinternational.com/projects/ghana/case-study-book-ghana-5.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616221305/http://www.vitensevidesinternational.com/projects/ghana/case-study-book-ghana-5.pdf |archive-date=16 June 2013 |access-date=14 August 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Doe |first=Henry Wonder |year=2007 |title=Assessing the Challenges of Water Supply in. Urban Ghana: The case of North Teshie. (EESI Master Thesis) |url=http://www.lwr.kth.se/Publikationer/PDF_Files/LWR_EX_07_06.PDF |publisher=Department of Land and Water Resources Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) |access-date=27 March 2008 |place=Stockholm}}{{Dead link|date=January 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, p. 35-36&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2008, dem report serious water shortages for Accra because power outages affect two water treatment plants.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Benson|first=Ivy|title=Government maintains Aqua Vitens deal...to manage water supply in the country|newspaper=The Ghanaian Chronicle|date=12 March 2008|access-date=27 March 2008|url=http://db.ghanaian-chronicle.com/thestory.asp?id=5993}}{{Dead link|date=January 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}.&lt;/ref&gt; De management contract expire for June 2011 den dem no renew am, after e achieve only part of ein objectives.

For rural areas, de powers den resources of District Assemblies become stronger through de Local Government Service Act 656 of 2003. De Act transfer de power to appoint, promote den discipline civil servants from de national government give de District Assemblies. For 2006, dem create Districts Development Fund to channel central government den donor funds to District Assemblies in transparent den effective way.

For 2009, dem create Environmental, Health den Sanitation Directorate insyd de Ministry of Local Government den Rural Development to put more focus on sanitation. As part of dis effort, dem launch programme to eliminate open defecation through community-led total sanitation.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

== Responsibility for water supply den sanitation ==
{{Main|Water privatisation in Ghana|l1=Water privatization in Ghana}}
[[File:Pra_River.gif|thumb|372x372px|De [[Pra River (Ghana)|Pra River]] system of de [[List of rivers of Ghana|rivers of Ghana]].]]
According to sam multi-donor review of Ghana ein water supply sector, ebe &quot;quite well structured&quot;, plus de government wey dey charge of policy den regulation, while de private sector den communities play important roles in service delivery.&lt;ref name=&quot;MDG&quot;&gt;AMCW/AfDB/EUWI/WSP/UNDP: [https://web.archive.org/web/20080227155149/http://www.wsp.org/filez/news/27200752243_MDGsAfrica.pdf Getting Africa on Track to meet the MDGs on Water and Sanitation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227155149/http://www.wsp.org/filez/news/27200752243_MDGsAfrica.pdf|date=27 February 2008}} – A Status Overview of Sixteen African Countries, 2006, p. 27&lt;/ref&gt; De institutional framework for sanitation be much less clear, plus responsibilities no be clear.

=== Policy den regulation ===
For now, several institutions dey exist to supervise den regulate water supply den sanitation. De policy framework dey based on de Ghana Poverty Reduction Strategy (GPRS).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Water-Aid Ghana |year=2005 |title=Assessment of national sanitation policies: Ghana case. Final report. |url=http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/projects/proj_contents0/WEJEH%20-%20Sanitation%20Policy/www/outputs/Ghana%20Sanitation%20Policy%20Assessment%20Report.pdf |access-date=26 March 2008 |location=Accra}}, p. 28–29&lt;/ref&gt;

General policies for de water sector, both for rural den urban areas, dey set by de Water Directorate insyd de Ministry of Water Resources, Works den Housing (MWRWH). Plus dat, de ministry dey seek funding from external support agencies, monitor de sector den advise de Cabinet on water matters.&lt;ref name=&quot;wateraid 52&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=WaterAid |author-link=WaterAid |title=National Water Sector Assessment, Ghana |url=http://www.wateraid.org/other/startdownload.asp?DocumentID=28&amp;mode=plugin |access-date=26 March 2008 |format=[[PDF]]}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, p. 5&lt;/ref&gt; De Water Sector Restructuring Secretariat, wey dem create for 1997 insyd de Ministry of Water Resources, Works den Housing, dey oversee de process of private sector participation for de water sector.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Doe |first=Henry Wonder |year=2007 |title=Assessing the Challenges of Water Supply in. Urban Ghana: The case of North Teshie. (EESI Master Thesis) |url=http://www.lwr.kth.se/Publikationer/PDF_Files/LWR_EX_07_06.PDF |publisher=Department of Land and Water Resources Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) |access-date=27 March 2008 |place=Stockholm}}{{Dead link|date=January 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, p. 33&lt;/ref&gt;

De Ministry of Local Government den Rural Development also share responsibility plus MWRWH for setting sanitation policies den coordinating funding for de sanitation sub-sector. Government dey promote decentralization, so dem expect Metropolitan, Municipal den District Assemblies to implement sanitation policies.

To enforce environmental quality laws, de Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under de Ministry of Environment den Science suppose assess de impact of sanitation development activities on de environment.

To solve de problem of poor coordination among de many institutions for de sector, de Minister of Water Resources, Works den Housing, Abubakar Saddique Boniface, launch de National Water Policy (NWP) for February 2008. De policy cover water resources management, water supply den sanitation. Although de sector make some progress, lack of coordination for policy formulation result insyd many different implementation strategies.

De main aim of de NWP be to create one comprehensive policy for de sector den make am easier for development partners to provide de necessary support for de water sector.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Appiah|first=Innocent|title=Govt tackles water issue|newspaper=[[Ghanaian Times]]|date=28 February 2008|url=http://www.newtimesonline.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=14378&amp;Itemid=181&amp;month=2&amp;year=2008}}{{dead link|date=February 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Water Resources Commission (WRC) start preparing de NWP since 2002.

=== Illegal mining activities den water supply ===
Lands Minister, Samuel Abu Jinapor re-assure de general public say Ghana ein water supply be safe den consumable despite massive concerns of illegal mining activities wey dey impact natural water bodies insyd de country.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 October 2024 |title=Lands Minister Jinapor Defends Ghana's Water Supply Amidst Galamsey Concerns |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/blogs/godblessed/Lands-Minister-Jinapor-Defends-Ghana-s-Water-Supply-Amidst-Galamsey-Concerns-244 |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=Ghana Web}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=New water policy to address 'galamsey' menace – Sanitation Ministry |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/new-water-policy-to-address-galamsey-menace-sanitation-ministry/ |access-date=16 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Service provision===

==== Urban areas ====
De [[Ghana Water Company]] Ltd. (GWCL) be responsible for providing, distributing, den conserving water for domestic, public, den industrial purposes insyd 82 urban systems insyd localities plus more than 5,000 inhabitants. Local private companies wey dey charge of [[Water meter|meter]] installation, customer billing, den revenue collection.&lt;ref name=&quot;wateraid 19&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Water-Aid Ghana |year=2005 |title=Assessment of national sanitation policies: Ghana case. Final report. |url=http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/projects/proj_contents0/WEJEH%20-%20Sanitation%20Policy/www/outputs/Ghana%20Sanitation%20Policy%20Assessment%20Report.pdf |access-date=26 March 2008 |location=Accra}}, p. 19&lt;/ref&gt; Urban sanitation be responsibility of local governments.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=RUAF Ghana Sanitation Report |url=http://www.ruaf.org/system/files?file=Chap6-Sanitation.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725133727/http://www.ruaf.org/system/files?file=Chap6-Sanitation.pdf |archive-date=25 July 2011 |access-date=13 April 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Rural areas ====
[[File:Ghana_-_Victory_Pump.jpg|thumb|300x300px|A [[rope pump]] close to [[Paga]], Upper East Region]]
De Community Water den Sanitation Agency (CWSA) be de institution wey dey in charge of coordinating den facilitating de implementation of de National Community Water den Sanitation Programme (NCWSP) for rural areas. De programme dey carried out directly by de communities den their District Assemblies. De NCWSP focus on three main objectives to improve health: safe water supply, hygiene education den improved sanitation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Community Water and Sanitation Agency (CWSA) |date=August 2004 |title=Strategic Investment Plan 2005 – 2015 |url=http://www.cwsagh.org/documents/SIP_2005-2015.pdf |access-date=26 March 2008}}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, p. 15&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem create de CWSA for 1994 under de framework of Ghana ein decentralization policy, den e become autonomous for 1998. De institution no dey directly construct, operate or maintain water supply den sanitation facilities. Instead, ein role be to coordinate de work of different actors wey dey provide de services for rural areas, including public sector organizations, local beneficiary communities, private sector organizations den NGOs. CWSA also suppose make sure say financial support from development partners dey used effectively den say hygiene education dey provided. De agency get ten regional offices apart from ein head office for Accra.&lt;ref name=&quot;CWSA 9-11&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Community Water and Sanitation Agency (CWSA) |date=August 2004 |title=Strategic Investment Plan 2005 – 2015 |url=http://www.cwsagh.org/documents/SIP_2005-2015.pdf |access-date=26 March 2008}}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, p. 9-11&lt;/ref&gt;

For communities wey get less than 5,000 people, de water supply systems dey owned den managed by de communities themselves based on demand. According to de NCWSP, dis systems no dey receive any cross-subsidies, den District Assemblies dey pay 5% of de investment costs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Nyarko |first=Kwabena Biritwum |title=Water Resources of Arid and Semi Arid Regions, International Conference |publisher=Taylor and Francis Group |year=2004 |isbn=0-415-35913-9 |editor-last=Chaoka |editor-first=T. R. |place=London |pages=217–226 |contribution=Institutional challenges for small towns' water supply delivery in Ghana |display-editors=etal}}, p. 217–218.&lt;/ref&gt;

Communities for rural areas den small towns dey elect gender-balanced water den sanitation boards made up of volunteers, including one or two village-based caretakers wey receive special training for repairs den maintenance.&lt;ref name=&quot;wateraid 522&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=WaterAid |author-link=WaterAid |title=National Water Sector Assessment, Ghana |url=http://www.wateraid.org/other/startdownload.asp?DocumentID=28&amp;mode=plugin |access-date=26 March 2008 |format=[[PDF]]}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, p. 5&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;wedc 2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Komives |first=K. |author2=Akanbang, B. |author3=Thorsten, R. |author4=Tuffuor, B. |author5=Wakeman, Wasser. |author6=Larbi, E. |author7=Bakalian, A |author8=Whittington, D. |year=2008 |title=Post-construction Support and the Sustainability of Rural Water Projects in Ghana |journal=Paper Presented at the 33rd WEDC International Conference – Access to Sanitation and Safe Water: Global Partnerships and Local Actions |location=Accra}}, p. 2&lt;/ref&gt; De communities fit contract private companies or NGOs to provide technical assistance, goods or services.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Water-Aid Ghana |year=2005 |title=Assessment of national sanitation policies: Ghana case. Final report. |url=http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/projects/proj_contents0/WEJEH%20-%20Sanitation%20Policy/www/outputs/Ghana%20Sanitation%20Policy%20Assessment%20Report.pdf |access-date=26 March 2008 |location=Accra}}, p. 31&lt;/ref&gt;

Local companies dey drill boreholes den build hand-dug wells, den local artisans dey provide household latrines.&lt;ref name=&quot;wateraid 192&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Water-Aid Ghana |year=2005 |title=Assessment of national sanitation policies: Ghana case. Final report. |url=http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/projects/proj_contents0/WEJEH%20-%20Sanitation%20Policy/www/outputs/Ghana%20Sanitation%20Policy%20Assessment%20Report.pdf |access-date=26 March 2008 |location=Accra}}, p. 19&lt;/ref&gt; De maintenance units of CWSA don be privatized, den de regional companies wey come out from dis process now dey carry out major repairs on behalf of District Assemblies. Area mechanics dey handle minor repairs.&lt;ref name=&quot;KfW RWS&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=KfW Entwicklungsbank |title=Ghana: Rural Water Supply I -II Ex post evaluation, 2005 |url=http://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/ebank/EN_Home/Evaluation/Ex-post_evaluation_reports/PDF-Dokumente_E-K/Ghana_Laendl__WV_I__II_e.pdf |access-date=19 August 2012}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De communities ein water den sanitation boards dey receive technical assistance from District Water den Sanitation Teams (DWST), wey ideally suppose include engineer, hygiene expert den community mobilizer.&lt;ref name=&quot;wedc 2&quot; /&gt; However, for some districts, these teams weak well well, so de regional teams of CWSA sometimes dey provide direct support to de local water den sanitation boards instead.&lt;ref name=&quot;WB SRWSP&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=World Bank |title=Project Appraisal Document: Sustainable Water Supply and Sanitation Project, 28 May 2010 |url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2010/06/07/000333037_20100607005153/Rendered/PDF/546720PAD0P120101Official0Use0Only1.pdf |access-date=19 August 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Oda stakeholders ===
De Ghana Coalition of NGOs insyd Water den Sanitation (CONIWAS), wey dem create insyd 2001, &quot; dey work insyd partnership plus sector players so say dem go influence policies, remove barriers den promote access to potable water, sanitation den improve hygiene give de poor den vulnerable.&quot; According to de coalition, say you go give NGOs one voice for advocacy den lobbying be one of ein major benefits.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.water-mwrwh.com/sub.htm#top CONIWAS]{{Dead link|date=August 2025|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Innovations for Poverty Action'''

Dem form [[Innovations for Poverty Action]] (IPA) insyd 2002 as research den policy non-profit organization wey dey aim say ego discover denpromote effective solutions give global poverty issues. IPA dey recruit researchers den decision-makers make dem measure de impact of different interventions for areas like agriculture, education, health, financial inclusion, governance, peace den recovery, small den medium enterprises, den social protection across 18 country programmes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 August 2015 |title=Research {{!}} Innovations for Poverty Action |url=http://www.poverty-action.org/research |access-date=8 May 2016 |website=www.poverty-action.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

So say dem go achieve dis, dem dey conduct Randomized Control Trials (RCTs) den other forms of qualitative research, wey dey include de Clean Water insyd Northern Ghana research study.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 February 2015 |title=What We Do {{!}} Innovations for Poverty Action |url=http://www.poverty-action.org/about/what-we-do |access-date=8 May 2016 |website=www.poverty-action.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dis study dey assess whether households for Northern Ghana willing to buy de Kosim filter wey Pure Home Water (PHW), one Ghana-based NGO, dey sell. De study sana dey aim say ego measure de health effects of household-level water treatment for areas where de population get high risk of waterborne diseases.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 April 2015 |title=Clean Water in Northern Ghana {{!}} Innovations for Poverty Action |url=http://www.poverty-action.org/study/clean-water-northern-ghana |access-date=8 May 2016 |website=www.poverty-action.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Pure Home Water'''

Pure Home Water (PHW) be Ghana-based NGO den social enterprise.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pure Home Water, Tamale, Ghana. 2013. |url=http://hwts.web.unc.edu/files/2014/08/2013Accra_Day1_11_Jackson.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem found am for 2005, den de purpose be make e manufacture ceramic pot water filters for de northern city of Tamale, Ghana. PHW get two main goals: to provide support to people wey need safe drinking water, sanitation den hygiene (WASH) pass for Northern Ghana, den sana say ego cam turn financially den locally self-sustaining. Dem achieve dis by say dem go provide training den monitoring de correct, consistent den continuous (3Cs) use of de AfriClay filter. Dem sana dey build den distribute hand-washing stations den sanitation facilities across villages for de Northern Region. PHW be partner organization of Innovations for Poverty Action.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 April 2015 |title=Pure Home Water {{!}} Innovations for Poverty Action |url=http://www.poverty-action.org/organization/pure-home-water |access-date=8 May 2016 |website=www.poverty-action.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pure Home Water |url=https://purehomewater.org/ |access-date=8 May 2016 |website=Pure Home Water |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Saha Global'''

Saha Global (formerly known as Community Water Solutions) be nonprofit organization based for Boston, wey dem establish for 2008 to help meet de water den energy needs of Ghanaian communities for de Northern Region. Saha Global dey work say dem go empower shoddies for rural Ghanaian communities make dem provide access to clean water den electricity through business opportunities. Dem achieve dis by say dem go bring young leaders from different parts of de world come Ghana through de Global Leadership Program. While dem dey Ghana, de participants train local shoddies so say dem go build businesses wey fit generate income back into their communities. As of 2016, dem create 84 clean-water businesses den 20 solar-electric businesses plus support from Saha Global, den all of dem still dey operate fully up till dat time.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Saha Global |url=http://sahaglobal.org/ |access-date=7 May 2016 |website=sahaglobal.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Water.org'''

[[Water.org]] be American den international nonprofit development aid organization wey dem design make e provide access to safe water den sanitation all over de world by introducing new den sustainable ways to solve global water crisis. Dem found dis organization for 1990 after two water NGOs merge: H2O Africa, wey [[Matt Damon]] co-found, den [[WaterPartners]], wey [[Gary White (environmentalist)|Gary White]] co-found. Through their work to make water den sanitation safe, easy to reach den cheap, Water.org don continue dey support more than four million lives around de world for over 25 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Us – Learn About Our Clean Water Solutions {{!}} Water.org |url=http://water.org/about/ |access-date=8 May 2016 |website=Water.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Right now, Water.org dey work for two rural areas for Ghana: Volta Region den Upper East Region. Dis districts be among de poorest for de country, with less than half of de population get small or no access to safe drinking water den fewer families get improved sanitation. Plus dat, rural communities for these regions dey suffer plenty from waterborne diseases like diarrhea. Water.org dey work together plus local communities den partner organizations like Rural Aid to build wells, latrines den biosand filters for Ghana, den also provide health den hygiene education.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ghana – Water Crisis {{!}} Water.org |url=http://water.org/country/ghana/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422112638/http://water.org/country/ghana/ |archive-date=22 April 2016 |access-date=8 May 2016 |website=Water.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Opportunity in Ghana |url=http://water.org/post/opportunity-in-ghana/ |access-date=8 May 2016 |website=Water.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}

===Policy setting===
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190926043318/http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/2012-02-08-08-18-09/ministries/274-ministry-of-water-resources-works-housing Ghanaian Ministry of Water Resources, Works and Housing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926043318/http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/2012-02-08-08-18-09/ministries/274-ministry-of-water-resources-works-housing |date=26 September 2019 }}

===Economic regulation===
* [http://www.purc.com.gh/ Ghanaian Public Utilities and Regulatory Commission (PURC)]

===Service provision===
* [http://www.cwsagh.org/ Community Water and Sanitation Agency]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110727204856/http://www.ghanawater.com.gh/ Ghana Water Company Limited (GWCL)]
* [http://waterinafrica.org/ Water In Africa Through Everyday Responsiveness, a nonprofit which installs boreholes throughout Ghana]
[[Category:Water supply den sanitation insyd Ghana| ]]
[[Category:Environment of Ghana]]
[[Category:Environmental issues insyd Ghana]]
[[Category:Volta River Authority]]
[[Category:1994 establishments insyd Ghana]]</text>
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    <title>Beatrice Vio</title>
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'''Beatrice Maria Adelaide Marzia Vio''' (born 4 March 1997), dem better know am as '''Bebe Vio''', be Italian wheelchair fencer, de 2014 den 2016 European champion, 2015 den 2017 World champion, den 2016 den 2020 Paralympic champion insyd de foil B category.&lt;ref&gt;Pavitt, Michael (28 August 2021). [https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1112247/vio-wheelchair-fencing-tokyo-2020-gold &quot;Vio victorious at Tokyo 2020 as Italian retains wheelchair fencing foil title&quot;]. ''InsideTheGames.biz''. Retrieved 28 August 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Early life ==
Na dem born Bebe Vio insyd Venice for 4 March 1997 as de second of three siblings wey dem raise am insyd Mogliano Veneto.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Costa, Diego (12 June 2014). [http://www.repubblica.it/rubriche/la-storia/2014/06/12/news/bebe_vio-88770840/ &quot;Bebe Vio, che ha battuto la Vezzali cambiando la sopravvivenza in vita&quot;]. ''La Repubblica'' (insyd Italian).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210829133838/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/paralympic-games/en/results/wheelchair-fencing/athlete-profile-n1649569-vio-beatrice-maria.htm &quot;Wheelchair Fencing - VIO Beatrice Maria&quot;]. ''Tokyo 2020 Paralympics''. Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Archived from [https://tokyo2020.org/paralympic-games/en/results/wheelchair-fencing/athlete-profile-n1649569-vio-beatrice-maria.htm the original] on 29 August 2021. Retrieved 29 August 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd late 2008, wen na she be 11 years old, she contract meningitis. For order make dem save ein life, doctors amputate both ein legs for de knee, den both ein forearms.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.paralympic.org/feature/one-year-wheelchair-fencing-star-bebe-vio &quot;One year on: Wheelchair fencing star Bebe Vio&quot;]. ''Paralympic.org''. 31 August 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; After more dan three months of intensive rehabilitation na she be able make she return to fencing.&lt;ref&gt;Pisapia, Luca (11 June 2012). [http://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2012/07/11/tirare-di-scherma-e-vincere-con-quattro-protesi-e-beatrice-vio-tedofora-alle-paralimpadi/289233/ &quot;Tirare di scherma con quattro protesi, è Beatrice Vio tedofora alle Paralimpadi&quot;]. ''Il Fatto quotidiano'' (insyd Italian).&lt;/ref&gt;

For ein childhood insyd she pursue three passions, wich she dey dub &quot;the three S's&quot;: school (''scuola'' insyd Italian), fencing (''scherma''), wich she take up wen na she be five,&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Gorney, Cynthia (November 2017). &quot;Why Vaccines Matter&quot;. ''National Geographic''. p. 134.&lt;/ref&gt; den scouting (''scoutismo'').&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Insyd 2023, she graduate insyd Communication den International Relations for John Cabot University for Rome insyd.

== Athletics ==
Vio be champion wheelchair fencer. She dey use special prosthetics dey zuk ein foil, dey fence from de shoulder.&lt;ref&gt;''[https://web.archive.org/web/20160919020730/https://www.olympicchannel.com/en/playback/the-story-of-beatrice-vio-the-teenage-fencing-sensation-at-the-paralympics/ The story of Beatrice Vio: the teenage fencing sensation at the Paralympics]''. The Olympic Channel. Archived from [https://www.olympicchannel.com/en/playback/the-story-of-beatrice-vio-the-teenage-fencing-sensation-at-the-paralympics/ the original] on 19 September 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Under de coaching of Federica Berton den Alice Esposito she take part for ein first wheelchair fencing competition insyd 2010.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.paralympic.org/beatrice-vio &quot;Beatrice Vio&quot;]. ''Paralympic.org''. 31 August 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; Ein experience inspired ein parents make dem found de non-profit organization Art4sport Onlus, wich dey promote sport give amputee young people.

Na de 2012 Summer Paralympics be too early for ein career insyd make she take part, buh na dem choose am as torchbearer give de opening ceremony after online campaign wer more dan 1,000 people email de International Paralympic Committee make dem support ein candidacy.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.redattoresociale.it/Notiziario/Articolo/403599/Paralimpiadi-Bebe-Vio-a-Londra-a-furor-di-popolo-Niente-gare-ma-il-futuro-e-suo &quot;Paralimpiadi. Bebe Vio, a Londra a furor di popolo. Niente gare, ma il futuro è suo&quot;] (insyd Italian). Redattore Sociale. 3 August 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2013, she win ein first World Cup insyd Montreal after she defeat Olympic silver medallist [[Gyöngyi Dani]]. For dis performance na dem name am paralympic athlete of de month by de International Paralympic Committee.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.paralympic.org/athlete-month/bebe-vio-athlete-month-may-2013 &quot;Beatrice Vio - Athlete of the Month May 2013&quot;]. ''Paralympic.org''. May 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Beatrice_Vio_with_Ursula_von_der_Leyen_at_the_State_of_the_EU_2021_debate_in_Strasbourg.jpg|left|thumb|Vio for de State of the European Union plus Ursula von der Leyen insyd September 2021]]
Insyd de early 2013–14 season, she pause make she focus for ein studies top, buh she return insyd June den win both de individual den team competition for de European Championships.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.rainews.it/dl/rainews/articoli/Scherma-agli-Europei-Italia-ha-il-sorriso-di-Beatrice-Vio-ada9ddc9-509c-4ccc-9f3a-c89f2d419fd5.html &quot;Scherma, agli Europei l'Italia ha il sorriso di Beatrice Vio&quot;] (insyd Italian). Rai News. 10 June 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; For de end of de year, de Italian Paralympics Committee award am de distinction of &quot;Italian Paralympic Athlete of the Year&quot;, title she share plus Oxana Corso.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.federscherma.it/news/26012-scherma-paralimpica-beatrice-vio-premiata-con-l-italian-paralympic-award-2014 &quot;Beatrice Vio premiata con l'Italian Paralympic Award 2014&quot;] (insyd Italian). Italian Fencing Federation. 9 October 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 2015, she cam turn world champion after she defeat Dani 15–4 insyd de final.&lt;ref&gt;Carlino, Maddalena (22 September 2015). [http://www.unita.tv/interviste/niente-e-impossibile-bebe-vio-loro-paralimpico-del-fioretto-ci-racconta-come-fare-la-differenza/ &quot;Niente è impossibile. Bebe Vio, l'oro paralimpico del fioretto ci racconta &quot;come fare la differenza&quot;&quot;] (insyd Italian). L'Unità TV.&lt;/ref&gt; Na dem name am ambassador give de Milan Expo 2015&lt;ref&gt;Sogliani, Marina (9 April 2015). [http://sociale.corriere.it/la-campionessa-di-scherma-beatrice-vio-sara-ambassador-di-expo-milano-2015/ &quot;La campionessa di scherma Beatrice Vio sarà Ambassador di Expo Milano 2015&quot;]. ''Il Corriere della sera'' (insyd Italian).&lt;/ref&gt; wey she publish ein autobiography, ''Mi hanno regalato un sogno''.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.corrieredellosport.it/news/altre-notizie/unicusano/2015/12/14-6754495/beatrice_bebe_vio_mi_hanno_regalato_un_sogno_/?cookieAccept &quot;Beatrice &quot;Bebe&quot; Vio: &quot;Mi hanno regalato un sogno&quot;&quot;]. ''Il Corriere dello Sport'' (insyd Italian). 14 December 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd de 2015–16 season, she receive de Mangiarotti Award from de Italian Olympic Committee.&lt;ref&gt;Silvia Galimberti (25 February 2016). [http://www.gazzetta.it/Sport-Vari/25-02-2016/premio-mangiarotti-assegnato-imbattibile-vio-140787059448.shtml &quot;Il premio &quot;Mangiarotti&quot; assegnato all'imbattibile Vio&quot;]. ''La Gazzetta dello Sport'' (insyd Italian).&lt;/ref&gt; She win ein second European title insyd Casale Monferrato, dey prevail over Russian Irina Mishurova.&lt;ref&gt;Claudio Arrigoni (18 May 2016). [http://paralimpici.gazzetta.it/2016/05/18/non-si-ferma-mai-oro-europeo-2016-per-bebe-vio/ &quot;Non si ferma mai. Oro europeo 2016 per Bebe Vio&quot;]. ''La Gazzetta dello Sport'' (insyd Italian).&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd July she lost insyd de final of de Warsaw World Cup to Russian Viktoria Boykova, wich end ein streak of 11 consecutive victories insyd World Cup events.&lt;ref&gt;Gennari, Alessandro (11 July 2016). [https://web.archive.org/web/20201115155204/https://www.pianetascherma.com/2016/05/18/bebe-bum-e-regina-deuropa/ &quot;Varsavia: argento per Bebe, si interrompe la striscia vicente&quot;]. ''Pianeta Scherma'' (insyd Italian).&lt;/ref&gt; She however qualify to de 2016 Summer Paralympics as de top-ranked fencer for ein category insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.federscherma.it/top-news/27524-giochi-paralimpici-rio2016-ecco-la-delegazione-azzurra-sette-italiani-in-pedana-dal-12-al-16-settembre &quot;Federscherma - Giochi Paralimpici Rio2016 - Ecco la delegazione azzurra: sette Italiani in pedana dal 12 al 16 settembre&quot;] (insyd Italian). Italian Fencing Federation. 18 July 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd Rio she cam out of de pool stage undefeated, wey she win ein five pool bouts on 5–0. Insyd de quarterfinals, she defeat Poland ein Marta Makowska for 15–6, then she overcam defending Paralympic champion, China ein Fang Yao, for 15–1. For 14 September, insyd de final, she meet China ein Jingjing Zhou. After she take early lead, dem interrupt de bout wen de tip of ein opponent ein foil accidentally go into ein mask. After na dem apply ice, she go on go win 15–7, wey she earn Paralympic gold.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.paralympic.org/news/victory-vio-wheelchair-fencing-foil-event &quot;Victory for Vio in wheelchair fencing foil event&quot;]. ''International Paralympic Committee''. 14 September 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231019115217/https://www.paralympic.org/news/victory-vio-wheelchair-fencing-foil-event Archived] from the original on 19 October 2023. Retrieved 21 July 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

She receive de ''America Award'' of de Italy-USA Foundation insyd 2018. For 19 September 2018, after she beat Russian opponent Irina Misurova, dem crown Vio European champion for de third time.

She later participate insyd de 2020 Summer Paralympics, dem hold de year wey dey follow insyd Tokyo. For 28 August 2021, after she defeat Zhou Jingjing second time, she win anoda gold medal insyd de wheelchair fencing foil individual event.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.paralympic.org/news/bebe-vio-makes-history-second-paralympic-gold-medal-wheelchair-fencing &quot;Bebe Vio makes history with second Paralympic gold medal in wheelchair fencing&quot;]. ''International Paralympic Committee'' (insyd English den Spanish). 28 August 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240304091024/https://www.paralympic.org/news/bebe-vio-makes-history-second-paralympic-gold-medal-wheelchair-fencing Archived] from the original on 4 March 2024. Retrieved 21 July 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Advocate ==
As result of ein illness den ein recovery, Vio cam turn &quot;a fierce campaigner for early vaccination&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Bibliography ==

* ''Mi hanno regalato un sogno'', English translation: ''They gifted me a dream'' (2015, Rizzoli Libri, Milano; &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-88-586-7878-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* ''Se sembra impossibile allora si può fare'', English translation: ''If it seems impossible then it can be done'' (2017, Rizzoli Libri, Milano; &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-88-17-09713-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;)

== Filmography ==

* ''Rising Phoenix'' (2020)&lt;ref&gt;Horst, Carole (25 August 2020). [https://variety.com/2020/film/spotlight/netflix-rising-phoenix-paralympics-1234748744/ &quot;Netflix's 'Rising Phoenix' Celebrates Top Paralympic Athletes&quot;]. ''Variety''. Penske Media Corporation. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221008225747/https://variety.com/2020/film/spotlight/netflix-rising-phoenix-paralympics-1234748744/ Archived] from the original on 8 October 2022. Retrieved 21 July 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160922233756/https://www.rio2016.com/en/paralympics/athlete/beatrice-vio Beatrice Vio at Rio2016.com] at de Wayback Machine (archived 22 September 2016)
* [https://www.paralympic.org/beatrice-vio Beatrice Vio] at de International Paralympic Committee
* [https://www.comitatoparalimpico.it/organizzazione/sport/atleti-paralimpici/item/vio-beatrice-maria.html Beatrice Maria Vio] at de ''Comitato Italiano Paralimpico'' (insyd Italian)
* [https://federscherma.it/atleta/beatrice-vio/ Beatrice Vio Grandis] at de ''Federazione Italiana Scherma'' (insyd Italian)

[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:1997 births]]
[[Category:Sportspeople wey komot Venice]]
[[Category:Paralympic wheelchair fencers for Italy]]
[[Category:Paralympic gold medalists for Italy]]
[[Category:Paralympic silver medalists for Italy]]
[[Category:Paralympic bronze medalists for Italy]]
[[Category:Medalists at de 2016 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:Medalists at de 2020 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:Paralympic medalists insyd wheelchair fencing]]
[[Category:Wheelchair fencers at de 2016 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:Wheelchair fencers at de 2020 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:21st-century Italian sportswomen]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Al-Aqsa</title>
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'''Al-Aqsa''' (/æl ˈæksə/; Arabic: الأَقْصَى, romanized: Al-Aqṣā) anaa '''al-Masjid al-Aqṣā''' (Arabic: المسجد الأقصى) be de compound of Islamic religious buildings wey dey sit atop de Temple Mount, dem sanso know as de '''Haram al-Sharif''', insyd de Old City of Jerusalem, wey dey include de Dome of de Rock, chaw mosques den prayer halls, madrasas, zawiyas, khalwas den oda domes and religious structures, as well as de four encircling minarets. Dem consider am de third holiest site insyd [[Islam]]. De compound ein main congregational mosque anaa prayer hall be variously known as ''[[Al-Aqsa Mosque]]'', ''Qibli Mosque'' anaa ''al-Jāmiʿ al-Aqṣā'', while insyd sam sources dem sanso know am as ''al-Masjid al-Aqṣā''; de wider compound be sam times known as '''Al-Aqsa Mosque compound''' so say e go avoid confusion.

== Definition ==

[[File:Mesjid_el-Aksa_and_Jami_el-Aksa_in_the_1841_Aldrich_and_Symonds_map_of_Jerusalem_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|Extract of an 1841 British map wey dey show both &quot;Mesjid el-Aksa&quot; (de Haram compound) den &quot;Jami el-Aksa&quot; (de mosque)]]

De English term &quot;Al-Aqsa Mosque&quot; be de translation of both ''al-Masjid al-Aqṣā'' ({{lang|ar|ٱلْمَسْجِد ٱلْأَقْصَىٰ}}) den ''Jāmiʿ al-Aqṣā'' ({{lang|ar|جَامِع ٱلْأَقْصَىٰ}}), wich get distinct Islamic meanings insyd Arabic.&lt;ref name=&quot;Robinson&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=E.|last2=Smith|first2=E.|title=Biblical Researches in Palestine|title-link=|publisher=John Murray|year=1841|quote=&quot;The Jámi'a el-Aksa is the mosk alone; the Mesjid el-Aksa is the mosk with all the sacred enclosure and precincts, including the Dome of the Rock. Thus the words Mesjid and Jāmi'a differ in usage somewhat like the Greek ίερόν and ναός.&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Palmer&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author-link=|last=Palmer|first=E. H.|title=History of the Haram Es Sherif: Compiled from the Arabic Historians|journal=Palestine Exploration Quarterly|volume=3|issue=3|year=1871|issn=0031-0328|doi=10.1179/peq.1871.012|pages=122–132|quote=EXCURSUS ON THE NAME MASJID EL AKSA. In order to understand the native accounts of the sacred area at Jerusalem, it is essentially necessary to keep in mind the proper application of the various names by which it is spoken of. When the Masjid el Aksa is mentioned, that name is usually supposed to refer to the well-known mosque on the south side of the Haram, but such is not really the case. The latter building is called El Jámʻi el Aksa, or simply El Aksa, and the substructures are called El Aksa el Kadímeh (the ancient Aksa), while the title El Masjid el Aksa is applied to the whole sanctuary. The word Jámi is exactly equivalent in sense to the Greek συναγωγή, and is applied to the church or building in which the worshippers congregate. Masjid, on the other hand, is a much more general term; it is derived from the verb sejada &quot;to adore,&quot; and is applied to any spot, the sacred character of which would especially incite the visitor to an act of devotion. Our word mosque is a corruption of masjid, but it is usually misapplied, as the building is never so designated, although the whole area on which it stands may be so spoken of. The Cubbet es Sakhrah, El Aksa, Jam'i el Magharibeh, &amp;c., are each called a Jami, but the entire Haram is a masjid. This will explain how it is that 'Omar, after visiting the churches of the Anastasis, Sion, &amp;c., was taken to the &quot;Masjid&quot; of Jerusalem, and will account for the statement of Ibn el 'Asa'kir and others, that the Masjid el Aksa measured over 600 cubits in length-that is, the length of the whole Haram area. The name Masjid el Aksa is borrowed from the passage in the Coran (xvii. 1), when allusion is made to the pretended ascent of Mohammed into heaven from ·the temple of Jerusalem; &quot;Praise be unto Him who transported His servant by night from El Masjid el Haram (i.e., 'the Sacred place of Adoration' at Mecca) to El Masjid el Aksa (i.e., 'the Remote place of Adoration' at Jerusalem), the precincts of which we have blessed,&quot; &amp;c. The title El Aksa, &quot;the Remote,&quot; according to the Mohammedan doctors, is applied to the temple of Jerusalem &quot;either because of its distance from Mecca, or because it is in the centre of the earth.&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt; De former (''al-Masjid al-Aqṣā'') dey refer to de [[Quran]] ein ''Surah 17'' – &quot;de farthest mosque&quot; – traditionally dey refer to de entirety of de Temple Mount compound, while dem use de latter name (''Jāmiʿ al-Aqṣā'') specifically for de silver-domed congregational mosque building. Arabic den Persian writers such as 10th-century geographer al-Muqaddasi,&lt;ref name=&quot;MukaddasiNasir&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Le Strange|first=Guy|author-link=|title=Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500. Translated from the Works of the Medieval Arab Geographers|publisher=Houghton, Mifflin|year=1890|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BxUyssIX-H4C&amp;pg=RA1-PA94|pages=96|quote=Great confusion is introduced into the Arab descriptions of the Noble Sanctuary by the indiscriminate use of the terms Al Masjid or Al Masjid al Akså, Jami' or Jami al Aksâ; and nothing but an intimate acquaintance with the locality described will prevent a translator, ever and again, misunderstanding the text he has before him-since the native authorities use the technical terms in an extraordinarily inexact manner, often confounding the whole, and its part, under the single denomination of &quot;Masjid.&quot; Further, the usage of various writers differs considerably on these points : Mukaddasi invariably speaks of the whole Haram Area as Al Masjid, or as Al Masjid al Aksî, &quot;the Akså Mosque,&quot; or &quot;the mosque,&quot; while the Main-building of the mosque, at the south end of the Haram Area, which we generally term the Aksa, he refers to as Al Mughattâ, &quot;the Covered-part.&quot; Thus he writes &quot;the mosque is entered by thirteen gates,&quot; meaning the gates of the Haram Area. So also &quot;on the right of the court,&quot; means along the west wall of the Haram Area; &quot;on the left side&quot; means the east wall; and &quot;at the back&quot; denotes the northern boundary wall of the Haram Area. Nasir-i-Khusrau, who wrote in Persian, uses for the Main-building of the Aksâ Mosque the Persian word Pushish, that is, &quot;Covered part,&quot; which exactly translates the Arabic Al Mughatta. On some occasions, however, the Akså Mosque (as we call it) is spoken of by Näsir as the Maksurah, a term used especially to denote the railed-off oratory of the Sultan, facing the Mihrâb, and hence in an extended sense applied to the building which includes the same. The great Court of the Haram Area, Nâsir always speaks of as the Masjid, or the Masjid al Akså, or again as the Friday Mosque (Masjid-i-Jum'ah).|access-date=31 July 2022|archive-date=19 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719063147/https://books.google.com/books?id=BxUyssIX-H4C&amp;pg=RA1-PA94|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 11th-century scholar Nasir Khusraw,&lt;ref name=&quot;MukaddasiNasir&quot; /&gt; 12th-century geographer al-Idrisi&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Idrīsī|first1=Muhammad|authorlink1=|last2=Jaubert|first2=Pierre Amédée|authorlink2=|title=Géographie d'Édrisi|publisher=à l'Imprimerie royale|year=1836|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BRA7AAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA343|language=fr|pages=343–344|quote=Sous la domination musulmane il fut agrandi, et c'est (aujourd'hui) la grande mosquée connue par les Musulmans sous le nom de Mesdjid el-Acsa مسجد الأقصى. Il n'en existe pas au monde qui l'égale en grandeur, si l'on en excepte toutefois la grande mosquée de Cordoue en Andalousie; car, d'après ce qu'on rapporte, le toit de cette mosquée est plus grand que celui de la Mesdjid el-Acsa. Au surplus, l'aire de cette dernière forme un parallelogramme dont la hauteur est de deux cents brasses (ba'a), et le base de cents quatre-vingts. La moitié de cet espace, celle qui est voisin du Mihrab, est couverte d'un toit (ou plutôt d'un dôme) en pierres soutenu par plusieurs rangs de colonnes; l'autre est à ciel ouvert. Au centre de l'édifice est un grand dôme connu sous le nom de Dôme de la roche; il fut orné d'arabesques en or et d'autres beaux ouvrages, par les soins de divers califes musulmans. Le dôme est percé de quatre portes; en face de celle qui est à l'occident, on voit l'autel sur lequel les enfants d'Israël offraient leurs sacrifices; auprès de la porte orientale est l'église nommée le saint des saints, d'une construction élégante; au midi est une chapelle qui était à l'usage des Musulmans; mais les chrétiens s'en sont emparés de vive force et elle est restée en leur pouvoir jusqu'à l'époque de la composition du présent ouvrage. Ils ont converti cette chapelle en un couvent où résident des religieux de l'ordre des templiers, c'est-à-dire des serviteurs de la maison de Dieu.|access-date=31 July 2022|archive-date=19 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719063143/https://books.google.com/books?id=BRA7AAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA343|url-status=live}} Also at {{cite book|last1=Williams|first1=G.|last2=Willis|first2=R.|title=The Holy City: Historical, Topographical, and Antiquarian Notices of Jerusalem|publisher=J.W. Parker|chapter=Account of Jerusalem during the Frank Occupation, extracted from the Universal Geography of Edrisi. Climate III. sect. 5. Translated by P. Amédée Jaubert. Tome 1. pp. 341—345.|issue=v. 1|year=1849|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T_sqAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=RA3-PA131|ref=none|access-date=31 July 2022|archive-date=19 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719063201/https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Holy_City/T_sqAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;pg=RA3-PA131&amp;printsec=frontcover|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; den 15th-century Islamic scholar Mujir al-Din,&lt;ref name=&quot;MujiralDin&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Williams|first=George|author-link=|title=The Holy City: Historical, Topographical and Antiquarian Notices of Jerusalem|publisher=Parker|year=1849|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fd07AAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=RA1-PA151|pages=143–160|quote=The following detailed account of the Haram es-Sherif, with some interesting notices of the City, is extracted from an Arabic work entitled &quot; The Sublime Companion to the History of Jerusalem and Hebron, by Kadi Mejir-ed-din, Ebil-yemen Abd-er-Rahman, El-Alemi,&quot; who died A. H. 927, (A. d. 1521)… &quot;I have at the commencement called attention to the fact that the place now called by the name Aksa (i. e. the most distant), is the Mosk Jamia properly so called, at the southern extremity of the area, where is the Minbar and the great Mihrab. But in fact Aksa is the name of the whole area enclosed within the walls, the dimensions of which I have just given, for the Mosk proper Jamia, the Dome of the Rock, the Cloisters, and other buildings, are all of late construction, and Mesjid el-Aksa is the correct name of the whole area.&quot;|access-date=22 June 2022|archive-date=19 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719062708/https://books.google.com/books?id=Fd07AAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=RA1-PA151|url-status=live}} and also {{cite book|last=von Hammer-Purgstall|first=J.F.|author-link=|title=Fundgruben des Orients|publisher=Gedruckt bey A. Schmid|volume=2|year=1811|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kSowAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA240|language=fr|page=93|chapter=Chapitre vingtième. Description de la mosquée Mesdjid-ol-aksa, telle qu'elle est de nos jours, (du temps de l'auteur, au dixième siècle de l'Hégire, au seizième après J. C.)|quote=Nous avons dès le commencement appelé l'attention sur que l'endroit, auquel les hommes donnent aujourd'hui le nom d'Aksa, c'est à-dire, la plus éloignée, est la mosquée proprement dite, bâtie à l'extrêmité méridionale de l'enceinte où se trouve la chaire et le grand autel. Mais en effet Aksa est le nom de l'enceinte entière, en tant qu'elle est enfermée de murs, dont nous venons de donner la longueur et la largeur, car la mosquée proprement dite, le dôme de la roche Sakhra, les portiques et les autres bâtimens, sont tous des constructions récentes, et Mesdjidol-aksa est le véritable nom de toute l'enceinte. (Le Mesdjid des arabes répond à l'ίερόν et le Djami au ναός des grecs.)|access-date=22 June 2022|archive-date=19 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719062642/https://books.google.com/books?id=kSowAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA240|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=The Holy Land, Jerusalem and Al-Aqsa Mosque in the Islamic Sources|journal=Journal of the Central Conference of American Rabbis|date=Fall 2000|pages=60–68|url=https://www.academia.edu/6338726|author=Mustafa Abu Sway|quote=Quoting Mujir al-Din: &quot;Verily, ‘Al-Aqsa’ is a name for the whole mosque which is surrounded by the wall, the length and width of which are mentioned here, for the building that exists in the southern part of the Mosque, and the other ones such as the Dome of the Rock and the corridors and other [buildings] are novel&quot;|access-date=29 May 2022|archive-date=29 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529020617/https://www.academia.edu/6338726/The_Holy_Land_Jerusalem_and_Al_Aqsa_Mosque_in_the_Quran_Sunnah_and_other_Islamic_Literary_Sources_i|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as 19th-century American den British Orientalists Edward Robinson, Guy Le Strange den Edward Henry Palmer explain say de term Masjid al-Aqsa dey refer to de entire esplanade plaza dem sanso know as de Temple Mount anaa Haram al-Sharif ('Noble Sanctuary') – i.e. de entire area wey dey include de Dome of the Rock, de fountains, de gates, den de four minarets – secof na none of dese buildings exist for de time na dem wrep de Quran.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Le Strange|first=Guy|author-link=|title=Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500. Translated from the Works of the Medieval Arab Geographers|publisher=Houghton, Mifflin|year=1890|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BxUyssIX-H4C&amp;pg=RA1-PA89|quote=THE AKSÀ MOSQUE. The great mosque of Jerusalem, Al Masjid al Aksà, the &quot;Further Mosque,&quot; derives its name from the traditional Night Journey of Muhammad, to which allusion is made in the words of the Kuran (xvii. I)... the term &quot;Mosque&quot; being here taken to denote the whole area of the Noble Sanctuary, and not the Main-building of the Aksà only, which, in the Prophet's days, did not exist.|access-date=29 May 2022|archive-date=19 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719063144/https://books.google.com/books?id=BxUyssIX-H4C&amp;pg=RA1-PA89|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Strange 1887 pp. 247–305&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Strange|first=Guy le|title=Description of the Noble Sanctuary at Jerusalem in 1470 A.D., by Kamâl (or Shams) ad Dîn as Suyûtî|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|publisher=Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|volume=19|issue=2|year=1887|issn=0035-869X|jstor=25208864|pages=247–305|doi=10.1017/S0035869X00019420|s2cid=163050043|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/25208864|quote=…the term Masjid (whence, through the Spanish Mezquita, our word Mosque) denotes the whole of the sacred edifice, comprising the main building and the court, with its lateral arcades and minor chapels. The earliest specimen of the Arab mosque consisted of an open courtyard, within which, round its four walls, run colonades or cloisters to give shelter to the worshippers. On the side of the court towards the Kiblah (in the direction of Mekka), and facing which the worshipper must stand, the colonade, instead of being single, is, for the convenience of the increased numbers of the congregation, widened out to form the Jami' or place of assembly… coming now to the Noble Sanctuary at Jerusalem, we must remember that the term 'Masjid’ belongs not only to the Aksa mosque (more properly the Jami’ or place of assembly for prayer), but to the whole enclosure with the Dome of the Rock in the middle, and all the other minor domes and chapels.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Al-Muqaddasi refer to de southern building (de subject of dis article) as ''Al Mughattâ'' (&quot;de covered-part&quot;) den Nasir Khusraw refer to am plus de Persian word ''Pushish'' (sanso be de &quot;covered part,&quot; exactly as &quot;Al Mughatta&quot;) anaa de ''Maqsurah'' (a part-for-the-whole synecdoche).

During de period of Mamluk&lt;ref&gt;St Laurent, B., &amp; Awwad, I. (2013). [https://vc.bridgew.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1006&amp;context=art_fac The Marwani Musalla in Jerusalem: New Findings]. ''Jerusalem Quarterly''.&lt;/ref&gt; (1250–1517) den Ottoman rule (1517–1917), na de wider compound sanso begin say ebe popularly known as de Haram al-Sharif, anaa ''al-Ḥaram ash-Sharīf'' (), wich dey translate as de &quot;Noble Sanctuary&quot;. E dey mirror de terminology of de [[Masjid al-Haram]] insyd [[Mecca]];&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first1=Sabri|last1=Jarrar|title=Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World|chapter=Suq al-Ma'rifa: An Ayyubid Hanbalite Shrine in Haram al-Sharif|editor-first=Gülru|editor-last=Necipoğlu|edition=Illustrated, annotated|publisher=Brill|year=1998|isbn=978-90-04-11084-7|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FG6ZlkRjD2IC&amp;pg=PA71|page=85|quote=&quot;Al-Masjid al-Aqsa&quot; was the standard designation for the whole sanctuary until the Ottoman period, when it was superseded by &quot;al-Haram al-Sharif”; &quot;al-Jami’ al-Aqsa&quot; specifically referred to the Aqsa Mosque, the mughatta or the covered aisles, the site on which ‘Umar founded the first mosque amidst ancient ruins.}}
&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|author-link=|last=Grabar|first=Oleg|title=The Haram al-Sharif: An Essay in Interpretation|url=http://archnet.org/system/publications/contents/5052/original/DPC1775.pdf?1384787486|journal=Bulletin of the Royal Institute for Inter-Faith Studies|series=Constructing the Study of Islamic Art|volume=2|issue=2|year=2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414045823/http://archnet.org/system/publications/contents/5052/original/DPC1775.pdf?1384787486|archive-date=2016-04-14|quote=It is only at a relatively late date that the Muslim holy space in Jerusalem came to be referred to as al-haram al-sharif (literally, the Noble Sacred Precinct or Restricted Enclosure, often translated as the Noble Sanctuary and usually simply referred to as the Haram). While the exact early history of this term is unclear, we know that it only became common in Ottoman times, when administrative order was established over all matters pertaining to the organization of the Muslim faith and the supervision of the holy places, for which the Ottomans took financial and architectural responsibility. Before the Ottomans, the space was usually called al-masjid al-aqsa (the Farthest Mosque), a term now reserved to the covered congregational space on the Haram, or masjid bayt al-maqdis (Mosque of the Holy City) or, even, like Mecca's sanctuary, al-masjid al-ḥarâm.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Robert|last=Schick|editor=Khalid El-Awaisi|chapter=Geographical Terminology in Mujir al-Din's History of Jerusalem|title=Geographical Dimensions of Islamic Jerusalem|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publisher|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4438-0834-7|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=APMYBwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA121|pages=91–106|quote=Mujir al-Din defined al-Masjid al-Aqsā as the entire compound, acknowledging that in common usage it referred to the roofed building at the south end of the compound. As he put it (1999 v.2, 45; 1973 v.2, 11), the jami' that is in the core of al-Masjid al-Aqsa at the qiblah where the Friday service takes place is known among the people as &quot;al-Masjid al-Aqsa&quot;, and (1999 v.2, 63-64; 1973 v.2, 24) what is known among the people as &quot;al-Aqsa&quot; is the jami in the core of the masjid in the direction of the giblah, where the minbar and the large mihrab are. The truth of the matter is that the term &quot;al-Aqsa&quot; is for all of the masjid and what the enclosure walls surround. What is intended by &quot;al-Masjid al-Aqsā&quot; is everything that the enclosure walls surround. Mujir al-Din did not identify al-Masjid al-Aqsā by the alternative term &quot;al-Haram al-Sharif&quot;. That term began to be used in the Mamluk period and came into more general use in the Ottoman period. He only used the term when giving the official title of the government-appointed inspector of the two noble harams of Jerusalem and Hebron (Nazir al-Haramavn al-Sharifayn). While Mujir al-Din did not explicitly discuss why the masjid of Bayt al-Magdis &quot;is not called the haram&quot; (1999 v.1, 70; 1973 v.1, 7), he may well have adopted the same position as Ibn Taymiyah, his fellow Hanbali in the early 14th century (Ziyarat Bayt al-Maqdis Matthews 1936, 13; Iqtida' al-Sirat al-Mustaqim Mukhalafat Ashab al-Jahim Memon 1976: 316) in rejecting the idea that al-Masjid al-Aqsa (or the tomb of Abraham in Hebron) can legitimately be called a haram, because there are only three harams (where God prohibited hunting): Makkah, Madinah, and perhaps Täif. However Mujir al-Din was not fully consistent and also used al-Masiid al-Aqsã to refer to the roofed building, as for example when he referred to al-Nasir Muhammad installing marble in al-Masjid al-Aqsà (1999 v.2, 161; 1973 v.2, 92); he used the term al-Jami al-Aqsa in the parallel passage (1999 v.2, 396; 1973 v.2, 271)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Wazeri|first=Yehia Hassan|title=The Farthest Mosque or the Alleged Temple an Analytic Study|journal=Journal of Islamic Architecture|publisher=Maulana Malik Ibrahim State Islamic University|volume=2|issue=3|date=2014-02-20|issn=2356-4644|doi=10.18860/jia.v2i3.2462|s2cid=190588084|url=https://www.academia.edu/7333141|quote=Many people think that Al-Masjid Al-Aqsa is only the mosque established south of the Dome of the Rock, where the obligatory five daily prayers are performed now. Actually, Al-Masjid Al-Aqsa is a term that applies to all parts of the Masjid, including the area encompassed within the wall, such as the gates, the spacious yards, the mosque itself, the Dome of the Rock, Al-Musalla Al-Marawani, the corridors, domes, terraces, free drinking water (springs), and other landmarks, like minarets on the walls. Furthermore, the whole mosque is unroofed with the exception of the building of the Dome of the Rock and Al-Musalla Al-Jami`, which is known by the public as Al-Masjid Al-Aqsa. The remaining area, however, is a yard of the mosque. This is agreed upon by scholars and historians, and accordingly, the doubled reward for performing prayer therein is attained if the prayer is performed in any part of the area encompassed by the wall. Indeed, Al-Masjid Al-Aqsa, which is mentioned in Almighty Allah's Glorious Book in the first verse of Sura Al-Isra' is the blessed place that is now called the Noble Sanctuary (Al-Haram Al-Qudsi Ash-Sharif) which is enclosed within the great fence and what is built over it. Moreover, what applies to the mosque applies by corollary to the wall encircling it, since it is part of it. Such is the legal definition of Al-Masjid Al-Aqsa. Regarding the concept (definition) of Al-Masjid Al-Aqsa, Shaykh `Abdul-Hamid Al-Sa'ih, former Minister of (Religious) Endowments and Islamic Sanctuaries in Jordan said: &quot;The term Al-Masjid Al-Aqsa, for the Muslim public, denotes all that is encircled by the wall of Al-Masjid Al-Aqsa, including the gates&quot;. Therefore, (the legally defined) Al-Masjid Al-Aqsa and Al-Haram Al-Qudsi Ash-Sharif (the Noble Sanctuary) are two names for the same place, knowing that Al-Haram Ash-Sharif is a name that has only been coined recently.|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; na dis term elevate de compound to de status of Haram, wich na previously dem reserve am for de Masjid al-Haram insyd Mecca den de [[Prophet's Mosque|Al-Masjid an-Nabawi]] insyd [[Medina]] per. Oda Islamic figures dispute de haram status of de site.&lt;ref name=&quot;Reiter2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Reiter|first=Yitzhak|author-link=|title=Jerusalem and Its Role in Islamic Solidarity|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US|year=2008|isbn=978-0-230-61271-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bZbFAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA23|pages=21–23|ref=none|quote=During the Middle Ages, when the issue of Jerusalem's status was a point of controversy, the supporters of Jerusalem's importance (apparently after its liberation from Crusader control) succeeded in attributing to al-Quds or to Bayt-al-Maqdis (the Arabic names for Jerusalem) the status of haram that had been accorded to the sacred compound. The site was thus called al-Haram al-Sharif, or al-Haram al-Qudsi al-Sharif. Haram, from an Arabic root meaning &quot;prohibition,&quot; is a place characterized by a particularly high level of sanctity a protected place in which blood may not be shed, trees may not be felled, and animals may not be hunted. The status of haram was given in the past to the Sacred Mosque in Mecca and to the Mosque of the Prophet in al-Madina (and some also accorded this status to the Valley of Wajj in Ta'if on the Arabian Peninsula?). Thus, al-Masjid al-Aqsa became al-Haram al-Sharif (the Noble Sanctuary) in order to emphasize its exalted status alongside the two other Muslim sanctuaries. Although, as noted before, Ibn-Taymiyya refuted the haram status of the Jerusalem mosque, al-Aqsa's upgrading to haram status was successful and has prevailed. It became a commonly accepted idea and one referred to in international forums and documents. It was, therefore, surprising that during the 1980s the Palestinians gradually abandoned the name that had been given to the Haram/Temple Mount compound in apparent honor of Jerusalem's status as third in sanctity – al-Haram al-Sharif – in favor of its more traditional name-al-Aqsa. An examination of relevant religious texts clarifies the situation: since the name al-Aqsa appears in the Quran, all Muslims around the world should be familiar with it; thus it is easier to market the al-Aqsa brand-name. An additional factor leading to a return to the Qur'anic name is an Israeli demand to establish a Jewish prayer space inside the open court of the compound. The increased use of the name al-Aqsa is particularly striking against the background of what is written on the Web site of the Jerusalem Waqf, under the leadership of (former) Palestinian mufti Sheikh Ikrima Sabri. There it is asserted that &quot;al Masjid al-Aqsa was erroneously called by the name al-Haram al-Qudsi al-Sharif,&quot; and that the site's correct name is al-Aqsa. This statement was written in the context of a fatwa in response to a question addressed to the Web site's scholars regarding the correct interpretation of the Isra' verse in the Quran (17:1), which tells of the Prophet Muhammad's miraculous Night Journey from the &quot;Sacred Mosque to the Farthest Mosque&quot; – al-Aqsa. In proof of this, Sabri quotes Ibn-Taymiyya, who denied the existence of haram in Jerusalem, a claim that actually serves those seeking to undermine the city's sacred status. Sabri also states that Arab historians such as Mujir al-Din al-Hanbali, author of the famed fifteenth-century work on Jerusalem, do not make use of the term &quot;haram&quot; in connection with the al-Aqsa site. Both Ibn-Taymiyya and Mujir al-Din were affiliated with the Hanbali School of law-the relatively more puritan stream in Islam that prevailed in Saudi Arabia. The Hanbalies rejected innovations, such as the idea of a third haram. One cannot exclude the possibility that the Saudis, who during the 1980s and 1990s donated significant funds to Islamic institutions in Jerusalem, exerted pressure on Palestinian-Muslim figures to abandon the term &quot;haram&quot; in favor of &quot;al-Aqsa&quot;. The &quot;al-Aqsa&quot; brand-name has thus become popular and prevalent. Al-Haram al-Sharif is still used by official bodies (the Organization of the Islamic Conference [OIC], the Arab League), in contrast to religious entities. The public currently uses the two names interchangeably. During the last generation, increasing use has been made of the term &quot;al-Aqsa&quot; as a symbol and as the name of various institutions and organizations. Thus, for example, the Jordanian military periodical that has been published since the early 1970s is called al-Aqsa; the Palestinian police unit established by the PA in Jericho is called the Al-Aqsa Division; the Fatah's armed organization is called the Al-Aqsa Brigades; the Palestinian Police camp in Jericho is called the Al-Aqsa Camp; the Web sites of the southern and northern branches of the Islamic movement in Israel and the associations that they have established are called al-Aqsa; the Intifada that broke out in September 2000 is called the al-Aqsa Intifada and the Arab summit that was held in the wake of the Intifada's outbreak was called the al-Aqsa Summit. These are only a few examples of a growing phenomenon.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na usage of de name Haram al-Sharif by local Palestinians wane insyd recent decades, in favor of de traditional name of Al-Aqsa Mosque.

== History ==

=== Umayyad period ===
[[File:SWqanatirTempleMount.JPG|thumb|Southwest ''qanatir'' (arches) of de Al-Aqsa. Qubat al-Nahawiyya sanso be partially visible to de right.]]
Insyd 637, de Rashidun Caliphate under Umar, de father-in-law of de Islamic prophet Muhammad, besiege den capture Jerusalem from de Byzantine Empire. Der be no contemporary records, buh chaw traditions, about de origin of de main Islamic buildings for de Temple Mount.&lt;ref name=&quot;BahatAtlas&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Dan Bahat|title=The Illustrated Atlas of Jerusalem|publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster|year=1990|pages=81–82}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Andreas Kaplony|title=Where Heaven and Earth Meet: Jerusalem's Sacred Esplanade|editor=Oleg Grabar and Benjamin Z. Kedar|chapter=635/638–1099: The Mosque of Jerusalem (Masjid Bayt al-Maqdis)|publisher=Yad Ben-Zvi Press|year=2009|pages=100–131}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na a popular account from later centuries be say na dem lead Umar to de place reluctantly by de Christian patriarch Sophronius.&lt;ref name=&quot;PetersJ&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=F. E. Peters|title=Jerusalem|url=https://archive.org/details/jerusalemholycit00pete|url-access=registration|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1985|pages=[https://archive.org/details/jerusalemholycit00pete/page/186 186–192]|isbn=978-0-691-07300-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na he find am dem cover am plus rubbish, buh na dem find de sacred Rock plus de help of a Jew wey convert, Ka'b al-Ahbar. Al-Ahbar advise Umar make he build a mosque to de north of de rock, so say worshippers go face both de rock den Mecca, buh instead Umar choose make he build am to de south of de rock. E cam be known as al-Aqsa Mosque. According to Muslim sources, na Jews participate insyd de construction of de haram, wey dem dey lay de groundwork for both al-Aqsa den de Dome of de Rock mosques.&lt;ref&gt;Yehoshua Frenkel, 'Jerusalem', in Abdelwahab Meddeb, Benjamin Stora (eds.), [https://books.google.com/books?id=Wbg1AAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA108 ''A History of Jewish-Muslim Relations: From the Origins to the Present Day,''] Princeton University Press, 2013 p.108.&lt;/ref&gt; De first known eyewitness testimony be dat of de pilgrim Arculf wey visit about 670. According to Arculf ein account as Adomnán record, na he see a rectangular wooden house of prayer dem build over sam ruins, large enough make e hold 3,000 people.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=John Wilkinson|title=Jerusalem Pilgrims before the Crusades|year=2002|page=170}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Jerusalem_Tempelberg_BW_1.JPG|thumb|De main mosque prayer hall along de southern wall of Al-Aqsa]]

=== Abbasid period ===
Na de Abbasids generally exhibit little interest insyd Jerusalem, though de historian Shelomo Dov Goitein dey notes dem &quot;paid special tribute&quot; to de city during de early part of dema rule, wey Grabar dey assert dat de early Abbasids dema work for de mosque dey suggest &quot;a major attempt to assert Abbasid sponsorship of holy places&quot;. Nevertheless, for contrast to de Umayyad period, maintenance of de al-Aqsa Mosque during Abbasid rule often cam for de initiative of de local Muslim community, rather dan from de caliph. De second Abbasid caliph, al-Mansur (r. 754–775), visit Jerusalem insyd 758, for ein return from de [[Hajj]] pilgrimage to Mecca. Na he find de structures for de Haram in ruins from de 746 earthquake, wey dey include de al-Aqsa Mosque. According to de tradition wey Mujir al-Din cite, na dem beseech de caliph by de city ein Muslim residents make he fund de buildings dema restoration. For response, na he get de gold den silver plaques wey dey cover de mosque ein doors dem convert go dinars den dirhams make he finance de reconstruction.

=== Fatimid period ===
[[File:Interior_of_the_Al-Aksa_mosque,_Jerusalem._Chromolithograph_Wellcome_V0050126.jpg|thumb|A 19th-century chromolithograph of de prayer hall ein interior. De mosaic designs for de drum of de dome, de pendentives, den de archway in front of de ''mihrab'' date from de mid-11th-century Fatimid reconstruction]]
Insyd 970, de Egypt-based Fatimid Caliphate conquer Palestine from de Ikhshidids, nominal allegiants of de Abbasids. Unlike de Abbasids den de Muslim inhabitants of Jerusalem, wey na dem be Sunnis, de Fatimids follow Shia Islam insyd ein Isma'ili form. Insyd 1033, anoda earthquake severely damage de mosque. De Fatimid caliph al-Zahir (r. 1021–1036) make dem reconstruct de mosque between 1034 deb 1036, though na dem no plete de til 1065, during de reign of Caliph al-Mustansir (r. 1036–1094).

Na de new mosque be considerably smaller, dem reduce from fifteen aisles to seven, probably a reflection of de local population ein significant decline by dis time.Dey exclude de two aisles for each side of de central nave, na dem make up each aisle of eleven arches wey dey run perpendicular to de ''qibla''. Na de central nave be twice de breadth of de oda aisles wey e get a gabled roof plus a dome.Na de mosque likely lack de side doors of ein predecessor.

[[File:Lazhar_Neftien_Aqsa_27.jpg|thumb|Caliph al-Zahir ein inscription above de ''mihrab'']]

=== Crusader/Ayyubid/Mamluk period ===
[[File:Baldwin_II_ceeding_the_Temple_of_Salomon_to_Hugues_de_Payens_and_Gaudefroy_de_Saint-Homer.jpg|thumb|Baldwin II of Jerusalem, wey dey assign de captured Al-Aqsa to Hugues de Payens den Godfrey]]
Na de Crusaders capture Jerusalem insyd 1099, during de First Crusade. Na dem name de mosque ''Templum Solomonis'' (Solomon's Temple), wey dem distinguish am from de Dome of de Rock, wich na dem name ''Templum Domini'' (Temple of God). While na dem turn de Dome of de Rock into a Christian church under de care of de Augustinians,&lt;ref name=&quot;Pringle403&quot;&gt;Pringle, 1993, p. 403.&lt;/ref&gt; na dem use de Qibli mosque as a royal palace wey e sanso be as a stable give horses. Insyd 1119, na de Crusader king accommodate de headquarters of de Knights Templar next to ein palace within de building.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;Boas, 2001, p. 91.&lt;/ref&gt; Na dis be probably by Baldwin II of Jerusalem den Warmund, Patriarch of Jerusalem for de Council of Nablus insyd January 1120.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Selwood|first=Dominic|title=Birth of the Order|url=http://www.dominicselwood.com/birth-of-the-order/|access-date=20 April 2013|archive-date=17 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217105335/http://www.dominicselwood.com/birth-of-the-order/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; During dis period, na de building undergo sam structural changes, wey dey include de expansion of ein northern porch, den de addition of an apse den a dividing wall. Na dem sanso build a new cloister den church for de site, along plus various oda structures. De Templars construct vaulted western den eastern annexes to de building; de western currently dey serve as de women's mosque den de eastern as de Islamic Museum.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nusseibeh&quot;&gt;Ma'oz, Moshe and Nusseibeh, Sari. (2000). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=9evpVS_ackwC&amp;pg=PA137 Jerusalem: Points of Friction, and Beyond]'' BRILL. pp. 136–138. {{ISBN|90-411-8843-6}}.&lt;/ref&gt; De Temple Mount get a mystique secof ebe above wat na dem believe to be de ruins of de Temple of Solomon.&lt;ref name=&quot;HC&quot;&gt;The History Channel, ''Decoding the Past: The Templar Code'', 7 November 2005, video documentary written by Marcy Marzuni.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Barber, ''The New Knighthood'', p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Saladin_Minbar-Aqsa.JPG|right|thumb|De doors of de Saladin Minbar, early 1900s. Na dem build de ''minbar'' for Nur al-Din ein orders, but Saladin wey install am]]

=== Early modern period ===
[[File:Jerusalem_Al_Aqsa_Moschee_um_1900.jpg|thumb|De front view of de main prayer hall insyd 1900]]
After de Ottomans assume power insyd 1517, dem no undertake any major renovations anaa repairs to de mosque einself, buh dem do to de Noble Sanctuary as a whole. Na dis include dem build de Fountain of Qasim Pasha (1527), wey dem restore de Pool of Raranj, wey dem build three free-standing domes—de most notable be de Dome of de Prophet dem build insyd 1538. Na all construction be ordered by de Ottoman governors of Jerusalem wey e no be de sultans demaselves.&lt;ref name=&quot;AG07&quot;&gt;[http://www.aqsa.org.uk/MULTIMEDIA/AlAqsaGuide/tabid/82/language/en-GB/Default.aspx Al-Aqsa Guide] [https://web.archive.org/web/20081006175930/http://www.aqsa.org.uk/MULTIMEDIA/AlAqsaGuide/tabid/82/language/en-GB/Default.aspx Archived] 6 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine Friends of Al-Aqsa 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Na de sultans make additions to existing minarets, however.

Insyd 1816, na de mosque be restored by Governor Sulayman Pasha al-Adil after na e be insyd a dilapidated state.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Pappe|first=Ilan|title=The Rise and Fall of a Palestinian Dynasty: The Huyaynis 1700 – 1948|date=2012|publisher=Saqi Books|isbn=978-0-86356-801-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WzshBQAAQBAJ|chapter=Chapter 2: In the Shadow of Acre and Cairo: The Third Generation|access-date=14 August 2015|archive-date=15 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715070725/https://books.google.com/books?id=WzshBQAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== British Mandate period ===
Between 1922 den 1924, na dem restore de Dome of de Rock den Qibli Mosque by de Supreme Muslim Council,&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/islam_restoration.html &quot;Hashemite Restorations of the Islamic Holy Places in Jerusalem&quot;] [https://web.archive.org/web/20080223104713/http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/islam_restoration.html Archived] 2008-02-23 at the Wayback Machine, Jordanian government website.&lt;/ref&gt; under Amin al-Husayni (de Grand Mufti of Jerusalem), wey commission [[Turkey|Turkish]] architect Ahmet Kemalettin Bey make he restore al-Aqsa Mosque den de monuments insyd ein precincts. De council sanso commission British architects, Egyptian engineering experts den local officials make dem contribute to den oversee de repairs den additions wich na dem carry out insyd 1924–25 by Kemalettin. De renovations include reinforcing de mosque ein ancient Umayyad foundations, wey dey rectify de interior columns, wey dey replace de beams, wey dey erect a scaffolding, wey dey conserve de arches den drum of de main dome ein interior, wey dey rebuild de southern wall, den dey replace timber insyd de central nave plus a slab of concrete. De renovations sanso reveal Fatimid-era mosaics den inscriptions for de interior arches wey na ebe covered plus plasterwork. Na dem decorate de arches plus gold den green-tinted gypsum wey na dem replace dema timber tie beams plus brass. Na dem sanso carefully renew a quarter of de stained glass windows also so as make e preserve dema original Abbasid den Fatimid designs.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yuvaz149-153&quot;&gt;Yuvaz, 1996, pp.&amp;nbsp;149–153.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== After 1948 ===
[[File:King_Hussein_flying_over_Temple_Mount_when_it_was_under_Jordanian_control.jpg|thumb|King Hussein wey dey fly over Al-Aqsa wen na de West Bank dey under Jordanian control, 1965]]

Since 1948, na de Al-Aqsa Mosque compound dey under de custodianship of de Hashemite rulers of Jordan, dem administer thru de Jerusalem Waqf, de current version of wich na ebe instituted by Jordan after ein conquest den occupation of de West Bank, wey dey include East Jerusalem, during de 1948 war.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sachar&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Sachar|first=Howard M.|title=A History of Israel: From the Rise of Zionism to Our Time|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|year=2013|edition=2nd|isbn=978-0-8041-5049-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0X4BAAAAQBAJ|access-date=2016-03-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Jerusalem Waqf remain under Jordanian control after Israel occupy de Old City of Jerusalem during de Six-Day War of June 1967, though control over access to de site pass to Israel.

Jordan undertake two renovations of de Dome of de Rock, wey dey replace de leaking, wooden inner dome plus an aluminum dome insyd 1952, den, wen de new dome leak, dem carry out a second restoration between 1959 den 1964.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

[[File:Al_aqsa_moschee_2.jpg|thumb|De prayer hall (Al Aqsa Mosque / Al Qibli mosque) dome insyd 1982, dem cover insyd aluminum den visibly silver, wey dey follow de 1969 fire, rather dan de original grey lead]]

== Buildings den architecture ==

De entire precinct anaa courtyard (''sahn'') of de Al-Aqsa Mosque compound fi host more dan 400,000 worshippers, wey dey make am one of de largest mosques insyd de world.&lt;ref name=&quot;Prawer&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Prawer|first1=P.M.H.J.|last2=Prawer|first2=J.|last3=Ben-Shammai|first3=H.|author4=Yad Yitsḥaḳ Ben-Tsevi|author5=Universiṭah ha-ʻIvrit bi-Yerushalayim|title=The History of Jerusalem: The Early Muslim Period (638–1099)|publisher=NYU Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0-8147-6639-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-qQUCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA81|access-date=2022-05-31|page=81|quote=... The Temple Mount, al-Haram al-Sharif, is a large esplanade (sahn in Arabic) ...}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NG&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=National Geographic Society (U.S.)|last2=de Blij|first2=H.J.|last3=Downs|first3=R.|author4=John Wiley &amp; Sons|title=Wiley/National Geographic College Atlas of the World|publisher=Wiley|year=2007|isbn=978-0-471-74117-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pPQ5AQAAIAAJ|access-date=2022-06-15|page=49|quote=Al 'Aqsa is the second oldest mosque in Islam after the Kaaba in Mecca and is third in holiness after the mosques in Mecca and Medina. It holds up to 400,000 worshippers at one time.}}&lt;/ref&gt; De compound dey comprise chaw buildings, wey dey include de Dome of de Rock, Qibli Mosque, four encircling minarets, various oda domed shrines den de entry gates.

=== Dome of de Rock ===
[[File:Palestine-2013(2)-Jerusalem-Temple_Mount-Dome_of_the_Rock_(SE_exposure).jpg|thumb|De Dome of de Rock]]
De Dome of de Rock be de gold-domed Islamic shrine for de center of de Al-Aqsa Mosque compound. Na ein initial construction be undertaken by de Umayyad Caliphate for de orders of Abd al-Malik during de Second Fitna insyd 691–692 CE. De original dome collapse insyd 1015 wey na dem rebuild am insyd 1022–23. De Dome of de Rock be de world ein oldest surviving work of Islamic architecture,&lt;ref name=&quot;Ahmed Sonn 2010 p. 229&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Ahmed|first1=A.S.|last2=Sonn|first2=T.|title=The SAGE Handbook of Islamic Studies|publisher=SAGE Publications|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4739-7168-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qihRCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT229|quote=Questions of visual domination and conversion were among the important factors in the construction of the oldest surviving Islamic monument, the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem.|page=229}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;George 2010 p.&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=George|first=A.|title=The Rise of Islamic Calligraphy|publisher=Saqi|year=2010|isbn=978-0-86356-673-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xpxEAQAAIAAJ|quote=The answer to this question begins with the oldest surviving Islamic monument : the Dome of the Rock|page=60}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey na dem model ein architecture den mosaics after nearby Byzantine churches den palaces,&lt;ref name=&quot;avner43&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Avner|first=Rina|year=2010|chapter=The Dome of the Rock in light of the development of concentric martyria in Jerusalem|title=Muqarnas|volume=27: An Annual on the Visual Cultures of the Islamic World|publisher=Brill|place=Leiden|isbn=978-900418511-1|pages=31–50 [43–44]|jstor=25769691|chapter-url=https://archnet.org/system/publications/contents/9484/original/DTP101967.pdf?1396907242|access-date=24 March 2017|archive-date=25 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325025745/https://archnet.org/system/publications/contents/9484/original/DTP101967.pdf?1396907242|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; although na dem change ein outsyd appearance significantly during de Ottoman period den again insyd de modern period, notably plus de addition of de gold-plated roof, insyd 1959–61 den again insyd 1993. De octagonal plan of de structure fi be influenced by de Byzantine-era Church of de Seat of Mary (dem sanso know as ''Kathisma'' insyd Greek den ''al-Qadismu'' insyd Arabic), wich na dem build between 451 den 458 for de road between Jerusalem den Bethlehem.

De dome dey sit on a slightly raised platform access by eight staircases, each of wich dem top by a free-standing arcade dem know insyd Arabic as de ''qanatir'' anaa ''mawazin''. Na dem erect de arcades insyd different periods from de 10th to 15th centuries.&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot;/&gt;

==== Architecture ====
[[File:Dehio_10_Dome_of_the_Rock_Section.jpg|thumb|Cross section of de Dome (print from 1887, after de first detailed drawings of de Dome, wey de English artist Frederick Catherwood make insyd 1833).]]
De Dome of de Rock ein structure be basically octagonal. Dem cap am for ein centre by a dome, approximately {{convert|20|m|ft|abbr=on}} for diameter insyd, dem mount for an elevated circular drum wey dey stand for 16 supports (4 tiers den 12 columns).&lt;ref name=&quot;BRIT&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9030854/Dome-of-the-Rock|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|title=Dome of the Rock|access-date=4 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615131142/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9030854/Dome-of-the-Rock|archive-date=15 June 2008|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Surrounding dis circle be an octagonal arcade of 24 piers den columns. De octagonal arcade den de inner circular drum create an inner ambulatorium wey dey encircle de holy rock. De outer walls sanso be octagonal. Dem each dey measure approximately {{convert|60|ft|m|abbr=on|order=flip}} wide den {{convert|36|ft|m|abbr=on|order=flip}} high. De outer dem inner octagon create a second, outer ambulatorium wey dey surround de inner one. Both de circular drum den de exterior walls dey contain chaw windows.

==== Encircling archways ====
[[File:Al-Haram_ash-Sharif._Temple_mount._-_9033987228.jpg|thumb|A view of de southeastern wey dey look inwards towards de Dome of de Rock]]
Surrounding de Dome of de Rock, for de top of each of de eight flights of stairs up onto de platform for wich e dey tap, be eight freestanding sets of archways dem call &quot;Al-Mawazin&quot;, each be supported by 2 to 4 columns, dem set between two pilasters.

E be likely dat sam of de archways dey date back to de period of de construction of de Dome of de Rock wey na dem fi be an integral part of ein initial construction plan. For particular, dem dey think say de four arcades wey dey face de four entrances dem build at de same time as de dome.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Gonzalez-Quijano|first=Yves|date=2010-09-01|title=Jérusalem, capitale &quot; éternelle et indivisible &quot; de la culture arabe?|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/mediterranee.4488|journal=Méditerranée|issue=114|pages=131–133|doi=10.4000/mediterranee.4488|issn=0025-8296}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Al-Aqsa/Qibli Mosque ===
[[File:Dome_of_the_Al-Aqsa_Mosque_(20160).jpg|thumb|De silver-colored dome dey consist of lead sheeting]]
De [[Al-Aqsa Mosque]] anaa Qibli Mosque be de main congregational mosque prayer hall of de Al-Aqsa Mosque compound, plus capacity for around 5,000 worshippers. Na dem destroy am den rebuild am chaw times.

==== Facade ====
[[File:Al-Aqsa_Mosque_(Temple_Mount,_Jerusalem,_2008).jpg|thumb|De facade of de prayer hall. Na ebe constructed by de Fatimids, then ebe expanded by de Crusaders, de Ayyubids den de Mamluks]]
Na dem build de facade of de mosque insyd 1065 CE for de instructions of de Fatimid caliph al-Mustansir Billah. Na dem crown am plus a balustrade wey dey consist of arcades den small columns. De Crusaders damage de facade, buh na ebe restored den renovated by de Ayyubids. Na one addition be de covering of de facade plus tiles.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nusseibeh&quot;/&gt; De second-hand material of de facade ein arches dey include sculpted, ornamental material dem take from Crusader structures insyd Jerusalem.&lt;ref&gt;Hillenbrand, Carolle. (2000). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=UalnoF5MBHMC&amp;pg=PA382 The Crusades: The Islamic Perspective]'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20200715042920/https://books.google.com/books?id=UalnoF5MBHMC&amp;pg=PA382 Archived] 15 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine Routeledge, p. 382 {{ISBN|0-415-92914-8}}.&lt;/ref&gt; De facade dey consist of fourteen stone arches,&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Al-Aqsa Mosque, Jerusalem|publisher=Atlas Travel and Tourist Agency|url=http://www.atlastours.net/holyland/al_aqsa_mosque.html|access-date=29 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080726195105/http://www.atlastours.net/holyland/al_aqsa_mosque.html|archive-date=26 July 2008|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; chaw of wich be of a Romanesque style. De outer arches dem add by de Mamluks dey follow de same general design. De entrance to de mosque be thru de facade ein central arch.&lt;ref name=&quot;SD&quot;&gt;[http://www.sacred-destinations.com/israel/jerusalem-al-aqsa-mosque.htm Al-Aqsa Mosque, Jerusalem] [https://web.archive.org/web/20080724183611/http://www.sacred-destinations.com/israel/jerusalem-al-aqsa-mosque.htm Archived] 24 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine Sacred Destinations.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Interior ====
[[File:Al_Aqsa_(6888221391).jpg|thumb|Interior decoration of de prayer hall ein main dome]]
De al-Aqsa Mosque get seven aisles of hypostyle naves plus chaw additional small halls to de west den east of de southern section of de building.&lt;ref name=&quot;ADL36&quot;&gt;[http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=36 Al-Aqsa Mosque] [https://web.archive.org/web/20090103022822/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=36 Archived] 3 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine Archnet Digital Library.&lt;/ref&gt; Der be 121 stained glass windows insyd de mosque from de Abbasid den Fatimid eras. Na dem restore about a fourth of dem insyd 1924.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yuvaz149-153&quot;&gt;Yuvaz, 1996, pp.&amp;nbsp;149–153.&lt;/ref&gt; De spandrels of de arch opposite de main entrance dey include a mosaic decoration den inscription wey dey date back to Fatimid period.&lt;ref name=&quot;Islam p.151&quot;&gt;The Encyclopaedia of Islam; By H. A. R. Gibb, E. van Donzel, P. J. Bearman, J. van Lent; p.151&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Minbar ====
[[File:El_Aksa_(i.e.,_al-Aqsa)_Mosque._Cedar_pulpit_&amp;_mihrab_LOC_matpc.03246_(cropped_and_retouched).jpg|thumb|View of de minbar insyd de 1930s]]
Na de ''minbar'' of de mosque be built by a craftsman dem name Akhtarini from Aleppo for de orders of de Zengid sultan Nur ad-Din. Na dem intend am say e be a gift for de mosque wen Nur ad-Din go capture Jerusalem from de Crusaders wey e take six years make dem build (1168–74). Nur ad-Din die wey de Crusaders still controll Jerusalem, buh insys 1187, Saladin capture de city wey na dem install de ''minbar''. Na dem make de structure of ivory den carefully crafted wood. Na dem inscribe Arabic calligraphy, geometrical den floral designs insyd de woodwork.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oweis&quot;&gt;Oweis, Fayeq S. (2002) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=UjQAnCS1ongC&amp;pg=PA115 The Elements of Unity in Islamic Art as Examined Through the Work of Jamal Badran]'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20200715044121/https://books.google.com/books?id=UjQAnCS1ongC&amp;pg=PA115 Archived] 15 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine Universal-Publishers, pp. 115–117. {{ISBN|1-58112-162-8}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Al-Marwani Mosque ===
De Marwani Mosque be anoda Islamic prayer hall wey situate insyd a large vaulted space beneath de main level of de southeastern corner of de compound, buh still above de bedrock den within de enclosing walls of de Temple Mount. E be colloquially known as Solomon's Stables.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://campsci.com/museum/images/46e.jpg|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020719023533/http://campsci.com/museum/images/46e.jpg|url-status=dead|archive-date=2002-07-19|title=Photograph of King Solomon's Stables|access-date=2018-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De mosque dey consist of three hallways, de first of wich dey act as de main entrance, de second hallway wich dey serve as de prayer hall plus room for 4,000 worshippers, den a third wich be closed off plus stone.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Ghosheh, M. Hashim.|title=Guide to the Masjid al-Aqsa; an Architectural and Historical Guide to the Islamic Monuments in the Masjid al-Aqsa.|publisher=Ministry of Awqaf and Religious Affairs.|year=2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; De whole structure be supported by 16 stone columns wey ebe de largest roofed space within de Al-Aqsa Mosque compound. De Jerusalem Islamic Waqf acquire a permit make dem use Solomon's Stables insyd 1996 as an alternative place of worship for occasional rainy days of de holy month of [[Ramadan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Gonen2003&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Rivka Gonen|title=Contested Holiness: Jewish, Muslim, and Christian Perspectives on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem|url=https://archive.org/details/contestedholines00rivk|url-access=registration|year=2003|publisher=KTAV Publishing House, Inc.|isbn=978-0-88125-799-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/contestedholines00rivk/page/167 167]–169}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Oda domed structures ===
[[File:Jerusalem-2013-Temple_Mount-Dome_of_the_Ascension_04.jpg|thumb|Dome of de Ascension of [[Muhammad]]]]

==== Dome of de Ascension ====
De Dome of the Ascension be a free-standing domed structure dem build by de Umayyads wey dey stand just north de Dome of de Rock wey dey commemorate de Islamic Prophet [[Muhammad]] ein ascension (''al-Miʿrāj'') to heaven, according to Islamic tradition.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15234415&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Temple Mount, Dome of Ascension / The Qubbat al-Miraj|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/community.15234415|website=JSTOR|last1=Abbasids|first1=Originally Built by the Ummayads or the|last2=Current Edifice Was Built By The Ayyubid Governor Of Jerusalem|first2=Izz ad-Din az-Zanjili}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na de original edifice be probably built by either de Umayyads anaa de Abbasids (samtime between 7th-10th centuries),&lt;ref name=&quot;:15234415&quot;/&gt; while na de current edifice be built by de Ayyubid governor of Jerusalem, Izz ad-Din az-Zanjili,&lt;ref name=&quot;t048_qub_al&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Qubbat al-Miʿraj|url=http://i2ud.org/j/html3/monuments/sites/t048_qub_al/|website=Institute for International Urban Development (I2UD)|access-date=2023-08-09|archive-date=2022-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602125455/http://i2ud.org/j/html3/monuments/sites/t048_qub_al/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; insyd 1200 anaa 1201 (during Sultan Al-Adil I ein reign de bro of Saladin Al-Ayyubi&lt;ref name=&quot;auto5&quot;&gt;Al-Jallad, I. (2017). معالم المسجد الأقصى تحت المجهر [Al-Aqsa Mosque landmarks under the microscope]. Baytul Maqdis Center for Literature.&lt;/ref&gt;). An Arabic inscription date to 1200 anaa 1201 (597 AH) wey dey describe am as renovated&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Bahat|first=Dan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-qQUCgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=jerusalem+temple+mount+dome+of+the+ascension&amp;pg=PA86|title=The History of Jerusalem: The Early Muslim Period (638-1099)|publisher=New York University Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0-8147-6639-2|editor-last=Prawer|editor-first=Joshua|pages=86|language=en|editor-last2=Ben-Shammai|editor-first2=Haggai}}&lt;/ref&gt; den rededicated as a waqf.&lt;ref name=&quot;PawerJerusalem&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Pawer|first1=Jonathan|title=The History of Jerusalem: The Early Muslim Period (638-1099)|date=1996|publisher=New York University Press|isbn=0814766390|page=86}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Montefiore&quot;&gt;Simon Sebag Montefiore, Jerusalem: The Biography, p. 276.&lt;/ref&gt;

Na de dome no exist insyd de Crusader era, as na e no be described by Crusader travelers during dema visit to de mosque during de Crusader occupation period, wey na der be no mention of de presence of a dome west of de Dome of de Rock.&lt;ref&gt;وصف الأماكن المقدسة في فلسطين للرحالة الألماني ثيودريش [Description of the Holy Places in Palestine by the German traveler Theodoric] (S. Al-Bishawy &amp; R. Shaheen, Trans.). (2003). Dar Al-Shorok for publication and distribution.&lt;/ref&gt; De Ayyubid inscription dey talk about rebuilding a dome after ein disappearance, guided by de information dem find insyd history books,&lt;ref name=&quot;auto5&quot;&gt;Al-Jallad, I. (2017). معالم المسجد الأقصى تحت المجهر [Al-Aqsa Mosque landmarks under the microscope]. Baytul Maqdis Center for Literature.&lt;/ref&gt; plus de use of sam Crusader materials.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15234415&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tika2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2013|title=Al-Aqsa Mosque al-Haram ash-Sharif|url=https://www.tika.gov.tr/upload/2016/INGILIZCE%20SITE%20ESERLER/TANITIM%20BRO%C5%9E%C3%9CRLER%C4%B0/PDF/Haram-Ash-sharief-Final-En_2013.pdf|url-status=live|website=TİKA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612224506/http://www.tika.gov.tr/upload/2016/INGILIZCE%20SITE%20ESERLER/TANITIM%20BRO%C5%9E%C3%9CRLER%C4%B0/PDF/Haram-Ash-sharief-Final-En_2013.pdf|archive-date=2017-06-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto5&quot; /&gt;

[[File:Palestine-2013(2)-Jerusalem-Temple_Mount-Dome_of_the_Chain_(south_exposure).jpg|left|thumb|De Dome of de Chain]]

==== Dome of de Chain ====
De Dome of de Chain be a free-standing domed structure wey locate adjacently east of de Dome of de Rock, den ein exact historical use den significance be a matter of scholarly debate, buh historical sources dey indicate na dem build am under de reign of Abd al-Malik, de same Umayyad caliph wey build de Dome of de Rock.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Rosen-Ayalon|first=Myriam|date=1989|title=The Early Islamic Monuments of Al-Ḥaram Al-Sharīf: An Iconographic Study|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43588798|journal=Qedem|volume=28|pages=III–73|jstor=43588798|issn=0333-5844}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem erect am insyd 691–92 CE,&lt;ref name=&quot;Pringle&quot;&gt;Pringle (1993), pp. 182–185&lt;/ref&gt; de Dome of de Chain be one of de oldest surviving structures for de al-Aqsa Mosque compound.&lt;ref name=&quot;Archnet2&quot;&gt;Archnet: ''Qubba al-Silsila''&lt;/ref&gt;

Na ebe built by de Umayyads, wey e cam turn a Christian chapel under de Crusaders, before dem restore am as an Islamic prayer house by de Ayyubids. Na ebe then renovated by de Mamluks, Ottomans den de Jordanian-based ''waqf''.

[[File:Palestine-2013(2)-Jerusalem-Temple_Mount-Dome_of_the_Chain-Mihrab.jpg|right|thumb|De ''mihrab'']]
De building dey consist of a domed structure plus two concentric open arcades, plus no lateral walls wey dey close insyd am. De dome, wey dey rest on a hexagonal drum, dem make am of timber wey ebe supported by six columns wich togeda dey create de inner arcade. De second, outer row of eleven columns dey create an eleven-sided outer arcade. De ''qibla'' wall dey contain de ''mihrab'' anaa prayer niche wey ebe flanked by two smaller columns.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pringle&quot;&gt;Pringle (1993), pp. 182–185&lt;/ref&gt; Der be a total of seventeen columns insyd de structure, wey dey exclude de ''mihrab''.&lt;ref name=&quot;OConnor&quot;&gt;Murphy-O'Connor (2008), p. 97&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Jerusalem-2013-Temple_Mount-Dome_of_al-Khalili.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Dome of al-Khalili]]

==== Dome of al-Khalili ====
De Dome of al-Khalili be a small domed-building wey locate north of de Dome of de Rock. Na dem build de Dome of al-Khalili insyd de early 18th century during Ottoman rule of Palestine for dedication to Shaykh Muhammad al-Khalili, a scholar of fiqh wey die insyd 1734.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.aqsa.org.uk/MULTIMEDIA/AlAqsaGuide/tabid/82/language/en-GB/Default.aspx Al-Aqsa Guide] [https://web.archive.org/web/20081006175930/http://www.aqsa.org.uk/MULTIMEDIA/AlAqsaGuide/tabid/82/language/en-GB/Default.aspx Archived] October 6, 2008, at the Wayback Machine Al-Aqsa Friends 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.discoverislamicart.org/database_item.php?id=object;ISL;pa;Mus01;39;en|title=Cloak belonging to Sheikh Muhammad al-Khalili|work=Discover Islamic Art|publisher=Museum With No Frontiers|access-date=2017-11-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Dome_of_the_Prophet_(Temple_Mount,_2008).jpg|left|thumb|De Dome of de Prophet]]

==== Dome of de Prophet ====
De Dome of de Prophet be a free-standing dome wey locate for de northwest part of de elevated platform wer de Dome of de Rock dey stand near de Dome of de Ascension.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kaplony&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Kaplony|first=Andreas|title=The Ḥaram of Jerusalem (324-1099): Temple, Friday Mosque, Area of Spiritual Power|publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag|year=2002|isbn=978-3515079013|location=Zurich|pages=84}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:ISR-2013-Jerusalem-Temple_Mount-Dome_of_the_Tablets_(Spirits).jpg|thumb|Dome of de spirits]]

==== Dome of de Spirits ====
De Dome of de Spirits, anaa possibly &quot;Dome of de Winds&quot;, be a small dome wey dey stand to de north of de Dome of de Rock wey ebe dated to de 16th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Goldhill|first=Simon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S5svEAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=jerusalem+qubbat+al-arwah&amp;pg=PA348|title=Jerusalem: City of Longing|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-674-26385-7|pages=110|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Murphy-O'Connor|first=Jerome|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KKIUDAAAQBAJ|title=The Holy Land: An Oxford Archaeological Guide from Earliest Times to 1700|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-19-923666-4|pages=98|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; E fi be associated plus de proximity of de Well of Souls, wer, according to legend, de souls of de dead go be gathered for prayer for de day of judgment.

Na dem probably build am during Umayyad period secof Ibn al-Faqih al-Hamadani (3-4H/9-10th century) insyd ein Mukhtasar Kitab al-Buldan mention dat na der be a dome insyd al-Aqsa enclave dem call Kubbat Jibril (Dome of Gabriel). Wey na dem bell am Kubbat al-Ruh den Kubbat al-Arvah (Dome of de Spirits). Na dem probably rebuild am during de 10th century AH/16th century AC during de Ottoman period.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Hadi|first=Mahdi Abdul|date=2013|title=Al-Aqsa Mosque Al-Haram Ash-Sharif.|url=https://www.tika.gov.tr/upload/2016/INGILIZCE%20SITE%20ESERLER/TANITIM%20BRO%C5%9E%C3%9CRLER%C4%B0/PDF/Haram-Ash-sharief-Final-En_2013.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612224506/http://www.tika.gov.tr/upload/2016/INGILIZCE%20SITE%20ESERLER/TANITIM%20BRO%C5%9E%C3%9CRLER%C4%B0/PDF/Haram-Ash-sharief-Final-En_2013.pdf|archive-date=2017-06-12|access-date=|website=Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs, PASSIA. (Supported by TİKA)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Israel-2013-Jerusalem-Temple_Mount-Dome_of_Yusuf_01.jpg|left|thumb|De Dome of Yusuf]]

==== Dome of Yusuf ====
De Dome of Yusuf be a free-standing domed structure wey Saladin (born Yusuf) build insyd de 12th century, wey na dem renovate am chaw times.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hillenbrand&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UalnoF5MBHMC&amp;q=%22dome+of+joseph%22+jerusalem&amp;pg=PA191|title=The Crusades: Islamic perspectives|author=Carole Hillenbrand|edition=Illustrated, reprint, annotated|publisher=Routledge|year=2000|isbn=978-0-415-92914-1|page=191|quote=a monumental inscription dated 587(AH)/1191 in [Saladin's] name on the Dome of Joseph [Qubbat Yusuf] on the Haram esplanade: 'the victorious king, the probity of this world and of [true] religion, the Sultan of Islam and of the Muslims, the servant of the two noble sanctuaries and of Jerusalem.'}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gulru&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FG6ZlkRjD2IC&amp;q=%22qubbat+yusuf%22+jerusalem&amp;pg=PA73|page=73|title=Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World|first=Gülru|last=Necipoğlu|author-link=|edition=Illustrated, annotated|publisher=BRILL|year=1998|isbn=978-90-04-11084-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ayalon&quot;&gt;{{cite book|page=97|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7CfAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22qubbat+yusuf%22+%22renovated+several+times%22|title=Islamic art and archaeology in Palestine|author=Myriam Rosen-Ayalon|edition=Illustrated|publisher=Left Coast Press|year=2006|isbn=978-1-59874-064-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; E dey bear inscriptions from de 12th den 17th centuries: one date 1191 insyd Saladin ein name, den two dey mention Yusuf Agha, possibly a governor of Jerusalem anaa a eunuch insyd de Ottoman imperial palace.&lt;ref name=&quot;ADL&quot;&gt;[http://www.archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=5266 Qubbat Yusuf] [https://web.archive.org/web/20110805051948/http://www.archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=5266 Archived] August 5, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Archnet Digital Library.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FA07&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20081006175930/http://www.aqsa.org.uk/MULTIMEDIA/AlAqsaGuide/tabid/82/language/en-GB/Default.aspx Al-Aqsa Guide] Friends of al-Aqsa 2007. [https://web.archive.org/web/20081220121813/http://www.aqsa.org.uk/MULTIMEDIA/AlAqsaGuide/tabid/82/language/en-GB/Default.aspx Archived] December 20, 2008, at the Wayback Machine&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:ISR-2013-Jerusalem-Temple_Mount-Dome_of_Yusuf_Agha.jpg|thumb|De Dome of Yusuf Agha]]

==== Dome of Yusuf Agha ====
De Dome of Yusuf Agha be a small square building insyd de courtyard between de Islamic Museum den [[al-Aqsa Mosque]] (al-Qibli).

Na dem build am insyd 1681 wey e dey commemorate Yusuf Agha, wey sanso endow de Dome of Yusuf,&lt;ref name=&quot;t194_qubbat_yusuf&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Qubbat Yusuf Agha|url=http://i2ud.org/j/html3/monuments/sites/t194_qubbat_yusuf-agha/|website=Institute for International Urban Development (I2UD)|access-date=2023-08-09|archive-date=2022-04-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425055845/http://i2ud.org/j/html3/monuments/sites/t194_qubbat_yusuf-agha/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Hillenbrand|first=Robert|editor1-last=Auld|editor1-first=Sylvia|title=Ottoman Jerusalem|date=2000|publisher=British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem|location=London|isbn=978-1-901435-03-0|page=16|url=https://www.academia.edu/33221398|quote=[…] two structures erected by Yusuf Agha in 1681 – the Qubbat Yusuf (an open-plan aedicule) and the Qubbat Yusuf Agha (a closed domed square) — clearly suggest that, despite the identical terminology, different forms connoted different functions in Jerusalem at that time.}}&lt;/ref&gt; a smaller den more intricate-looking structure about {{convert|120|m}} to de north. Na dem convert am insyd de 1970s into a ticket office.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Pilgrimage, Sciences and Sufism|date=2013|publisher=Museum with No Frontiers|isbn=978-3-902782-11-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kTrdBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT59|quote=the Haram al-Sharif is free, but an entrance fee is charged for visiting the Dome of the Rock, the Jami'a Al-Aqsa Mosque and the Islamic Museum. Tickets can be purchased with local currency from the kiosk outside the Islamic Museum}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Oda examples ====
Insyd de southwest corner of de upper platform be a quadrangular structure wich dey include a portion dem top by anoda dome. Ebe known as de Dome of Literature (''Qubba Nahwiyya'' insyd Arabic) wey dey date to 1208.&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot;/&gt; Dey stand further east, close to one of de southern entrance arcades, be a stone ''minbar'' dem know as de &quot;Summer Pulpit&quot; anaa Minbar of Burhan al-Din, dem use for open-air prayers. E dey appear to be an older ciborium from de Crusader period, as dem attest by ein sculptural decoration, wich na then dem reuse under de Ayyubids. Sam time after 1345, a Mamluk judge name Burhan al-Din (d. 1388) restore am wey he add a stone staircase, wey dey give am ein present form.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Burgoyne|first=Michael Hamilton|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qR_qAAAAMAAJ|title=Mamluk Jerusalem: An Architectural Study|publisher=British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem by the World of Islam Festival Trust|year=1987|isbn=978-0-905035-33-8|pages=319–320|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Neci̇poğlu|first=Gülru|date=2008|title=The Dome of the Rock as Palimpsest: ʻabd Al-Malik's Grand Narrative and Sultan Süleyman's Glosses|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27811114|journal=Muqarnas|volume=25|pages=17–105|doi=10.1163/22118993_02501004|jstor=27811114|issn=0732-2992}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Minarets ===
[[File:Izrael,_imgp6590_(2016-11).jpg|thumb|Ghawanima Minaret, plus de Dome of de Rock insyd de background]]
De mosque compound get four minarets, plus three along de western perimeter of de esplanade den one along de northern wall. Dese be de Ghawanima Minaret, Bab al Silsila Minaret, Fakhriyya Minaret den [[Bab al-Asbat Minaret]]. Na dem construct de earliest dated minaret for de northwest corner of de Temple Mount insyd 1298, plus three oda minarets dem add over de course of de 14th century.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto3&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Grabar|first1=Oleg|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CW6U921i4fEC&amp;q=ghawanima+minaret+sultan+lajin|title=Where Heaven and Earth Meet: Jerusalem's Sacred Esplanade|last2=Ḳedar|first2=Benjamin Z.|date=2009|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-0-292-72272-9|pages=191|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Murphy-O'Connor|first=Jerome|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KKIUDAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=ghawanima+minaret&amp;pg=PA90|title=The Holy Land: An Oxford Archaeological Guide from Earliest Times to 1700|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-19-923666-4|pages=90|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Ghawanima Minaret ====
De Ghawanima Minaret anaa Al-Ghawanima Minaret na dem build for de northwestern corner of de Noble Sanctuary during de reign of Sultan Lajin circa 1298, anaa between 1297 den 1299,&lt;ref name=&quot;auto3&quot;/&gt; anaa circa 1298.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Cytryn-Silverman|first=K|date=2008|title=Three Mamluk Minarets in Ramla|url=https://www.academia.edu/19984772|journal=Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam|volume=35|pages=379–432}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem name am after Shaykh Ghanim ibn Ali ibn Husayn, wey na dem appoint am de Shaykh of de Salahiyyah Madrasah by Saladin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Minarets|url=https://masjidalaqsa.net/minarets/|website=MasjidAlAqsa.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Bab_al-Silsila_minaret_-_Al-Aqsa_Mosque.JPG|thumb|Bab al-Silsila Minaret]]

==== Bab al-Silsila Minaret (Minaret of de Chain Gate) ====
De Bab al-Silsila Minaret (Minaret of de Chain Gate) na dem build am insyd 1329 by Tankiz, de Mamluk governor of Syria, near de Chain Gate, for de western border of de al-Aqsa Mosque.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Burgoyne|first1=Michael Hamilton|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qR_qAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22bab+al-silsila+minaret%22+1329|title=Mamluk Jerusalem: An Architectural Study|last2=Richards|first2=Donald Sidney|publisher=British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem by the World of Islam Festival Trust|year=1987|isbn=978-0-905035-33-8|pages=77, 244|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Galor|first1=Katharina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8cvYAQAAQBAJ&amp;dq=%22bab+al-silsila+minaret%22+tankiz&amp;pg=PA222|title=The Archaeology of Jerusalem: From the Origins to the Ottomans|last2=Bloedhorn|first2=Hanswulf|date=2013-11-26|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-11195-8|pages=222|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem sanso know de minaret as Mahkamah Minaret since de minaret dey locate near de Madrasa al-Tankiziyya wich serve as a law court during de times of Ottomans.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Ghushah|first=M.H.|url=https://fada.birzeit.edu/handle/20.500.11889/4857|title=Guide to the Masjid al-Aqsa|publisher=Ministry of Awqaf and Religious Affairs.|year=2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Jerusalem-2013-Temple_Mount-Al-Fakhariyya_Minaret.jpg|left|thumb|Fakhriyya Minaret]]

==== Fakhriyya Minaret ====
De Fakhriyya Minaret&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Burgoyne|first1=Michael Hamilton|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qR_qAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=fakhriyya+minaret|title=Mamluk Jerusalem: An Architectural Study|last2=Richards|first2=Donald Sidney|date=1987|publisher=British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem by the World of Islam Festival Trust|isbn=978-0-905035-33-8|pages=270|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Armstrong|first=Karen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_MJuf1yZrY0C&amp;dq=fakhriyya+minaret&amp;pg=PA309|title=Jerusalem: One City, Three Faiths|publisher=Random House Publishing Group|year=2011|isbn=978-0-307-79859-6|pages=309|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; anaa Al-Fakhiriyya Minaret,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Grabar|first=Oleg|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OeIOowshe6EC&amp;q=fakhiriyya&amp;pg=PA9|title=The Dome of the Rock|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-674-02313-0|pages=9|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; na dem build for de junction of de southern wall den western wall,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Patel|first=Ismail Adam|title=Virtues of Jerusalem and islamic perspective|publisher=al-Aqsa Publisher|year=2006|location=United Kingdom|pages=100}}&lt;/ref&gt; over de solid part of de wall.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Kapolony|first=Andreas|title=The Ḥaram of Jerusalem (324-1099): Temple, Friday Mosque, Area of Spiritual Power|publisher=Freiburger Islamstudien|year=2010|pages=281}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem no know de exact date of ein original construction buh na dem build am samtime after 1345 den before 1496.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Kedar|first=Benjamin Z.|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3MzzDQAAQBAJ&amp;dq=fakhriyya+minaret+construction+date&amp;pg=PT43|title=The Templars and their Sources|publisher=Routledge|year=2017|isbn=978-1-315-47527-1|editor-last=Borchardt|editor-first=Karl|pages=21|language=en|chapter=Vestiges of Templar presence in the Aqsa Mosque|editor-last2=Döring|editor-first2=Karoline|editor-last3=Josserand|editor-first3=Philippe|editor-last4=Nicholson|editor-first4=Helen J.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dem name am after Fakhr al-Din al-Khalili, de poppie of Sharif al-Din Abd al-Rahman wey supervise de building ein construction.Na dem rebuild de minaret insyd 920.&lt;ref name=&quot;Passia&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Passia|date=2013|title=Mesjid Aksa Rehberi (Haram-i Serif)|journal=TIKA|pages=3–66}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:HaShvatim_IMG_1529.jpg|right|thumb|Bab al-Asbat Minaret]]

==== Bab al-Asbat Minaret (Minaret of de Tribes' Gate) ====
Na dem build de last den most notable minaret insyd 1367: de Bāb al-ʾAsbāṭ Minaret, near de Tribes' Gate (al-ʾAsbāṭ Gate). Ebe composed of a cylindrical stone shaft (dem build later by de Ottomans), wich dey spring up from a rectangular Mamluk-built base on top of a triangular transition zone.&lt;ref name=&quot;Asbat&quot;&gt;[http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=5551 Bab al-Asbat Minaret] [https://web.archive.org/web/20110629165310/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=5551 Archived] 2011-06-29 at the Wayback Machine Archnet Digital Library.&lt;/ref&gt; De shaft dey narrow above de muezzin ein balcony wey ebe dotted plus circular windows, wey dey end plus a bulbous dome.

=== Oda features ===
[[File:TM_washing.JPG|thumb|De ''al-Kas'' ablution fountain for Muslim worshippers for de southern portion of de lower platform]]
De main compound enclosure sanso dey house an ablution fountain (dem know as ''al-Kas''), dem originally supply plus water via a long narrow aqueduct wey dey lead from de so-called ''Solomon's Pools'' near Bethlehem, buh dem now supply from Jerusalem ein water mains.

Gardens dey take up de eastern den chaw of de northern side of de enclosure, plus an Islamic school wey dey occupy a small part of de space.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://campsci.com/museum/images/43e.jpg|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020718222845/http://campsci.com/museum/images/43e.jpg|url-status=dead|archive-date=2002-07-18|title=Photograph of the northern wall area|access-date=2018-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Northern den western porticos ===
De complex be bordered for de south den east by de outer walls of de Old City of Jerusalem. For de north den west ebe bordered by two long porticos (''riwaq''), dem build during de Mamluk period.&lt;ref&gt;Mamluk Jerusalem: An Architectural Study, by MH Burgoyne and DS Richards, pages 104-107 (North Portico) and West Portico 192-194&lt;/ref&gt; Na dem sanso build a number of oda structures along dese areas, mainly sanso from de Mamluk period. For de north side, dem include de Isardiyya Madrasa, dem build samtime before 1345, den de Almalikiyya Madrasa, dem date to 1340.&lt;ref name=&quot;:212&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Murphy-O'Connor|first=Jerome|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KKIUDAAAQBAJ|title=The Holy Land: An Oxford Archaeological Guide from Earliest Times to 1700|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-19-923666-4|pages=90–92|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; For de west side, dem include de Ashrafiyya Madrasa, wey Sultan Qaytbay build between 1480 den 1482,&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Blair|first1=Sheila S.|title=The Art and Architecture of Islam: 1250-1800|last2=Bloom|first2=Jonathan|publisher=Yale University Press|year=1995|location=New Haven; London|pages=92–93}}&lt;/ref&gt; den de adjacent Uthmaniyya Madrasa, dem date to 1437.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Burgoyne|first=Michael Hamilton|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qR_qAAAAMAAJ|title=Mamluk Jerusalem: An Architectural Study|publisher=British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem by the World of Islam Festival Trust|year=1987|isbn=978-0-905035-33-8|pages=544–547|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Sabil of Qaytbay, contemporary plus de Ashrafiyya Madrasa, sanso dey stand nearby.

=== Gates ===
[[File:Har_HaBayit_map1_en.jpg|thumb|Map of de Haram compound plus chaw of de gates]]

Der be currently eleven open gates wey dey offer access to de Muslim Haram al-Sharif.

* Bab al-Asbat (Gate of de Tribes); north-east corner
* Bab al-Hitta/Huttah (Gate of Remission, Pardon, anaa Absolution); northern wall
* Bab al-Atim/'Atm/Attim (Gate of Darkness); northern wall
* Bab al-Ghawanima (Gate of Bani Ghanim); north-west corner
* Bab al-Majlis / an-Nazir/Nadhir (Council Gate / Inspector ein Gate); western wall (northern third)
* Bab al-Hadid (Iron Gate); western wall (central part)
* Bab al-Qattanin (Gate of de Cotton Merchants); western wall (central part)
* Bab al-Matarah/Mathara (Ablution Gate); western wall (central part)
* Two twin gates dey follow south of de Ablution Gate, e Tranquility Gate den de Gate of de Chain:
** Bab as-Salam / al-Sakina (Tranquility Gate / Gate of de Dwelling), de northern one of de two; western wall (central part)
** Bab as-Silsileh (Gate of de Chain), de southern one of de two; western wall (central part)
* Bab al-Magharbeh/Maghariba (Moroccans' Gate/Gate of de Moors; see Maghrebis); western wall (southern third); de entrance per give non-Muslims

Dem now close a twelfth gate still open during Ottoman rule to de public:

* Bab as-Sarai (Gate of de Seraglio); a small gate to de former residence of de Pasha of Jerusalem; western wall, northern part (between de Bani Ghanim den Council gates).

== Current situation ==

=== Administration ===
De administrative body responsible for de whole Al-Aqsa Mosque compound be known as &quot;de Jerusalem Waqf&quot;, an organ of de Jordanian government.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/article-706288 ''Jordan: We don't accept instructions from Israel on Temple Mount guards''], Khaled Abu Toameh for The Jerusalem Post, 10 May 2022 (accessed the same day).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=5 September 2014|title=Arab states neglect Al-Aqsa says head of Jerusalem Waqf|work=Al-Monitor|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/09/khatib-muslim-endowments-israel-jordan-al-aqsa.html|url-status=live|access-date=5 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424012208/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/09/khatib-muslim-endowments-israel-jordan-al-aqsa.html|archive-date=24 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

=== Sources ===

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* {{cite book|last=Dumper|first=Michael|title=The Politics of Sacred Space: The Old City of Jerusalem in the Middle East|publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers|year=2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MfTycKFWBGEC&amp;pg=PA44|isbn=1-58826-226-X|archive-date=19 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519163301/https://books.google.com/books?id=MfTycKFWBGEC&amp;pg=PA44|url-status=live}}
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* {{cite book|last=Gonen|first=Rivka|title=Contested Holiness|publisher=KTAV Publishing House|year=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pFgmOt7wRHwC&amp;pg=PA95|isbn=0-88125-799-0|archive-date=11 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111210723/https://books.google.com/books?id=pFgmOt7wRHwC&amp;pg=PA95|url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Grafman|first1=Rafi|last2=Rosen-Ayalon|first2=Myriam|title=The Two Great Syrian Umayyad Mosques: Jerusalem and Damascus|journal=Muqarnas|date=1999|volume=16|pages=1–15|doi=10.2307/1523262|jstor=1523262}}
* {{cite book|last=Jeffers|first=H.|title=Contested Holiness: Jewish, Muslim, and Christian Perspective on the Temple|publisher=KTAV Publishing House|year=2004|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pFgmOt7wRHwC|isbn=978-0-88125-799-1|access-date=7 January 2016|archive-date=15 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715070511/https://books.google.com/books?id=pFgmOt7wRHwC|url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal|last=Le Strange|first=Guy|title=Description of the Noble Sanctuary at Jerusalem in 1470 A.D., by Kamâl (or Shams) ad Dîn as Suyûtî|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|publisher=Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|volume=19|issue=2|year=1887|issn=0035-869X|pages=247–305|doi=10.1017/S0035869X00019420|jstor=25208864|s2cid=163050043|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1772796}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Le Strange|editor1-first=Guy|title=Diary of a Journey through Syria and Palestine by Nasir Khusrau in 1017 AD|date=1888|publisher=Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society|location=London|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924028534281}}
* {{cite book|title=Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500|first=G.|last=Le Strange|year=1890a|publisher=Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund|url=https://archive.org/details/palestineundermo00lestuoft}}
* {{cite book|last1=Jarrar|first1=Sabri|title=Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World|chapter=Suq al-Ma'rifa: An Ayyubid Hanbalite Shrine in Haram al-Sharif|editor-first=Gülru|editor-last=Necipoğlu|edition=Illustrated, annotated|publisher=Brill|year=1998|isbn=978-90-04-11084-7|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FG6ZlkRjD2IC&amp;pg=PA71|archive-date=11 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111130058/https://books.google.com/books?id=FG6ZlkRjD2IC&amp;pg=PA71|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Pringle|first=D.|title=The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: Volume 3, The City of Jerusalem: A Corpus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X0jH6VPi4-gC|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1993|isbn=978-0-521-39038-5|archive-date=22 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022062308/https://books.google.com/books?id=X0jH6VPi4-gC|url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Pruitt|first1=Jennifer|title=The Fatimid Holy City: Rebuilding Jerusalem in the Eleventh Century|journal=The Medieval Globe|date=2017|volume=3|issue=2|pages=35–56|doi=10.17302/TMG.3-2.3|s2cid=165391034|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/758485/pdf}}
* {{cite book|last=Sprinzak|first=Ehud|editor-last=Rapoport|editor-first=David|title=Inside Terrorist Organizations|chapter=From Messianic Pioneering to Vigilante Terrorism: The Case of the Gush Emunim Underground|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NdCTI5FqayAC&amp;pg=PA149|publisher=Brill|year=1996|isbn=90-04-10633-2|archive-date=11 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111144359/https://books.google.com/books?id=NdCTI5FqayAC&amp;pg=PA149|url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Yavuz|first1=Yildirim|title=The Restoration Project of the Masjid al-Aqsa by Mïmar Kemalettın (1922–1926)|journal=Muqarnas|date=1996|volume=13|pages=149–164|jstor=1523257}}

==Read further==
*{{cite book |title=Jerusalem in History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xIRpQcoieYQC&amp;pg=PA105 |first1=Kamil Jamil |last1='Asali |year=1990 |publisher=Interlink Books |isbn=1-56656-304-6 |archive-date=11 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111200510/https://books.google.com/books?id=xIRpQcoieYQC&amp;pg=PA105 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last=Auld |first=Sylvia |chapter=The Minbar of al-Aqsa: Form and Function |editor-last=Hillenbrand |editor-first=R |title=Image and Meaning in Islamic Art |location=London |publisher=Altajir Trust |year=2005 |pages=42–60}}
*{{cite journal |last=Grabar |first=Oleg |title=The Haram al-Sharif: An Essay in Interpretation |url=http://archnet.org/system/publications/contents/5052/original/DPC1775.pdf?1384787486 |journal=Bulletin of the Royal Institute for Inter-Faith Studies |series=Constructing the Study of Islamic Art |volume=2 |issue=2 |year=2000 |access-date=20 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414045823/http://archnet.org/system/publications/contents/5052/original/DPC1775.pdf?1384787486 |archive-date=14 April 2016 |url-status=dead}}
*{{cite book |last=Hamilton |first=R. W. |title=The structural history of the Aqsa Mosque: a record of archaeological gleanings from the repairs of 1938–1942 |date=1949 |publisher=Oxford University Press (for the Government of Palestine by Geoffrey Cumberlege) |location=London |url=http://www.iaa-archives.org.il/zoom/zoom.aspx?id=6681&amp;folder_id=83&amp;loc_id=15330 |oclc=913480179 |archive-date=23 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023045404/http://www.iaa-archives.org.il/zoom/zoom.aspx?id=6681&amp;folder_id=83&amp;loc_id=15330 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |title=The Crusades: The Essential Readings |first=Thomas F. |last=Madden |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |year=2002 |isbn=0-631-23023-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DVuPvRSyV98C&amp;q=minbar+saladdin+fire&amp;pg=PA230 |archive-date=19 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519163302/https://books.google.com/books?id=DVuPvRSyV98C&amp;q=minbar+saladdin+fire&amp;pg=PA230 |url-status=}}
*{{cite book |last=Netzer |first=Ehud |title=The Architecture of Herod, the Great Builder |year=2008 |publisher=Baker Academic |isbn=978-0-8010-3612-5}}
*{{cite book |last=Patel |first=Ismail |title=Virtues of Jerusalem: An Islamic Perspective |year=2006 |publisher=Al-Aqsa Publishers |isbn=0-9536530-2-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AJykv68bXxQC&amp;pg=PA13 |archive-date=19 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519163303/https://books.google.com/books?id=AJykv68bXxQC&amp;pg=PA13 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last=Raby |first=Julian |title=Essays in Honour of J. M. Rogers |publisher=Brill |year=2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=knVwZW_ogBQC&amp;pg=PA298 |isbn=90-04-13964-8 |archive-date=19 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519163304/https://books.google.com/books?id=knVwZW_ogBQC&amp;pg=PA298 |url-status=live}}
== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q121610806|c=Category:Al-Aqsa|n=no|q=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Aqsa Mosque, Al-}}
[[Category:Al-Aqsa| ]]
[[Category:8th-century mosques]]
[[Category:Arabic architecture]]
[[Category:Entering heaven alive]]
[[Category:Establishments insyd de Rashidun Caliphate]]
[[Category:Islamic shrines]]
[[Category:Palestinian nationalism]]
[[Category:Umayyad architecture insyd de State of Palestine]]
[[Category:Fatimid architecture]]
[[Category:Islam insyd Jerusalem]]
[[Category:National symbols of Palestine]]
[[Category:20th-century attacks on mosques]]
[[Category:21st-century attacks on mosques]]
[[Category:2025 Wiki Dey Love Ramadan Contributions]]</text>
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    <title>World Conference against Racism</title>
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De '''World Conference Against Racism''' ('''WCAR''') be a series of international events organized by UNESCO to promote struggle against racism ideologies den behaviours. Five conferences have been held so far, insyd 1978, 1983, 2001, 2009 den 2021. Founded after World War II den de Holocaust as a dependent body of de United Nations, UNESCO started as soon as e be created to promote scientific studies concerning ethnic groups den their diffusion insyd public opinion to dispel pseudo-scientific rationalizations of racism. One of ein first published works was ''The Race Question'' insyd 1950, signed by various internationally renowned scholars.

== 1978 conference ==
De 1978 World Conference Against Racism be held insyd Geneva, Switzerland. A major focus on de conference was South Africa ein apartheid policies of racial segregation den discrimination. Dis included condemnation of Israel–South Africa relations (insyd particular economic den military cooperation), a request dat de United Nations Security Council consider &quot;imposition of comprehensive and mandatory sanctions&quot; on South Africa den other &quot;racist regimes of southern Africa&quot;, den other criticism of apartheid insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20230428141142/https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N79/055/79/PDF/N7905579.pdf?OpenElement Report of the World Conference to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination] (PDF) (Report). [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]]. 1979. pp. 10–13, 20–21, 27, 30, 39, 41, 43, 45–46, 49, 55–56, 59, 62, 65, 69–71, 81–84, 87, 89, 90, 98–101, 104, 107, 110–112, 115, 118–122, 125, 127, 130. A/CONF.92/40. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 April 2023. Retrieved 28 April 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; There was sanso a declaration den program of action which resulted from de conference which condemned racial superiority, racism, den racial discrimination, den called for educational resources to promote &quot;mutual understanding between all human beings and demonstrate...de...basis of ethnic den racial equality&quot;, among oda statements.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=World Conference to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination 14-25 August 1978, Geneva|url=https://www.un.org/en/conferences/racism/geneva1978|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428141113/https://www.un.org/en/conferences/racism/geneva1978|archive-date=April 28, 2023|access-date=April 28, 2023|website=[[United Nations]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== 1983 conference ==
De 1983 World Conference Against Racism sanso be held insyd Geneva, Switzerland.

== 2001 conference ==
De 2001 conference was held insyd Durban, South Africa, under UN auspices, from 31 August until 8 September 2001. Former Irish president Mary Robinson, then de UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, presided as secretary-general. 

Entitled &quot;World Conference Against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance&quot;, de conference be discussing unfair treatment of one group against anoda. Significant time be focused specifically on Israeli treatment of Palestinians,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wayback Machine|url=https://www.un.org/WCAR/durban.pdf|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250311021725/https://www.un.org/WCAR/durban.pdf|archive-date=2025-03-11|access-date=2025-06-01|website=www.un.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; treating violations of human rights den genocide insyd oda parts of de world secondarily.

De 2001 meeting be marked by clashes over de Middle East and de legacy of slavery, den coincided plus attacks on Israel den anti-Israel demonstrations at a parallel conference of non-governmental organizations. De U.S. den Israel withdrew midway through de conference over a draft resolution dat, insyd their opinion, singled out Israel for criticism den likened Zionism to racism.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=New racism declaration unveiled|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/africa/09/04/racism.main/index.html|access-date=29 December 2023|work=CNN|date=2001-09-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=The Racism Walkout: The Overview; U.S. And Israelis Quit Racism Talks Over Denunciation|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/04/world/racism-walkout-overview-us-israelis-quit-racism-talks-over-denunciation.html|access-date=29 December 2023|work=The New York Times|date=4 September 2001}}&lt;/ref&gt; De European Union sanso refused to accept wording by Arab states criticizing Israel for &quot;racist practices.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=UN rights chief backs anti-racism conference|url=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-un-un-racism-conference-030209-2009mar02-story.html|access-date=29 December 2023|work=San Diego Union-Tribune|agency=PA Media|date=2 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sanso insyd de conference, African countries, led by Nigeria den Zimbabwe, den African-American NGOs wanted individual apologies from each of de countries responsible for slavery, recognition of it as a crime against humanity, and reparations called as such. De Europeans pulled together behind de UK den de best de Africans could get be a call for support for de New African Initiative, debt relief, funds to combat AIDS, de recovery of stolen government funds transferred to de West by former dictators den their cohorts, den an end to de trafficking insyd people. But de word 'reparations' did not survive.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/unracism/story/0,,548954,00.html|title=Africans back down at UN race talks: Special report: UN conference against racism|first=Chris|last=McGreal|newspaper=The Observer|date=9 September 2001}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== 2009 conference ==
De 2009 World Conference Against Racism be held insyd Geneva, Switzerland. Canada, Israel, de United States of America, New Zealand, Germany,&lt;ref name=&quot;huffingtonpost.com&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/04/16/germany-to-boycott-durban_n_187677.html|work=The Huffington Post|first=Stuart|last=Whatley|title=Germany To Boycott Durban II Anti-Racism Conference|date=16 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Italy,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2009-03-05|title=Italy to boycott Durban 2|url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3681988,00.html|access-date=2021-07-24|website=Ynetnews|language=en|last1=Sofer|first1=Roni}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sweden,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sverige boykotter racismekonference|url=https://politiken.dk/internationalt/art4797309/Sverige-boykotter-racismekonference|access-date=2025-06-01|website=Politiken - Den levende avis|language=da-DK}}&lt;/ref&gt; de Netherlands, Poland&lt;ref name=&quot;rfi.fr&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=RFI - France calls for firm EU action after Ahmadinejad dubs Israel racist|url=http://www1.rfi.fr/actuen/articles/112/article_3529.asp|access-date=2021-07-24|website=www1.rfi.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; den, after some initial skepticism, Australia&lt;ref&gt;The Australians delayed their decision to withdraw to properly consult other nations on the conference platform. Within a day of learning that the draft was not ready, they announced they were joining the boycott. See:

* {{cite news|last=Levin|first=Naomi|title=Smith: Why the Durban decision took so long|work=The Australian Jewish News|place=Melbourne|volume=75|issue=29|page=3|date=24 April 2009}}
* [http://jta.org/news/article/2009/03/17/1003772/australia-ready-to-boycott-durban-ii Australia ready to boycott Durban II]&lt;/ref&gt; announce they would not participate insyd de conference.

Mark Mardell of de BBC news reported: On de Monday de Conference be to begin, Italian Foreign Minister Franco Frattini (who be until last year de European Commissioner for security den justice) had told de Italian newspaper ''Il Giornale'' that Europe ein failure to agree on a common approach was &quot;a very serious mistake, because e show our inability, despite all de words uttered insyd this connection, to come up plus at least a lowest common denominator on a basic problem: namely de struggle against discrimination, on behalf of which we insyd Brussels so often speak out&quot;.

Frattini continued, &quot;I should imagine dat a compromise be preferred at any price. And dis, despite de fact dat insyd de documents prepared for de rendezvous insyd Geneva, apart from a few minor improvements, a basic approach has been maintained equating Israel plus a racist country rather than a democracy. There are still unacceptable phrases which, if there had been a smidgen of consistency plus what be said at de EU ministers ein meeting, should have convinced people to forgo attending de conference – as we have decided to do, den as de United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, den The Netherlands have decided to do.&quot; (Mark Mardell, BBC News)

For April 20, 2009, New Zealand Foreign Minister Murray McCully talk dey worry about de Durban Review Conference wey go happen, as Associated Press report am. E talk say de draft wey dem prepare no go fit make sure say de discussion no turn into wahala like de one wey happen for 2001 Durban Conference. McCully dey vex say de event fit turn to place wey dem go dey argue nonsense, just like wetin cause antisemitism wahala for 2001. E dey fear say some Muslim-majority countries go use de conference take still dey criticize Israel, wey don dey cause gbege for Durban matters. Plus, McCully warn say dem fit use de conference to promote restrictions on free speech, especially when e come to religion matter. Dis wahala show say New Zealand no too dey keen to fully support de review process, wey reflect bigger international fears say de Durban framework no fit tackle racism without geopolitical wahala.

On de opening day of de conference, France say dat Europeans would walk out if Ahmadinejad made any anti-Semitic remarks. &quot;We will have to be very clear. We will not tolerate any slips,&quot; French Foreign Minister Bernard Kouchner told France Info. &quot;If he utters racist or anti-Semitic accusations, we will leave the room immediately.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;rfi.fr&quot; /&gt;

Germany dey decide to stay away from de meeting amid western concerns dat de event may take on anti-Semitic overtones, a senior official confirmed insyd Berlin Thursday.&lt;ref name=&quot;huffingtonpost.com&quot; /&gt;

Insyd ein opening address, Secretary-General of UN Ban Ki-moon say, &quot;Some nations who by rights should be helping us to forge a path to a better future be not here. Outside these halls, interest groups of many political den ideological stripes shout against one anoda insyd acrimony.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;rfi.fr&quot; /&gt;

Later insyd de day, about 40 delegates walked out during Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad ein speech after he described Israel as a &quot;racist government&quot; den attack de creation of de state of Israel. France, which had warned of a walkout, described e has &quot;hate speech&quot;, de BBC report.

De walkout be a public relations disaster for de United Nations,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Walkout at Iran leader's speech|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8008572.stm|access-date=25 January 2011|publisher=BBC|date=20 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; which had hoped de conference would be a shining example of what de UN be supposed to do best: uniting to combat injustice insyd de world, say de BBC ein Imogen Foulkes insyd Geneva. Ein colleague Jeremy Paxman describe de walkout as a &quot;stunt&quot;, arguing dat people should have de right to criticise Zionism.

President Ahmadinejad, de only major leader to attend de conference, say Jewish migrants from Europe den de United States had been sent to de Middle East after World War II &quot;insyd order to establish a racist government insyd de occupied Palestine&quot;. De continue, through an interpreter: &quot;And insyd fact, insyd compensation for de dire consequences of racism insyd Europe, they help bring to power de most cruel den repressive racist regime insyd Palestine.&quot; French Ambassador Jean-Baptiste Mattei say: &quot;As soon as he started to address de question of de Jewish people den Israel, we had no reason to stay insyd de room.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot; /&gt;

British ambassador Peter Gooderham, sanso among those who left, said Ahmadinejad ein comments be &quot;offensive den inflammatory&quot;. &quot;Such outrageous anti-Semitic remarks should have no place insyd a UN anti-racism forum&quot;, he announce to gathered reporters. (BBC News)

A webcast of Ahmadinejad ein speech be made available by de United Nations,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Live webcast – Durban Review Conference|url=http://un.org/webcast/durbanreview/archive.asp|access-date=22 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; den de ''Foreign Policy Journal'', an online news publisher, rushed out a transcript.

== 2021 conference ==
For September 2021, United Nations General Assembly come together make we remember 20 years wey 2001 World Conference Against Racism happen for Durban, South Africa. Dem wan show say dem go do more anti-racism work all over de world. Durban IV wey dem organize, dey try push di goals of de Durban Declaration to fight discrimination plus promote equality. But 39 countries, wey include Albania, Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Israel, UK, and USA, no come join sekof dem get how dem feel about di Durban process history wey dey politicize and some wahala talk wey dey come from di 2001 conference. Even di European Union no join or talk. Some people talk say di conference focus on de Israeli-Palestinian matter go make dem forget universal anti-racism matter, while some supporters yan say e dey very important make we tackle systemic racism for everywhere. De boycott show say international division dey deep, plus e raise how effective de Durban framework go fit be for fit do one united work against discrimination.

== Check am too ==

* [[:en:Durban_III|Durban III]]
* [[:en:Israel_and_apartheid|Israel and apartheid]]
* [[:en:International_Day_for_Tolerance|International Day for Tolerance]]
* [[:en:United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_3379|United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379]]
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
*[https://www.un.org/WCAR/ WCAR website]
*[http://www1.rfi.fr/actuen/articles/112/article_3531.asp Summary of Durban Declaration] Radio France Internationale
*[http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/resolutions/48/91GA1993.html &quot;Third Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination, G.A. res. 48/91, 48 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 49) at 193, U.N. Doc. A/48/49 (1993)&quot;], Human Rights Library, University of Minnesota.

{{DEFAULTSORT:World Conference Against Racism}}
[[Category:International opposition to apartheid insyd South Africa]]
[[Category:Anti-racism]]
[[Category:Reparations for slavery]]
[[Category:Human rights]]
[[Category:UNESCO]]
[[Category:United Nations conferences]]
[[Category:20th-century diplomatic conferences]]
[[Category:21st-century diplomatic conferences]]</text>
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'''''4 Play''''' (dem reissue insyd Nollywood as '''''4 can Play''''' by De-Kross Movies give international distribution) be 2010 Nigerian Ghanaian romantic blue comedy film directed by Frank Rajah Arase, wey dem star [[Majid Michel]], Yvonne Okoro, [[John Dumelo]], [[Jackie Appiah]], [[Roselyn Ngissah]] den [[Juliet Ibrahim]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140413054456/http://www.jaguda.com/2010/04/16/ghanaian-movie-4play-preview/ &quot;4 Play&quot;]. jaguda.com. Archived from [http://www.jaguda.com/2010/04/16/ghanaian-movie-4play-preview/ the original] on 13 April 2014. Retrieved 14 April 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[imdbtitle:2082157|&quot;4Play on iMDB&quot;]]. imdb.com. Retrieved 14 April 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; De film be followed by a sequel titled ''4Play Reloaded'' wey dem release insyd 2011.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20200918071548/https://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2010/10/10/4-play-movie-reload-what-is-that/ &quot;4Play reload, what is that?&quot;]. ghanacelebrities.com. 10 October 2010. Retrieved 14 April 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20250428045039/https://www.afrodb.com/titles/729/4-play &quot;AfroDB&quot;]. ''www.afrodb.com''. Retrieved 2024-12-14.&lt;/ref&gt; E receive 3 nominations at de 2010 Ghana Movie Awards den eventually e win de award give ''Best Actress insyd a Leading Role''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140415201059/http://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2010/12/26/shirley-frimpong-manso%E2%80%99s-%E2%80%98a-sting-in-a-tale%E2%80%99-rules-ghana-movie-awards-2010-agya-koo-majid-michel-kyeiwaa-jackie-appiah-nadia-buari-others-were-winners-too%E2%80%A6/ &quot;Ghana Movie Awards 2010&quot;]. ghanacelebrities.com. Archived from [http://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2010/12/26/shirley-frimpong-manso%E2%80%99s-%E2%80%98a-sting-in-a-tale%E2%80%99-rules-ghana-movie-awards-2010-agya-koo-majid-michel-kyeiwaa-jackie-appiah-nadia-buari-others-were-winners-too%E2%80%A6/ the original] on 15 April 2014. Retrieved 14 April 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140416145954/http://www.nigeriafilms.com/news/10185/29/ghana-movie-awards-maiden-edition-in-picturesfull-.html &quot;2010 GMA Winners&quot;]. nigeriafilms.com. Archived from [http://www.nigeriafilms.com/news/10185/29/ghana-movie-awards-maiden-edition-in-picturesfull-.html the original] on 16 April 2014. Retrieved 14 April 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cast ==

* [[Majid Michel]] as Alvin
* [[John Dumelo]] as Rex
* [[Jackie Appiah]] as Jezel
* Yvonne Okoro as Ruby
* [[Juliet Ibrahim]] as Nivera
* [[Roselyn Ngissah]] as Angie
* Jesse Sarpong as Kojo
* [[Kalsoume Sinare|Kalsum Sinare]] as Jezel's mum
* Omar Sherif Captain as Jake
* Roger Quartey as Barrister Dickson
* George Attipoe as Jason
* Helen Asante as Diana
* Mercy Kaponde as Jade

== Plot ==
Na things dey go on well between Ruby den ein wifey til an anonymous caller inform am of Jayke ein infidelity. E turn out ein husby get a gay partner.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Reception ==
''modernghana.com'' commend de acting den directing of de film.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.modernghana.com/news/305222/1/movie-review-4-play.html &quot;Film Review&quot;]. modernghana.com. Retrieved 14 April 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==

* ''[[imdbtitle:2082157|4 Play]]'' at IMDb
[[Category:Nigerian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Nigerian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2010 direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:2010 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Ghanaian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2010s English-language films]]
[[Category:English-language Nigerian films]]
[[Category:2010 Nigerian films]]
[[Category:English-language Ghanaian films]]
[[Category:2010 romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:English-language romantic comedy-drama films]]</text>
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    <title>Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa</title>
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Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}&lt;/ref&gt; while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas.

Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only.

== Water resources ==

[[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]]
=== Groundwater === 
Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Surface water ===

[[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]
World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Impacts of climate change ===

''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]]

The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change.

Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']]

The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Water-related gender inequality ===
For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Access ==

=== General trends ===
[[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]]

For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The targets wey dem set under the [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]] for 2015, unlike the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]], dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -that is, targets for access to clean and affordable drinking water (target 6.1) and proper and fair sanitation and hygiene (target 6.2).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa - Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa#cite_note-Roche_et_al_2017-29 |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=en.wikipedia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In particular, Sustainable Development Goal SDG6 dey focus on making sure water and sanitation dey available for everybody and dem manage am well for a long time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; The SDGs also include reporting on hygiene, which the MDGs no include before. Access to hygiene facilities in particular is a major barrier to achieving combined SDG access, reducing coverage in SSA from 19.7% to 4.4% (data from 2017).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

For 2020, 65% of people for the whole world dey use pipe water (83% for town and 42% for village).&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Pipe water dey count as an improved water source:&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Overall, sub-Saharan Africa still dey behind, as only 35% of the people dey use pipe water (56% for town and 20% for village).Inside these numbers, the access to clean and safe drinking water dey different from place to place, whether na big city, medium town or small town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

For [[:en:WASH|WASH]] (water, sanitation and hygiene) for schools, data from 2019 show say for Africa, only 44% of schools get basic drinking water, 47% get basic sanitation and 26% get basic hygiene.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In general, children wey dey go school for village get less access to good WASH services than children wey dey go school for town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.

When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.One case study for Ghana find say when children no get enough access to water, dem no dey go school as often as dem suppose to.On top of that, when children no get enough water and cooking fuel, e dey affect their school performance, as the study show say their test scores for subjects like mathematics and English go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== National differences ===
The differences between countries for Sub-Saharan Africa dey very big. Access to clean drinking water dey range from 38% for Ethiopia reach 91% for South Africa, while access to better sanitation dey move from 11% for Burkina Faso reach 77% for South Africa.The situation for Ivory Coast dey better pass, as 82% of the people get access to improved drinking water source.

=== The urban-rural disparities ===
[[File:Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015.jpg|thumb|Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015: Access to piped water in rural areas of Africa is consistently lower than in urban areas of Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hope |first1=Rob |last2=Thomson |first2=Patrick |last3=Koehler |first3=Johanna |last4=Foster |first4=Tim |date=2020 |title=Rethinking the economics of rural water in Africa |url=https://academic.oup.com/oxrep/article/36/1/171/5696680 |journal=Oxford Review of Economic Policy |language=en |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=171–190 |doi=10.1093/oxrep/grz036 |issn=0266-903X|doi-access=free|hdl=10453/142771 |hdl-access=free }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]]  Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/  Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]&lt;/ref&gt;]]

For the whole sub-Saharan region, the number of people wey get water supply and sanitation for town is almost double the number for village, both for water (83% for town, 47% for village) and for sanitation (44% against 24%).But the villages dey improve faster, while for the towns, the water supply and sanitation infrastructure no fit keep up with how fast people dey move to town.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

=== Different interpretations of access ===
Note say the words 'access' and 'improved' no get one clear meaning for everybody.The definitions wey WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation dey use no always match with the ones wey other surveys or national policies dey use.The government of Burkina Faso for example dey also look at things like how long you wait and the quality of the water.In fact, almost half of the households for Sub-Saharan Africa wey WHO/UNICEF say dem &quot;get access to improved water supply&quot; dey spend more than 30 minutes every day just to fetch water. Even though WHO/UNICEF mention this time wey dem waste for their report, e no affect their &quot;improved&quot; versus &quot;non-improved&quot; classification.

== National stakeholders in water supply and sanitation ==
Since the 1990s, almost all African countries don start to move their political powers from the central government give local authorities:for Mali e start for 1993, for Ethiopia for 1995, for Rwanda for 2002, for Burkina Faso for 2004, ...Together with the decentralisation process, dem also reform the water supply and sanitation sector. The institutional structures for water supply and sanitation wey come out of it dey different across the continent. Dem fit make two general distinctions.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220601215942/https://www.ib-net.org/ The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities]
* [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program]
* [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Water Supply And Sanitation In Sub-Saharan Africa}}
[[Category:Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Water insyd Africa| Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Water supply den sanitation by country|Sub-Saharan Africa]]</text>
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    <title>Maningory River</title>
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'''''Maningory''''' be a river insyd de region of Analanjirofo insyd north-eastern [[Madagascar]]. E dey take ein source insyd Lake Alaotra&lt;ref name=LC&gt;{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/madagascar/7.htm|title=Madagascar-GEOGRAPHY|website=countrystudies.us|publisher=U. S. Library of Congress|accessdate=27 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; den dey flow into de Indian Ocean near Antakobola.&lt;ref&gt;M. Aldegheri,1972.''Rivers and streams on Madagascar''. Dr. W. Junk B.V. Publishers&lt;/ref&gt;

De Maningory Falls of 90 meters be situated 20&amp;nbsp;km from Imerimandroso.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.madagascar-guide.com|title=En construction|website=Madagascar-guide.com|accessdate=11 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==
[[Category:Rivers of Analanjirofo]]
[[Category:Rivers of Madagascar]]
&lt;references /&gt;
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De '''Cestos River''', dem sanso know as '''Nuon''' anaa '''Nipoué''' river,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=http://www.tlcafrica.com/tlc_rivers.htm| title=Liberia Waterways| publisher=The Liberian Connection| accessdate=8 August 2014| archive-date=5 February 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205194252/http://www.tlcafrica.com/tlc_rivers.htm| url-status=usurped}}&lt;/ref&gt; be a river wey dey rise insyd de Nimba Range of [[Guinea]] den dey flow south along de [[Ivory Coast]] border, then south-west thru tracts of Liberian rain forest to empty into a bay on de [[Atlantic Ocean]] wer de town of Cestos dey locate. De pygmy hippopotamus be known to inhabit lands along stretches of de river.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|title=Wetlands International Ramsar Sites Information Service: Liberia|url=http://ramsar.wetlands.org/Portals/15/LIBERIA.pdf|accessdate=2008-08-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728174712/http://ramsar.wetlands.org/Portals/15/LIBERIA.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-28|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; E dey form de northern third of de international boundary between Liberia den Ivory Coast.

During de First Liberian Civil War, na de portion of de river near de city of Cestos be a leading food den mineral extraction region give de National Patriotic Front of Liberia.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rivercess Falls to Allied Forces&quot;.  ''Monrovia Daily News'', 1993-05-10, 1/6.&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Category:Rivers of Liberia]]
[[Category:Rivers of Guinea]]
[[Category:Rivers of Ivory Coast]]
[[Category:International rivers of Africa]]
[[Category:Ivory Coast–Liberia border]]
[[Category:Border rivers]]</text>
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De '''Benito''' be a river insyd [[Equatorial Guinea]]. E be known locally as de '''Mbini River''', den, at least as e dey flow insyd ein westerly part thru de Monte Alén National Park, as de '''Uoro River'''.&lt;ref name=Bird&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6381 |title=Monte Alen National Park|accessdate=1 May 2015|publisher=Birdlife International}}&lt;/ref&gt; De river dey rise insyd [[Gabon]] den dey cross into Equatorial Guinea wer e dey divide de country roughly along de middle, wey dey run east to west. At de mouth to de [[Atlantic Ocean]] lie de town of Mbini, as well as large mangrove stands wey dey extend {{convert|20|km}} inland.&lt;ref&gt;''A directory of African wetlands'' By R. H. Hughes, J. S. Hughes, p. 499-501 (on Google Books: [https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&amp;dq=benito+river+equatorial+guinea&amp;pg=PA500])&lt;/ref&gt; Dis {{convert|20|km}} portion of de river per be navigable. De river be used to float logs give forestry operations.&lt;ref&gt;''The geography of modern Africa'' By William Adams Hance, p. 291 (on Google Books: [https://books.google.com/books?id=zlBSDK4lNMgC&amp;dq=benito%20river%20equatorial%20guinea&amp;pg=PA291])&lt;/ref&gt; De cichlid genus ''Benitochromis'' dey take de first part of ein name from de Benito River.&lt;ref name = ETYFish&gt;{{cite web | url = https://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae2/ | title = Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (a-g) | accessdate= 22 November 2018 | author1 = Christopher Scharpf | author2 = Kenneth J. Lazara | name-list-style = amp | work = The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database | publisher = Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara | date = 22 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rivers of Equatorial Guinea]]
[[Category:Rivers of Gabon]]
[[Category:International rivers of Africa]]</text>
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    <title>Mahavavy Sud River</title>
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De '''Mahavavy Sud''', dem sanso know as de '''Mahavavy South''', be a river insyd western [[Madagascar]]. E dey flow from south to north thru de regions of Melaky, Betsiboka, Bongolava den Boeny. E get a length of approximately 410 km (250 mi), den dey drain a basin of 16,475 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (6,361 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). E be distinct from de Mahavavy Nord several hundred km to de north.&lt;ref name=&quot;Aldegheri&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=Aldegheri |first=M. |title=Rivers and Streams on Madagascar |date=1972 |work=Biogeography and Ecology in Madagascar |pages=261–310 |editor-last=Battistini |editor-first=R. |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-7159-3_8 |access-date=2026-06-15 |place=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer Netherlands |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-94-015-7159-3_8 |isbn=978-94-015-7159-3 |editor2-last=Richard-Vindard |editor2-first=G.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De Mahavavy Sud dey rise on de Andranofotsibe Massif at about 1000 meters elevation. E dey flow southwards, wey de Kiranomena den Manamidona rivers join wich dey originate on de Famoizankova massif. De first 125 km of de river ein course get a steep gradient, about 7 meters per kilometer. At Kandreho de river dey enter an east–west depression wey be joined by de Mahakambana, wich dey drain de western portion of de depression.

Leaving de depression de river dey flow southwards thru de Ankara den Kelifely limestone plateaus insyd deep gorges,&lt;ref name = Aldegheri/&gt; den Kasijy Special Reserve be on de west bank of de river.

De lower course of de river, below Sitampiky at 280 km from ein source, dey run thru level country. De river ein gradient be low, plus a slope of 40 cm per km. De river be edged plus marshes den shallow lakes, wey dey include lakes Kinkony den Katondro, wich be replenished by de river during high water periods. De river dey form a large delta as e dey empty into de Mozambique Channel.&lt;ref name = Aldegheri/&gt;

De Mahavavy-Kinkony protected area dey cover much of de lower watershed, wey dey include Lake Kinkony den de river delta. Na e be designated Mahavavy-Kinkony harmonious protected landscape (''paysage harmonieux protégé'') on 21 April 2015 by Decree No. 2015-718, wey dey combine de 15,000-ha Lake Kinkony hunting reserve, dem create insyd 1972, den de Tsiombikibo Classified Forest (''Forêt Classée de Tsiombikibo''), dem establish insyd 1957.&lt;ref name = protected&gt;[https://protectedareas.mg/landscape/show/8? Mahavavy Kinkony Site #66]. ''Protected Areas of Madagascar''. Accessed 28 November 2022.&lt;/ref&gt; Mahavavy-Kinkony be designated an Important Bird Area.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{commons}}

[[Category:Betsiboka]]
[[Category:Bongolava]]
[[Category:Boeny]]
[[Category:Rivers of Bongolava]]
[[Category:Rivers of Melaky]]
[[Category:Rivers of Madagascar]]</text>
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    <title>Mangoky River</title>
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De '''Mangoky River''' be a 564-kilometer-long (350&amp;nbsp;mi) river insyd [[Madagascar]] insyd de regions of Atsimo-Andrefana den Anosy. E be formed by de Mananantanana den de Matsiatra. Anoda important affluent be de Zomandao River.

E dey rise insyd de Central Highlands of [[Madagascar]] just east of de city of Fianarantsoa. De river dey flow generally insyd a westerly direction out of de highlands, dey cross de southern extension of de Bemaraha Plateau, dey reach de coastal plain den ein delta, den dey enter de Mozambique Channel north of de city of Morombe at {{coord|21.316667|S|43.533333|E|display=inline,title}}.

Chaw of Madagascar undergo serious deforestation during de last 40 years, chiefly from slash-and-burn practises by indigenous peoples. Dis loss of forest lead to extreme soil erosion insyd de Mangoky River basin, as evidenced by de chaw sandbars wey locate within de river channel. Silt-laden, greenish-tan Lake Ihotry clearly be discernible south of de river. Between de lake den de coast be a rather large, whitish area of sand interspersed plus silt-laden ponds. De southern portion of de delta be dominated by successive barrier island den spit formation. In contrast, de northern, protected portion of de delta be dominated by tidal passes den mangrove swamps.

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rivers of Madagascar]]
[[Category:Mozambique Channel]]
[[Category:Rivers of Atsimo-Andrefana]]
[[Category:Rivers of Anosy]]</text>
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De '''Mangoky River''' be a 564-kilometer-long (350&amp;nbsp;mi) river insyd [[Madagascar]] insyd de regions of Atsimo-Andrefana den Anosy. E be formed by de Mananantanana den de Matsiatra. Anoda important affluent be de Zomandao River.

E dey rise insyd de Central Highlands of [[Madagascar]] just east of de city of Fianarantsoa. De river dey flow generally insyd a westerly direction out of de highlands, dey cross de southern extension of de Bemaraha Plateau, dey reach de coastal plain den ein delta, den dey enter de Mozambique Channel north of de city of Morombe.

Chaw of Madagascar undergo serious deforestation during de last 40 years, chiefly from slash-and-burn practises by indigenous peoples. Dis loss of forest lead to extreme soil erosion insyd de Mangoky River basin, as evidenced by de chaw sandbars wey locate within de river channel. Silt-laden, greenish-tan Lake Ihotry clearly be discernible south of de river. Between de lake den de coast be a rather large, whitish area of sand interspersed plus silt-laden ponds. De southern portion of de delta be dominated by successive barrier island den spit formation. In contrast, de northern, protected portion of de delta be dominated by tidal passes den mangrove swamps.

==Bridge==
Plans for a Mangoky river bridge on de RN 9 begin insyd 2020. E go be de longest bridge of Madagascar at 880 m.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Le plus long pont de Madagascar va voir le jour |url=https://laverite.mg/politique/item/12311-rn9-le-plus-long-pont-de-madagascar-va-voir-le-jour.html |website=La Vérité |access-date=2 September 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem go build am by de China Road and Bridge Corporation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Travaux publics : Sept routes nationales et onze rues de Tanà à réhabiliter |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/travaux-publics-sept-routes-nationales-et-onze-rues-de-tana-a-rehabiliter/ |website=Midi Madagasikara |access-date=2 September 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rivers of Madagascar]]
[[Category:Mozambique Channel]]
[[Category:Rivers of Atsimo-Andrefana]]
[[Category:Rivers of Anosy]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Save River</title>
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      <text bytes="229" sha1="nb1w5c2ur9t4yt8txywynmz9spdca3u" xml:space="preserve">'''Save River''' fi be:

* Save River (Africa) - a river insyd Africa
* Save (Garonne) - a river insyd France
* Sava River - a river insyd de Balkans, sanso be Save insyd some sources.
[[Category:Place name disambiguation pages]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mahajamba River</title>
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De '''Mahajamba''' be a river of northern [[Madagascar]]. E dey flow thru Ankarafantsika National Park. De river be surrounded insyd mangroves.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bradt2011&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Bradt|first=Hilary|title=Madagascar: The Bradt Travel Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uTRPnMlOcwgC&amp;pg=PA82|accessdate=8 January 2013|date=17 May 2011|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=978-1-84162-341-2|page=82}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Rivers of Madagascar]]</text>
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    <title>Water</title>
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      <text bytes="144931" sha1="q99ugl6qefjjlfz1iykjjmuw5l63x7u" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Chemical compound of hydrogen and oxygen}}
{{Redirect|H2O||H2O (disambiguation)|and|Water (disambiguation)}}
'''Water''' na inorganic compound wey get the chemical formula {{chem2|H2O}}. E be transparent, e no get taste, e no get smell,{{efn|see the water#Taste and odor section}} and e almost no get color chemical substance. E be the main part of Earth ein streams, lakes, and oceans plus the fluids of all living organisms wey we know, where e dey act as solvent. Water be polar molecule, so e dey form strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding, and dis one contribute plenty to ein physical and chemical properties.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-school/science/water-qa-why-water-universal-solvent?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects |title=Water Q&amp;A: Why is water the &quot;universal solvent&quot;? |date=20 June 2019 |website=Water Science School |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]], [[U.S. Department of the Interior]] |access-date=15 January 2021 |archive-date=6 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206061114/https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-school/science/water-qa-why-water-universal-solvent?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Water dey very important for all forms of life wey we know, even though e no dey provide food energy and e no be organic micronutrient. Because water dey inside all organisms, e chemical stable, e dey plenty for the whole world, and e strong polarity compared to ein small molecular size, people dey call am the &quot;universal solvent&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-08-09 |title=4.1: Water, the Universal Solvent |url=https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_California_Santa_Cruz/UCSC%3A_Chem_1B-AL_(Mednick)/Map%3A_Chemistry_(Zumdahl_and_Decoste)/Map%3A_Chemistry_(Zumdahl_and_Decoste)/04%3A_Types_of_Chemical_Reactions_and_Solution_Stoichiometry/4.01_Water%2C_the_Universal_Solvent |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=Chemistry LibreTexts |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Because Earth ein surface temperature and pressure dey close to water ein triple point, water fit exist for Earth as solid, liquid, and gas.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Butler |first1=John |title=The Earth – Introduction – Weathering |url=https://uh.edu/~jbutler/physical/chapter6notes.html |publisher=[[University of Houston]] |access-date=30 January 2023 |quote=Note that the Earth environment is close to the triple point and that water, steam and ice can all exist at the surface. |archive-date=30 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130051934/https://uh.edu/~jbutler/physical/chapter6notes.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; E dey form precipitation like rain and aerosols like fog. Clouds consist of suspended droplets of water and ice, wey be water ein solid state. When crystalline ice break into tiny pieces, e fit fall as snow. The gaseous state of water na steam or water vapor.

Water cover about 71% of Earth ein surface, with seas and oceans making up most of the water volume (about 96.5%).&lt;ref name=&quot;WSS&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/how-much-water-there-earth |title=How Much Water is There on Earth? |date=13 November 2019 |website=Water Science School |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]], [[U.S. Department of the Interior]] |access-date=8 June 2022 |archive-date=9 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609050627/https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/how-much-water-there-earth |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Small portions of water dey underground as groundwater (1.7%), for glaciers and ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland (1.7%), and for air as vapor, clouds (wey consist of ice and liquid water suspended for air), and precipitation (0.001%).&lt;ref name=&quot;b1&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Water in Crisis: A Guide to the World's Freshwater Resources |editor=Gleick, P.H. |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1993 |page=13, Table 2.1 &quot;Water reserves on the earth&quot; |url=http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/EarthSciences/Oceanography/?view=usa&amp;ci=9780195076288 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408091921/http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/EarthSciences/Oceanography/?view=usa&amp;ci=9780195076288 |archive-date=8 April 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20070320034158/http://www.agu.org/sci_soc/mockler.html Water Vapor in the Climate System] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070320034158/http://www.agu.org/sci_soc/mockler.html |date=20 March 2007 }}, Special Report, [AGU], December 1995 (linked 4/2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20080220070111/http://www.unep.org/dewa/assessments/ecosystems/water/vitalwater/ Vital Water] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220070111/http://www.unep.org/dewa/assessments/ecosystems/water/vitalwater/ |date=20 February 2008 }} UNEP.&lt;/ref&gt; Water dey move continuously through the water cycle by evaporation, transpiration (evapotranspiration), condensation, precipitation, and runoff, mostly ending up inside the sea.

Water dey play important role for the world economy. About 70% of the fresh water wey humans use dey go agriculture side.&lt;ref name=Baroni2007&gt;{{cite journal |author=Baroni, L. |author2=Cenci, L. |author3=Tettamanti, M. |author4=Berati, M. |year=2007 |title=Evaluating the environmental impact of various dietary patterns combined with different food production systems |journal=European Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=61 |pages=279–286 |doi=10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602522 |pmid=17035955 |issue=2|doi-access=free | issn=0954-3007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Fishing for salt water and fresh water bodies be major food source for many parts of the world and e still dey continue today, providing 6.5% of global protein.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Troell |first1=Max |last2=Naylor |first2=Rosamond L. |last3=Metian |first3=Marc |last4=Beveridge |first4=Malcolm |last5=Tyedmers |first5=Peter H. |last6=Folke |first6=Carl |last7=Arrow |first7=Kenneth J. |last8=Barrett |first8=Scott |last9=Crépin |first9=Anne-Sophie |last10=Ehrlich |first10=Paul R. |last11=Gren |first11=Åsa |date=16 September 2014 |title=Does aquaculture add resilience to the global food system? |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=111 |issue=37 |pages=13257–13263 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1404067111 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4169979 |pmid=25136111|bibcode=2014PNAS..11113257T |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Plenty long-distance trade of goods like oil, natural gas, and manufactured products dey move by boats through seas, rivers, lakes, and canals. Industries and homes dey use large amounts of water, ice, and steam for cooling and heating. Water be excellent solvent for many mineral and organic substances, so people dey use am plenty for industrial processes, cooking, and washing. Water, ice, and snow too be important for many sports and entertainment activities such as swimming, pleasure boating, boat racing, surfing, sport fishing, diving, ice skating, snowboarding, and skiing.

{{TOC limit|3}}

==Etymology==
The word ''water'' come from Old English '''{{Lang|ang|wæter}}''', from Proto-Germanic {{lang|gem-x-proto|*watar}} (source too of Old Saxon {{Lang|osx|watar}}, Old Frisian {{Lang|ofs|wetir}}, Dutch {{Lang|nl|water}}, Old High German {{Lang|goh|wazzar}}, German {{Lang|de|Wasser}}, {{Lang|non|vatn}}, Gothic {{Lang|got|𐍅𐌰𐍄𐍉}} ({{transliteration|got|wato}})), from Proto-Indo-European {{lang|ine-x-proto|*wod-or}}, suffixed form of root {{lang|ine-x-proto|*wed-}} ({{gloss|water}}; {{gloss|wet}}).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&amp;search=water |title=Water (v.) |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |website=www.etymonline.com |publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=20 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802204905/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&amp;search=water |archive-date=2 August 2017 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; E still get relation through the Indo-European root with Greek {{Lang|el|ύδωρ}} ({{transliteration|el|ýdor}}; from Ancient Greek {{Lang|grc|ὕδωρ}} ({{Transliteration|grc|hýdōr}}), where English {{gloss|hydro-}} come from), Russian {{Lang|ru|вода́}} ({{transliteration|ru|vodá}}), Irish {{Lang|ga|uisce}}, and Albanian {{Lang|sq|ujë}}.

==History==
{{main|Origin of water on Earth#History of water on Earth|Properties of water#History}}

===On Earth===
{{excerpt|Origin of water on Earth|section =History of water on Earth}}

==Properties==
{{Main|Properties of water}}
{{see also||Water (data page)|Water model}}
[[File:Water molecule (1).svg|thumb|right|One water molecule get two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.]]

Water ({{chem2|H2O|auto=1}}) be polar inorganic compound. For room temperature, e be tasteless and odorless liquid wey almost no get color, though e get small blue tint. Water be the simplest hydrogen chalcogenide, and e be by far the chemical compound wey scientists don study pass. Sometimes dem dey call am the &quot;universal solvent&quot; because e fit dissolve more substances than any other liquid,&lt;ref&gt;{{Greenwood&amp;Earnshaw2nd|page=620}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Water, the Universal Solvent |url=https://water.usgs.gov/edu/solvent.html |website=USGS |access-date=27 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709141251/https://water.usgs.gov/edu/solvent.html |archive-date=9 July 2017 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; though e no dey dissolve nonpolar substances well.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Solvent properties of water |url=https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/water-acids-and-bases/hydrogen-bonding-in-water/a/water-as-a-solvent |website=Khan Academy}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis one make water become the &quot;solvent of life&quot;:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Campbell Biology |last=Reece |first=Jane B. |date=2013 |publisher=[[Pearson Education|Pearson]] |isbn=978-0-321-77565-8 |edition=10th |page=48 }}&lt;/ref&gt; in nature, water almost always get different dissolved substances inside, and special processes dey needed before person fit get chemically pure water. Water be the only common substance wey fit exist as solid, liquid, and gas under normal Earth conditions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Campbell Biology |last=Reece |first=Jane B. |year=2013 |publisher=[[Pearson Education|Pearson]] |isbn=978-0-321-77565-8 |edition=10th |page=44 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
===States===
[[File: States of Matter.svg|thumb|Di three common states of matter]]

Alongside ''oxidane'', ''water'' be one of di two official names wey dem dey use for di chemical compound {{chem|H|2|O}};&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://old.iupac.org/publications/books/principles/principles_of_nomenclature.pdf |title=Principles of chemical nomenclature: a guide to IUPAC recommendations |last1=Leigh |first1=G. J. |last2 = Favre| first2 = H. A|last3 = Metanomski|first3 = W. V.|date=1998 |publisher=Blackwell Science|location=Oxford|oclc=37341352|isbn=978-0-86542-685-6|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726171925/http://old.iupac.org/publications/books/principles/principles_of_nomenclature.pdf |archive-date=26 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; e still be di liquid phase of {{chem|H|2|O}}.&lt;ref name=pubchem&gt;{{cite web |last1=PubChem |title=Water |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Water |publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information |access-date=25 March 2020 |language=en |archive-date=3 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803194841/https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/water |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Di oda two common states of water be di solid phase wey be ice, plus di gaseous phase wey be water vapor or steam. If heat increase or reduce, e fit cause phase transitions: freezing (water turn ice), melting (ice turn water), vaporization (water turn vapor), condensation (vapor turn water), sublimation (ice turn vapor) and deposition (vapor turn ice).&lt;ref name=Belnay&gt;{{cite web |last1=Belnay |first1=Louise |title=The water cycle |url=https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/education/info_activities/pdfs/Teacher_CTA_the_water_cycle.pdf |website=Critical thinking activities |publisher=Earth System Research Laboratory |access-date=25 March 2020 |archive-date=20 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920152817/https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/education/info_activities/pdfs/Teacher_CTA_the_water_cycle.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Density ====
{{See also|Frost weathering}}

Water be one of di few common natural substances wey, for some temperature ranges, dey become less dense as e dey cool down; e be di only known natural substance wey dey do am while e still dey liquid. Plus, e get unusual behavior because e become much less dense when e freeze, though e no be di only substance wey dey behave like dat.{{efn|Other substances with this property include bismuth, silicon, germanium and gallium.&lt;ref name=Oliveira/&gt;}}

[[File:Water density volume mass metric.png|thumb|Different ways to show water density using five metric units of length, volume and mass.]]

For pressure of 1&amp;nbsp;atm, water reach ein maximum density of {{convert|999.972|kg/m3|lb/cuft|sigfig=6|abbr=on}} at {{convert|3.98|°C}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=What is Density? |url=https://www.mt.com/sg/en/home/applications/Application_Browse_Laboratory_Analytics/Density/density-measurement.html |website=Mettler Toledo |access-date=11 November 2022 |archive-date=11 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111064630/https://www.mt.com/sg/en/home/applications/Application_Browse_Laboratory_Analytics/Density/density-measurement.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NatureWaterStructure&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |url=https://www.academia.edu/2230441 |title= Water – an enduring mystery |access-date=15 November 2016 |journal=Nature |volume=452 |issue=7185 |pages=291–2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117211552/http://www.academia.edu/2230441/Water_Water_an_enduring_mystery |archive-date=17 November 2016 |url-status=live |bibcode=2008Natur.452..291B |last1=Ball |first1=Philip |year=2008 |doi=10.1038/452291a |pmid=18354466 |s2cid=4365814 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Below dat temperature, but above di freezing point of {{convert|0|°C}}, water dey expand (meaning say e dey become less dense) till e reach di freezing point, where ein liquid density be {{convert|999.8|kg/m3|lb/cuft|sigfig=6|abbr=on}}. As water dey cool reach {{convert|3.98|°C}}, ein volume dey reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water density |url=https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/1009-water-density |access-date=2026-04-15 |website=Science Learning Hub |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As water freeze turn ice, e expand by about 9%, and e reach density of {{convert|917|kg/m3|lb/cuft|sigfig=4|abbr=on}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kotz |first1=J. C. |last2=Treichel |first2=P. |last3=Weaver |first3=G. C. |year=2005 |title=Chemistry &amp; Chemical Reactivity |publisher=Thomson Brooks/Cole |isbn=978-0-534-39597-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ben-Naim |first1=Ariel |display-authors=etal |title=Alice's Adventures in Water-land |year=2011 |doi=10.1142/8068 |last2=Ben-Naim |first2=Roberta |isbn=978-981-4338-96-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis expansion fit create huge pressure wey fit burst pipes and crack rocks.&lt;ref name=&quot;MM&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Matsuoka |first1=N. |last2=Murton |first2=J. |title=Frost weathering: recent advances and future directions |journal=Permafrost and Periglacial Processes |volume=19 |issue= 2|pages=195–210 |year=2008 |doi=10.1002/ppp.620 |bibcode=2008PPPr...19..195M |s2cid=131395533 }}&lt;/ref&gt; As solid, ice show di normal behavior where e dey contract and become more dense as e cool. These unusual thermal properties get important effects on life for Earth.

For lake or ocean, water wey get {{cvt|4|C|F}} dey sink go bottom, while ice dey form for top and float on di liquid water. Dis ice dey act like insulation for di water under, so e no dey allow am freeze completely. Without dis protection, most aquatic organisms wey dey live inside lakes for die during winter season.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Wiltse |first1=Brendan |title=A Look Under The Ice: Winter Lake Ecology |url=https://www.ausableriver.org/blog/look-under-ice-winter-lake-ecology |website=Ausable River Association |access-date=23 April 2020 |archive-date=19 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619081813/https://www.ausableriver.org/blog/look-under-ice-winter-lake-ecology |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Plus, dis unusual behavior be important part of di thermohaline circulation wey dey distribute heat around di oceans of di world.

==== Magnetism ====
Water be diamagnetic material.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chen-2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Chen|first=Zijun|date=21 April 2010|title=Measurement of Diamagnetism in Water|url=http://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/90865|language=en-US|journal=|hdl=11299/90865 |access-date=8 January 2022|archive-date=8 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108015508/https://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/90865|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Even though di interaction weak, if dem use superconducting magnets, e fit show noticeable interaction.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chen-2010&quot; /&gt;

==== Phase transitions ====
For pressure of one atmosphere (atm), ice dey melt or water dey freeze at {{cvt|0|C|}}, and water dey boil or vapor dey condense at {{cvt|100|C|F}}. But even below di boiling point, water fit still turn vapor from ein surface through evaporation (vaporization through di whole liquid be boiling). Sublimation and deposition too dey happen for surfaces.&lt;ref name=Belnay/&gt; For example, frost dey form on cold surfaces while snowflakes dey form through deposition on aerosol particles or ice nuclei.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Wells |first1=Sarah |title=The Beauty and Science of Snowflakes |url=https://ssec.si.edu/stemvisions-blog/beauty-and-science-snowflakes |website=Smithsonian Science Education Center |access-date=25 March 2020 |language=en |date=21 January 2017 |archive-date=25 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325185513/https://ssec.si.edu/stemvisions-blog/beauty-and-science-snowflakes |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; For freeze-drying process, dem first freeze food and then keep am under low pressure so di ice for di surface go sublimate.&lt;ref name=FreezeDrying&gt;{{Cite book|title=Food processing technology: principles and practice|last=Fellows|first=Peter|date=2017|publisher=Woodhead Publishing/Elsevier Science|isbn=978-0-08-100523-1|edition=4th|location=Kent|pages=929–940|chapter=Freeze drying and freeze concentration|oclc=960758611}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di melting and boiling points depend on pressure. One good approximation for how melting temperature dey change with pressure be di Clausius–Clapeyron relation:

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; \frac{d T}{d P} = \frac{T \left(v_\text{L}-v_\text{S}\right) }{L_\text{f}} &lt;/math&gt;

where &lt;math&gt;v_\text{L}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;v_\text{S}&lt;/math&gt; be di molar volumes of di liquid and solid phases, and &lt;math&gt;L_\text{f}&lt;/math&gt; be di molar latent heat of melting. For most substances, volume dey increase when dem melt, so melting temperature too dey increase with pressure. But because ice less dense than water, di melting temperature dey reduce as pressure increase.&lt;ref name=Oliveira&gt;{{cite book |last1=Oliveira |first1=Mário J. de |title=Equilibrium Thermodynamics |date=2017 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-662-53207-2 |pages=120–124 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F8GRDgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=denser+liquid+than+solid+phase+water+silicon+bismuth&amp;pg=PA122 |access-date=26 March 2020 |language=en |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308003011/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Equilibrium_Thermodynamics/F8GRDgAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=denser+liquid+than+solid+phase+water+silicon+bismuth&amp;pg=PA122&amp;printsec=frontcover |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; For glaciers, pressure melting fit happen under very thick ice, leading to subglacial lakes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Siegert |first1=Martin J. |last2=Ellis-Evans |first2=J. Cynan |last3=Tranter |first3=Martyn |last4=Mayer |first4=Christoph |last5=Petit |first5=Jean-Robert |last6=Salamatin |first6=Andrey |last7=Priscu |first7=John C. |title=Physical, chemical and biological processes in Lake Vostok and other Antarctic subglacial lakes |journal=Nature |date=December 2001 |volume=414 |issue=6864 |pages=603–609 |doi=10.1038/414603a|pmid=11740551 |bibcode=2001Natur.414..603S |s2cid=4423510 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Davies |first1=Bethan |title=Antarctic subglacial lakes |url=http://www.antarcticglaciers.org/glacier-processes/glacial-lakes/subglacial-lakes/ |website=AntarcticGlaciers |access-date=25 March 2020 |archive-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003171536/http://www.antarcticglaciers.org/glacier-processes/glacial-lakes/subglacial-lakes/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di Clausius-Clapeyron relation still apply to boiling point, but because di vapor phase get much lower density than di liquid phase, di boiling point dey increase as pressure increase.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Masterton |first1=William L. |last2=Hurley |first2=Cecile N. |title=Chemistry: principles and reactions |date=2008 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-0-495-12671-3 |page=230 |edition=6th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=teubNK-b2bsC&amp;q=clapeyron%20equation%20boiling |access-date=3 April 2020 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308080844/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Chemistry_Principles_and_Reactions/teubNK-b2bsC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;bsq=clapeyron%20equation%20boiling |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Water fit stay liquid at very high temperatures for deep ocean or underground. For example, temperatures pass {{convert|205|C}} inside Old Faithful geyser for Yellowstone National Park.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Peaco |first1=Jim |title=Yellowstone Lesson Plan: How Yellowstone Geysers Erupt |location=Yellowstone National Park |publisher=U.S. National Park Service |url=https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/education/classrooms/how-yellowstone-geysers-erupt.htm |access-date=5 April 2020 |language=en |archive-date=2 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302093350/https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/education/classrooms/how-yellowstone-geysers-erupt.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; For hydrothermal vents, temperature fit pass {{convert|400|C}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Brahic |first1=Catherine |title=Found: The hottest water on Earth |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn14456-found-the-hottest-water-on-earth/ |access-date=5 April 2020 |work=New Scientist |archive-date=9 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200509103747/https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn14456-found-the-hottest-water-on-earth/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sea level, water boiling point be {{convert|100|C}}. As atmospheric pressure dey reduce with altitude, boiling point too dey reduce by 1&amp;nbsp;°C for every 274&amp;nbsp;meters. Cooking for high-altitude places dey take longer than cooking for sea level. For example, at {{convert|1524|m}}, cooking time for increase by one-quarter before you fit get di desired result.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service |title=High Altitude Cooking and Food Safety |url=https://www.fsis.usda.gov/shared/PDF/High_Altitude_Cooking_and_Food_Safety.pdf |access-date=5 April 2020 |archive-date=20 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120010850/https://www.fsis.usda.gov/shared/PDF/High_Altitude_Cooking_and_Food_Safety.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; On di other hand, pressure cooker fit reduce cooking time by increasing di boiling temperature.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Pressure Cooking – Food Science |url=https://www.exploratorium.edu/food/pressure-cooking |website=Exploratorium |language=en |date=26 September 2019 |access-date=21 April 2020 |archive-date=19 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619044746/https://www.exploratorium.edu/food/pressure-cooking |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Inside vacuum, water go boil at room temperature.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Allain |first1=Rhett |title=Yes, You Can Boil Water at Room Temperature. Here's How |url=https://www.wired.com/story/yes-you-can-boil-water-at-room-temperature-heres-how/ |access-date=5 April 2020 |magazine=Wired |date=12 September 2018 |language=en |archive-date=28 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928044101/https://www.wired.com/story/yes-you-can-boil-water-at-room-temperature-heres-how/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
:::writing{variant=&quot;document&quot; id=&quot;58241&quot;} ===States=== [[File: States of Matter.svg|thumb|Di three common states of matter]]

Alongside ''oxidane'', ''water'' be one of di two official names dem dey use for di chemical compound {{chem|H|2|O}};&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://old.iupac.org/publications/books/principles/principles_of_nomenclature.pdf |title=Principles of chemical nomenclature: a guide to IUPAC recommendations |last1=Leigh |first1=G. J. |last2 = Favre| first2 = H. A|last3 = Metanomski|first3 = W. V.|date=1998 |publisher=Blackwell Science|location=Oxford|oclc=37341352|isbn=978-0-86542-685-6|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726171925/http://old.iupac.org/publications/books/principles/principles_of_nomenclature.pdf |archive-date=26 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; e still be di liquid phase of {{chem|H|2|O}}.&lt;ref name=pubchem/&gt; Di oda two common states of water be di solid phase wey be ice, plus di gaseous phase wey be water vapor or steam. If heat increase or reduce, e fit cause phase transitions: freezing (water turn ice), melting (ice turn water), vaporization (water turn vapor), condensation (vapor turn water), sublimation (ice turn vapor) and deposition (vapor turn ice).&lt;ref name=Belnay/&gt;

==== Density ==== {{See also|Frost weathering}}

Water be one of di few common natural substances wey, for some temperature ranges, dey become less dense as e dey cool down. E be di only known natural substance wey dey do am while e still dey liquid. Plus, e get unusual behavior because e become much less dense when e freeze, although e no be di only substance wey dey behave like dat.{{efn|Other substances wey get dis property include bismuth, silicon, germanium and gallium.&lt;ref name=Oliveira/&gt;}}

[[File:Water density volume mass metric.png|thumb|Different ways to show water density using five metric units of length, volume and mass.]]

For pressure of 1 atm, water reach ein maximum density of {{convert|999.972|kg/m3|lb/cuft|sigfig=6|abbr=on}} at {{convert|3.98|°C}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=What is Density? |url=https://www.mt.com/sg/en/home/applications/Application_Browse_Laboratory_Analytics/Density/density-measurement.html |website=Mettler Toledo |access-date=11 November 2022 |archive-date=11 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111064630/https://www.mt.com/sg/en/home/applications/Application_Browse_Laboratory_Analytics/Density/density-measurement.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NatureWaterStructure&quot;/&gt;

Below dat temperature, but above di freezing point of {{convert|0|°C}}, water dey expand (meaning say e dey become less dense) till e reach di freezing point, where ein liquid density be {{convert|999.8|kg/m3|lb/cuft|sigfig=6|abbr=on}}. As water dey cool reach {{convert|3.98|°C}}, ein volume dey reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water density |url=https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/1009-water-density |access-date=2026-04-15 |website=Science Learning Hub |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As water freeze turn ice, e expand by about 9%, and e get density of {{convert|917|kg/m3|lb/cuft|sigfig=4|abbr=on}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kotz |first1=J. C. |last2=Treichel |first2=P. |last3=Weaver |first3=G. C. |year=2005 |title=Chemistry &amp; Chemical Reactivity |publisher=Thomson Brooks/Cole |isbn=978-0-534-39597-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ben-Naim |first1=Ariel |display-authors=etal |title=Alice's Adventures in Water-land |year=2011 |doi=10.1142/8068 |last2=Ben-Naim |first2=Roberta |isbn=978-981-4338-96-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis expansion fit create strong pressure wey fit burst pipes and crack rocks.&lt;ref name=&quot;MM&quot;/&gt; As solid, ice dey show di normal behavior where e dey contract and become more dense as e dey cool. Dis unusual thermal property get very important effects on life for Earth.

For lakes and oceans, water wey get {{cvt|4|C|F}} dey sink go bottom, while ice dey form for top and float on di liquid water. Dis ice dey act like insulation for di water under, so e no dey allow am freeze completely. Without dis protection, most aquatic organisms wey dey live inside lakes for die during winter season.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Wiltse |first1=Brendan |title=A Look Under The Ice: Winter Lake Ecology |url=https://www.ausableriver.org/blog/look-under-ice-winter-lake-ecology |website=Ausable River Association |access-date=23 April 2020 |archive-date=19 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619081813/https://www.ausableriver.org/blog/look-under-ice-winter-lake-ecology |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Plus, dis unusual behavior be important part of di thermohaline circulation wey dey distribute heat around di world's oceans.

==== Magnetism ==== Water be diamagnetic material.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chen-2010&quot;/&gt; Even though di interaction weak, if dem use superconducting magnets, e fit show noticeable interaction.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chen-2010&quot; /&gt;

==== Phase transitions ==== For pressure of one atmosphere (atm), ice dey melt or water dey freeze at {{cvt|0|C|}}, and water dey boil or vapor dey condense at {{cvt|100|C|F}}. But even below di boiling point, water fit still turn vapor from ein surface through evaporation (while vaporization through di whole liquid be boiling). Sublimation and deposition too dey happen for surfaces.&lt;ref name=Belnay/&gt; For example, frost dey form on cold surfaces while snowflakes dey form through deposition on aerosol particles or ice nuclei.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Wells |first1=Sarah |title=The Beauty and Science of Snowflakes |url=https://ssec.si.edu/stemvisions-blog/beauty-and-science-snowflakes |website=Smithsonian Science Education Center |access-date=25 March 2020 |language=en |date=21 January 2017 |archive-date=25 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325185513/https://ssec.si.edu/stemvisions-blog/beauty-and-science-snowflakes |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; For freeze-drying process, dem first freeze food and then keep am under low pressure so di ice for di surface go sublimate.&lt;ref name=FreezeDrying/&gt;

Di melting and boiling points depend on pressure. One good approximation for how melting temperature dey change with pressure be di Clausius–Clapeyron relation:

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; \frac{d T}{d P} = \frac{T \left(v_\text{L}-v_\text{S}\right) }{L_\text{f}} &lt;/math&gt;

where &lt;math&gt;v_\text{L}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;v_\text{S}&lt;/math&gt; be di molar volumes of di liquid and solid phases, and &lt;math&gt;L_\text{f}&lt;/math&gt; be di molar latent heat of melting. For most substances, volume dey increase when dem melt, so melting temperature too dey increase with pressure. But because ice less dense than water, di melting temperature dey reduce as pressure increase.&lt;ref name=Oliveira/&gt; For glaciers, pressure melting fit happen under very thick ice, wey fit lead to subglacial lakes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Siegert |first1=Martin J. |last2=Ellis-Evans |first2=J. Cynan |last3=Tranter |first3=Martyn |last4=Mayer |first4=Christoph |last5=Petit |first5=Jean-Robert |last6=Salamatin |first6=Andrey |last7=Priscu |first7=John C. |title=Physical, chemical and biological processes in Lake Vostok and other Antarctic subglacial lakes |journal=Nature |date=December 2001 |volume=414 |issue=6864 |pages=603–609 |doi=10.1038/414603a|pmid=11740551 |bibcode=2001Natur.414..603S |s2cid=4423510 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Davies |first1=Bethan |title=Antarctic subglacial lakes |url=http://www.antarcticglaciers.org/glacier-processes/glacial-lakes/subglacial-lakes/ |website=AntarcticGlaciers |access-date=25 March 2020 |archive-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003171536/http://www.antarcticglaciers.org/glacier-processes/glacial-lakes/subglacial-lakes/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di Clausius-Clapeyron relation still dey apply to boiling point, but because di vapor phase get much lower density than di liquid phase, di boiling point dey increase as pressure increase.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Masterton |first1=William L. |last2=Hurley |first2=Cecile N. |title=Chemistry: principles and reactions |date=2008 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-0-495-12671-3 |page=230 |edition=6th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=teubNK-b2bsC&amp;q=clapeyron%20equation%20boiling |access-date=3 April 2020 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308080844/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Chemistry_Principles_and_Reactions/teubNK-b2bsC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;bsq=clapeyron%20equation%20boiling |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Water fit remain liquid at very high temperatures for deep ocean or underground. For example, temperature fit pass {{convert|205|C}} inside Old Faithful geyser for Yellowstone National Park.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Peaco |first1=Jim |title=Yellowstone Lesson Plan: How Yellowstone Geysers Erupt |location=Yellowstone National Park |publisher=U.S. National Park Service |url=https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/education/classrooms/how-yellowstone-geysers-erupt.htm |access-date=5 April 2020 |language=en |archive-date=2 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302093350/https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/education/classrooms/how-yellowstone-geysers-erupt.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; For hydrothermal vents, temperature fit pass {{convert|400|C}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Brahic |first1=Catherine |title=Found: The hottest water on Earth |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn14456-found-the-hottest-water-on-earth/ |access-date=5 April 2020 |work=New Scientist |archive-date=9 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200509103747/https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn14456-found-the-hottest-water-on-earth/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sea level, water boiling point be {{convert|100|C}}. As atmospheric pressure dey reduce with altitude, boiling point too dey reduce by 1 °C for every 274 meters. Cooking for high-altitude places dey take longer than cooking for sea level. For example, at {{convert|1524|m}}, cooking time go increase by about one-quarter before you fit get di desired result.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service |title=High Altitude Cooking and Food Safety |url=https://www.fsis.usda.gov/shared/PDF/High_Altitude_Cooking_and_Food_Safety.pdf |access-date=5 April 2020 |archive-date=20 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120010850/https://www.fsis.usda.gov/shared/PDF/High_Altitude_Cooking_and_Food_Safety.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; On di other hand, pressure cooker fit reduce cooking time by increasing di boiling temperature.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Pressure Cooking – Food Science |url=https://www.exploratorium.edu/food/pressure-cooking |website=Exploratorium |language=en |date=26 September 2019 |access-date=21 April 2020 |archive-date=19 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619044746/https://www.exploratorium.edu/food/pressure-cooking |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Inside vacuum, water go boil at room temperature.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Allain |first1=Rhett |title=Yes, You Can Boil Water at Room Temperature. Here's How |url=https://www.wired.com/story/yes-you-can-boil-water-at-room-temperature-heres-how/ |access-date=5 April 2020 |magazine=Wired |date=12 September 2018 |language=en |archive-date=28 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928044101/https://www.wired.com/story/yes-you-can-boil-water-at-room-temperature-heres-how/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
===Taste and odor===
Pure water normally no get taste or smell, but humans get special sensors wey fit detect water for dem mouth,&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid28553944&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Zocchi D, Wennemuth G, Oka Y | title = The cellular mechanism for water detection in the mammalian taste system | journal = Nature Neuroscience | volume = 20 | issue = 7 | pages = 927–933 | date = July 2017 | pmid = 28553944 | doi = 10.1038/nn.4575 | s2cid = 13263401 | url = https://authors.library.caltech.edu/77104/6/nn.4575-S2.pdf | access-date = 27 January 2024 | archive-date = 5 March 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240305154837/https://s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/caltechauthors/99/15/d0ca-f08f-4315-b32e-c758f8dd1cc8/data?response-content-type=application/octet-stream&amp;response-content-disposition=attachment%3B%20filename%3Dnn.4575-S2.pdf&amp;X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&amp;X-Amz-Credential=AKIARCVIVNNAKP37N3MU/20240305/us-west-2/s3/aws4_request&amp;X-Amz-Date=20240305T154835Z&amp;X-Amz-Expires=60&amp;X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&amp;X-Amz-Signature=c12110c390e86eaaada9c08cfa75fbc87beb2c703250bafb9358fda4dfc2acf4 | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=emo&gt;Edmund T. Rolls (2005). ''Emotion Explained''. Oxford University Press, Medical. {{ISBN|978-0198570035}}.&lt;/ref&gt; and frogs too fit smell am.&lt;ref name=frog&gt;R. Llinas, W. Precht (2012), ''Frog Neurobiology: A Handbook''. Springer Science &amp; Business Media. {{ISBN|978-3642663161}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, water wey dey come from ordinary sources (including mineral water) usually get plenty dissolved substances inside wey fit give am different tastes and smells. Humans and other animals don develop senses wey help dem judge whether water fit be safe for drinking, so dem fit avoid water wey too salty or spoil.&lt;ref name=candau&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Candau |first1=Joël |year=2004 |title=The Olfactory Experience: constants and cultural variables |url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00130924 |journal=Water Science and Technology |volume=49 |issue=9 |pages=11–17 |access-date=28 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002152229/https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00130924 |archive-date=2 October 2016 |url-status=live |doi=10.2166/wst.2004.0522 |pmid=15237601 |bibcode=2004WSTec..49...11C }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Color and appearance===
{{Main|Color of water}}

{{See also|Electromagnetic absorption by water}}
Pure water dey look blue because e dey absorb light for di region around 600–800&amp;nbsp;nm.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Braun |first=Charles L. |author2=Sergei N. Smirnov |title=Why is water blue? |journal=Journal of Chemical Education |volume=70 |issue=8 |page=612 |year=1993 |url=http://www.dartmouth.edu/~etrnsfer/water.htm |doi=10.1021/ed070p612 |bibcode=1993JChEd..70..612B |access-date=21 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320060654/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~etrnsfer/water.htm |archive-date=20 March 2012 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; You fit easily see dis color if you put tap water inside clear glass against pure white background under daylight. Di main absorption bands wey dey cause di color be overtone bands of di O–H stretching molecular vibrations. Di color intensity dey increase as di depth of di water increase, according to Beer's law. Dis same thing happen for swimming pools when sunlight reflect from di pool ein white tiles.

For nature, di color fit change from blue to green because of suspended particles or algae wey dey inside di water.

For industry, dem dey use near-infrared spectroscopy with aqueous solutions because di stronger lower overtones of water mean say dem fit use glass cuvettes wey get short path lengths. To observe di fundamental stretching absorption spectrum of water or aqueous solution around 3,500&amp;nbsp;cm{{sup|−1}} (2.85&amp;nbsp;μm)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Nakamoto |first1=Kazuo |title=Infrared and Raman Spectra of Inorganic and Coordination Compounds, Part A: Theory and Applications in Inorganic Chemistry |date=1997 |publisher=Wiley |location=New York |isbn=0-471-16394-5 |page=170 |edition=5th}}&lt;/ref&gt; path length of about 25&amp;nbsp;μm be needed. Plus, di cuvette must be transparent around 3500&amp;nbsp;cm{{sup|−1}} and e no for dissolve inside water; calcium fluoride be one material wey people commonly dey use for cuvette windows with aqueous solutions.

Di Raman-active fundamental vibrations fit be observed with, for example, a 1&amp;nbsp;cm sample cell.

Aquatic plants, algae, and other photosynthetic organisms fit live inside water up to hundreds of meters deep because sunlight fit still reach dem. Practically no sunlight dey reach parts of di oceans wey pass {{convert|1000|m}} deep.

Di refractive index of liquid water (1.333 at {{convert|20|C}}) dey much higher than dat of air (1.0), and e dey similar to alkanes and ethanol, but lower than glycerol (1.473), benzene (1.501), carbon disulfide (1.627), and common types of glass (1.4 to 1.6). Di refractive index of ice (1.31) dey lower than dat of liquid water.

=== Molecular polarity ===
[[File:Tetrahedral Structure of Water.png|thumb|class=skin-invert-image|Tetrahedral structure of water]]

For water molecule, di hydrogen atoms form angle of 104.5° with di oxygen atom. Di hydrogen atoms dey close to two corners of tetrahedron wey center around di oxygen atom. For di other two corners, lone pairs of valence electrons dey there, but dem no take part for di bonding. For perfect tetrahedron, di atoms for form angle of 109.5°, but di repulsion between di lone pairs dey stronger than di repulsion between di hydrogen atoms.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Ball|2001|p=168}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Franks|2007|p=10}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di O–H bond length be about 0.096&amp;nbsp;nm.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Physical Chemistry of Water |url=https://msu.edu/course/css/850/snapshot.afs/teppen/physical_chemistry_of_water.htm |publisher=Michigan State University |access-date=11 September 2020 |archive-date=20 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020055601/https://msu.edu/course/css/850/snapshot.afs/teppen/physical_chemistry_of_water.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Other substances too get tetrahedral molecular structure, like methane ({{chem|C|H|4}}) and hydrogen sulfide ({{chem|H|2|S}}). However, oxygen get stronger electronegativity than most other elements, so di oxygen atom carry partial negative charge while di hydrogen atoms carry partial positive charge. Together with di bent structure, dis dey give di molecule electrical dipole moment, and because of dat dem classify am as polar molecule.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Ball|2001|p=169}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Water be very good polar solvent, and e fit dissolve plenty salts plus hydrophilic organic molecules such as sugars and simple alcohols like ethanol. Water too fit dissolve many gases, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide – di carbon dioxide naim dey give carbonated drinks, sparkling wines and beer dem dia bubbles.

Plus, many substances inside living organisms, like proteins, DNA and polysaccharides, dey dissolve inside water. Di interactions between water and di subunits of these biomacromolecules dey shape protein folding, DNA base pairing and other important processes wey make life possible (hydrophobic effect).

Many organic substances, such as fats, oils and alkanes, be hydrophobic, meaning say dem no dey dissolve inside water. Plenty inorganic substances too no dey dissolve inside water, including most metal oxides, sulfides and silicates.

===Hydrogen bonding===
{{See also|Chemical bonding of water}}
[[File:3D model hydrogen bonds in water.svg|thumb|Model of hydrogen bonds (1) between molecules of water]]

Because of ein polarity, one water molecule for liquid or solid state fit form up to four hydrogen bonds with neighboring molecules. Hydrogen bonds dey about ten times stronger than di Van der Waals force wey normally dey attract molecules together for most liquids. Na dis be why di melting point and boiling point of water dey much higher than those of other similar compounds like hydrogen sulfide. Dem too explain why water get exceptionally high specific heat capacity (about 4.2 J/(g·K)), heat of fusion (about 333 J/g), heat of vaporization ({{nowrap|2257 J/g}}), and thermal conductivity (between 0.561 and 0.679 W/(m·K)). These properties make water very effective for regulating Earth ein climate because e fit store heat and move am between di oceans and atmosphere. Di hydrogen bonds for water be around 23 kJ/mol (compared to covalent O–H bond wey be 492 kJ/mol). Of dis, scientists estimate say 90% come from electrostatic attraction while di remaining 10% get partial covalent nature.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=1 March 2000 |title=Compton scattering evidence for covalency of the hydrogen bond in ice|journal=Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=403–406 |doi=10.1016/S0022-3697(99)00325-X |last1=Isaacs |first1=E. D. |last2=Shukla |first2=A |last3=Platzman |first3=P. M. |last4=Hamann |first4=D. R. |last5=Barbiellini |first5=B. |last6=Tulk |first6=C. A. |bibcode=2000JPCS...61..403I}}&lt;/ref&gt;

These bonds na dem dey cause water ein high surface tension&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Campbell |first1=Neil A. |first2=Brad |last2=Williamson |first3=Robin J. |last3=Heyden |title=Biology: Exploring Life |publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall |year=2006 |location=Boston |url=http://www.phschool.com/el_marketing.html |isbn=978-0-13-250882-7 |access-date=11 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102041816/http://www.phschool.com/el_marketing.html |archive-date=2 November 2014 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; and capillary forces. Capillary action mean di tendency of water to move up narrow tube against gravity force. All vascular plants, including trees, depend on dis property.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Lucas |first1=William J. |last2=Groover |first2=Andrew |last3=Lichtenberger |first3=Raffael |last4=Furuta |first4=Kaori |last5=Yadav |first5=Shri-Ram |last6=Helariutta |first6=Ykä |last7=He |first7=Xin-Qiang |last8=Fukuda |first8=Hiroo |last9=Kang |first9=Julie |last10=Brady |first10=Siobhan M. |last11=Patrick |first11=John W. |last12=Sperry |first12=John |last13=Yoshida |first13=Akiko |last14=López-Millán |first14=Ana-Flor |last15=Grusak |first15=Michael A. |date=April 2013 |title=The Plant Vascular System: Evolution, Development and Functions F |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jipb.12041 |journal=Journal of Integrative Plant Biology |language=en |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=294–388 |doi=10.1111/jipb.12041 |pmid=23462277 |issn=1672-9072|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Heat capacity of water 2.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|Specific heat capacity of water&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Heat capacity water online |url=https://www.desmos.com/calculator/wicmrvrznj?lang=ru |access-date=3 June 2022 |website=Desmos |language=ru |archive-date=6 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606020344/https://www.desmos.com/calculator/wicmrvrznj?lang=ru |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

===Self-ionization===
{{main|Self-ionization of water}}

Water be weak solution of hydronium hydroxide {{Ndash}} there dey equilibrium {{Nowrap|{{chem|2H|2|O}} ⇌ {{chem|H|3|O|+}} + {{chem|OH|-}}}}, together with solvation of di resulting hydronium and hydroxide ions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Self-Ionization of Water and Its Role in Acids and Bases |url=https://www.physicsclassroom.com/Chemistry-Tutorial/Acids-and-Bases/Water-and-Its-Ionization#:~:text=The%20reaction,%20referred%20to%20as,formation%20of%20products%20or%20reactants. |access-date=2026-04-15 |website=www.physicsclassroom.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Electrical conductivity and electrolysis===
Pure water get low electrical conductivity, but di conductivity dey increase when small amount of ionic substances, like common salt, dissolve inside am.

Liquid water fit split into di elements hydrogen and oxygen when electric current pass through am. Dem dey call dis process electrolysis. Di decomposition process need more energy input than di amount of heat wey di reverse process go release (285.8 kJ/mol, or 15.9 MJ/kg).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Ball |first=Philip |author-link=Philip Ball |title=Burning water and other myths |url=http://www.nature.com/news/2007/070910/full/070910-13.html |journal=News@nature |date=14 September 2007 |access-date=14 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228054247/http://www.nature.com/news/2007/070910/full/070910-13.html |archive-date=28 February 2009 |url-status=live |doi=10.1038/news070910-13 |s2cid=129704116 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Mechanical properties===
For most purposes, people fit assume say liquid water no dey compress. Ein compressibility dey range from 4.4 to {{val|5.1|e=-10|u=Pa&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;}} under normal conditions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Fine |first1=R. A. |last2=Millero |first2=F. J.|date=1973 |title=Compressibility of water as a function of temperature and pressure |volume=59 |issue=10 |page=5529 |journal=Journal of Chemical Physics |doi=10.1063/1.1679903 |bibcode=1973JChPh..59.5529F}}&lt;/ref&gt; Even for oceans wey get depth of 4&amp;nbsp;km, where pressure reach 400 atm, water volume reduce by only 1.8%.&lt;ref name=nave&gt;{{cite web |title=Bulk Elastic Properties |last=Nave |first=R. |website=HyperPhysics |publisher=Georgia State University |url=http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html |access-date=26 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028155517/http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html |archive-date=28 October 2007 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di viscosity of water be about 10{{sup|−3}} Pa·s or 0.01 poise at {{convert|20|C}}, and di speed of sound for liquid water dey range between {{convert|1400|and|1540|m/s}} depending on temperature. Sound fit travel very long distances through water with very little attenuation, especially for low frequencies (about 0.03 dB/km for 1 kHz). Cetaceans and humans dey take advantage of dis property for communication and environmental sensing through sonar.&lt;ref name=NPLcalc&gt;UK National Physical Laboratory, [http://resource.npl.co.uk/acoustics/techguides/seaabsorption/ Calculation of absorption of sound in seawater] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003014920/http://resource.npl.co.uk/acoustics/techguides/seaabsorption/ |date=3 October 2016 }}. Online site, last accessed on 28 September 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Reactivity===
Metallic elements wey dey more electropositive than hydrogen, especially alkali metals,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Halka |first1=Monica |title=Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals: Alkali and Alkaline-Earth Metals |last2=Nordstrom |first2=Brian |date=2010 |publisher=Infobase Learning |isbn=978-0-8160-7369-6 |series=Periodic Table of the Elements |location=New York |pages=8 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and to smaller extent alkaline earth metals,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ropp |first=R. C. |title=Encyclopedia of the alkaline earth compounds |date=2013 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-444-59553-9 |location=Oxford |page=2}}&lt;/ref&gt; fit replace hydrogen from water, forming hydroxides and releasing hydrogen gas.

For high temperatures, coke, wey be one form of carbon, reacts with steam to produce carbon monoxide and hydrogen.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Brewer |first1=R. E. |last2=Reverson |first2=L. H. |date=1 July 1934 |title=Production of High Hydrogen Water Gas from Younger Coke Coals - Steam-Carbon Reactions |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie50295a010 |journal=Industrial &amp; Engineering Chemistry |language=en |volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=734–740 |doi=10.1021/ie50295a010 |issn=0019-7866|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==On Earth==
{{Main|Hydrology|Water distribution on Earth}}
&lt;!-- Commented out because image was deleted: [[File:Water Distribution.jpg|thumb|Graphical illustration of the Earth's relative water distribution at various locations on or near its surface&lt;ref name=&quot;Garrison&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Tom Garrison |title=Oceanography: An Invitation to Marine Science |edition=7th |publisher=Yolanda Cossio |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-495-39193-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;]] --&gt;

Hydrology be di study of how water dey move, how e dey distribute, and ein quality across Earth. Di study of water distribution be hydrography. Di study of groundwater distribution and movement be hydrogeology, study of glaciers be glaciology, study of inland waters be limnology, and study of ocean distribution be oceanography. Ecological processes wey involve hydrology be di main focus of ecohydrology.

Di total mass of water wey dey on top, under, and above di surface of any planet dey called di hydrosphere. Earth ein estimated total volume of water (all di water supply for di world) be {{convert|1.386|e9km3|e6mi3|abbr=off}}.&lt;ref name=b1 /&gt;
====As a scientific standard====
On 7 April 1795, dem define di gram for France say e go equal &quot;di exact weight of one volume of pure water wey equal cube of one-hundredth of a meter, and for di temperature wey ice dey melt&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[http://smdsi.quartier-rural.org/histoire/18germ_3.htm &quot;Décret relatif aux poids et aux mesures&quot;] [Decree relating to weights and measures] (in French). 18 germinal an 3 (7 April 1795). {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225163152/http://smdsi.quartier-rural.org/histoire/18germ_3.htm |date=25 February 2013 }}. quartier-rural.org&lt;/ref&gt; But for practical use, dem need metallic reference standard wey be one thousand times heavier, wey be di kilogram. So dem assign scientists make dem determine di exact mass of one liter of water. Even though di official definition of gram specify water at {{convert|0|C}}—a temperature wey easy to reproduce—di scientists decide say dem go redefine di standard and do dia measurements for di temperature where water get ein highest density, wey dem measure that time as {{convert|4|C}}.&lt;ref&gt;[http://histoire.du.metre.free.fr/fr/index.htm here &quot;L'Histoire Du Mètre, La Détermination De L'Unité De Poids&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725163108/http://histoire.du.metre.free.fr/fr/index.htm |date=25 July 2013 }}. histoire.du.metre.free.fr&lt;/ref&gt;

Di Kelvin temperature scale of di SI system bin dey based on di triple point of water, wey dem define exactly as {{convert|273.16|K|C F}}, but since May 2019 e dey based on di Boltzmann constant instead. Di scale be absolute temperature scale wey get di same increment as di Celsius temperature scale, wey originally dem define according to di boiling point ({{convert|100|C}}) and melting point ({{convert|0|C}}) of water.

Natural water mostly contain di isotopes hydrogen-1 and oxygen-16, but small quantity of heavier isotopes like oxygen-18, oxygen-17, and hydrogen-2 (deuterium) too dey inside. Di percentage of these heavier isotopes small well-well, but e still dey affect water ein properties. Water from rivers and lakes usually get fewer heavy isotopes than seawater. Because of dat, dem define standard water according to di Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water specification.

====For drinking====
{{Main|Drinking water}}

[[File:Humanitarian aid OCPA-2005-10-28-090517a.jpg|thumb|A young girl drinking bottled water]]

Di human body contain around 50–60% water on average, depending on age, gender, and body size, although some people fit get anywhere between 45% and 75% water for dia body.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-05-27 |title=What percentage of the human body is water? |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/what-percentage-of-the-human-body-is-water |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=Medical News Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine recommend daily intake of {{Convert|3.7|L|U.S.gal|abbr=off|round=}} water for adult men and {{Convert|2.7|L|U.S.gal|abbr=on}} for women.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Di exact amount depend on activity level, temperature, humidity, and oda factors. Most of this water intake come from food and beverages, not only from plain drinking water.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/health/healthy_living/nutrition/drinks_water.shtml |title=Healthy Water Living |work=BBC Health |access-date=1 February 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070101100025/http://www.bbc.co.uk/health/healthy_living/nutrition/drinks_water.shtml |archive-date=1 January 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Medical literature often support lower intake, usually around 1 liter of water for average adult man, excluding extra requirements caused by exercise or hot weather.&lt;ref name=Rhoades_2003&gt;{{cite book |vauthors=Rhoades RA, Tanner GA |title=Medical Physiology |publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins |edition=2nd |location=Baltimore |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-7817-1936-0 |oclc=50554808 |url=https://archive.org/details/medicalphysiolog0000unse }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Healthy kidneys fit remove between 0.8 and 1 liter of water every hour, but stress from activities like exercise fit reduce this amount. People fit drink more water than dia body need during exercise, and this fit put dem for risk of water intoxication (hyperhydration), wey fit even cause death.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Noakes TD |author2=Goodwin N |author3=Rayner BL |display-authors=etal |title=Water intoxication: a possible complication during endurance exercise |journal=Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise |year=1985 |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=370–375 |pmid=4021781 |doi=10.1249/00005768-198506000-00012|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Noakes TD, Goodwin N, Rayner BL, Branken T, Taylor RK |title=Water intoxication: a possible complication during endurance exercise, 1985 |journal=Wilderness and Environmental Medicine |year=2005 |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=221–227 |pmid=16366205 |doi=10.1580/1080-6032(2005)16[221:WIAPCD]2.0.CO;2|s2cid=28370290 |doi-access= }}&lt;/ref&gt; Di popular claim say &quot;person for drink eight glasses of water every day&quot; no get strong scientific evidence behind am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title='Drink at least eight glasses of water a day.' Really? Is there scientific evidence for '8 × 8'? |journal=American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology |volume=283 |issue=5 |pages=R993–R1004 |doi=10.1152/ajpregu.00365.2002 |pmid=12376390 |year=2002 |last1=Valtin |first1=Heinz |s2cid=2256436 |url=http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3595/81eb8fa614a2f8c765dc1d4fed3c0e39ee7e.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222112803/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3595/81eb8fa614a2f8c765dc1d4fed3c0e39ee7e.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 February 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Studies show say drinking extra water, especially up to {{convert|500|mL}} during meals, fit help with weight loss.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Vij VA, Joshi AS |title=Effect of 'water induced thermogenesis' on body weight, body mass index and body composition of overweight subjects |journal=Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research |volume=7 |issue=9 |pages=1894–1896 |date=September 2013 |pmid=24179891 |pmc=3809630 |doi=10.7860/JCDR/2013/5862.3344}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Muckelbauer R, Sarganas G, Grüneis A, Müller-Nordhorn J |title=Association between water consumption and body weight outcomes: a systematic review |journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=98 |issue=2 |pages=282–299 |date=August 2013 |pmid=23803882 |doi=10.3945/ajcn.112.055061|s2cid=12265434 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Adequate fluid intake too dey help prevent constipation.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/water-a-fluid-way-to-manage-constipation &quot;Water, Constipation, Dehydration, and Other Fluids&quot;]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150304043454/http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/water-a-fluid-way-to-manage-constipation |date=4 March 2015 }}. ''Science Daily''. Retrieved on 28 September 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:DIN 4844-2 D-P005.svg|thumb|right|Hazard symbol for non-potable water]]

Di original recommendation for water intake wey di Food and Nutrition Board of di U.S. National Research Council make for 1945 talk say: &quot;Normal standard for different people be 1 milliliter for every calorie of food. Most of this quantity already dey inside prepared foods.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Food and Nutrition Board, National Academy of Sciences. Recommended Dietary Allowances |publisher=National Research Council, Reprint and Circular Series, No. 122 |year=1945 |pages=3–18}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di latest dietary reference intake report from di U.S. National Research Council generally recommend, based on median total water intake from U.S. survey data (including food sources): {{convert|3.7|L}} total water for men and {{convert|2.7|L}} total water for women. Di report note say water from food contribute around 19% of total water intake in di survey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.nap.edu/read/10925/chapter/6|title=4 Water {{!}} Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate |publisher=The National Academies Press|doi=10.17226/10925|year=2005|isbn=978-0-309-09169-5|author1=Institute of Medicine|author2=Food Nutrition Board|author3=Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes|author4=Panel on Dietary Reference Intakes for Electrolytes and Water|access-date=11 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113063638/https://www.nap.edu/read/10925/chapter/6|archive-date=13 January 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Specifically, pregnant and breastfeeding women need extra fluids make dem stay hydrated. Di US Institute of Medicine recommend say, on average, men for consume {{convert|3|L}} and women {{convert|2.2|L}}. Pregnant women for increase dia intake to {{convert|2.4|L}}, and breastfeeding women for get 3 liters (12 cups), because plenty fluid dey lost during breastfeeding.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/water/NU00283 |title=Water: How much should you drink every day? |publisher=Mayo Clinic |access-date=25 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204012725/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/water/NU00283 |archive-date=4 December 2010 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; E still note say normally around 20% of water intake dey come from food,&lt;ref name=HeartOrg2024&gt;{{Cite web |title=Electrolytes can give the body a charge — but try not to overdo it |url=https://www.heart.org/en/news/2024/06/19/electrolytes-can-give-the-body-a-charge-but-try-not-to-overdo-it |website=American Heart Association |access-date=30 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=HowMuchWater&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water: How Much Water Do You Need? |url=https://nutritionsource.hsph.harvard.edu/water/ |website=Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health |access-date=30 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; while di rest come from drinking water and beverages (including caffeinated drinks).&lt;ref name=HowMuchWater&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Water dey leave di body through different ways: urine, feces, sweating, and water vapor wey person breathe out.&lt;ref name=DiarrhoealDiseaseWHO&gt;{{Cite web |title=Diarrhoeal disease |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diarrhoeal-disease |website=World Health Organization |access-date=30 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; With physical activity and exposure to heat, water loss go increase, and daily fluid needs fit increase too.&lt;ref name=cdcgovHeatAndColdIllness&gt;{{Cite web |title=Heat and Cold Illness in Travelers |url=https://www.cdc.gov/yellow-book/hcp/environmental-hazards-risks/heat-and-cold-illness-in-travelers.html |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |access-date=30 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Humans need water wey no get plenty impurities. Common impurities include metals like copper and lead;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-01-30 |title=Chemicals That Can Contaminate Tap Water |url=https://www.cdc.gov/drinking-water/causes/chemicals-that-can-contaminate-tap-water.html |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=Center for Disease Control |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; chemical compounds like pesticides, PFAS, or bleach;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 29, 2025 |title=Types of Drinking Water Contaminants |url=https://www.epa.gov/ccl/types-drinking-water-contaminants |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; and harmful bacteria such as ''Campylobacter'', ''E. coli'' O157, and ''Vibrio''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Microbial fact sheets |date=2022 |work=Guidelines for drinking-water quality: Fourth edition incorporating the first and second addenda |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK579445/ |access-date=2025-09-01 |publisher=World Health Organization |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some solutes dey acceptable and even useful because dem improve taste and provide necessary electrolytes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Maton |first1=Anthea |first2=Jean |last2=Hopkins |first3=Charles William |last3=McLaughlin |first4=Susan |last4=Johnson |first5=Maryanna Quon |last5=Warner |first6=David |last6=LaHart |first7=Jill D. |last7=Wright |title=Human Biology and Health |publisher=Prentice Hall |year=1993 |location=Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey |isbn=978-0-13-981176-0 |oclc=32308337 |url=https://archive.org/details/humanbiologyheal00scho }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di biggest freshwater resource for di world wey suitable for drinking, by volume, be Lake Baikal for Siberia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ujf0kkNF2H8C |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ujf0kkNF2H8C/page/n140 125] |title=Water: a shared responsibility |author=Unesco |publisher=Berghahn Books |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-84545-177-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Liquid water dey inside bodies of water such as oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, streams, canals, ponds and puddles. Most of di water on Earth be seawater. Water too dey present inside di atmosphere in solid, liquid and vapor forms. E also dey underground inside aquifers as groundwater.

Water be very important for many geological processes. Groundwater dey inside most rocks, and di pressure from dis groundwater dey affect faulting patterns. Water inside di mantle dey responsible for melting wey produce volcanoes at subduction zones. For Earth ein surface, water be important for both chemical and physical weathering processes. Water, and ice too to some extent, be responsible for large amount of sediment transport wey happen for Earth ein surface. Deposition of transported sediments dey form many kinds of sedimentary rocks, wey make up di geologic record of Earth history.
writing{variant=&quot;standard&quot; id=&quot;58142&quot;}
===Water cycle===
{{Main|Water cycle}}

[[File:Water cycle.png|thumb|Water cycle]]

Water cycle (scientific people dey call am hydrologic cycle) be di continuous movement and exchange of water inside di hydrosphere, between di atmosphere, soil water, surface water, groundwater, and plants.

Water dey move continuously through all these areas inside di ''water cycle'' through these transfer processes:

evaporation from oceans and oda water bodies enter di air, plus transpiration from land plants and animals enter di air.

precipitation, wey happen when water vapor condense from di air and fall come earth or ocean.

runoff from land wey mostly end up for sea.


Most water vapor wey dey come from di ocean dey return back there, but winds dey carry water vapor pass land at almost di same rate as runoff dey carry water enter di sea, about 47 Tt every year. Evaporation and transpiration for land areas too dey add another 72 Tt every year. Precipitation, at a rate of 119 Tt every year over land, fit happen in different forms: mostly rain, snow, and hail, plus small contributions from fog and dew.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Water in Crisis: A Guide to the World's Freshwater Resources |editor-last=Gleick |editor-first=P. H. |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1993 |page=15, Table 2.3 |url=http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/EarthSciences/Oceanography/?view=usa&amp;ci=9780195076288 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408091921/http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/EarthSciences/Oceanography/?view=usa&amp;ci=9780195076288 |archive-date=8 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dew be small drops of water wey dey form when plenty water vapor meet cool surface. Dew normally dey form for morning time when temperature dey lowest, just before sunrise and before di earth surface start warm up.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Alice's Adventures in Water-land |last1=Ben-Naim |first1=A. |last2=Ben-Naim |first2=R. |publisher=World Scientific Publishing |year=2011 |page=31 |doi=10.1142/8068 |isbn=978-981-4338-96-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Water wey condense for di air fit also refract sunlight to create rainbows.

Water runoff often dey gather for watersheds and flow enter rivers. Through erosion, runoff dey shape di environment by creating river valleys and river deltas wey provide fertile soil and flat land for human settlements. Flood happen when water cover an area of land, usually low-lying places, because river overflow ein banks or storm surge happen. On di other hand, drought be long period of months or years when one region no get enough water supply. Dis one happen when area dey consistently receive less rainfall than average, either because of ein topography or ein latitude.

===Water resources===
{{Main|Water resources}}

Water resources be natural resources of water wey humans fit use for useful purposes,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia |title=water resource |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/water-resource |access-date=17 May 2022 |language=en |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002130105/https://www.britannica.com/science/water-resource |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; like drinking water supply or irrigation water. Water dey exist as both &quot;stocks&quot; and &quot;flows&quot;. Water fit be stored as lakes, water vapor, groundwater or aquifers, plus ice and snow. Out of all freshwater for di world, about 69 percent dey stored inside glaciers and permanent snow cover; 30 percent dey groundwater; and di remaining 1 percent dey lakes, rivers, atmosphere, and living organisms.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Water in Crisis |last=Gleick |first=Peter H. |date=1993 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-507627-3 |edition= |location=New York |publication-date=1993 |page=[https://archive.org/details/waterincrisisgui00glei/page/13 13] |url=https://archive.org/details/waterincrisisgui00glei/page/13 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di amount of time water dey remain stored differ plenty. Some aquifers get water wey stay there for thousands of years, while lake water fit reduce during dry season and increase during rainy season. Plenty regions depend on water wey dem pump from stored sources, and when withdrawals pass recharge, di stock dey reduce. According to some estimates, up to 30 percent of all water wey irrigation dey use come from unsustainable groundwater extraction, causing groundwater depletion.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |first1=Yoshihide|last1=Wada |first2=L. P. H.|last2=Van Beek|first3=Marc F. P. |last3=Bierkens|title=Nonsustainable groundwater sustaining irrigation: A global assessment|journal=Water Resources Research |date= 2012 |volume=48 |issue=6 |pages=W00L06 |doi=10.1029/2011WR010562|bibcode=2012WRR....48.0L06W |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Seawater and tides===
{{Main|Seawater|Tides}}

Seawater get about 3.5% sodium chloride on average, plus smaller amounts of oda substances. Di physical properties of seawater differ from freshwater in some important ways. E dey freeze at lower temperature (about {{convert|-1.9|C}}), and ein density dey increase as temperature dey reduce till e reach freezing point, instead of reaching maximum density above freezing temperature. Water salinity for major seas vary from about 0.7% for di Baltic Sea to 4.0% for di Red Sea. (Di Dead Sea, wey famous for ein very high salinity between 30 and 40%, actually be salt lake.)

Tides be di regular rising and falling of local sea levels caused by di tidal forces of di Moon and Sun acting on di oceans. Tides dey cause changes for di depth of marine and estuarine water bodies and create moving currents wey people call tidal streams. Di tide wey happen for any location depend on di changing positions of di Moon and Sun relative to Earth, plus di effects of Earth rotation and local bathymetry. Di part of di seashore wey water cover during high tide and expose during low tide, called di intertidal zone, be important ecological feature created by ocean tides.

{{gallery | title = The Bay of Fundy at high tide and low tide | width = 150 | align = center |File:Bay of Fundy High Tide.jpg |High tide |File:Bay of Fundy Low Tide.jpg |Low tide }}

==Effects on life==
[[File:Auto-and heterotrophs.svg|thumb|upright|Overview of photosynthesis &lt;span style=&quot;color:green;&quot;&gt;(green)&lt;/span&gt; and respiration &lt;span style=&quot;color:red;&quot;&gt;(red)&lt;/span&gt;]]

From biological point of view, water get many unique properties wey make life possible. E perform dis role by allowing organic compounds make reactions wey eventually support replication. All known forms of life depend on water. Water be important both as solvent where many body solutes dissolve and as essential part of many metabolic processes inside di body. Metabolism include both anabolism and catabolism. For anabolism, water dey removed from molecules (through energy-demanding enzymatic chemical reactions) to build larger molecules like starches, triglycerides, and proteins for storing fuel and information. For catabolism, water dey used break bonds and produce smaller molecules like glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids for energy and oda functions. Without water, these metabolic processes no go happen.

Water too be central to both photosynthesis and respiration. Photosynthetic cells dey use energy from sunlight to separate hydrogen from oxygen inside water.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Catalyst helps split water: Plants|url=https://asknature.org/strategy/catalyst-helps-split-water/|access-date=10 September 2020|website=AskNature|language=en-US|archive-date=28 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028194047/https://asknature.org/strategy/catalyst-helps-split-water/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In presence of sunlight, di hydrogen combine with {{chem|C|O|2}} (absorbed from air or water) to form glucose and release oxygen.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last=Hall | first=D.O. | date=2001 | title=Photosynthesis, Sixth edition | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6F7yuf1Sj30C&amp;dq=process+of+photosynthesis&amp;pg=PR7 | publisher=University of Cambridge | isbn=0-521-64497-6 | access-date=26 August 2023 | archive-date=5 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005012445/https://books.google.com/books?id=6F7yuf1Sj30C&amp;dq=process+of+photosynthesis&amp;pg=PR7 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; All living cells dey use these fuels and oxidize di hydrogen and carbon to capture energy from di sun and reform water and {{chem|C|O|2}} during cellular respiration.

Water too be important for acid-base neutrality and enzyme function. Acid, wey be hydrogen ion ({{chem|H|+}}) donor, fit be neutralized by base, wey be proton acceptor like hydroxide ion ({{chem|O|H|−}}), to form water. Water dey considered neutral, with pH of 7 under ideal conditions. Acids get pH values below 7 while bases get values above 7.

===Aquatic life forms===
{{Further|Hydrobiology|Marine life|Aquatic plant}}

Earth ein surface waters full of life. Di earliest life forms appear for water, and nearly all fish live entirely inside water. Plenty marine mammals too dey exist, including dolphins and whales. Some animals, like amphibians, spend part of their lives inside water and part on land. Plants like kelp and algae grow for water and form di foundation of some underwater ecosystems. Plankton generally be di base of di ocean food chain.

Aquatic vertebrates must get oxygen before dem fit survive, and dem get am in different ways. Fish get gills instead of lungs, though some species like lungfish get both. Marine mammals such as dolphins, whales, otters, and seals must surface from time to time to breathe air. Some amphibians fit absorb oxygen through their skin. Invertebrates show many adaptations for surviving in waters wey get low oxygen levels, including breathing tubes and gills. However, because invertebrate life evolve inside water habitats, most of dem get little or no special adaptation for respiration in water.

{{gallery |align=center |File:Blue Linckia Starfish.JPG|Some of the biodiversity of a coral reef |File:Diatoms through the microscope.jpg|Some marine diatoms – a key phytoplankton group |File:VonDamm Crustaceans.jpg|Squat lobster and Alvinocarididae shrimp at the Von Damm hydrothermal field survive by altered water chemistry. }}

==Effects on human civilization==
{{More citations needed section|date=May 2018}}

[[File:Longwood Gardens-Italian Garden.jpg|thumb|right|Water fountain]]

Human civilization don historically develop around rivers and major waterways. Mesopotamia, one of di so-called cradles of civilization, dey located between di major rivers Tigris and Euphrates. Di ancient Egyptians depend completely on di Nile. Di early Indus Valley civilization ({{Circa|3300 BCE|1300 BCE}}) develop along di Indus River and tributaries wey flow from di Himalayas. Rome too be founded on di banks of di Italian river Tiber. Large cities like Rotterdam, London, Montreal, Paris, New York City, Buenos Aires, Shanghai, Tokyo, Chicago, and Hong Kong owe part of their success to easy access to water and di trade expansion wey come from am. Islands wey get safe water ports, like Singapore, also flourish for di same reason. For places like North Africa and di Middle East, where water scarce, access to clean drinking water be and still be major factor for human development.

===Health and pollution===
[[File: Field Trip- water sampling.jpg|thumb|An environmental science program – a student from Iowa State University sampling water]]

Water wey fit be used safely by humans be called drinking water or potable water. Water wey no be potable fit become potable through filtration, distillation, or various water treatment methods. More than 660 million people no get access to safe drinking water.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=On Water|url=https://www.eib.org/en/essays/on-water|access-date=13 October 2020|website=European Investment Bank|language=en|archive-date=14 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014022119/https://www.eib.org/en/essays/on-water|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=2.4 billion Without Adequate Sanitation. 600 million Without Safe Water. Can We Fix it by 2030?|url=https://ieg.worldbankgroup.org/blog/over-24-billion-without-adequate-sanitation-600-million-without-safe-water-how-do-we-bridge|access-date=13 October 2020|publisher=World Bank Group|first=Ramachandra |last=Jammi|date=13 March 2018 |language=en|archive-date=14 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014022128/https://ieg.worldbankgroup.org/blog/over-24-billion-without-adequate-sanitation-600-million-without-safe-water-how-do-we-bridge|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Water wey no fit be drunk but no dey harm humans for swimming or bathing get different names apart from potable water, and sometimes people call am safe water or &quot;safe for bathing&quot;. Chlorine be chemical wey fit irritate skin and mucous membranes, but dem dey use am make water safe for bathing and drinking. Ein use be highly regulated, usually around 1 ppm for drinking water and 1–2 ppm for bathing water. Water for bathing fit be kept microbiologically safe through chemical disinfectants like chlorine or ozone, or through ultraviolet light.

Water reclamation be di process of converting wastewater (mostly sewage or municipal wastewater) into water wey fit be reused for other purposes. About 2.3 billion people live for countries wey dey face water scarcity, meaning say each person get less than {{convert|1700|m3}} of water every year. Around {{convert|380|e9m3}} of municipal wastewater dey produced globally every year.&lt;ref name=&quot;EIB-2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wastewater resource recovery can fix water insecurity and cut carbon emissions |url=https://www.eib.org/en/essays/wastewater-resource-recovery |access-date=29 August 2022 |website=European Investment Bank |language=en |archive-date=29 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829150040/https://www.eib.org/en/essays/wastewater-resource-recovery |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=International Decade for Action 'Water for Life' 2005–2015. Focus Areas: Water scarcity |url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity.shtml |access-date=29 August 2022 |publisher=United Nations |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523125706/https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity.shtml |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The State of the World's Land and Water Resources for Food and Agriculture |url=https://www.fao.org/3/i1688e/i1688e.pdf |access-date=30 August 2022 |archive-date=31 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831234648/http://www.fao.org/3/i1688e/i1688e.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Freshwater be renewable resource wey di natural hydrologic cycle dey recycle, but pressure on access to am dey increase because water distribution no equal for space and time, agriculture and industry demands dey rise, and population too dey grow. Currently, nearly one billion people around di world no get access to safe and affordable water. For 2000, di United Nations establish di Millennium Development Goals to cut by half di proportion of people without safe water and sanitation by 2015. Progress no equal everywhere, and for 2015 di UN commit to di Sustainable Development Goals to achieve universal access to safe and affordable water and sanitation by 2030. Poor water quality and bad sanitation dey kill millions; about five million deaths every year relate to water-borne diseases. Di World Health Organization estimate say safe water fit prevent about 1.4 million child deaths from diarrhea every year.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/features/QA/70/en/ |title=World Health Organization. Safe Water and Global Health |publisher=World Health Organization |date=25 June 2008 |access-date=25 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224174349/http://www.who.int/features/qa/70/en/ |archive-date=24 December 2010 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

For developing countries, 90% of all municipal wastewater still dey enter local rivers and streams without treatment.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Environmentally Sound Technology for Wastewater and Stormwater Management: An International Source Book |author=UNEP International Environment |year=2002 |publisher=IWA |isbn=978-1-84339-008-4 |oclc=49204666}}&lt;/ref&gt; Around 50 countries, representing roughly one-third of di world population, also dey face medium or high water scarcity, and 17 of dem withdraw more water every year than their natural water cycles fit replace.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Climate Change and Developing Countries |last1=Ravindranath |first1=Nijavalli H. |first2=Jayant A. |last2=Sathaye |year=2002 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4020-0104-8 |oclc=231965991}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di pressure no dey affect only rivers and lakes; e too dey damage groundwater resources.

===Human uses===
{{Further|Water supply}}

[[File:Water withdrawals per capita, OWID.svg|thumb|upright=1.6|Total water withdrawals for agricultural, industrial and municipal purposes per capita, measured in cubic metres (m{{sup|3}}) per year in 2010&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Water withdrawals per capita |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/water-withdrawals-per-capita |website=Our World in Data |access-date=6 March 2020 |archive-date=12 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200312112519/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/water-withdrawals-per-capita |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

====Agriculture====
Agriculture be di biggest human use of water, including irrigated agriculture, and e account for about 80–90 percent of total human water consumption.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.wbcsd.org/includes/getTarget.asp?type=d&amp;id=MTYyNTA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301011840/http://www.wbcsd.org/includes/getTarget.asp?type=d&amp;id=MTYyNTA|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 March 2012 |title=WBCSD Water Facts &amp; Trends |access-date=25 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; For di United States, 42% of freshwater withdrawals dey go irrigation, but most of di water wey people actually consume (use and no return to di environment) dey go agriculture.&lt;ref name=&quot;Estimated use of water in the United States in 2015&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/cir1441 |chapter=Estimated use of water in the United States in 2015 |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey |doi=10.3133/cir1441 |title=Circular |year=2018 |last1=Dieter |first1=Cheryl A. |last2=Maupin |first2=Molly A. |last3=Caldwell |first3=Rodney R. |last4=Harris |first4=Melissa A. |last5=Ivahnenko |first5=Tamara I. |last6=Lovelace |first6=John K. |last7=Barber |first7=Nancy L. |last8=Linsey |first8=Kristin S. |page=76 |access-date=21 May 2019 |archive-date=28 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428190636/https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/cir1441 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Access to freshwater often look normal for developed countries wey build advanced systems for collecting, purifying, distributing water, and removing wastewater. But increasing economic, population, and climate pressures dey raise concerns about water resources and create competition for limited supplies, leading to di concept of peak water.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Gleick |first1=P. H. |title=Peak Water |url=http://www.pacinst.org/press_center/press_releases/peak_water_pnas.pdf |access-date=11 October 2011 |year=2010 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1004812107 |pmid=20498082 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=107 |issue=125 |pages=11155–11162 |last2=Palaniappan |first2=M. |bibcode=2010PNAS..10711155G |pmc=2895062 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108224340/http://www.pacinst.org/press_center/press_releases/peak_water_pnas.pdf |archive-date=8 November 2011 |url-status=live |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; As population and economies continue to grow, meat consumption increase, and new demands come from biofuels and water-intensive industries, new water challenges likely go emerge.&lt;ref&gt;United Nations Press Release POP/952 (13 March 2007). [https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2007/pop952.doc.htm &quot;World population will increase by 2.5 billion by 2050&quot;]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727030018/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2007/pop952.doc.htm |date=27 July 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Assessment of water management in agriculture was conducted in 2007 by di International Water Management Institute in Sri Lanka to determine whether di world get enough water to feed its growing population.&lt;ref&gt;, Molden, D. (Ed). ''Water for food, Water for life: A Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture.'' Earthscan/IWMI, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Di assessment evaluate current water availability for agriculture globally and identify areas suffering from water scarcity. Dem find say one-fifth of di world's population, more than 1.2 billion people, live for areas of physical water scarcity where water no dey enough to satisfy all demands. Another 1.6 billion people live for areas experiencing economic water scarcity, where lack of investment or human capacity make am impossible to meet water demand. Di report conclude say future food production still possible, but continuing current food production and environmental trends fit create crises for many regions. To avoid global water crisis, farmers go need increase productivity, while industries and cities go need use water more efficiently.&lt;ref&gt;Chartres, C. and Varma, S. (2010) ''Out of water. From Abundance to Scarcity and How to Solve the World's Water Problems''. FT Press (US).&lt;/ref&gt;

Water scarcity too dey result from production of water-intensive products. For example, producing 1 kg of cotton—about one pair of jeans—requires {{convert|10.9|m3}} of water. Even though cotton account for only 2.4% of global water use, much of di water dey used for regions already facing water shortages. Significant environmental damage don happen because of dis. For example, diversion of water by di former Soviet Union from di Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers for cotton production be major reason why di Aral Sea almost disappear.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first1=A. K. |last1=Chapagain |first2=A. Y. |last2=Hoekstra |first3=H. H. G. |last3=Savenije |first4=R. |last4=Guatam |title=The Water Footprint of Cotton Consumption |url=http://waterfootprint.org/media/downloads/Report18.pdf |publisher=IHE Delft Institute for Water Education |date=September 2005 |access-date=24 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326141524/https://waterfootprint.org/media/downloads/Report18.pdf |archive-date=26 March 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;gallery width=&quot;280px&quot; height=&quot;200px&quot;&gt;
File:Water requirement per tonne of food product, OWID.svg|Water requirement per tonne of food product
File:Subsurface drip emission on loamy soil.ogv|Water distribution in subsurface drip irrigation
File:SiphonTubes.JPG|Irrigation of field crops
&lt;/gallery&gt;
writing{variant=&quot;document&quot; id=&quot;58142&quot;} 
====As a scientific standard====
For 7 April 1795, France define gram as “the exact weight of pure water wey get volume equal to cube wey each side be one-hundredth of a meter, and at the temperature of melting ice.”&lt;ref&gt;[http://smdsi.quartier-rural.org/histoire/18germ_3.htm &quot;Décret relatif aux poids et aux mesures&quot;] [Decree relating to weights and measures] (in French). 18 germinal an 3 (7 April 1795). {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225163152/http://smdsi.quartier-rural.org/histoire/18germ_3.htm |date=25 February 2013 }}. quartier-rural.org&lt;/ref&gt; But for practical use, dem need metallic reference standard wey heavy pass am one thousand times, wey be the kilogram. Because of that, dem assign work make dem determine exactly the mass of one liter of water. Even though the official definition of gram specify water at {{convert|0|C}}—a temperature wey easy to reproduce—the scientists decide say dem go redefine the standard and do their measurements for the temperature wey water get its highest density, wey dem measure that time as {{convert|4|C}}.&lt;ref&gt;[http://histoire.du.metre.free.fr/fr/index.htm here &quot;L'Histoire Du Mètre, La Détermination De L'Unité De Poids&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725163108/http://histoire.du.metre.free.fr/fr/index.htm |date=25 July 2013 }}. histoire.du.metre.free.fr&lt;/ref&gt;

The Kelvin temperature scale for the SI system originally base on the triple point of water, wey dem define exactly as {{convert|273.16|K|C F}}, but since May 2019 e dey base on the Boltzmann constant instead. The scale be absolute temperature scale wey get the same increment as the Celsius temperature scale, wey dem first define according to the boiling point (set to {{convert|100|C}}) and melting point (set to {{convert|0|C}}) of water.

Natural water mostly contain the isotopes hydrogen-1 and oxygen-16, but small amount of heavier isotopes like oxygen-18, oxygen-17, and hydrogen-2 (deuterium) dey inside too. The percentage of these heavier isotopes be very small, but e still dey affect the properties of water. Water from rivers and lakes usually get fewer heavy isotopes than seawater. Because of that, standard water dey defined according to the Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water specification.

====For drinking====
{{Main|Drinking water}}

[[File:Humanitarian aid OCPA-2005-10-28-090517a.jpg|thumb|A young girl drinking bottled water]]

The human body get about 50–60% water on average, depending on age, gender, and body size, although some people fit get between 45% and 75%.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-05-27 |title=What percentage of the human body is water? |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/what-percentage-of-the-human-body-is-water |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=Medical News Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine recommend say adult men for take about {{Convert|3.7|L|U.S.gal|abbr=off|round=}} water every day, while women for take about {{Convert|2.7|L|U.S.gal|abbr=on}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; The exact amount depend on activity level, temperature, humidity, and other factors. Most of this water people get from food and drinks, not only from plain drinking water.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/health/healthy_living/nutrition/drinks_water.shtml |title=Healthy Water Living |work=BBC Health |access-date=1 February 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070101100025/http://www.bbc.co.uk/health/healthy_living/nutrition/drinks_water.shtml |archive-date=1 January 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some medical publications support lower intake, usually around 1 liter of water for an average man, apart from extra needs caused by exercise or hot weather.&lt;ref name=Rhoades_2003/&gt;

Healthy kidneys fit remove between 0.8 and 1 liter of water every hour, but stress such as exercise fit reduce this amount. People fit drink more water than their body need during exercise, and this fit put dem at risk of water intoxication (hyperhydration), wey fit cause death.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Noakes TD |author2=Goodwin N |author3=Rayner BL |display-authors=etal |title=Water intoxication: a possible complication during endurance exercise |journal=Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise |year=1985 |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=370–375 |pmid=4021781 |doi=10.1249/00005768-198506000-00012|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Noakes TD, Goodwin N, Rayner BL, Branken T, Taylor RK |title=Water intoxication: a possible complication during endurance exercise, 1985 |journal=Wilderness and Environmental Medicine |year=2005 |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=221–227 |pmid=16366205 |doi=10.1580/1080-6032(2005)16[221:WIAPCD]2.0.CO;2|s2cid=28370290 |doi-access= }}&lt;/ref&gt; The common claim say “person for drink eight glasses of water every day” no get strong scientific proof behind am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title='Drink at least eight glasses of water a day.' Really? Is there scientific evidence for '8 × 8'? |journal=American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology |volume=283 |issue=5 |pages=R993–R1004 |doi=10.1152/ajpregu.00365.2002 |pmid=12376390 |year=2002 |last1=Valtin |first1=Heinz |s2cid=2256436 |url=http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3595/81eb8fa614a2f8c765dc1d4fed3c0e39ee7e.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222112803/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3595/81eb8fa614a2f8c765dc1d4fed3c0e39ee7e.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 February 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Studies show say extra water intake, especially up to {{convert|500|mL}} during meals, fit help with weight loss.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Vij VA, Joshi AS |title=Effect of 'water induced thermogenesis' on body weight, body mass index and body composition of overweight subjects |journal=Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research |volume=7 |issue=9 |pages=1894–1896 |date=September 2013 |pmid=24179891 |pmc=3809630 |doi=10.7860/JCDR/2013/5862.3344}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Muckelbauer R, Sarganas G, Grüneis A, Müller-Nordhorn J |title=Association between water consumption and body weight outcomes: a systematic review |journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=98 |issue=2 |pages=282–299 |date=August 2013 |pmid=23803882 |doi=10.3945/ajcn.112.055061|s2cid=12265434 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Taking enough fluids also dey help prevent constipation.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/water-a-fluid-way-to-manage-constipation &quot;Water, Constipation, Dehydration, and Other Fluids&quot;]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150304043454/http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/water-a-fluid-way-to-manage-constipation |date=4 March 2015 }}. ''Science Daily''. Retrieved on 28 September 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:DIN 4844-2 D-P005.svg|thumb|right|Hazard symbol for non-potable water]]

One of the first recommendations about water intake, wey the Food and Nutrition Board of the U.S. National Research Council publish for 1945, talk say: “A normal standard for different people be 1 milliliter for every calorie of food. Most of this quantity dey already inside prepared foods.”&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Food and Nutrition Board, National Academy of Sciences. Recommended Dietary Allowances |publisher=National Research Council, Reprint and Circular Series, No. 122 |year=1945 |pages=3–18}}&lt;/ref&gt; The latest dietary reference intake report from the U.S. National Research Council generally recommend, based on survey data from the United States (including water from food), total water intake of {{convert|3.7|L}} for men and {{convert|2.7|L}} for women. The report also note say water from food contribute about 19% of total water intake in the survey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.nap.edu/read/10925/chapter/6|title=4 Water {{!}} Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate |publisher=The National Academies Press|doi=10.17226/10925|year=2005|isbn=978-0-309-09169-5|author1=Institute of Medicine|author2=Food Nutrition Board|author3=Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes|author4=Panel on Dietary Reference Intakes for Electrolytes and Water|access-date=11 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113063638/https://www.nap.edu/read/10925/chapter/6|archive-date=13 January 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pregnant women and breastfeeding women especially need extra fluids make dem stay hydrated. The U.S. Institute of Medicine recommend say men on average make dem consume {{convert|3|L}} and women {{convert|2.2|L}}. Pregnant women should increase their intake to {{convert|2.4|L}}, while breastfeeding women should get 3 liters (12 cups), because plenty fluid dey lost during breastfeeding.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; E also note say normally, about 20% of water intake dey come from food,&lt;ref name=HeartOrg2024/&gt;&lt;ref name=HowMuchWater/&gt; while the remaining part come from drinking water and other beverages, including caffeinated drinks.&lt;ref name=HowMuchWater&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; The body dey remove water through different ways: urine, feces, sweating, and water vapor wey person breathe out.&lt;ref name=DiarrhoealDiseaseWHO/&gt; With physical activity and exposure to heat, water loss go increase and daily fluid requirements fit increase too.&lt;ref name=cdcgovHeatAndColdIllness/&gt;

Humans need water wey get very few impurities. Common impurities include metals like copper and lead;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt; chemical compounds such as pesticides, PFAS, or bleach;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 29, 2025 |title=Types of Drinking Water Contaminants |url=https://www.epa.gov/ccl/types-drinking-water-contaminants |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; and harmful bacteria like ''Campylobacter'', ''E. coli'' O157, and ''Vibrio''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Microbial fact sheets |date=2022 |work=Guidelines for drinking-water quality: Fourth edition incorporating the first and second addenda |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK579445/ |access-date=2025-09-01 |publisher=World Health Organization |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some dissolved substances are acceptable and even useful because dem improve taste and provide important electrolytes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Maton |first1=Anthea |first2=Jean |last2=Hopkins |first3=Charles William |last3=McLaughlin |first4=Susan |last4=Johnson |first5=Maryanna Quon |last5=Warner |first6=David |last6=LaHart |first7=Jill D. |last7=Wright |title=Human Biology and Health |publisher=Prentice Hall |year=1993 |location=Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey |isbn=978-0-13-981176-0 |oclc=32308337 |url=https://archive.org/details/humanbiologyheal00scho }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The biggest freshwater resource in the world suitable for drinking, by volume, be Lake Baikal for Siberia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ujf0kkNF2H8C |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ujf0kkNF2H8C/page/n140 125] |title=Water: a shared responsibility |author=Unesco |publisher=Berghahn Books |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-84545-177-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Washing====
{{excerpt|washing}}

====Transportation====
{{excerpt|maritime transport|only=paragraphs}}

====Chemical uses====
People dey use water plenty for chemical reactions as solvent or reactant, and less often as solute or catalyst. For inorganic reactions, water be common solvent wey fit dissolve many ionic compounds plus other polar compounds such as ammonia and compounds wey closely resemble water. For organic reactions, people no usually use water as reaction solvent because e no dey dissolve many reactants well and because e be amphoteric (acidic and basic) and nucleophilic. Even so, these properties sometimes dey useful. Scientists also observe say water fit speed up Diels-Alder reactions. Supercritical water too recently become important topic for research. Oxygen-saturated supercritical water fit burn organic pollutants efficiently.

====Heat exchange====
Water and steam be common fluids for heat exchange because dem easy to get and because water get high heat capacity, whether for cooling or heating. Cool water fit even come naturally from lakes or the sea. Water dey especially effective for transporting heat through vaporization and condensation because e get large latent heat of vaporization. One disadvantage be say metals wey industries commonly use, such as steel and copper, dey oxidize faster when untreated water and steam dey involved. For almost all thermal power stations, dem dey use water as the working fluid (inside a closed-loop system between boiler, steam turbine, and condenser) and also as coolant (to transfer waste heat into a water body or remove am through evaporation in a cooling tower). For the United States, cooling power plants be the biggest use of water.&lt;ref name=&quot;Water Use in the United States&quot;&gt;[http://nationalatlas.gov/articles/water/a_wateruse.html &quot;Water Use in the United States&quot;], ''National Atlas''. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090814045418/http://nationalatlas.gov/articles/water/a_wateruse.html |date=14 August 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

For the nuclear power industry, water fit also serve as neutron moderator. For most nuclear reactors, water be both coolant and moderator. This provide some passive safety benefit because if water leave the reactor, e also slow down the nuclear reaction. However, other methods dey preferred for stopping reactions completely, and dem prefer make the nuclear core stay covered with water so cooling go continue properly.

====Fire considerations====
 [[File:MH-60S Helicopter dumps water onto Fire.jpg|right|thumb|Water is used for fighting wildfires.]]

Water get high heat of vaporization and e be relatively inert, so e be good fire-extinguishing fluid. As water evaporate, e carry heat away from the fire. But e dey dangerous to use water on fires involving oils and organic solvents because many organic materials float on water, and the water fit spread the burning liquid.

When people dey use water for fire fighting, dem also need consider the danger of steam explosions, wey fit happen when water touch very hot fires in enclosed places. Another danger be hydrogen explosions, wey fit happen when substances wey react with water, such as some metals or very hot carbon materials like coal, charcoal, or coke graphite, break down water and produce water gas.

The power of such explosions show clearly during the Chernobyl disaster, although for that case the water no come from fire-fighting but from the reactor’s own cooling system. A steam explosion happen when the reactor core overheat seriously and make water turn suddenly into steam. A hydrogen explosion may also have happened because of the reaction between steam and hot zirconium.

Some metallic oxides, especially those of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals, release so much heat when dem react with water that fire hazards fit develop. The alkaline earth oxide quicklime, also known as calcium oxide, be one mass-produced substance wey people often transport inside paper bags. If water soak the bags, dem fit catch fire because the contents react with water.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Material Safety Data Sheet: Quicklime |url=https://www.lhoist.com/sites/lhoist/files/lna_msds_quicklime_2012-3.pdf |publisher=Lhoist North America |date=6 August 2012 |access-date=24 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705030051/http://www.lhoist.com/sites/lhoist/files/lna_msds_quicklime_2012-3.pdf |archive-date=5 July 2016 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
:::writing{variant=&quot;document&quot; id=&quot;58241&quot;} ====Recreation==== {{Main|Water sport (recreation)}}

[[File:Johny Cay.jpg|thumb|right|San Andrés island, Colombia]]

Humans dey use water for plenty recreational activities, plus exercise and sports too. Some of dem be swimming, waterskiing, boating, surfing and diving. Plus, some sports like ice hockey and ice skating dey happen on ice. Lakesides, beaches and water parks be popular places wey people dey go relax and enjoy themselves. Plenty people dey find the sound and look of flowing water very calming, and fountains plus other flowing-water structures dey serve as popular decorations. Some people too dey keep fish and other plants and animals inside aquariums or ponds for display, enjoyment and companionship. Humans also dey use water for snow sports such as skiing, sledding, snowmobiling or snowboarding, wey all require say the water dey low temperature either as ice or as crystallized snow.

====Water industry==== The water industry dey provide drinking water and wastewater services (including sewage treatment) for households and industries. Water supply facilities include water wells, cisterns for rainwater harvesting, water supply networks, and water purification facilities, water tanks, water towers, water pipes including old aqueducts. Atmospheric water generators too dey under development.

Drinking water often dey come from springs, artificial borings (wells) for ground, or dem dey pump am from lakes and rivers. Building more wells for suitable places fit help increase water supply, as long as the aquifers fit provide enough water flow. Other water sources include rainwater collection. Water fit need purification before humans go fit drink am. This fit involve removing undissolved substances, dissolved substances and harmful microbes. Popular methods include filtering with sand, wey mainly removes undissolved materials, while chlorination and boiling dey kill harmful microbes. Distillation dey perform all three functions. More advanced techniques such as reverse osmosis dey exist. Desalination of abundant seawater be a more expensive solution wey coastal arid climates dey use.

Distribution of drinking water dey happen through municipal water systems, tanker deliveries, or as bottled water. Governments for many countries get programs wey dey distribute water to needy people free of charge.

Another option be to reduce usage by reserving drinking (potable) water mainly for human consumption. For some cities like Hong Kong, dem dey use seawater extensively for flushing toilets across the whole city to conserve freshwater resources.

Polluting water fit be the biggest misuse of water. As long as a pollutant limits other ways people fit use the water, e become waste of the resource, no matter the benefit to the polluter. Like other forms of pollution, this one no dey enter standard market cost accounting because dem dey treat am as externalities wey the market no fit properly account for. So other people dey pay the cost of water pollution, while profits from private companies no dey redistribute to the local people wey suffer from the pollution. Pharmaceuticals wey humans consume often end up inside waterways and fit negatively affect aquatic life if dem bioaccumulate and if dem no be biodegradable.

Municipal and industrial wastewater usually dey receive treatment for wastewater treatment plants. Mitigation of polluted surface runoff dey happen through different prevention and treatment techniques.

{{gallery |align=center |File:Water carrier in India.jpg|A water-carrier for India, 1882. For many places wey running water no dey available, people have to transport water by themselves. |File:TapWater-china.JPG|A manual water pump for China |File:Usine Bret MG 1648.jpg|Water purification facility |File:Reverse osmosis desalination plant.JPG|Reverse osmosis (RO) desalination plant for Barcelona, Spain }}

====Industrial applications==== Plenty industrial processes depend on chemical reactions wey happen inside water, suspension of solids inside water slurries, or use of water to dissolve and extract substances, or to wash products and equipment. Processes such as mining, chemical pulping, pulp bleaching, paper manufacturing, textile production, dyeing, printing and cooling of power plants dey use large amounts of water. These activities require dedicated water sources and often cause serious water pollution.

Water too dey play important role for power generation. Hydroelectricity be electricity wey come from hydropower. Hydroelectric power dey come from water wey dey drive a water turbine connected to a generator. Hydroelectricity be low-cost, non-polluting and renewable energy source. The movement of water dey provide the energy. Usually, dem build dam for river, creating artificial lake behind am. Water wey flows out from the lake dey pass through turbines wey turn generators.

{{wide image|200407-sandouping-sanxiadaba-4.med.jpg|800px|Three Gorges Dam be the largest hydro-electric power station for the world.}}

Dem dey use pressurized water for water blasting and water jet cutters. High-pressure water guns dey provide very precise cutting. E dey work very well, e relatively safe, and e no dey harm the environment. Dem also dey use am to cool machinery and prevent overheating, or stop saw blades from overheating.

Water too dey play role inside many industrial processes and machines, such as steam turbines and heat exchangers, apart from its use as chemical solvent. Discharge of untreated water from industrial activities be water pollution. Pollution includes discharged solutes (chemical pollution) and discharged coolant water (thermal pollution). Industry needs pure water for many applications, and dey use different purification techniques both for water supply and discharge.

The digital sector, especially Artificial intelligence, dey use huge amounts of water. Because of that, AI expansion fit threaten global and national water security.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Kenny |first1=Rich |last2=Lunj |first2=Avinash |last3=Kis |first3=Alexandra |title=AI’s thirst for water |url=https://sustainableict.blog.gov.uk/2025/09/17/ais-thirst-for-water/ |website=GOV UK |publisher=the Government Digital Sustainability Alliance (GDSA) |access-date=5 February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Food processing==== [[File:Cuisson des pates.jpg|thumb|Water fit be used to cook foods such as noodles.]] [[File:Sterilewater.jpg|thumb|upright|Sterile water for injection]]

Boiling, steaming and simmering be popular cooking methods wey often require food to stay inside water or steam.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xZHUAAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA54|title=A Course in Household Arts: Part I|last=Duff|first=Loretto Basil|date=1916|publisher=Whitcomb &amp; Barrows|access-date=3 December 2017|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414164100/https://books.google.com/books?id=xZHUAAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA54|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem also dey use water for dishwashing. Water too dey play many important roles inside food science.

Solutes such as salts and sugars wey dey inside water fit affect the physical properties of water. The boiling and freezing points of water dey change because of solutes and air pressure, and air pressure itself dey affected by altitude. Water dey boil at lower temperatures for places wey air pressure low because of higher elevation. One mole of sucrose (sugar) per kilogram of water dey increase water boiling point by {{convert|0.51|C-change|3}}, while one mole of salt per kilogram dey increase am by {{convert|1.02|C-change|3}}. In the same way, increasing dissolved particles dey lower the freezing point of water.&lt;ref name=&quot;vaclacik&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Essentials of Food Science |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iCCsvwZrguUC |year=2007 |last1=Vaclavik |first1=Vickie A. |last2=Christian |first2=Elizabeth W. |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-387-69939-4 |access-date=31 August 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414164352/https://books.google.com/books?id=iCCsvwZrguUC |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Solutes inside water too dey affect water activity, and that one dey influence plenty chemical reactions plus microbial growth inside food.&lt;ref name=&quot;deman&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kDYJ7a1HbD0C&amp;pg=PA434 |title=Principles of Food Chemistry |year=1999 |last=DeMan |first=John M. |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-8342-1234-3 |access-date=31 August 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414185952/https://books.google.com/books?id=kDYJ7a1HbD0C&amp;pg=PA434 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Water activity fit be described as the ratio between vapor pressure of water inside a solution and vapor pressure of pure water.&lt;ref name=&quot;vaclacik&quot; /&gt; Solutes inside water dey lower water activity, and this be important because most bacteria growth stops when water activity become very low.&lt;ref name=&quot;deman&quot; /&gt; Microbial growth no only affect food safety, but e also affects preservation and shelf life of food.

Water hardness too be important factor for food processing, and dem fit alter or treat am by using chemical ion exchange systems. E fit greatly affect product quality and sanitation. Water hardness dey classified according to the concentration of calcium carbonate inside the water. Water be classified as soft if e contains less than 100 mg/L (UK)&lt;ref name=&quot;DEFRA&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://dwi.defra.gov.uk/consumers/advice-leaflets/hardness_map.pdf |title=Map showing the rate of hardness in mg/L as Calcium carbonate in England and Wales |publisher=DEFRA Drinking Water Inspectorate |date=2009 |access-date=18 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529054911/http://dwi.defra.gov.uk/consumers/advice-leaflets/hardness_map.pdf |archive-date=29 May 2015 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; or less than 60 mg/L (US).&lt;ref name=&quot;USGS&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://water.usgs.gov/edu/hardness.html |publisher=US Geological Service |title=Water hardness |date=8 April 2014 |access-date=18 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518204909/https://water.usgs.gov/edu/hardness.html |archive-date=18 May 2015 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to report wey Water Footprint organization publish for 2010, one kilogram of beef requires {{convert|15|e3L|e3impgal+e3usgal}} of water. However, the authors make am clear say this be global average and local conditions fit affect the amount of water wey beef production go use.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |title=The green, blue and grey water footprint of farm animals and animal products, Value of Water |series=Research Report Series |volume=1|issue=48 |url=http://www.waterfootprint.org/Reports/Report-48-WaterFootprint-AnimalProducts-Vol1.pdf |publisher=UNESCO – IHE Institute for Water Education |access-date=30 January 2014 |first1=M. M. |last1=Mekonnen |first2=A. Y. |last2=Hoekstra |date=December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527104135/http://www.waterfootprint.org/Reports/Report-48-WaterFootprint-AnimalProducts-Vol1.pdf |archive-date=27 May 2014 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Medical use==== Water for injection dey on the World Health Organization list of essential medicines.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/93142/1/EML_18_eng.pdf?ua=1 |title=WHO Model List of EssentialMedicines |date=October 2013 |website=World Health Organization |access-date=22 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423005004/http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/93142/1/EML_18_eng.pdf?ua=1 |archive-date=23 April 2014 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Distribution in nature==

===In the universe=== [[File:Band 5 ALMA receiver.jpg|thumb|Band 5 ALMA receiver be instrument wey dem design specially to detect water for the universe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ALMA Greatly Improves Capacity to Search for Water in Universe |url=http://www.eso.org/public/announcements/ann15059/ |access-date=20 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723070436/http://www.eso.org/public/announcements/ann15059/ |archive-date=23 July 2015 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

A large part of the water for the universe dey form as byproduct of star formation. When stars dey form, strong outward winds of gas and dust dey accompany the process. When this material eventually hits the surrounding gas, the shock waves wey form dey compress and heat the gas. The water wey scientists observe then dey form quickly inside this warm and dense gas.&lt;ref&gt;Melnick, Gary, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics and Neufeld, David, Johns Hopkins University quoted in: {{cite web |url=http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/1998/04.23/DiscoverofWater.html |title=Discover of Water Vapor Near Orion Nebula Suggests Possible Origin of H20 in Solar System (sic) |date=23 April 1998 |website=The Harvard University Gazette |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000116054013/http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/1998/04.23/DiscoverofWater.html |archive-date=16 January 2000 }} {{cite news |url=http://www.jhu.edu/news_info/news/home98/apr98/clouds.html |title=Space Cloud Holds Enough Water to Fill Earth's Oceans 1 Million Times |date=9 April 1998 |publisher=Headlines@Hopkins, JHU |access-date=21 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109171410/http://www.jhu.edu/news_info/news/home98/apr98/clouds.html |archive-date=9 November 2007 |url-status=live }} {{cite web |url=http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/1999/02.25/telescope.html |title=Water, Water Everywhere: Radio telescope finds water is common in universe |date=25 February 1999 |website=The Harvard University Gazette |access-date=19 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519141432/http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/1999/02.25/telescope.html |archive-date=19 May 2011 |url-status=live }} ([https://web.archive.org/web/20160715053715/http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/1998/04.23/DiscoverofWater.html archive link])&lt;/ref&gt;

On 22 July 2011, one report describe discovery of huge water-vapor cloud wey contain “140 trillion times more water than all Earth oceans combined” around one quasar located 12 billion light years away from Earth. According to the researchers, the discovery show say water don dey common for the universe for almost all of its existence.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clavin&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Clavin |first1=Whitney |last2=Buis |first2=Alan |title=Astronomers Find Largest, Most Distant Reservoir of Water |url=http://www.nasa.gov/topics/universe/features/universe20110722.html |date=22 July 2011 |publisher=NASA |access-date=25 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724063244/http://www.nasa.gov/topics/universe/features/universe20110722.html |archive-date=24 July 2011 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;water vapor cloud&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Staff |title=Astronomers Find Largest, Oldest Mass of Water in Universe |url=http://www.space.com/12400-universe-biggest-oldest-cloud-water.html |date=22 July 2011 |publisher=Space.com |access-date=23 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111029230319/http://www.space.com/12400-universe-biggest-oldest-cloud-water.html |archive-date=29 October 2011 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Scientists don detect water inside interstellar clouds within the Milky Way.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1gfe459yygC&amp;pg=PA90 |title=Faint Echoes, Distant Stars: The Science and Politics of Finding Life Beyond Earth |last=Bova |first=Ben |year=2009 |publisher=Zondervan |isbn=978-0-06-185448-4 |access-date=31 August 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414164517/https://books.google.com/books?id=m1gfe459yygC&amp;pg=PA90 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Water likely dey plenty for other galaxies too because hydrogen and oxygen, wey be the components of water, be among the most abundant elements for the universe. Based on models of the formation and evolution of the Solar System and other star systems, most other planetary systems likely get similar ingredients.
writing{variant=&quot;document&quot; id=&quot;58142&quot;}
====Water vapor====

Water dey exist as vapor for:

Atmosphere of the Sun: e dey inside for small trace amounts.&lt;ref name=Solanki1994&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Solanki |first1=S.K. |last2=Livingston |first2=W. |last3=Ayres |first3=T. |year=1994 |title=New Light on the Heart of Darkness of the Solar Chromosphere |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |pmid=17748350 |volume=263 |issue=5143 |pages=64–66 |bibcode=1994Sci...263...64S |doi=10.1126/science.263.5143.64 |s2cid=27696504 |url=http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f20e/89b9c386ff2dea7d990f8ff6a09d550e5e43.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307030222/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f20e/89b9c386ff2dea7d990f8ff6a09d550e5e43.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 March 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Atmosphere of Mercury: 3.4%, plus plenty water for Mercury ein exosphere.&lt;ref name=&quot;planetary society&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.planetary.org/news/2008/0703_MESSENGER_Scientists_Astonished_to.html |title=MESSENGER Scientists 'Astonished' to Find Water in Mercury's Thin Atmosphere |access-date=5 July 2008 |publisher=Planetary Society |date=3 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406034624/http://www.planetary.org/news/2008/0703_MESSENGER_Scientists_Astonished_to.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 April 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Atmosphere of Venus: 0.002%.&lt;ref name=Bertaux2007&gt;{{cite journal |last=Bertaux |first=Jean-Loup |title=A warm layer in Venus' cryosphere and high-altitude measurements of HF, HCl, H2O and HDO |journal=Nature |year=2007 |volume=450 |pages=646–649 |doi=10.1038/nature05974 |bibcode=2007Natur.450..646B |pmid=18046397 |issue=7170 |author2=Vandaele, Ann-Carine |last3=Korablev |first3=Oleg |last4=Villard |first4=E. |last5=Fedorova |first5=A. |last6=Fussen |first6=D. |last7=Quémerais |first7=E. |last8=Belyaev |first8=D. |last9=Mahieux |first9=A. |hdl=2268/29200 |s2cid=4421875 |url=https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/29200/1/Bertaux-2007-a%20warm.pdf |access-date=8 October 2022 |archive-date=7 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907122145/https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/29200/1/Bertaux-2007-a%20warm.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Earth's atmosphere: about 0.40% for the whole atmosphere, but normally 1–4% near the surface.

Atmosphere of the Moon: e dey inside for small trace amounts.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sridharan2010&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sridharan |first1=R. |first2=S.M. |last2=Ahmed |first3=Tirtha Pratim |last3=Dasa |first4=P. |last4=Sreelathaa |first5=P. |last5=Pradeepkumara |first6=Neha |last6=Naika |first7=Gogulapati |last7=Supriya |year=2010 |page=947 |issue=6 |volume=58 |title='Direct' evidence for water (H2O) in the sunlit lunar ambience from CHACE on MIP of Chandrayaan I |journal=Planetary and Space Science |doi=10.1016/j.pss.2010.02.013 |bibcode=2010P&amp;SS...58..947S}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Atmosphere of Mars: 0.03%.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rapp2012&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Rapp, Donald |title=Use of Extraterrestrial Resources for Human Space Missions to Moon or Mars |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2xzxhnBRHCMC&amp;pg=PA78 |year=2012 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-642-32762-9 |page=78 |access-date=9 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715154349/https://books.google.com/books?id=2xzxhnBRHCMC&amp;pg=PA78 |archive-date=15 July 2016 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Atmosphere of Ceres.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kuppers2014&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Küppers |first1=M. |last2=O'Rourke |first2=L. |last3=Bockelée-Morvan |first3=D.|author3-link=Dominique Bockelée-Morvan |last4=Zakharov |first4=V. |last5=Lee |first5=S. |last6=Von Allmen |first6=P. |last7=Carry |first7=B. |last8=Teyssier |first8=D. |last9=Marston |first9=A. |last10=Müller |first10=T. |last11=Crovisier |first11=J. |last12=Barucci |first12=M.A. |last13=Moreno |first13=R. |title=Localized sources of water vapour on the dwarf planet (1) Ceres |journal=Nature |volume=505 |issue=7484 |date=23 January 2014 |pages=525–527|doi=10.1038/nature12918 |pmid=24451541 |bibcode=2014Natur.505..525K|s2cid=4448395 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Atmosphere of Jupiter: 0.0004%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s11214-005-1951-5 |last1=Atreya |first1=Sushil K. |last2=Wong |first2=Ah-San |year=2005 |title=Coupled Clouds and Chemistry of the Giant Planets – A Case for Multiprobes |journal=Space Science Reviews |volume=116 |issue=1–2 |pages=121–136 |url=http://www-personal.umich.edu/~atreya/Chapters/2005_JovianCloud_Multiprobes.pdf |bibcode=2005SSRv..116..121A |access-date=1 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722074717/http://www-personal.umich.edu/~atreya/Chapters/2005_JovianCloud_Multiprobes.pdf |archive-date=22 July 2011 |url-status=live |hdl=2027.42/43766 |s2cid=31037195 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Water for Jupiter mostly dey as ice, and e dey for ein moon Europa too.&lt;ref name=&quot;NASA-20131212-EU&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Cook |first1=Jia-Rui C. |last2=Gutro |first2=Rob |last3=Brown |first3=Dwayne |last4=Harrington |first4=J.D. |last5=Fohn |first5=Joe |title=Hubble Sees Evidence of Water Vapor at Jupiter Moon |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2013-363 |date=12 December 2013 |website=[[NASA]] |access-date=12 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215053143/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2013-363 |archive-date=15 December 2013 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Atmosphere of Saturn: water mostly dey as ice. Enceladus get about 91% water vapor plume,&lt;ref name=&quot;Hansen&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.1121254 |title=Enceladus' Water Vapor Plume |year=2006 |author=Hansen |journal=Science |volume=311 |pages=1422–1425 |pmid=16527971 |issue=5766 |bibcode=2006Sci...311.1422H |author2=C.J.|last3=Stewart |first3=AI |last4=Colwell |first4=J |last5=Hendrix |first5=A |last6=Pryor |first6=W |last7=Shemansky |first7=D |last8=West |first8=R|s2cid=2954801 |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/89b1/1f34539a1b9b8a9dcb5a1d835e693bea1940.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218132849/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/89b1/1f34539a1b9b8a9dcb5a1d835e693bea1940.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 February 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and Dione fit get underground ocean.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sanchez-Maes |first=Sophia |date=January 11, 2017 |title=Solid Evidence for Liquid Water on Dione |url=https://www.yalescientific.org/2017/01/solid-evidence-for-liquid-water-on-dione/ |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=Yale Scientific Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Atmosphere of Uranus: water vapor dey inside for very small amounts below 50 bar.

Atmosphere of Neptune: water dey for the deeper layers.&lt;ref name=hubbard&gt;{{cite journal |last=Hubbard |first=W.B. |title=Neptune's Deep Chemistry |journal=Science |year=1997 |volume=275 |issue=5304 |pages=1279–1280 |doi=10.1126/science.275.5304.1279 |pmid=9064785|s2cid=36248590 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Extrasolar planet atmospheres: water vapor don dey detected for planets like HD 189733 b,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20070716081124/http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1642811,00.html Water Found on Distant Planet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070716081124/http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1642811,00.html |date=16 July 2007 }} 12 July 2007 By Laura Blue, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''&lt;/ref&gt; HD 209458 b,&lt;ref name=&quot;Space.com water&quot;&gt;[http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/070410_water_exoplanet.html Water Found in Extrasolar Planet's Atmosphere] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101230065702/http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/070410_water_exoplanet.html |date=30 December 2010 }} – Space.com&lt;/ref&gt; Tau Boötis b,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |arxiv = 1402.0846|last1 = Lockwood|first1 = Alexandra C|title = Near-IR Direct Detection of Water Vapor in Tau Boo B|journal = The Astrophysical Journal|volume = 783|issue = 2|pages = L29|last2 = Johnson|first2 = John A|last3 = Bender|first3 = Chad F|last4 = Carr|first4 = John S|last5 = Barman|first5 = Travis|last6 = Richert|first6 = Alexander J.W.|last7 = Blake|first7 = Geoffrey A|year = 2014|doi = 10.1088/2041-8205/783/2/L29|bibcode = 2014ApJ...783L..29L|s2cid = 8463125}}&lt;/ref&gt; HAT-P-11b,&lt;ref name=&quot;NASA-20140924&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Clavin |first1=Whitney |last2=Chou |first2=Felicia |last3=Weaver |first3=Donna |last4=Villard |first45=Ray |last5=Johnson |first5=Michele |title=NASA Telescopes Find Clear Skies and Water Vapor on Exoplanet |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-322&amp;1 |date=24 September 2014 |website=[[NASA]] |access-date=24 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114220647/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-322&amp;1 |archive-date=14 January 2017 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hanslmeier2010&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Arnold Hanslmeier |title=Water in the Universe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mj5tSld5tjMC&amp;pg=PA159 |year=2010 |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |isbn=978-90-481-9984-6 |pages=159– |access-date=9 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715031920/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mj5tSld5tjMC&amp;pg=PA159 |archive-date=15 July 2016 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; XO-1b, WASP-12b, WASP-17b, and WASP-19b.&lt;ref name=&quot;NASA-20131203&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Hubble Traces Subtle Signals of Water on Hazy Worlds |url=http://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/hubble-traces-subtle-signals-of-water-on-hazy-worlds/ |date=3 December 2013 |publisher=[[NASA]] |access-date=4 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206012837/http://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/hubble-traces-subtle-signals-of-water-on-hazy-worlds/ |archive-date=6 December 2013 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Stellar atmospheres: water vapor no dey only for cool stars. Scientists don detect am too for giant hot stars like Betelgeuse, Mu Cephei, Antares and Arcturus.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hanslmeier2010&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lund Observatory&quot;&gt;Andersson, Jonas (June 2012). [http://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&amp;recordOId=2969749&amp;fileOId=2969772 Water in stellar atmospheres &quot;Is a novel picture required to explain the atmospheric behavior of water in red giant stars?&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213133956/http://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&amp;recordOId=2969749&amp;fileOId=2969772 |date=13 February 2015 }} Lund Observatory, Lund University, Sweden&lt;/ref&gt;

Circumstellar disks: water vapor dey inside the disks around more than half of T Tauri stars, including AA Tauri,&lt;ref name=&quot;Hanslmeier2010&quot; /&gt; plus TW Hydrae,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150219053556/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/herschel/news/herschel20111020.html Herschel Finds Oceans of Water in Disk of Nearby Star] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219053556/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/herschel/news/herschel20111020.html |date=19 February 2015 }}. Nasa.gov (20 October 2011). Retrieved on 28 September 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://jpl.nasa.gov/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604082809/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2011-327|url-status=dead|title=JPL|archivedate=4 June 2012|website=NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)}}&lt;/ref&gt; IRC +10216,&lt;ref&gt;Lloyd, Robin. ''&quot;Water Vapor, Possible Comets, Found Orbiting Star&quot;'', 11 July 2001, [http://www.space.com/searchforlife/swas_water_010711.html Space.com]. Retrieved 15 December 2006. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090523025818/http://www.space.com/searchforlife/swas_water_010711.html |date=23 May 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and APM 08279+5255,&lt;ref name=&quot;Clavin&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;water vapor cloud&quot; /&gt; VY Canis Majoris and S Persei.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lund Observatory&quot; /&gt;
:::writing{variant=&quot;document&quot; id=&quot;58421&quot;} ====Liquid water==== {{Further|List of largest lakes and seas in the Solar System|Extraterrestrial liquid water}}

Liquid water dey Earth, and e cover 71% of the planet surface.&lt;ref name=&quot;WSS&quot; /&gt; Small amounts of liquid water too dey show for Mars from time to time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=NASA Confirms Evidence That Liquid Water Flows on Today's Mars |url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-confirms-evidence-that-liquid-water-flows-on-today-s-mars |website=NASA |access-date=22 June 2020 |date=28 September 2015 |archive-date=2026-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260124210234/https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-confirms-evidence-that-liquid-water-flows-on-todays-mars/|url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Scientists believe say liquid water dey Saturn ein moons Enceladus and Titan. For Enceladus, dem think say one ocean wey thick pass 10 kilometres dey about 30–40 kilometres under the south polar surface.&lt;ref name=&quot;NASA-20140403&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Platt |first1=Jane |last2=Bell |first2=Brian |title=NASA Space Assets Detect Ocean inside Saturn Moon |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-103 |date=3 April 2014 |website=NASA |access-date=3 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140403235224/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-103 |archive-date=3 April 2014 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SCI-20140404&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Iess |first1=L. |last2=Stevenson |first2=D. J. |last3=Parisi |first3=M. |last4=Hemingway |first4=D. |last5=Jacobson |first5=R.A. |last6=Lunine |first6=Jonathan I. |last7=Nimmo |first7=F. |last8=Armstrong |first8=J. W. |last9=Asmar |first9=S. W. |last10=Ducci |first10=M. |last11=Tortora |first11=P. |title=The Gravity Field and Interior Structure of Enceladus |date=4 April 2014 |journal=Science |volume=344 |number=6179 |pages=78–80 |doi=10.1126/science.1250551 |bibcode=2014Sci...344...78I |pmid=24700854|s2cid=28990283 |url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/45462/7/Iess-SM.pdf |access-date=14 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202120709/https://authors.library.caltech.edu/45462/7/Iess-SM.pdf |archive-date=2 December 2017 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; For Titan, liquid water fit dey underground and e fit mix with ammonia too.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2013/pdf/2454.pdf |bibcode=2013LPI....44.2454D |author1=Dunaeva, A.N. |author2=Kronrod, V.A. |author3=Kuskov, O.L. |title=Numerical Models of Titan's Interior with Subsurface Ocean |journal=44th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2013) |issue=1719 |page=2454 |year=2013 |access-date=23 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323033113/http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2013/pdf/2454.pdf |archive-date=23 March 2014 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jupiter ein moon Europa get surface features wey suggest say liquid water ocean dey under the surface.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://people.msoe.edu/~tritt/sf/europa.life.html |title=Possibility of Life on Europa |last=Tritt |first=Charles S. |access-date=10 August 2007 |publisher=Milwaukee School of Engineering |date=2002 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609150109/http://people.msoe.edu/~tritt/sf/europa.life.html |archive-date=9 June 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Liquid water fit dey Jupiter ein moon Ganymede too, as one layer wey dey between high-pressure ice and rock.&lt;ref&gt;Dunham, Will. (3 May 2014) [https://web.archive.org/web/20140503100145/http://in.reuters.com/article/2014/05/03/us-space-ganymede-idINKBN0DJ00H20140503 Jupiter's moon Ganymede may have 'club sandwich' layers of ocean | Reuters] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503100145/http://in.reuters.com/article/2014/05/03/us-space-ganymede-idINKBN0DJ00H20140503 |date=3 May 2014 }}. In.reuters.com. Retrieved on 28 September 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

====Water ice==== Water dey as ice for:

[[File:Plan view of Korolev crater.jpg|thumb|Water ice for Korolev crater on Mars]] Mars: under the regolith and for the poles.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Carr |first=M.H. |date=1996 |title=Water on Mars |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |page=197}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bibring |first1=J.-P. |last2=Langevin |first2=Yves |date=2004 |title=Perennial Water Ice Identified in the South Polar Cap of Mars |journal=Nature |volume=428 |issue=6983 |pages=627–630 |doi=10.1038/nature02461|pmid=15024393 |last3=Poulet |first3=François |last4=Gendrin |first4=Aline |last5=Gondet |first5=Brigitte |last6=Berthé |first6=Michel |last7=Soufflot |first7=Alain |last8=Drossart |first8=Pierre |last9=Combes |first9=Michel |last10=Bellucci |first10=Giancarlo |last11=Moroz |first11=Vassili |last12=Mangold |first12=Nicolas |last13=Schmitt |first13=Bernard |last14=Omega Team |first14=the|last15=Erard |first15=S. |last16=Forni |first16=O. |last17=Manaud |first17=N. |last18=Poulleau |first18=G. |last19=Encrenaz |first19=T.|author19-link=Thérèse Encrenaz |last20=Fouchet |first20=T. |last21=Melchiorri |first21=R. |last22=Altieri |first22=F. |last23=Formisano |first23=V. |last24=Bonello |first24=G. |last25=Fonti |first25=S. |last26=Capaccioni |first26=F. |last27=Cerroni |first27=P. |last28=Coradini |first28=A. |last29=Kottsov |first29=V. |last30=Ignatiev |first30=N. |bibcode=2004Natur.428..627B |s2cid=4373206 |url=https://hal.science/hal-03785230v1/file/bibring2004.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Earth–Moon system: mostly as ice sheets for Earth and inside lunar craters plus volcanic rocks.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/weltall/0,1518,564911,00.html Versteckt in Glasperlen: Auf dem Mond gibt es Wasser – Wissenschaft –] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080710220126/http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/weltall/0,1518,564911,00.html |date=10 July 2008 }} Der Spiegel – Nachrichten&lt;/ref&gt; NASA report say dem detect water molecules through NASA Moon Mineralogy Mapper aboard Indian Space Research Organization ein Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft for September 2009.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20090927092541/https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2009/24sep_moonwater.htm Water Molecules Found on the Moon] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090927092541/https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2009/24sep_moonwater.htm |date=27 September 2009 }}, NASA, 24 September 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

Ceres.&lt;ref name=&quot;McCord2005-jgrp&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |title=Ceres: Evolution and current state |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets |date=21 May 2005 |last1=McCord |first1=T.B. |last2=Sotin |first2=C. |volume=110 |issue=E5 |page=E05009 |doi=10.1029/2004JE002244 |bibcode=2005JGRE..110.5009M |doi-access=free |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00116029/file/2004JE002244.pdf |access-date=5 March 2024 |archive-date=18 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718171117/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00116029/file/2004JE002244.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Thomas2005&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |first1=P.C. |last1=Thomas |last2=Parker|first2=J.Wm.|last3=McFadden|first3= L.A. |title=Differentiation of the asteroid Ceres as revealed by its shape |year=2005 |journal=Nature |volume=437 |pages=224–226 |doi=10.1038/nature03938 |bibcode=2005Natur.437..224T |pmid=16148926 |issue=7056 |s2cid=17758979}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Carey2006&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://space.com/scienceastronomy/050907_ceres_planet.html |title=Largest Asteroid Might Contain More Fresh Water than Earth |first=Bjorn |last=Carey |publisher=SPACE.com |date=7 September 2005 |access-date=16 August 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101218180330/http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/050907_ceres_planet.html |archive-date=18 December 2010 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jupiter ein moons: Europa ein surface, Ganymede ein surface,&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT-20150315&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |title=Suddenly, It Seems, Water Is Everywhere in Solar System |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/13/science/space/suddenly-it-seems-water-is-everywhere-in-solar-system.html |date=12 March 2015 |work=New York Times |access-date=12 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180812232556/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/13/science/space/suddenly-it-seems-water-is-everywhere-in-solar-system.html |archive-date=12 August 2018 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Callisto.&lt;ref name=Kuskov2005&gt;{{cite journal| last=Kuskov|first=O.L.|author2=Kronrod, V.A.|title=Internal structure of Europa and Callisto| year=2005|volume=177| issue=2|pages=550–369|doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2005.04.014| bibcode=2005Icar..177..550K| journal = Icarus}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Showman1999&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1= Showman|first1=A. P.|last2= Malhotra|first2= R.|title=The Galilean Satellites|journal= Science|volume= 286|issue= 5437|date= 1 October 1999|pages =77–84|doi= 10.1126/science.286.5437.77|pmid=10506564|bibcode=1999Sci...286...77S |s2cid=9492520|url= http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3e6e/f125bbbafd779a0af6813ba0f5a18edea652.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200412142819/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3e6e/f125bbbafd779a0af6813ba0f5a18edea652.pdf|url-status= dead|archive-date= 12 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saturn: for the planet ein ring system,&lt;ref name=&quot;Sparrow&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Sparrow |first=Giles |title=The Solar System |publisher=Thunder Bay Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-59223-579-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus for the surface and mantle of Titan,&lt;ref name=&quot;Tobie&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Tobie |first1=G. |last2=Grasset |first2=Olivier |last3=Lunine |first3=Jonathan I. |last4=Mocquet |first4=Antoine |last5=Sotin |first5=Christophe |date=2005 |bibcode=2005Icar..175..496T |title=Titan's internal structure inferred from a coupled thermal-orbital model |journal=Icarus |volume=175 |issue=2 |pages=496–502 |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2004.12.007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and Enceladus.&lt;ref name=&quot;Verbiscer et al. 2007&quot;&gt;{{cite journal| doi = 10.1126/science.1134681| last1 = Verbiscer| first1 = A.| last2 = French| first2 = R.| last3 = Showalter| first3 = M.| last4 = Helfenstein| first4 = P.| title = Enceladus: Cosmic Graffiti Artist Caught in the Act| journal = Science| volume = 315| issue = 5813| page = 815| date = 9 February 2007| pmid = 17289992| bibcode = 2007Sci...315..815V| s2cid = 21932253| ref = {{sfnRef|Verbiscer French et al.|2007}}| df = dmy-all}} (supporting online material, table S1)&lt;/ref&gt;

Pluto–Charon system.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sparrow&quot; /&gt;

Comets.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |bibcode=1998A&amp;A...330..375G |title=Making a comet nucleus |last1=Greenberg |first1=J. Mayo |volume=330 |date=1998 |page=375 |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://starryskies.com/solar_system/Comet/dirty_snowballs.html |title=Dirty Snowballs in Space |publisher=Starryskies |access-date=15 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130129035627/http://starryskies.com/solar_system/Comet/dirty_snowballs.html |archive-date=29 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; and other related Kuiper belt and Oort cloud objects.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=E.L. Gibb |author2=M.J. Mumma |author3=N. Dello Russo |author4=M.A. DiSanti |author5=K. Magee-Sauer |date=2003 |title=Methane in Oort Cloud comets |journal=Icarus |volume=165 |issue=2 |pages=391–406 |bibcode=2003Icar..165..391G |doi=10.1016/S0019-1035(03)00201-X }}&lt;/ref&gt;


And scientists believe say water ice fit dey for:

Mercury ein poles.&lt;ref&gt;NASA, &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20121130062257/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/messenger/media/PressConf20121129.html MESSENGER Finds New Evidence for Water Ice at Mercury's Poles] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130062257/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/messenger/media/PressConf20121129.html |date=30 November 2012 }}&quot;, ''NASA'', 29 November 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tethys.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal| doi = 10.1016/j.icarus.2007.03.012| last1 = Thomas| first1 = P.C.| last2 = Burns| first2 = J.A.| last3 = Helfenstein| first3 = P.| last4 = Squyres| first4 = S.| last5 = Veverka| first5 = J.| last6 = Porco| first6 = C.| last7 = Turtle| first7 = E.P.| last8 = McEwen| first8 = A.| last9 = Denk| first9 = T.| first10 = B.| last10 = Giesef| first11 = T.| last11 = Roatschf| first12 = T.V.| last12 = Johnsong| first13 = R.A.| last13 = Jacobsong| date = October 2007| title = Shapes of the saturnian icy satellites and their significance| journal = Icarus| volume = 190| issue = 2| pages = 573–584| bibcode = 2007Icar..190..573T| url = http://www.geoinf.fu-berlin.de/publications/denk/2007/ThomasEtAl_SaturnMoonsShapes_Icarus_2007.pdf| access-date = 15 December 2011| ref = {{sfnRef|Thomas Burns et al.|2007}}| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110927220431/http://www.geoinf.fu-berlin.de/publications/denk/2007/ThomasEtAl_SaturnMoonsShapes_Icarus_2007.pdf| archive-date = 27 September 2011| url-status=live| df = dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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    <title>Zikuli River</title>
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      <text bytes="733" sha1="bgzpncfzzzf66i36e06ia13egh4khc2" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Zikuli''', wey people dey also call '''Gereb Awhi''' or '''Mennewe River''', na one river wey belong to di [[:en:Nile|Nile]] basin. E dey rise from di mountains of [[:en:Degua_Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] for northern [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], and e dey flow go south until e finally empty inside di [[:en:Giba_River|Giba]] and [[:en:Tekezé_River|Tekezé]] River.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). ''[https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546 Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District]''. SpringerNature. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reference ==</text>
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      <text bytes="957" sha1="c8c0lwwiwlylyv58bfmuvaos2uz4yjb" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Zikuli''', wey people dey also call '''Gereb Awhi''' or '''Mennewe River''', na one river wey belong to di [[:en:Nile|Nile]] basin. E dey rise from di mountains of [[:en:Degua_Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] for northern [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], and e dey flow go south until e finally empty inside di [[:en:Giba_River|Giba]] and [[:en:Tekezé_River|Tekezé]] River.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). ''[https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546 Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District]''. SpringerNature. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt;Di Zikuli na one confined ephemeral river. E dey meander small-small inside im narrow alluvial plain, and di average slope gradient na about 37 metres per kilometre. Wit di tributaries wey join am, di river don cut one gorge

== Reference ==</text>
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      <text bytes="982" sha1="1ucdo0iy989pyz237znlecn747n8s4c" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Zikuli''', wey people dey also call '''Gereb Awhi''' or '''Mennewe River''', na one river wey belong to di [[:en:Nile|Nile]] basin. E dey rise from di mountains of [[:en:Degua_Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] for northern [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], and e dey flow go south until e finally empty inside di [[:en:Giba_River|Giba]] and [[:en:Tekezé_River|Tekezé]] River.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). ''[https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546 Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District]''. SpringerNature. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Characteristics ==
Di Zikuli na one confined ephemeral river. E dey meander small-small inside im narrow alluvial plain, and di average slope gradient na about 37 metres per kilometre. Wit di tributaries wey join am, di river don cut one gorge.

== Reference ==</text>
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      <text bytes="1313" sha1="msweo21b6psgz3gq0p3wcdat6xfwqht" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Zikuli''', wey people dey also call '''Gereb Awhi''' or '''Mennewe River''', na one river wey belong to di [[:en:Nile|Nile]] basin. E dey rise from di mountains of [[:en:Degua_Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] for northern [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], and e dey flow go south until e finally empty inside di [[:en:Giba_River|Giba]] and [[:en:Tekezé_River|Tekezé]] River.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). ''[https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546 Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District]''. SpringerNature. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Characteristics ==
Di Zikuli na one confined ephemeral river. E dey meander small-small inside im narrow alluvial plain, and di average slope gradient na about 37 metres per kilometre. Wit di tributaries wey join am, di river don cut one gorge.Runoff mostly dey happen as high discharge events wey dey occur for short time, dem dey call am flash floods. Dis one dey happen because di land steep, vegetation no plenty, and rain dey fall heavy-heavy (convective rainfall). Di peak of dis kind flash floods fit get discharge wey big pass di baseflow before am by 50 to 100 times

== Reference ==</text>
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      <text bytes="1355" sha1="974yro0s7boov3w1r55xe5mwdbdw88x" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Zikuli''', wey people dey also call '''Gereb Awhi''' or '''Mennewe River''', na one river wey belong to di [[:en:Nile|Nile]] basin. E dey rise from di mountains of [[:en:Degua_Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] for northern [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], and e dey flow go south until e finally empty inside di [[:en:Giba_River|Giba]] and [[:en:Tekezé_River|Tekezé]] River.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). ''[https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546 Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District]''. SpringerNature. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Characteristics ==
Di Zikuli na one confined ephemeral river. E dey meander small-small inside im narrow alluvial plain, and di average slope gradient na about 37 metres per kilometre. Wit di tributaries wey join am, di river don cut one gorge.

== Flash floods and flood buffering ==
Runoff mostly dey happen as high discharge events wey dey occur for short time, dem dey call am flash floods. Dis one dey happen because di land steep, vegetation no plenty, and rain dey fall heavy-heavy (convective rainfall). Di peak of dis kind flash floods fit get discharge wey big pass di baseflow before am by 50 to 100 times.

== Reference ==</text>
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      <text bytes="1722" sha1="79acbi7ha9nsnv3c19be0kxvdgazbiw" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Zikuli''', wey people dey also call '''Gereb Awhi''' or '''Mennewe River''', na one river wey belong to di [[:en:Nile|Nile]] basin. E dey rise from di mountains of [[:en:Degua_Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] for northern [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], and e dey flow go south until e finally empty inside di [[:en:Giba_River|Giba]] and [[:en:Tekezé_River|Tekezé]] River.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). ''[https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546 Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District]''. SpringerNature. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Characteristics ==
Di Zikuli na one confined ephemeral river. E dey meander small-small inside im narrow alluvial plain, and di average slope gradient na about 37 metres per kilometre. Wit di tributaries wey join am, di river don cut one gorge.

== Flash floods and flood buffering ==
Runoff mostly dey happen as high discharge events wey dey occur for short time, dem dey call am flash floods. Dis one dey happen because di land steep, vegetation no plenty, and rain dey fall heavy-heavy (convective rainfall). Di peak of dis kind flash floods fit get discharge wey big pass di baseflow before am by 50 to 100 times. But di size of floods for dis river don reduce because of di interventions wey dem do for di catchment. For steep slopes, dem don set up exclosures; di dense vegetation dey help water soak inside ground (infiltration), reduce flooding and make baseflow better. Dem also build physical conservation structures like stone bunds and check dams wey dey intercept runoff.

== Reference ==</text>
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      <text bytes="1738" sha1="pr4x4pot6l6kwjk36hz07qdjlajx0um" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Zikuli''', wey people dey also call '''Gereb Awhi''' or '''Mennewe River''', na one river wey belong to di [[:en:Nile|Nile]] basin. E dey rise from di mountains of [[:en:Degua_Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] for northern [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], and e dey flow go south until e finally empty inside di [[:en:Giba_River|Giba]] and [[:en:Tekezé_River|Tekezé]] River.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). ''[https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546 Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District]''. SpringerNature. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Characteristics ==
Di Zikuli na one confined ephemeral river. E dey [[:en:Meander|meander]] small-small inside im narrow alluvial plain, and di average slope gradient na about 37 metres per kilometre. Wit di tributaries wey join am, di river don cut one gorge.

== Flash floods and flood buffering ==
Runoff mostly dey happen as high discharge events wey dey occur for short time, dem dey call am flash floods. Dis one dey happen because di land steep, vegetation no plenty, and rain dey fall heavy-heavy (convective rainfall). Di peak of dis kind flash floods fit get discharge wey big pass di baseflow before am by 50 to 100 times. But di size of floods for dis river don reduce because of di interventions wey dem do for di catchment. For steep slopes, dem don set up exclosures; di dense vegetation dey help water soak inside ground (infiltration), reduce flooding and make baseflow better. Dem also build physical conservation structures like stone bunds and check dams wey dey intercept runoff.

== Reference ==</text>
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      <text bytes="2167" sha1="i95mk6lhy88ig9sjfjzwmyd1ottl47c" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Zikuli''', wey people dey also call '''Gereb Awhi''' or '''Mennewe River''', na one river wey belong to di [[:en:Nile|Nile]] basin. E dey rise from di mountains of [[:en:Degua_Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] for northern [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], and e dey flow go south until e finally empty inside di [[:en:Giba_River|Giba]] and [[:en:Tekezé_River|Tekezé]] River.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). ''[https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546 Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District]''. SpringerNature. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Characteristics ==
Di Zikuli na one confined ephemeral river. E dey [[:en:Meander|meander]] small-small inside im narrow alluvial plain, and di average slope gradient na about 37 metres per kilometre. Wit di tributaries wey join am, di river don cut one gorge.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). ''The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''. SpringerNature. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14|10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Flash floods and flood buffering ==
Runoff mostly dey happen as high discharge events wey dey occur for short time, dem dey call am flash floods. Dis one dey happen because di land steep, vegetation no plenty, and rain dey fall heavy-heavy (convective rainfall). Di peak of dis kind flash floods fit get discharge wey big pass di baseflow before am by 50 to 100 times. But di size of floods for dis river don reduce because of di interventions wey dem do for di catchment. For steep slopes, dem don set up exclosures; di dense vegetation dey help water soak inside ground (infiltration), reduce flooding and make baseflow better. Dem also build physical conservation structures like stone bunds and check dams wey dey intercept runoff.

== Reference ==</text>
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      <text bytes="2188" sha1="rfahv4t5x0evqv0sqbye13wywwv4nm5" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Zikuli''', wey people dey also call '''Gereb Awhi''' or '''Mennewe River''', na one river wey belong to di [[:en:Nile|Nile]] basin. E dey rise from di mountains of [[:en:Degua_Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] for northern [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], and e dey flow go south until e finally empty inside di [[:en:Giba_River|Giba]] and [[:en:Tekezé_River|Tekezé]] River.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). ''[https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546 Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District]''. SpringerNature. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Characteristics ==
Di Zikuli na one confined ephemeral river. E dey [[:en:Meander|meander]] small-small inside im narrow alluvial plain, and di average slope gradient na about 37 metres per kilometre. Wit di tributaries wey join am, di river don cut one gorge.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). ''The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''. SpringerNature. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14|10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Flash floods and flood buffering ==
Runoff mostly dey happen as high discharge events wey dey occur for short time, dem dey call am [[:en:Flash_floods|flash floods]]. Dis one dey happen because di land steep, vegetation no plenty, and rain dey fall heavy-heavy (convective rainfall). Di peak of dis kind flash floods fit get discharge wey big pass di baseflow before am by 50 to 100 times. But di size of floods for dis river don reduce because of di interventions wey dem do for di catchment. For steep slopes, dem don set up exclosures; di dense vegetation dey help water soak inside ground (infiltration), reduce flooding and make baseflow better. Dem also build physical conservation structures like stone bunds and check dams wey dey intercept runoff.

== Reference ==</text>
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      <text bytes="2205" sha1="ienmr7jjrdagzq4v2bncxgn1zusf5bu" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Zikuli''', wey people dey also call '''Gereb Awhi''' or '''Mennewe River''', na one river wey belong to di [[:en:Nile|Nile]] basin. E dey rise from di mountains of [[:en:Degua_Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] for northern [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], and e dey flow go south until e finally empty inside di [[:en:Giba_River|Giba]] and [[:en:Tekezé_River|Tekezé]] River.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). ''[https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546 Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District]''. SpringerNature. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Characteristics ==
Di Zikuli na one confined ephemeral river. E dey [[:en:Meander|meander]] small-small inside im narrow alluvial plain, and di average slope gradient na about 37 metres per kilometre. Wit di tributaries wey join am, di river don cut one gorge.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). ''The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''. SpringerNature. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14|10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Flash floods and flood buffering ==
Runoff mostly dey happen as high discharge events wey dey occur for short time, dem dey call am [[:en:Flash_floods|flash floods]]. Dis one dey happen because di land steep, vegetation no plenty, and rain dey fall heavy-heavy (convective rainfall). Di peak of dis kind flash floods fit get discharge wey big pass di [[:en:Baseflow|baseflow]] before am by 50 to 100 times. But di size of floods for dis river don reduce because of di interventions wey dem do for di catchment. For steep slopes, dem don set up exclosures; di dense vegetation dey help water soak inside ground (infiltration), reduce flooding and make baseflow better. Dem also build physical conservation structures like stone bunds and check dams wey dey intercept runoff.

== Reference ==</text>
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      <text bytes="2223" sha1="hzo1f4f0zljrcykfjf9ag7tqajmp855" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Zikuli''', wey people dey also call '''Gereb Awhi''' or '''Mennewe River''', na one river wey belong to di [[:en:Nile|Nile]] basin. E dey rise from di mountains of [[:en:Degua_Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] for northern [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], and e dey flow go south until e finally empty inside di [[:en:Giba_River|Giba]] and [[:en:Tekezé_River|Tekezé]] River.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). ''[https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546 Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District]''. SpringerNature. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Characteristics ==
Di Zikuli na one confined ephemeral river. E dey [[:en:Meander|meander]] small-small inside im narrow alluvial plain, and di average slope gradient na about 37 metres per kilometre. Wit di tributaries wey join am, di river don cut one gorge.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). ''The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''. SpringerNature. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14|10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Flash floods and flood buffering ==
Runoff mostly dey happen as high discharge events wey dey occur for short time, dem dey call am [[:en:Flash_floods|flash floods]]. Dis one dey happen because di land steep, vegetation no plenty, and rain dey fall heavy-heavy (convective rainfall). Di peak of dis kind flash floods fit get discharge wey big pass di [[:en:Baseflow|baseflow]] before am by 50 to 100 times. But di size of floods for dis river don reduce because of di interventions wey dem do for di catchment. For steep slopes, dem don set up [[:en:Exclosure|exclosures]]; di dense vegetation dey help water soak inside ground (infiltration), reduce flooding and make baseflow better. Dem also build physical conservation structures like stone bunds and check dams wey dey intercept runoff.

== Reference ==</text>
      <sha1>hzo1f4f0zljrcykfjf9ag7tqajmp855</sha1>
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      <text bytes="2256" sha1="do9lpg1i8vn44i2t4zcl1ukpbcz9ig6" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Zikuli''', wey people dey also call '''Gereb Awhi''' or '''Mennewe River''', na one river wey belong to di [[:en:Nile|Nile]] basin. E dey rise from di mountains of [[:en:Degua_Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] for northern [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], and e dey flow go south until e finally empty inside di [[:en:Giba_River|Giba]] and [[:en:Tekezé_River|Tekezé]] River.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). ''[https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546 Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District]''. SpringerNature. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Characteristics ==
Di Zikuli na one confined ephemeral river. E dey [[:en:Meander|meander]] small-small inside im narrow alluvial plain, and di average slope gradient na about 37 metres per kilometre. Wit di tributaries wey join am, di river don cut one gorge.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). ''The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''. SpringerNature. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14|10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Flash floods and flood buffering ==
Runoff mostly dey happen as high discharge events wey dey occur for short time, dem dey call am [[:en:Flash_floods|flash floods]]. Dis one dey happen because di land steep, vegetation no plenty, and rain dey fall heavy-heavy (convective rainfall). Di peak of dis kind flash floods fit get discharge wey big pass di [[:en:Baseflow|baseflow]] before am by 50 to 100 times. But di size of floods for dis river don reduce because of di interventions wey dem do for di catchment. For steep slopes, dem don set up [[:en:Exclosure|exclosures]]; di dense vegetation dey help water soak inside ground ([[:en:Infiltration_(hydrology)|infiltration]]), reduce flooding and make baseflow better. Dem also build physical conservation structures like stone bunds and check dams wey dey intercept runoff.

== Reference ==</text>
      <sha1>do9lpg1i8vn44i2t4zcl1ukpbcz9ig6</sha1>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>2562</id>
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      <text bytes="2273" sha1="hpf1i29a4g5qw3gn5sry607kvdb7nmm" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Zikuli''', wey people dey also call '''Gereb Awhi''' or '''Mennewe River''', na one river wey belong to di [[:en:Nile|Nile]] basin. E dey rise from di mountains of [[:en:Degua_Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] for northern [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], and e dey flow go south until e finally empty inside di [[:en:Giba_River|Giba]] and [[:en:Tekezé_River|Tekezé]] River.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). ''[https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546 Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District]''. SpringerNature. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Characteristics ==
Di Zikuli na one confined ephemeral river. E dey [[:en:Meander|meander]] small-small inside im narrow alluvial plain, and di average slope gradient na about 37 metres per kilometre. Wit di tributaries wey join am, di river don cut one gorge.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). ''The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''. SpringerNature. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14|10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Flash floods and flood buffering ==
Runoff mostly dey happen as high discharge events wey dey occur for short time, dem dey call am [[:en:Flash_floods|flash floods]]. Dis one dey happen because di land steep, vegetation no plenty, and rain dey fall heavy-heavy (convective rainfall). Di peak of dis kind flash floods fit get discharge wey big pass di [[:en:Baseflow|baseflow]] before am by 50 to 100 times. But di size of floods for dis river don reduce because of di interventions wey dem do for di catchment. For steep slopes, dem don set up [[:en:Exclosure|exclosures]]; di dense vegetation dey help water soak inside ground ([[:en:Infiltration_(hydrology)|infiltration]]), reduce flooding and make [[:en:Baseflow|baseflow]] better. Dem also build physical conservation structures like stone bunds and check dams wey dey intercept runoff.

== Reference ==</text>
      <sha1>hpf1i29a4g5qw3gn5sry607kvdb7nmm</sha1>
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    <revision>
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      <text bytes="2302" sha1="4pyeowyuo32gfjqp7t22oye34r9sils" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Zikuli''', wey people dey also call '''Gereb Awhi''' or '''Mennewe River''', na one river wey belong to di [[:en:Nile|Nile]] basin. E dey rise from di mountains of [[:en:Degua_Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] for northern [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], and e dey flow go south until e finally empty inside di [[:en:Giba_River|Giba]] and [[:en:Tekezé_River|Tekezé]] River.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). ''[https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546 Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District]''. SpringerNature. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Characteristics ==
Di Zikuli na one confined ephemeral river. E dey [[:en:Meander|meander]] small-small inside im narrow alluvial plain, and di average slope gradient na about 37 metres per kilometre. Wit di tributaries wey join am, di river don cut one gorge.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). ''The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''. SpringerNature. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14|10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Flash floods and flood buffering ==
Runoff mostly dey happen as high discharge events wey dey occur for short time, dem dey call am [[:en:Flash_floods|flash floods]]. Dis one dey happen because di land steep, vegetation no plenty, and rain dey fall heavy-heavy (convective rainfall). Di peak of dis kind flash floods fit get discharge wey big pass di [[:en:Baseflow|baseflow]] before am by 50 to 100 times. But di size of floods for dis river don reduce because of di interventions wey dem do for di catchment. For steep slopes, dem don set up [[:en:Exclosure|exclosures]]; di dense vegetation dey help water soak inside ground ([[:en:Infiltration_(hydrology)|infiltration]]), reduce flooding and make [[:en:Baseflow|baseflow]] better. Dem also build physical conservation structures like [[:en:Terrace_(earthworks)|stone bunds]] and check dams wey dey intercept runoff.

== Reference ==</text>
      <sha1>4pyeowyuo32gfjqp7t22oye34r9sils</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>103012</id>
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      <text bytes="2320" sha1="ez2f6yiddb21qj0xlecgqdxxg8iqzzl" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Zikuli''', wey people dey also call '''Gereb Awhi''' or '''Mennewe River''', na one river wey belong to di [[:en:Nile|Nile]] basin. E dey rise from di mountains of [[:en:Degua_Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] for northern [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], and e dey flow go south until e finally empty inside di [[:en:Giba_River|Giba]] and [[:en:Tekezé_River|Tekezé]] River.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). ''[https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546 Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District]''. SpringerNature. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Characteristics ==
Di Zikuli na one confined ephemeral river. E dey [[:en:Meander|meander]] small-small inside im narrow alluvial plain, and di average slope gradient na about 37 metres per kilometre. Wit di tributaries wey join am, di river don cut one gorge.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). ''The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''. SpringerNature. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14|10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Flash floods and flood buffering ==
Runoff mostly dey happen as high discharge events wey dey occur for short time, dem dey call am [[:en:Flash_floods|flash floods]]. Dis one dey happen because di land steep, vegetation no plenty, and rain dey fall heavy-heavy (convective rainfall). Di peak of dis kind flash floods fit get discharge wey big pass di [[:en:Baseflow|baseflow]] before am by 50 to 100 times. But di size of floods for dis river don reduce because of di interventions wey dem do for di catchment. For steep slopes, dem don set up [[:en:Exclosure|exclosures]]; di dense vegetation dey help water soak inside ground ([[:en:Infiltration_(hydrology)|infiltration]]), reduce flooding and make [[:en:Baseflow|baseflow]] better. Dem also build physical conservation structures like [[:en:Terrace_(earthworks)|stone bunds]] and [[:en:Check_dam|check dams]] wey dey intercept runoff.

== Reference ==</text>
      <sha1>ez2f6yiddb21qj0xlecgqdxxg8iqzzl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>2562</id>
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      <text bytes="2749" sha1="35sp88m8dnbj8lsg2n6jy6py38cwkmz" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Zikuli''', wey people dey also call '''Gereb Awhi''' or '''Mennewe River''', na one river wey belong to di [[:en:Nile|Nile]] basin. E dey rise from di mountains of [[:en:Degua_Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] for northern [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], and e dey flow go south until e finally empty inside di [[:en:Giba_River|Giba]] and [[:en:Tekezé_River|Tekezé]] River.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). ''[https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546 Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District]''. SpringerNature. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Characteristics ==
Di Zikuli na one confined ephemeral river. E dey [[:en:Meander|meander]] small-small inside im narrow alluvial plain, and di average slope gradient na about 37 metres per kilometre. Wit di tributaries wey join am, di river don cut one gorge.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). ''The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''. SpringerNature. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14|10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Flash floods and flood buffering ==
Runoff mostly dey happen as high discharge events wey dey occur for short time, dem dey call am [[:en:Flash_floods|flash floods]]. Dis one dey happen because di land steep, vegetation no plenty, and rain dey fall heavy-heavy (convective rainfall). Di peak of dis kind flash floods fit get discharge wey big pass di [[:en:Baseflow|baseflow]] before am by 50 to 100 times&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). ''The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''. SpringerNature. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14|10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|978-3-030-04954-6]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;. But di size of floods for dis river don reduce because of di interventions wey dem do for di catchment. For steep slopes, dem don set up [[:en:Exclosure|exclosures]]; di dense vegetation dey help water soak inside ground ([[:en:Infiltration_(hydrology)|infiltration]]), reduce flooding and make [[:en:Baseflow|baseflow]] better. Dem also build physical conservation structures like [[:en:Terrace_(earthworks)|stone bunds]] and [[:en:Check_dam|check dams]] wey dey intercept runoff.

== Reference ==</text>
      <sha1>35sp88m8dnbj8lsg2n6jy6py38cwkmz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>103018</id>
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        <username>Emmanuella Ackon</username>
        <id>2562</id>
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      <text bytes="3158" sha1="nv189pz4nfgkv7esao9yflhn2z541sm" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Zikuli''', wey people dey also call '''Gereb Awhi''' or '''Mennewe River''', na one river wey belong to di [[:en:Nile|Nile]] basin. E dey rise from di mountains of [[:en:Degua_Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] for northern [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], and e dey flow go south until e finally empty inside di [[:en:Giba_River|Giba]] and [[:en:Tekezé_River|Tekezé]] River.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). ''[https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546 Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District]''. SpringerNature. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Characteristics ==
Di Zikuli na one confined ephemeral river. E dey [[:en:Meander|meander]] small-small inside im narrow alluvial plain, and di average slope gradient na about 37 metres per kilometre. Wit di tributaries wey join am, di river don cut one gorge.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). ''The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''. SpringerNature. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14|10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Flash floods and flood buffering ==
Runoff mostly dey happen as high discharge events wey dey occur for short time, dem dey call am [[:en:Flash_floods|flash floods]]. Dis one dey happen because di land steep, vegetation no plenty, and rain dey fall heavy-heavy (convective rainfall). Di peak of dis kind flash floods fit get discharge wey big pass di [[:en:Baseflow|baseflow]] before am by 50 to 100 times&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). ''The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''. SpringerNature. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14|10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|978-3-030-04954-6]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;. But di size of floods for dis river don reduce because of di interventions wey dem do for di catchment. For steep slopes, dem don set up [[:en:Exclosure|exclosures]]; di dense vegetation dey help water soak inside ground ([[:en:Infiltration_(hydrology)|infiltration]]), reduce flooding and make [[:en:Baseflow|baseflow]] better.&lt;ref&gt;Descheemaeker, K. and colleagues (2006). [https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 &quot;Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia&quot;]. ''Journal of Hydrology''. '''331''' (1–2): 219–241. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:1854/LU-378900|1854/LU-378900]]&lt;/ref&gt; Dem also build physical conservation structures like [[:en:Terrace_(earthworks)|stone bunds]] and [[:en:Check_dam|check dams]] wey dey intercept runoff.

== Reference ==</text>
      <sha1>nv189pz4nfgkv7esao9yflhn2z541sm</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuella Ackon</username>
        <id>2562</id>
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      <text bytes="3771" sha1="b00dj7ayt9vbwc63831g3z08ba9siuv" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Zikuli''', wey people dey also call '''Gereb Awhi''' or '''Mennewe River''', na one river wey belong to di [[:en:Nile|Nile]] basin. E dey rise from di mountains of [[:en:Degua_Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] for northern [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], and e dey flow go south until e finally empty inside di [[:en:Giba_River|Giba]] and [[:en:Tekezé_River|Tekezé]] River.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). ''[https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546 Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District]''. SpringerNature. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Characteristics ==
Di Zikuli na one confined ephemeral river. E dey [[:en:Meander|meander]] small-small inside im narrow alluvial plain, and di average slope gradient na about 37 metres per kilometre. Wit di tributaries wey join am, di river don cut one gorge.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). ''The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''. SpringerNature. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14|10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Flash floods and flood buffering ==
Runoff mostly dey happen as high discharge events wey dey occur for short time, dem dey call am [[:en:Flash_floods|flash floods]]. Dis one dey happen because di land steep, vegetation no plenty, and rain dey fall heavy-heavy (convective rainfall). Di peak of dis kind flash floods fit get discharge wey big pass di [[:en:Baseflow|baseflow]] before am by 50 to 100 times&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). ''The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''. SpringerNature. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14|10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|978-3-030-04954-6]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;. But di size of floods for dis river don reduce because of di interventions wey dem do for di catchment. For steep slopes, dem don set up [[:en:Exclosure|exclosures]]; di dense vegetation dey help water soak inside ground ([[:en:Infiltration_(hydrology)|infiltration]]), reduce flooding and make [[:en:Baseflow|baseflow]] better.&lt;ref&gt;Descheemaeker, K. and colleagues (2006). [https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 &quot;Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia&quot;]. ''Journal of Hydrology''. '''331''' (1–2): 219–241. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:1854/LU-378900|1854/LU-378900]]&lt;/ref&gt; Dem also build physical conservation structures like [[:en:Terrace_(earthworks)|stone bunds]]&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, Jan; Poesen, Jean; Gebremichael, Desta; Vancampenhout, Karen; d'Aes, Margo; Yihdego, Gebremedhin; Govers, Gerard; Leirs, Herwig; Moeyersons, Jan; Naudts, Jozef; Haregeweyn, Nigussie; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, Jozef (2007). [https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 &quot;Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia]&quot;. ''Soil and Tillage Research''. '''94''' (1): 151–163. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi:]][[doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl:]][[hdl:1854/LU-378900|1854/LU-378900]]&lt;/ref&gt; and [[:en:Check_dam|check dams]] wey dey intercept runoff.

== Reference ==</text>
      <sha1>b00dj7ayt9vbwc63831g3z08ba9siuv</sha1>
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      <id>103024</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:47:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuella Ackon</username>
        <id>2562</id>
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      <text bytes="4093" sha1="jx91axagqh02qi5rwfi9a27x2cgqx74" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Zikuli''', wey people dey also call '''Gereb Awhi''' or '''Mennewe River''', na one river wey belong to di [[:en:Nile|Nile]] basin. E dey rise from di mountains of [[:en:Degua_Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] for northern [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], and e dey flow go south until e finally empty inside di [[:en:Giba_River|Giba]] and [[:en:Tekezé_River|Tekezé]] River.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). ''[https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546 Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District]''. SpringerNature. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Characteristics ==
Di Zikuli na one confined ephemeral river. E dey [[:en:Meander|meander]] small-small inside im narrow alluvial plain, and di average slope gradient na about 37 metres per kilometre. Wit di tributaries wey join am, di river don cut one gorge.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). ''The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''. SpringerNature. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14|10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Flash floods and flood buffering ==
Runoff mostly dey happen as high discharge events wey dey occur for short time, dem dey call am [[:en:Flash_floods|flash floods]]. Dis one dey happen because di land steep, vegetation no plenty, and rain dey fall heavy-heavy (convective rainfall). Di peak of dis kind flash floods fit get discharge wey big pass di [[:en:Baseflow|baseflow]] before am by 50 to 100 times&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). ''The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''. SpringerNature. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14|10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|978-3-030-04954-6]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;. But di size of floods for dis river don reduce because of di interventions wey dem do for di catchment. For steep slopes, dem don set up [[:en:Exclosure|exclosures]]; di dense vegetation dey help water soak inside ground ([[:en:Infiltration_(hydrology)|infiltration]]), reduce flooding and make [[:en:Baseflow|baseflow]] better.&lt;ref&gt;Descheemaeker, K. and colleagues (2006). [https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 &quot;Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia&quot;]. ''Journal of Hydrology''. '''331''' (1–2): 219–241. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:1854/LU-378900|1854/LU-378900]]&lt;/ref&gt; Dem also build physical conservation structures like [[:en:Terrace_(earthworks)|stone bunds]]&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, Jan; Poesen, Jean; Gebremichael, Desta; Vancampenhout, Karen; d'Aes, Margo; Yihdego, Gebremedhin; Govers, Gerard; Leirs, Herwig; Moeyersons, Jan; Naudts, Jozef; Haregeweyn, Nigussie; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, Jozef (2007). [https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 &quot;Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia]&quot;. ''Soil and Tillage Research''. '''94''' (1): 151–163. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi:]][[doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl:]][[hdl:1854/LU-378900|1854/LU-378900]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues (2015). &quot;Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands&quot;. ''Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie''. '''59''' (4): 477–493. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi:]][[doi:10.1127/zfg/2015/0166|10.1127/zfg/2015/0166]]&lt;/ref&gt; and [[:en:Check_dam|check dams]] wey dey intercept runoff.

== Reference ==</text>
      <sha1>jx91axagqh02qi5rwfi9a27x2cgqx74</sha1>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:49:21Z</timestamp>
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        <id>2562</id>
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Di '''Zikuli''', wey people dey also call '''Gereb Awhi''' or '''Mennewe River''', na one river wey belong to di [[:en:Nile|Nile]] basin. E dey rise from di mountains of [[:en:Degua_Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] for northern [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], and e dey flow go south until e finally empty inside di [[:en:Giba_River|Giba]] and [[:en:Tekezé_River|Tekezé]] River.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). ''[https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546 Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District]''. SpringerNature. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Characteristics ==
Di Zikuli na one confined ephemeral river. E dey [[:en:Meander|meander]] small-small inside im narrow alluvial plain, and di average slope gradient na about 37 metres per kilometre. Wit di tributaries wey join am, di river don cut one gorge.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). ''The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''. SpringerNature. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14|10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Flash floods and flood buffering ==
Runoff mostly dey happen as high discharge events wey dey occur for short time, dem dey call am [[:en:Flash_floods|flash floods]]. Dis one dey happen because di land steep, vegetation no plenty, and rain dey fall heavy-heavy (convective rainfall). Di peak of dis kind flash floods fit get discharge wey big pass di [[:en:Baseflow|baseflow]] before am by 50 to 100 times&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). ''The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''. SpringerNature. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14|10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|978-3-030-04954-6]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;. But di size of floods for dis river don reduce because of di interventions wey dem do for di catchment. For steep slopes, dem don set up [[:en:Exclosure|exclosures]]; di dense vegetation dey help water soak inside ground ([[:en:Infiltration_(hydrology)|infiltration]]), reduce flooding and make [[:en:Baseflow|baseflow]] better.&lt;ref&gt;Descheemaeker, K. and colleagues (2006). [https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 &quot;Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia&quot;]. ''Journal of Hydrology''. '''331''' (1–2): 219–241. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:1854/LU-378900|1854/LU-378900]]&lt;/ref&gt; Dem also build physical conservation structures like [[:en:Terrace_(earthworks)|stone bunds]]&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, Jan; Poesen, Jean; Gebremichael, Desta; Vancampenhout, Karen; d'Aes, Margo; Yihdego, Gebremedhin; Govers, Gerard; Leirs, Herwig; Moeyersons, Jan; Naudts, Jozef; Haregeweyn, Nigussie; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, Jozef (2007). [https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 &quot;Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia]&quot;. ''Soil and Tillage Research''. '''94''' (1): 151–163. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi:]][[doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl:]][[hdl:1854/LU-378900|1854/LU-378900]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues (2015). &quot;Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands&quot;. ''Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie''. '''59''' (4): 477–493. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi:]][[doi:10.1127/zfg/2015/0166|10.1127/zfg/2015/0166]]&lt;/ref&gt; and [[:en:Check_dam|check dams]] wey dey intercept runoff.

== Reference ==</text>
      <sha1>5eyijzilkyq161am8twz4546feiv09f</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>103036</id>
      <parentid>103028</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:52:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuella Ackon</username>
        <id>2562</id>
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Di '''Zikuli''', wey people dey also call '''Gereb Awhi''' or '''Mennewe River''', na one river wey belong to di [[:en:Nile|Nile]] basin. E dey rise from di mountains of [[:en:Degua_Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] for northern [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], and e dey flow go south until e finally empty inside di [[:en:Giba_River|Giba]] and [[:en:Tekezé_River|Tekezé]] River.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). ''[https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546 Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District]''. SpringerNature. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Characteristics ==
Di Zikuli na one confined ephemeral river. E dey [[:en:Meander|meander]] small-small inside im narrow alluvial plain, and di average slope gradient na about 37 metres per kilometre. Wit di tributaries wey join am, di river don cut one gorge.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). ''The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''. SpringerNature. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14|10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Flash floods and flood buffering ==
Runoff mostly dey happen as high discharge events wey dey occur for short time, dem dey call am [[:en:Flash_floods|flash floods]]. Dis one dey happen because di land steep, vegetation no plenty, and rain dey fall heavy-heavy (convective rainfall). Di peak of dis kind flash floods fit get discharge wey big pass di [[:en:Baseflow|baseflow]] before am by 50 to 100 times&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). ''The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''. SpringerNature. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14|10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|978-3-030-04954-6]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;. But di size of floods for dis river don reduce because of di interventions wey dem do for di catchment. For steep slopes, dem don set up [[:en:Exclosure|exclosures]]; di dense vegetation dey help water soak inside ground ([[:en:Infiltration_(hydrology)|infiltration]]), reduce flooding and make [[:en:Baseflow|baseflow]] better.&lt;ref&gt;Descheemaeker, K. and colleagues (2006). [https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 &quot;Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia&quot;]. ''Journal of Hydrology''. '''331''' (1–2): 219–241. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:1854/LU-378900|1854/LU-378900]]&lt;/ref&gt; Dem also build physical conservation structures like [[:en:Terrace_(earthworks)|stone bunds]]&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, Jan; Poesen, Jean; Gebremichael, Desta; Vancampenhout, Karen; d'Aes, Margo; Yihdego, Gebremedhin; Govers, Gerard; Leirs, Herwig; Moeyersons, Jan; Naudts, Jozef; Haregeweyn, Nigussie; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, Jozef (2007). [https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 &quot;Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia]&quot;. ''Soil and Tillage Research''. '''94''' (1): 151–163. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi:]][[doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl:]][[hdl:1854/LU-378900|1854/LU-378900]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues (2015). &quot;Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands&quot;. ''Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie''. '''59''' (4): 477–493. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi:]][[doi:10.1127/zfg/2015/0166|10.1127/zfg/2015/0166]]&lt;/ref&gt; and [[:en:Check_dam|check dams]] wey dey intercept runoff.&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, J.; Veyret-Picot, M.; Poesen, J.; Moeyersons, J.; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, J.; Govers, G. (2004). &quot;The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia&quot;. ''Soil Use and Management''. '''20''': 55–64. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x|10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337]].x&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reference ==</text>
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Di '''Zikuli''', wey people dey also call '''Gereb Awhi''' or '''Mennewe River''', na one river wey belong to di [[:en:Nile|Nile]] basin. E dey rise from di mountains of [[:en:Degua_Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] for northern [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], and e dey flow go south until e finally empty inside di [[:en:Giba_River|Giba]] and [[:en:Tekezé_River|Tekezé]] River.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). ''[https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546 Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District]''. SpringerNature. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Characteristics ==
Di Zikuli na one confined ephemeral river. E dey [[:en:Meander|meander]] small-small inside im narrow alluvial plain, and di average slope gradient na about 37 metres per kilometre. Wit di tributaries wey join am, di river don cut one gorge.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). ''The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''. SpringerNature. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14|10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Flash floods and flood buffering ==
Runoff mostly dey happen as high discharge events wey dey occur for short time, dem dey call am [[:en:Flash_floods|flash floods]]. Dis one dey happen because di land steep, vegetation no plenty, and rain dey fall heavy-heavy (convective rainfall). Di peak of dis kind flash floods fit get discharge wey big pass di [[:en:Baseflow|baseflow]] before am by 50 to 100 times&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). ''The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''. SpringerNature. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14|10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|978-3-030-04954-6]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;. But di size of floods for dis river don reduce because of di interventions wey dem do for di catchment. For steep slopes, dem don set up [[:en:Exclosure|exclosures]]; di dense vegetation dey help water soak inside ground ([[:en:Infiltration_(hydrology)|infiltration]]), reduce flooding and make [[:en:Baseflow|baseflow]] better.&lt;ref&gt;Descheemaeker, K. and colleagues (2006). [https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 &quot;Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia&quot;]. ''Journal of Hydrology''. '''331''' (1–2): 219–241. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:1854/LU-378900|1854/LU-378900]]&lt;/ref&gt; Dem also build physical conservation structures like [[:en:Terrace_(earthworks)|stone bunds]]&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, Jan; Poesen, Jean; Gebremichael, Desta; Vancampenhout, Karen; d'Aes, Margo; Yihdego, Gebremedhin; Govers, Gerard; Leirs, Herwig; Moeyersons, Jan; Naudts, Jozef; Haregeweyn, Nigussie; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, Jozef (2007). [https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 &quot;Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia]&quot;. ''Soil and Tillage Research''. '''94''' (1): 151–163. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi:]][[doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl:]][[hdl:1854/LU-378900|1854/LU-378900]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues (2015). &quot;Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands&quot;. ''Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie''. '''59''' (4): 477–493. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi:]][[doi:10.1127/zfg/2015/0166|10.1127/zfg/2015/0166]]&lt;/ref&gt; and [[:en:Check_dam|check dams]] wey dey intercept runoff.&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, J.; Veyret-Picot, M.; Poesen, J.; Moeyersons, J.; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, J.; Govers, G. (2004). &quot;The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia&quot;. ''Soil Use and Management''. '''20''': 55–64. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x|10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337]].x&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Etefa Guyassa and colleagues (2017). [https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 &quot;Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia]&quot;. ''Journal of Hydrology''. '''545''' (1): 299–309. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019|10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:1854/LU-8518957|1854/LU-8518957]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reference ==</text>
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Di '''Zikuli''', wey people dey also call '''Gereb Awhi''' or '''Mennewe River''', na one river wey belong to di [[:en:Nile|Nile]] basin. E dey rise from di mountains of [[:en:Degua_Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] for northern [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], and e dey flow go south until e finally empty inside di [[:en:Giba_River|Giba]] and [[:en:Tekezé_River|Tekezé]] River.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). ''[https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546 Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District]''. SpringerNature. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Characteristics ==
Di Zikuli na one confined ephemeral river. E dey [[:en:Meander|meander]] small-small inside im narrow alluvial plain, and di average slope gradient na about 37 metres per kilometre. Wit di tributaries wey join am, di river don cut one gorge.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). ''The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''. SpringerNature. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14|10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Flash floods and flood buffering ==
Runoff mostly dey happen as high discharge events wey dey occur for short time, dem dey call am [[:en:Flash_floods|flash floods]]. Dis one dey happen because di land steep, vegetation no plenty, and rain dey fall heavy-heavy (convective rainfall). Di peak of dis kind flash floods fit get discharge wey big pass di [[:en:Baseflow|baseflow]] before am by 50 to 100 times&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). ''The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''. SpringerNature. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14|10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|978-3-030-04954-6]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;. But di size of floods for dis river don reduce because of di interventions wey dem do for di catchment. For steep slopes, dem don set up [[:en:Exclosure|exclosures]]; di dense vegetation dey help water soak inside ground ([[:en:Infiltration_(hydrology)|infiltration]]), reduce flooding and make [[:en:Baseflow|baseflow]] better.&lt;ref&gt;Descheemaeker, K. and colleagues (2006). [https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 &quot;Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia&quot;]. ''Journal of Hydrology''. '''331''' (1–2): 219–241. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:1854/LU-378900|1854/LU-378900]]&lt;/ref&gt; Dem also build physical conservation structures like [[:en:Terrace_(earthworks)|stone bunds]]&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, Jan; Poesen, Jean; Gebremichael, Desta; Vancampenhout, Karen; d'Aes, Margo; Yihdego, Gebremedhin; Govers, Gerard; Leirs, Herwig; Moeyersons, Jan; Naudts, Jozef; Haregeweyn, Nigussie; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, Jozef (2007). [https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 &quot;Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia]&quot;. ''Soil and Tillage Research''. '''94''' (1): 151–163. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi:]][[doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl:]][[hdl:1854/LU-378900|1854/LU-378900]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues (2015). &quot;Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands&quot;. ''Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie''. '''59''' (4): 477–493. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi:]][[doi:10.1127/zfg/2015/0166|10.1127/zfg/2015/0166]]&lt;/ref&gt; and [[:en:Check_dam|check dams]] wey dey intercept runoff.&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, J.; Veyret-Picot, M.; Poesen, J.; Moeyersons, J.; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, J.; Govers, G. (2004). &quot;The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia&quot;. ''Soil Use and Management''. '''20''': 55–64. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x|10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337]].x&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Etefa Guyassa and colleagues (2017). [https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 &quot;Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia]&quot;. ''Journal of Hydrology''. '''545''' (1): 299–309. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019|10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:1854/LU-8518957|1854/LU-8518957]]&lt;/ref&gt;Transhumance dey happen for di summer rainy season, when di lands near di villages don full with crops. Na di young shepherds go carry di village cattle go down to di gorge and dem go overnight inside small caves. Di gorges dey particularly attractive as transhumance destination zone, because water dey and semi-natural vegetation dey grow well for there

== Reference ==</text>
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Di '''Zikuli''', wey people dey also call '''Gereb Awhi''' or '''Mennewe River''', na one river wey belong to di [[:en:Nile|Nile]] basin. E dey rise from di mountains of [[:en:Degua_Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] for northern [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], and e dey flow go south until e finally empty inside di [[:en:Giba_River|Giba]] and [[:en:Tekezé_River|Tekezé]] River.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). ''[https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546 Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District]''. SpringerNature. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Characteristics ==
Di Zikuli na one confined ephemeral river. E dey [[:en:Meander|meander]] small-small inside im narrow alluvial plain, and di average slope gradient na about 37 metres per kilometre. Wit di tributaries wey join am, di river don cut one gorge.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). ''The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''. SpringerNature. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14|10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Flash floods and flood buffering ==
Runoff mostly dey happen as high discharge events wey dey occur for short time, dem dey call am [[:en:Flash_floods|flash floods]]. Dis one dey happen because di land steep, vegetation no plenty, and rain dey fall heavy-heavy (convective rainfall). Di peak of dis kind flash floods fit get discharge wey big pass di [[:en:Baseflow|baseflow]] before am by 50 to 100 times&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). ''The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''. SpringerNature. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14|10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|978-3-030-04954-6]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;. But di size of floods for dis river don reduce because of di interventions wey dem do for di catchment. For steep slopes, dem don set up [[:en:Exclosure|exclosures]]; di dense vegetation dey help water soak inside ground ([[:en:Infiltration_(hydrology)|infiltration]]), reduce flooding and make [[:en:Baseflow|baseflow]] better.&lt;ref&gt;Descheemaeker, K. and colleagues (2006). [https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 &quot;Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia&quot;]. ''Journal of Hydrology''. '''331''' (1–2): 219–241. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:1854/LU-378900|1854/LU-378900]]&lt;/ref&gt; Dem also build physical conservation structures like [[:en:Terrace_(earthworks)|stone bunds]]&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, Jan; Poesen, Jean; Gebremichael, Desta; Vancampenhout, Karen; d'Aes, Margo; Yihdego, Gebremedhin; Govers, Gerard; Leirs, Herwig; Moeyersons, Jan; Naudts, Jozef; Haregeweyn, Nigussie; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, Jozef (2007). [https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 &quot;Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia]&quot;. ''Soil and Tillage Research''. '''94''' (1): 151–163. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi:]][[doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl:]][[hdl:1854/LU-378900|1854/LU-378900]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues (2015). &quot;Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands&quot;. ''Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie''. '''59''' (4): 477–493. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi:]][[doi:10.1127/zfg/2015/0166|10.1127/zfg/2015/0166]]&lt;/ref&gt; and [[:en:Check_dam|check dams]] wey dey intercept runoff.&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, J.; Veyret-Picot, M.; Poesen, J.; Moeyersons, J.; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, J.; Govers, G. (2004). &quot;The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia&quot;. ''Soil Use and Management''. '''20''': 55–64. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x|10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337]].x&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Etefa Guyassa and colleagues (2017). [https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 &quot;Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia]&quot;. ''Journal of Hydrology''. '''545''' (1): 299–309. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019|10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:1854/LU-8518957|1854/LU-8518957]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Transhumance towards the lower valley ==
Transhumance dey happen for di summer rainy season, when di lands near di villages don full with crops. Na di young shepherds go carry di village cattle go down to di gorge and dem go overnight inside small caves. Di gorges dey particularly attractive as transhumance destination zone, because water dey and semi-natural vegetation dey grow well for there.

== Reference ==</text>
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Di '''Zikuli''', wey people dey also call '''Gereb Awhi''' or '''Mennewe River''', na one river wey belong to di [[:en:Nile|Nile]] basin. E dey rise from di mountains of [[:en:Degua_Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] for northern [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], and e dey flow go south until e finally empty inside di [[:en:Giba_River|Giba]] and [[:en:Tekezé_River|Tekezé]] River.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). ''[https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546 Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District]''. SpringerNature. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Characteristics ==
Di Zikuli na one confined ephemeral river. E dey [[:en:Meander|meander]] small-small inside im narrow alluvial plain, and di average slope gradient na about 37 metres per kilometre. Wit di tributaries wey join am, di river don cut one gorge.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). ''The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''. SpringerNature. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14|10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Flash floods and flood buffering ==
Runoff mostly dey happen as high discharge events wey dey occur for short time, dem dey call am [[:en:Flash_floods|flash floods]]. Dis one dey happen because di land steep, vegetation no plenty, and rain dey fall heavy-heavy (convective rainfall). Di peak of dis kind flash floods fit get discharge wey big pass di [[:en:Baseflow|baseflow]] before am by 50 to 100 times&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). ''The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''. SpringerNature. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14|10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|978-3-030-04954-6]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;. But di size of floods for dis river don reduce because of di interventions wey dem do for di catchment. For steep slopes, dem don set up [[:en:Exclosure|exclosures]]; di dense vegetation dey help water soak inside ground ([[:en:Infiltration_(hydrology)|infiltration]]), reduce flooding and make [[:en:Baseflow|baseflow]] better.&lt;ref&gt;Descheemaeker, K. and colleagues (2006). [https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 &quot;Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia&quot;]. ''Journal of Hydrology''. '''331''' (1–2): 219–241. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:1854/LU-378900|1854/LU-378900]]&lt;/ref&gt; Dem also build physical conservation structures like [[:en:Terrace_(earthworks)|stone bunds]]&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, Jan; Poesen, Jean; Gebremichael, Desta; Vancampenhout, Karen; d'Aes, Margo; Yihdego, Gebremedhin; Govers, Gerard; Leirs, Herwig; Moeyersons, Jan; Naudts, Jozef; Haregeweyn, Nigussie; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, Jozef (2007). [https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 &quot;Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia]&quot;. ''Soil and Tillage Research''. '''94''' (1): 151–163. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi:]][[doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl:]][[hdl:1854/LU-378900|1854/LU-378900]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues (2015). &quot;Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands&quot;. ''Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie''. '''59''' (4): 477–493. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi:]][[doi:10.1127/zfg/2015/0166|10.1127/zfg/2015/0166]]&lt;/ref&gt; and [[:en:Check_dam|check dams]] wey dey intercept runoff.&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, J.; Veyret-Picot, M.; Poesen, J.; Moeyersons, J.; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, J.; Govers, G. (2004). &quot;The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia&quot;. ''Soil Use and Management''. '''20''': 55–64. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x|10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337]].x&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Etefa Guyassa and colleagues (2017). [https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 &quot;Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia]&quot;. ''Journal of Hydrology''. '''545''' (1): 299–309. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019|10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:1854/LU-8518957|1854/LU-8518957]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Transhumance towards the lower valley ==
[[:en:Transhumance_in_Ethiopia|Transhumance]] dey happen for di summer rainy season, when di lands near di villages don full with crops. Na di young shepherds go carry di village cattle go down to di gorge and dem go overnight inside small caves. Di gorges dey particularly attractive as transhumance destination zone, because water dey and semi-natural vegetation dey grow well for there.

== Reference ==</text>
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Di '''Zikuli''', wey people dey also call '''Gereb Awhi''' or '''Mennewe River''', na one river wey belong to di [[:en:Nile|Nile]] basin. E dey rise from di mountains of [[:en:Degua_Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] for northern [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], and e dey flow go south until e finally empty inside di [[:en:Giba_River|Giba]] and [[:en:Tekezé_River|Tekezé]] River.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). ''[https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546 Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District]''. SpringerNature. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Characteristics ==
Di Zikuli na one confined ephemeral river. E dey [[:en:Meander|meander]] small-small inside im narrow alluvial plain, and di average slope gradient na about 37 metres per kilometre. Wit di tributaries wey join am, di river don cut one gorge.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). ''The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''. SpringerNature. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14|10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Flash floods and flood buffering ==
Runoff mostly dey happen as high discharge events wey dey occur for short time, dem dey call am [[:en:Flash_floods|flash floods]]. Dis one dey happen because di land steep, vegetation no plenty, and rain dey fall heavy-heavy (convective rainfall). Di peak of dis kind flash floods fit get discharge wey big pass di [[:en:Baseflow|baseflow]] before am by 50 to 100 times&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). ''The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''. SpringerNature. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14|10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|978-3-030-04954-6]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;. But di size of floods for dis river don reduce because of di interventions wey dem do for di catchment. For steep slopes, dem don set up [[:en:Exclosure|exclosures]]; di dense vegetation dey help water soak inside ground ([[:en:Infiltration_(hydrology)|infiltration]]), reduce flooding and make [[:en:Baseflow|baseflow]] better.&lt;ref&gt;Descheemaeker, K. and colleagues (2006). [https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 &quot;Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia&quot;]. ''Journal of Hydrology''. '''331''' (1–2): 219–241. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:1854/LU-378900|1854/LU-378900]]&lt;/ref&gt; Dem also build physical conservation structures like [[:en:Terrace_(earthworks)|stone bunds]]&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, Jan; Poesen, Jean; Gebremichael, Desta; Vancampenhout, Karen; d'Aes, Margo; Yihdego, Gebremedhin; Govers, Gerard; Leirs, Herwig; Moeyersons, Jan; Naudts, Jozef; Haregeweyn, Nigussie; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, Jozef (2007). [https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 &quot;Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia]&quot;. ''Soil and Tillage Research''. '''94''' (1): 151–163. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi:]][[doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl:]][[hdl:1854/LU-378900|1854/LU-378900]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues (2015). &quot;Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands&quot;. ''Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie''. '''59''' (4): 477–493. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi:]][[doi:10.1127/zfg/2015/0166|10.1127/zfg/2015/0166]]&lt;/ref&gt; and [[:en:Check_dam|check dams]] wey dey intercept runoff.&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, J.; Veyret-Picot, M.; Poesen, J.; Moeyersons, J.; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, J.; Govers, G. (2004). &quot;The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia&quot;. ''Soil Use and Management''. '''20''': 55–64. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x|10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337]].x&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Etefa Guyassa and colleagues (2017). [https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 &quot;Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia]&quot;. ''Journal of Hydrology''. '''545''' (1): 299–309. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019|10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:1854/LU-8518957|1854/LU-8518957]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Transhumance towards the lower valley ==
[[:en:Transhumance_in_Ethiopia|Transhumance]] dey happen for di summer rainy season, when di lands near di villages don full with crops. Na di young shepherds go carry di village cattle go down to di gorge and dem go overnight inside small caves. Di gorges dey particularly attractive as transhumance destination zone, because water dey and semi-natural vegetation dey grow well for there.Boulders and pebbles wey person fit see for di river bed fit come from any location wey dey higher up inside di catchment. For di uppermost stretches of di river, na only rock fragments from di upper lithological units go dey present for di river bed. But as you go more downstream, you fit see mix of all di lithologies wey di river don cross. From upstream go downstream, na di following lithological units dey occur inside di catchment.

== Reference ==</text>
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Di '''Zikuli''', wey people dey also call '''Gereb Awhi''' or '''Mennewe River''', na one river wey belong to di [[:en:Nile|Nile]] basin. E dey rise from di mountains of [[:en:Degua_Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] for northern [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], and e dey flow go south until e finally empty inside di [[:en:Giba_River|Giba]] and [[:en:Tekezé_River|Tekezé]] River.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). ''[https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546 Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District]''. SpringerNature. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Characteristics ==
Di Zikuli na one confined ephemeral river. E dey [[:en:Meander|meander]] small-small inside im narrow alluvial plain, and di average slope gradient na about 37 metres per kilometre. Wit di tributaries wey join am, di river don cut one gorge.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). ''The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''. SpringerNature. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14|10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Flash floods and flood buffering ==
Runoff mostly dey happen as high discharge events wey dey occur for short time, dem dey call am [[:en:Flash_floods|flash floods]]. Dis one dey happen because di land steep, vegetation no plenty, and rain dey fall heavy-heavy (convective rainfall). Di peak of dis kind flash floods fit get discharge wey big pass di [[:en:Baseflow|baseflow]] before am by 50 to 100 times&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). ''The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''. SpringerNature. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14|10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|978-3-030-04954-6]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;. But di size of floods for dis river don reduce because of di interventions wey dem do for di catchment. For steep slopes, dem don set up [[:en:Exclosure|exclosures]]; di dense vegetation dey help water soak inside ground ([[:en:Infiltration_(hydrology)|infiltration]]), reduce flooding and make [[:en:Baseflow|baseflow]] better.&lt;ref&gt;Descheemaeker, K. and colleagues (2006). [https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 &quot;Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia&quot;]. ''Journal of Hydrology''. '''331''' (1–2): 219–241. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:1854/LU-378900|1854/LU-378900]]&lt;/ref&gt; Dem also build physical conservation structures like [[:en:Terrace_(earthworks)|stone bunds]]&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, Jan; Poesen, Jean; Gebremichael, Desta; Vancampenhout, Karen; d'Aes, Margo; Yihdego, Gebremedhin; Govers, Gerard; Leirs, Herwig; Moeyersons, Jan; Naudts, Jozef; Haregeweyn, Nigussie; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, Jozef (2007). [https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 &quot;Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia]&quot;. ''Soil and Tillage Research''. '''94''' (1): 151–163. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi:]][[doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl:]][[hdl:1854/LU-378900|1854/LU-378900]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues (2015). &quot;Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands&quot;. ''Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie''. '''59''' (4): 477–493. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi:]][[doi:10.1127/zfg/2015/0166|10.1127/zfg/2015/0166]]&lt;/ref&gt; and [[:en:Check_dam|check dams]] wey dey intercept runoff.&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, J.; Veyret-Picot, M.; Poesen, J.; Moeyersons, J.; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, J.; Govers, G. (2004). &quot;The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia&quot;. ''Soil Use and Management''. '''20''': 55–64. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x|10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337]].x&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Etefa Guyassa and colleagues (2017). [https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 &quot;Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia]&quot;. ''Journal of Hydrology''. '''545''' (1): 299–309. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019|10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:1854/LU-8518957|1854/LU-8518957]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Transhumance towards the lower valley ==
[[:en:Transhumance_in_Ethiopia|Transhumance]] dey happen for di summer rainy season, when di lands near di villages don full with crops. Na di young shepherds go carry di village cattle go down to di gorge and dem go overnight inside small caves. Di gorges dey particularly attractive as transhumance destination zone, because water dey and semi-natural vegetation dey grow well for there.

== Boulders and pebbles in the river bed ==
Boulders and pebbles wey person fit see for di river bed fit come from any location wey dey higher up inside di catchment. For di uppermost stretches of di river, na only rock fragments from di upper lithological units go dey present for di river bed. But as you go more downstream, you fit see mix of all di lithologies wey di river don cross. From upstream go downstream, na di following lithological units dey occur inside di catchment.

== Reference ==</text>
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Di '''Zikuli''', wey people dey also call '''Gereb Awhi''' or '''Mennewe River''', na one river wey belong to di [[:en:Nile|Nile]] basin. E dey rise from di mountains of [[:en:Degua_Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] for northern [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], and e dey flow go south until e finally empty inside di [[:en:Giba_River|Giba]] and [[:en:Tekezé_River|Tekezé]] River.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). ''[https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546 Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District]''. SpringerNature. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Characteristics ==
Di Zikuli na one confined ephemeral river. E dey [[:en:Meander|meander]] small-small inside im narrow alluvial plain, and di average slope gradient na about 37 metres per kilometre. Wit di tributaries wey join am, di river don cut one gorge.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). ''The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''. SpringerNature. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14|10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Flash floods and flood buffering ==
Runoff mostly dey happen as high discharge events wey dey occur for short time, dem dey call am [[:en:Flash_floods|flash floods]]. Dis one dey happen because di land steep, vegetation no plenty, and rain dey fall heavy-heavy (convective rainfall). Di peak of dis kind flash floods fit get discharge wey big pass di [[:en:Baseflow|baseflow]] before am by 50 to 100 times&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). ''The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''. SpringerNature. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14|10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|978-3-030-04954-6]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;. But di size of floods for dis river don reduce because of di interventions wey dem do for di catchment. For steep slopes, dem don set up [[:en:Exclosure|exclosures]]; di dense vegetation dey help water soak inside ground ([[:en:Infiltration_(hydrology)|infiltration]]), reduce flooding and make [[:en:Baseflow|baseflow]] better.&lt;ref&gt;Descheemaeker, K. and colleagues (2006). [https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 &quot;Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia&quot;]. ''Journal of Hydrology''. '''331''' (1–2): 219–241. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:1854/LU-378900|1854/LU-378900]]&lt;/ref&gt; Dem also build physical conservation structures like [[:en:Terrace_(earthworks)|stone bunds]]&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, Jan; Poesen, Jean; Gebremichael, Desta; Vancampenhout, Karen; d'Aes, Margo; Yihdego, Gebremedhin; Govers, Gerard; Leirs, Herwig; Moeyersons, Jan; Naudts, Jozef; Haregeweyn, Nigussie; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, Jozef (2007). [https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 &quot;Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia]&quot;. ''Soil and Tillage Research''. '''94''' (1): 151–163. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi:]][[doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl:]][[hdl:1854/LU-378900|1854/LU-378900]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues (2015). &quot;Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands&quot;. ''Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie''. '''59''' (4): 477–493. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi:]][[doi:10.1127/zfg/2015/0166|10.1127/zfg/2015/0166]]&lt;/ref&gt; and [[:en:Check_dam|check dams]] wey dey intercept runoff.&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, J.; Veyret-Picot, M.; Poesen, J.; Moeyersons, J.; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, J.; Govers, G. (2004). &quot;The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia&quot;. ''Soil Use and Management''. '''20''': 55–64. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x|10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337]].x&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Etefa Guyassa and colleagues (2017). [https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 &quot;Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia]&quot;. ''Journal of Hydrology''. '''545''' (1): 299–309. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019|10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:1854/LU-8518957|1854/LU-8518957]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Transhumance towards the lower valley ==
[[:en:Transhumance_in_Ethiopia|Transhumance]] dey happen for di summer rainy season, when di lands near di villages don full with crops. Na di young shepherds go carry di village cattle go down to di gorge and dem go overnight inside small caves. Di gorges dey particularly attractive as transhumance destination zone, because water dey and semi-natural vegetation dey grow well for there.&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, Jan; Descheemaeker, Katrien; Zenebe, Amanuel; Poesen, Jean; Deckers, Jozef; Haile, Mitiku (2009). [[doi:10.1659/mrd.00033|&quot;Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia)&quot;]]. ''Mountain Research and Development''. '''29''' (3): 255–264. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1659/mrd.00033|10.1659/mrd.00033]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:1854/LU-854326|1854/LU-854326]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Boulders and pebbles in the river bed ==
Boulders and pebbles wey person fit see for di river bed fit come from any location wey dey higher up inside di catchment. For di uppermost stretches of di river, na only rock fragments from di upper lithological units go dey present for di river bed. But as you go more downstream, you fit see mix of all di lithologies wey di river don cross. From upstream go downstream, na di following lithological units dey occur inside di catchment.

== Reference ==</text>
      <sha1>rszybq20b8tg2a7webdrpwhzv6vl1wz</sha1>
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Di '''Zikuli''', wey people dey also call '''Gereb Awhi''' or '''Mennewe River''', na one river wey belong to di [[:en:Nile|Nile]] basin. E dey rise from di mountains of [[:en:Degua_Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] for northern [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], and e dey flow go south until e finally empty inside di [[:en:Giba_River|Giba]] and [[:en:Tekezé_River|Tekezé]] River.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). ''[https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546 Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District]''. SpringerNature. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Characteristics ==
Di Zikuli na one confined ephemeral river. E dey [[:en:Meander|meander]] small-small inside im narrow alluvial plain, and di average slope gradient na about 37 metres per kilometre. Wit di tributaries wey join am, di river don cut one gorge.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). ''The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''. SpringerNature. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14|10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Flash floods and flood buffering ==
Runoff mostly dey happen as high discharge events wey dey occur for short time, dem dey call am [[:en:Flash_floods|flash floods]]. Dis one dey happen because di land steep, vegetation no plenty, and rain dey fall heavy-heavy (convective rainfall). Di peak of dis kind flash floods fit get discharge wey big pass di [[:en:Baseflow|baseflow]] before am by 50 to 100 times&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). ''The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''. SpringerNature. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14|10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|978-3-030-04954-6]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;. But di size of floods for dis river don reduce because of di interventions wey dem do for di catchment. For steep slopes, dem don set up [[:en:Exclosure|exclosures]]; di dense vegetation dey help water soak inside ground ([[:en:Infiltration_(hydrology)|infiltration]]), reduce flooding and make [[:en:Baseflow|baseflow]] better.&lt;ref&gt;Descheemaeker, K. and colleagues (2006). [https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 &quot;Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia&quot;]. ''Journal of Hydrology''. '''331''' (1–2): 219–241. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:1854/LU-378900|1854/LU-378900]]&lt;/ref&gt; Dem also build physical conservation structures like [[:en:Terrace_(earthworks)|stone bunds]]&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, Jan; Poesen, Jean; Gebremichael, Desta; Vancampenhout, Karen; d'Aes, Margo; Yihdego, Gebremedhin; Govers, Gerard; Leirs, Herwig; Moeyersons, Jan; Naudts, Jozef; Haregeweyn, Nigussie; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, Jozef (2007). [https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 &quot;Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia]&quot;. ''Soil and Tillage Research''. '''94''' (1): 151–163. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi:]][[doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl:]][[hdl:1854/LU-378900|1854/LU-378900]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues (2015). &quot;Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands&quot;. ''Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie''. '''59''' (4): 477–493. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi:]][[doi:10.1127/zfg/2015/0166|10.1127/zfg/2015/0166]]&lt;/ref&gt; and [[:en:Check_dam|check dams]] wey dey intercept runoff.&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, J.; Veyret-Picot, M.; Poesen, J.; Moeyersons, J.; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, J.; Govers, G. (2004). &quot;The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia&quot;. ''Soil Use and Management''. '''20''': 55–64. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x|10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337]].x&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Etefa Guyassa and colleagues (2017). [https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 &quot;Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia]&quot;. ''Journal of Hydrology''. '''545''' (1): 299–309. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019|10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:1854/LU-8518957|1854/LU-8518957]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Transhumance towards the lower valley ==
[[:en:Transhumance_in_Ethiopia|Transhumance]] dey happen for di summer rainy season, when di lands near di villages don full with crops. Na di young shepherds go carry di village cattle go down to di gorge and dem go overnight inside small caves. Di gorges dey particularly attractive as transhumance destination zone, because water dey and semi-natural vegetation dey grow well for there.&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, Jan; Descheemaeker, Katrien; Zenebe, Amanuel; Poesen, Jean; Deckers, Jozef; Haile, Mitiku (2009). [[doi:10.1659/mrd.00033|&quot;Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia)&quot;]]. ''Mountain Research and Development''. '''29''' (3): 255–264. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1659/mrd.00033|10.1659/mrd.00033]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:1854/LU-854326|1854/LU-854326]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Boulders and pebbles in the river bed ==
Boulders and pebbles wey person fit see for di river bed fit come from any location wey dey higher up inside di catchment. For di uppermost stretches of di river, na only rock fragments from di upper lithological units go dey present for di river bed. But as you go more downstream, you fit see mix of all di lithologies wey di river don cross. From upstream go downstream, na di following lithological units dey occur inside di catchment.&lt;ref&gt;Sembroni, A.; Molin, P.; Dramis, F. (2019). [https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546 ''Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District''. SpringerNature]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reference ==</text>
      <sha1>1kdlm4xxafzc6yar4i5p5i9ehos4njs</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>103121</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-16T11:48:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuella Ackon</username>
        <id>2562</id>
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[[File:Zikuli catchment.jpg|thumb|Upper Zikuli catchment]]
Di '''Zikuli''', wey people dey also call '''Gereb Awhi''' or '''Mennewe River''', na one river wey belong to di [[:en:Nile|Nile]] basin. E dey rise from di mountains of [[:en:Degua_Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] for northern [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], and e dey flow go south until e finally empty inside di [[:en:Giba_River|Giba]] and [[:en:Tekezé_River|Tekezé]] River.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). ''[https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546 Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District]''. SpringerNature. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Characteristics ==
Di Zikuli na one confined ephemeral river. E dey [[:en:Meander|meander]] small-small inside im narrow alluvial plain, and di average slope gradient na about 37 metres per kilometre. Wit di tributaries wey join am, di river don cut one gorge.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). ''The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''. SpringerNature. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14|10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Flash floods and flood buffering ==
Runoff mostly dey happen as high discharge events wey dey occur for short time, dem dey call am [[:en:Flash_floods|flash floods]]. Dis one dey happen because di land steep, vegetation no plenty, and rain dey fall heavy-heavy (convective rainfall). Di peak of dis kind flash floods fit get discharge wey big pass di [[:en:Baseflow|baseflow]] before am by 50 to 100 times&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). ''The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''. SpringerNature. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14|10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|978-3-030-04954-6]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;. But di size of floods for dis river don reduce because of di interventions wey dem do for di catchment. For steep slopes, dem don set up [[:en:Exclosure|exclosures]]; di dense vegetation dey help water soak inside ground ([[:en:Infiltration_(hydrology)|infiltration]]), reduce flooding and make [[:en:Baseflow|baseflow]] better.&lt;ref&gt;Descheemaeker, K. and colleagues (2006). [https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 &quot;Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia&quot;]. ''Journal of Hydrology''. '''331''' (1–2): 219–241. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:1854/LU-378900|1854/LU-378900]]&lt;/ref&gt; Dem also build physical conservation structures like [[:en:Terrace_(earthworks)|stone bunds]]&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, Jan; Poesen, Jean; Gebremichael, Desta; Vancampenhout, Karen; d'Aes, Margo; Yihdego, Gebremedhin; Govers, Gerard; Leirs, Herwig; Moeyersons, Jan; Naudts, Jozef; Haregeweyn, Nigussie; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, Jozef (2007). [https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 &quot;Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia]&quot;. ''Soil and Tillage Research''. '''94''' (1): 151–163. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi:]][[doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl:]][[hdl:1854/LU-378900|1854/LU-378900]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues (2015). &quot;Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands&quot;. ''Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie''. '''59''' (4): 477–493. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi:]][[doi:10.1127/zfg/2015/0166|10.1127/zfg/2015/0166]]&lt;/ref&gt; and [[:en:Check_dam|check dams]] wey dey intercept runoff.&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, J.; Veyret-Picot, M.; Poesen, J.; Moeyersons, J.; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, J.; Govers, G. (2004). &quot;The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia&quot;. ''Soil Use and Management''. '''20''': 55–64. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x|10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337]].x&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Etefa Guyassa and colleagues (2017). [https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 &quot;Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia]&quot;. ''Journal of Hydrology''. '''545''' (1): 299–309. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019|10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:1854/LU-8518957|1854/LU-8518957]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Transhumance towards the lower valley ==
[[:en:Transhumance_in_Ethiopia|Transhumance]] dey happen for di summer rainy season, when di lands near di villages don full with crops. Na di young shepherds go carry di village cattle go down to di gorge and dem go overnight inside small caves. Di gorges dey particularly attractive as transhumance destination zone, because water dey and semi-natural vegetation dey grow well for there.&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, Jan; Descheemaeker, Katrien; Zenebe, Amanuel; Poesen, Jean; Deckers, Jozef; Haile, Mitiku (2009). [[doi:10.1659/mrd.00033|&quot;Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia)&quot;]]. ''Mountain Research and Development''. '''29''' (3): 255–264. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1659/mrd.00033|10.1659/mrd.00033]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:1854/LU-854326|1854/LU-854326]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Boulders and pebbles in the river bed ==
Boulders and pebbles wey person fit see for di river bed fit come from any location wey dey higher up inside di catchment. For di uppermost stretches of di river, na only rock fragments from di upper lithological units go dey present for di river bed. But as you go more downstream, you fit see mix of all di lithologies wey di river don cross. From upstream go downstream, na di following lithological units dey occur inside di catchment.&lt;ref&gt;Sembroni, A.; Molin, P.; Dramis, F. (2019). [https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546 ''Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District''. SpringerNature]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reference ==</text>
      <sha1>sizbv3sua6j3yc3jbac2s3lr3ob43g3</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>103122</id>
      <parentid>103121</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T11:48:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuella Ackon</username>
        <id>2562</id>
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[[File:Zikuli catchment.jpg|thumb|Upper Zikuli catchment|308x308px]]
Di '''Zikuli''', wey people dey also call '''Gereb Awhi''' or '''Mennewe River''', na one river wey belong to di [[:en:Nile|Nile]] basin. E dey rise from di mountains of [[:en:Degua_Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] for northern [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], and e dey flow go south until e finally empty inside di [[:en:Giba_River|Giba]] and [[:en:Tekezé_River|Tekezé]] River.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). ''[https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546 Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District]''. SpringerNature. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Characteristics ==
Di Zikuli na one confined ephemeral river. E dey [[:en:Meander|meander]] small-small inside im narrow alluvial plain, and di average slope gradient na about 37 metres per kilometre. Wit di tributaries wey join am, di river don cut one gorge.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). ''The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''. SpringerNature. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14|10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Flash floods and flood buffering ==
Runoff mostly dey happen as high discharge events wey dey occur for short time, dem dey call am [[:en:Flash_floods|flash floods]]. Dis one dey happen because di land steep, vegetation no plenty, and rain dey fall heavy-heavy (convective rainfall). Di peak of dis kind flash floods fit get discharge wey big pass di [[:en:Baseflow|baseflow]] before am by 50 to 100 times&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). ''The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''. SpringerNature. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14|10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|978-3-030-04954-6]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;. But di size of floods for dis river don reduce because of di interventions wey dem do for di catchment. For steep slopes, dem don set up [[:en:Exclosure|exclosures]]; di dense vegetation dey help water soak inside ground ([[:en:Infiltration_(hydrology)|infiltration]]), reduce flooding and make [[:en:Baseflow|baseflow]] better.&lt;ref&gt;Descheemaeker, K. and colleagues (2006). [https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 &quot;Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia&quot;]. ''Journal of Hydrology''. '''331''' (1–2): 219–241. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:1854/LU-378900|1854/LU-378900]]&lt;/ref&gt; Dem also build physical conservation structures like [[:en:Terrace_(earthworks)|stone bunds]]&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, Jan; Poesen, Jean; Gebremichael, Desta; Vancampenhout, Karen; d'Aes, Margo; Yihdego, Gebremedhin; Govers, Gerard; Leirs, Herwig; Moeyersons, Jan; Naudts, Jozef; Haregeweyn, Nigussie; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, Jozef (2007). [https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 &quot;Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia]&quot;. ''Soil and Tillage Research''. '''94''' (1): 151–163. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi:]][[doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl:]][[hdl:1854/LU-378900|1854/LU-378900]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues (2015). &quot;Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands&quot;. ''Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie''. '''59''' (4): 477–493. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi:]][[doi:10.1127/zfg/2015/0166|10.1127/zfg/2015/0166]]&lt;/ref&gt; and [[:en:Check_dam|check dams]] wey dey intercept runoff.&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, J.; Veyret-Picot, M.; Poesen, J.; Moeyersons, J.; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, J.; Govers, G. (2004). &quot;The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia&quot;. ''Soil Use and Management''. '''20''': 55–64. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x|10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337]].x&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Etefa Guyassa and colleagues (2017). [https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 &quot;Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia]&quot;. ''Journal of Hydrology''. '''545''' (1): 299–309. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019|10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:1854/LU-8518957|1854/LU-8518957]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Transhumance towards the lower valley ==
[[:en:Transhumance_in_Ethiopia|Transhumance]] dey happen for di summer rainy season, when di lands near di villages don full with crops. Na di young shepherds go carry di village cattle go down to di gorge and dem go overnight inside small caves. Di gorges dey particularly attractive as transhumance destination zone, because water dey and semi-natural vegetation dey grow well for there.&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, Jan; Descheemaeker, Katrien; Zenebe, Amanuel; Poesen, Jean; Deckers, Jozef; Haile, Mitiku (2009). [[doi:10.1659/mrd.00033|&quot;Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia)&quot;]]. ''Mountain Research and Development''. '''29''' (3): 255–264. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1659/mrd.00033|10.1659/mrd.00033]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:1854/LU-854326|1854/LU-854326]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Boulders and pebbles in the river bed ==
Boulders and pebbles wey person fit see for di river bed fit come from any location wey dey higher up inside di catchment. For di uppermost stretches of di river, na only rock fragments from di upper lithological units go dey present for di river bed. But as you go more downstream, you fit see mix of all di lithologies wey di river don cross. From upstream go downstream, na di following lithological units dey occur inside di catchment.&lt;ref&gt;Sembroni, A.; Molin, P.; Dramis, F. (2019). [https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546 ''Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District''. SpringerNature]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reference ==</text>
      <sha1>fjwl84fknlt5w7i9pqqxptu4p8dkgwt</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kafue Flats</title>
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        <id>1692</id>
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      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu peoples]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.     

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>pqte81w6drxchhg7l9sq356phpwxm4u</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>102948</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-15T13:02:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>102948</origin>
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      <text bytes="5588" sha1="fy2syq66d11mhs6jdo6k571b8pluwro" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu peoples]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>fy2syq66d11mhs6jdo6k571b8pluwro</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>102949</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-15T13:03:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="5731" sha1="670uc7wgnmqxexuiblizq7zr4ywr38g" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu peoples]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior.      

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>670uc7wgnmqxexuiblizq7zr4ywr38g</sha1>
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      <id>102950</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="5975" sha1="0vsyw1a3ijphum7vitzdm14oap87t0a" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu peoples]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.      

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>0vsyw1a3ijphum7vitzdm14oap87t0a</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>102951</id>
      <parentid>102950</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T13:05:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>102951</origin>
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      <text bytes="5998" sha1="mlyy7m5mxl3iahxpa8ddubrqk5q44gh" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu peoples]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;      

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>mlyy7m5mxl3iahxpa8ddubrqk5q44gh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>102952</id>
      <parentid>102951</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T13:06:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>102952</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6017" sha1="3wd9gdi6sx3j5qeiaifxyygymeko7ep" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>3wd9gdi6sx3j5qeiaifxyygymeko7ep</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>102953</id>
      <parentid>102952</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T13:10:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>102953</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="6152" sha1="d0wkk2q1b7h77hn5r7q8f5pekiyd1j7" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>d0wkk2q1b7h77hn5r7q8f5pekiyd1j7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>102954</id>
      <parentid>102953</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T13:27:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>102954</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6496" sha1="htubugku3dcvobdi0cl9ko07zqxy0d6" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

== References ==</text>
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        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
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De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. 

== References ==</text>
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De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd.  

== References ==</text>
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De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.  

== References ==</text>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>1692</id>
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De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season.   

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>tcr0dbk56ic9n7p80ka9s7zpmlbnhgn</sha1>
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        <id>1692</id>
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De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

== References ==</text>
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De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May.    

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>c7a0zuppzy5s1g8088o890q8pvsuc9r</sha1>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.    

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>o7eib1vvyte2uzzgj4h83glp3y9hbot</sha1>
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      <id>102962</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.     

Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam dey very different to de historical flows wey dem experience within de Kafue River plus de smooth annual rise den fall for discharge insyd wey dem already replace am by sudden increases as dem release large volumes of water from de dam.     

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>imdc1djdwmw1b2j5rsh4vfy3ydj2d75</sha1>
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De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.     

Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam dey very different to de historical flows wey dem experience within de Kafue River plus de smooth annual rise den fall for discharge insyd wey dem already replace am by sudden increases as dem release large volumes of water from de dam. A substantial discharge rydee dem maintain am thruout de dry season whereas naturally dem associate dis period plus lower river flows.      

== References ==</text>
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De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.     

Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam dey very different to de historical flows wey dem experience within de Kafue River plus de smooth annual rise den fall for discharge insyd wey dem already replace am by sudden increases as dem release large volumes of water from de dam. A substantial discharge rydee dem maintain am thruout de dry season whereas naturally dem associate dis period plus lower river flows. Although dem go fi already reduce maximum floods as a result of de dam, de almost year-round dey release means dat parts of de flats, for instance Chunga Lagoon, rydee e remain permanently flooded.       

== References ==</text>
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De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.     

Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam dey very different to de historical flows wey dem experience within de Kafue River plus de smooth annual rise den fall for discharge insyd wey dem already replace am by sudden increases as dem release large volumes of water from de dam. A substantial discharge rydee dem maintain am thruout de dry season whereas naturally dem associate dis period plus lower river flows. Although dem go fi already reduce maximum floods as a result of de dam, de almost year-round dey release means dat parts of de flats, for instance Chunga Lagoon, rydee e remain permanently flooded. In addition, de Kafue Gorge Dam create a large reservoir wey e back up into de eastern end of de flats wey e lead to areas of permanent inundation.       

== References ==</text>
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De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obrdlik |first1=P |last2=Mumeka |first2=A |last3=Kasonde |first3=J.M. |date=1989 |title=Regulated Rivers in Zambia - The Case Study of the Kafue River |journal=Regulated Rivers: Research and Management |volume=3 |pages=371–380 |doi=10.1002/rrr.3450030135}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.     

Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam dey very different to de historical flows wey dem experience within de Kafue River plus de smooth annual rise den fall for discharge insyd wey dem already replace am by sudden increases as dem release large volumes of water from de dam. A substantial discharge rydee dem maintain am thruout de dry season whereas naturally dem associate dis period plus lower river flows. Although dem go fi already reduce maximum floods as a result of de dam, de almost year-round dey release means dat parts of de flats, for instance Chunga Lagoon, rydee e remain permanently flooded. In addition, de Kafue Gorge Dam create a large reservoir wey e back up into de eastern end of de flats wey e lead to areas of permanent inundation.       

== References ==</text>
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De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obrdlik |first1=P |last2=Mumeka |first2=A |last3=Kasonde |first3=J.M. |date=1989 |title=Regulated Rivers in Zambia - The Case Study of the Kafue River |journal=Regulated Rivers: Research and Management |volume=3 |pages=371–380 |doi=10.1002/rrr.3450030135}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mumba |first1=M |last2=Thompson |first2=J.R. |date=2005 |title=Hydrological and ecological impacts of dams on the Kafue Flats floodplain system, southern Zambia |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=30 |issue=6–7 |pages=442–447 |bibcode=2005PCE....30..442M |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.009}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam dey very different to de historical flows wey dem experience within de Kafue River plus de smooth annual rise den fall for discharge insyd wey dem already replace am by sudden increases as dem release large volumes of water from de dam. A substantial discharge rydee dem maintain am thruout de dry season whereas naturally dem associate dis period plus lower river flows. Although dem go fi already reduce maximum floods as a result of de dam, de almost year-round dey release means dat parts of de flats, for instance Chunga Lagoon, rydee e remain permanently flooded. In addition, de Kafue Gorge Dam create a large reservoir wey e back up into de eastern end of de flats wey e lead to areas of permanent inundation.       

== References ==</text>
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        <id>1692</id>
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De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obrdlik |first1=P |last2=Mumeka |first2=A |last3=Kasonde |first3=J.M. |date=1989 |title=Regulated Rivers in Zambia - The Case Study of the Kafue River |journal=Regulated Rivers: Research and Management |volume=3 |pages=371–380 |doi=10.1002/rrr.3450030135}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mumba |first1=M |last2=Thompson |first2=J.R. |date=2005 |title=Hydrological and ecological impacts of dams on the Kafue Flats floodplain system, southern Zambia |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=30 |issue=6–7 |pages=442–447 |bibcode=2005PCE....30..442M |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.009}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam dey very different to de historical flows wey dem experience within de Kafue River plus de smooth annual rise den fall for discharge insyd wey dem already replace am by sudden increases as dem release large volumes of water from de dam. A substantial discharge rydee dem maintain am thruout de dry season whereas naturally dem associate dis period plus lower river flows. Although dem go fi already reduce maximum floods as a result of de dam, de almost year-round dey release means dat parts of de flats, for instance Chunga Lagoon, rydee e remain permanently flooded. In addition, de Kafue Gorge Dam create a large reservoir wey e back up into de eastern end of de flats wey e lead to areas of permanent inundation.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot; /&gt;       

== References ==</text>
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De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obrdlik |first1=P |last2=Mumeka |first2=A |last3=Kasonde |first3=J.M. |date=1989 |title=Regulated Rivers in Zambia - The Case Study of the Kafue River |journal=Regulated Rivers: Research and Management |volume=3 |pages=371–380 |doi=10.1002/rrr.3450030135}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mumba |first1=M |last2=Thompson |first2=J.R. |date=2005 |title=Hydrological and ecological impacts of dams on the Kafue Flats floodplain system, southern Zambia |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=30 |issue=6–7 |pages=442–447 |bibcode=2005PCE....30..442M |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.009}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam dey very different to de historical flows wey dem experience within de Kafue River plus de smooth annual rise den fall for discharge insyd wey dem already replace am by sudden increases as dem release large volumes of water from de dam. A substantial discharge rydee dem maintain am thruout de dry season whereas naturally dem associate dis period plus lower river flows. Although dem go fi already reduce maximum floods as a result of de dam, de almost year-round dey release means dat parts of de flats, for instance Chunga Lagoon, rydee e remain permanently flooded. In addition, de Kafue Gorge Dam create a large reservoir wey e back up into de eastern end of de flats wey e lead to areas of permanent inundation.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot; /&gt;

== Protected areas ==
De Kafue Flats dey include two [[:en:National_parks|national parks]] ([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category II [[:en:Protected_area|protected areas]]), de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]]. 

== References ==</text>
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      <id>102970</id>
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De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obrdlik |first1=P |last2=Mumeka |first2=A |last3=Kasonde |first3=J.M. |date=1989 |title=Regulated Rivers in Zambia - The Case Study of the Kafue River |journal=Regulated Rivers: Research and Management |volume=3 |pages=371–380 |doi=10.1002/rrr.3450030135}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mumba |first1=M |last2=Thompson |first2=J.R. |date=2005 |title=Hydrological and ecological impacts of dams on the Kafue Flats floodplain system, southern Zambia |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=30 |issue=6–7 |pages=442–447 |bibcode=2005PCE....30..442M |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.009}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam dey very different to de historical flows wey dem experience within de Kafue River plus de smooth annual rise den fall for discharge insyd wey dem already replace am by sudden increases as dem release large volumes of water from de dam. A substantial discharge rydee dem maintain am thruout de dry season whereas naturally dem associate dis period plus lower river flows. Although dem go fi already reduce maximum floods as a result of de dam, de almost year-round dey release means dat parts of de flats, for instance Chunga Lagoon, rydee e remain permanently flooded. In addition, de Kafue Gorge Dam create a large reservoir wey e back up into de eastern end of de flats wey e lead to areas of permanent inundation.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot; /&gt;

== Protected areas ==
De Kafue Flats dey include two [[:en:National_parks|national parks]] ([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category II [[:en:Protected_area|protected areas]]), de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]]. Dem establish both parks for de 1970s insyd for land wey dem formerly use give cattle ranching top.  

== References ==</text>
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De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obrdlik |first1=P |last2=Mumeka |first2=A |last3=Kasonde |first3=J.M. |date=1989 |title=Regulated Rivers in Zambia - The Case Study of the Kafue River |journal=Regulated Rivers: Research and Management |volume=3 |pages=371–380 |doi=10.1002/rrr.3450030135}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mumba |first1=M |last2=Thompson |first2=J.R. |date=2005 |title=Hydrological and ecological impacts of dams on the Kafue Flats floodplain system, southern Zambia |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=30 |issue=6–7 |pages=442–447 |bibcode=2005PCE....30..442M |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.009}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam dey very different to de historical flows wey dem experience within de Kafue River plus de smooth annual rise den fall for discharge insyd wey dem already replace am by sudden increases as dem release large volumes of water from de dam. A substantial discharge rydee dem maintain am thruout de dry season whereas naturally dem associate dis period plus lower river flows. Although dem go fi already reduce maximum floods as a result of de dam, de almost year-round dey release means dat parts of de flats, for instance Chunga Lagoon, rydee e remain permanently flooded. In addition, de Kafue Gorge Dam create a large reservoir wey e back up into de eastern end of de flats wey e lead to areas of permanent inundation.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot; /&gt;

== Protected areas ==
De Kafue Flats dey include two [[:en:National_parks|national parks]] ([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category II [[:en:Protected_area|protected areas]]), de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]]. Dem establish both parks for de 1970s insyd for land wey dem formerly use give cattle ranching top. De 428 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (165 sq mi) Lochinvar National Park, famous give large nombas of [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]], wey dey sit south of de Kafue River den e be accessible from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Livingstone,_Zambia|Livingstone]] road at [[:en:Monze|Monze]].  

== References ==</text>
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De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obrdlik |first1=P |last2=Mumeka |first2=A |last3=Kasonde |first3=J.M. |date=1989 |title=Regulated Rivers in Zambia - The Case Study of the Kafue River |journal=Regulated Rivers: Research and Management |volume=3 |pages=371–380 |doi=10.1002/rrr.3450030135}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mumba |first1=M |last2=Thompson |first2=J.R. |date=2005 |title=Hydrological and ecological impacts of dams on the Kafue Flats floodplain system, southern Zambia |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=30 |issue=6–7 |pages=442–447 |bibcode=2005PCE....30..442M |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.009}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam dey very different to de historical flows wey dem experience within de Kafue River plus de smooth annual rise den fall for discharge insyd wey dem already replace am by sudden increases as dem release large volumes of water from de dam. A substantial discharge rydee dem maintain am thruout de dry season whereas naturally dem associate dis period plus lower river flows. Although dem go fi already reduce maximum floods as a result of de dam, de almost year-round dey release means dat parts of de flats, for instance Chunga Lagoon, rydee e remain permanently flooded. In addition, de Kafue Gorge Dam create a large reservoir wey e back up into de eastern end of de flats wey e lead to areas of permanent inundation.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot; /&gt;

== Protected areas ==
De Kafue Flats dey include two [[:en:National_parks|national parks]] ([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category II [[:en:Protected_area|protected areas]]), de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]]. Dem establish both parks for de 1970s insyd for land wey dem formerly use give cattle ranching top. De 428 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (165 sq mi) Lochinvar National Park, famous give large nombas of [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]], wey dey sit south of de Kafue River den e be accessible from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Livingstone,_Zambia|Livingstone]] road at [[:en:Monze|Monze]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lochinvar National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/lochinvar-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== References ==</text>
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        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obrdlik |first1=P |last2=Mumeka |first2=A |last3=Kasonde |first3=J.M. |date=1989 |title=Regulated Rivers in Zambia - The Case Study of the Kafue River |journal=Regulated Rivers: Research and Management |volume=3 |pages=371–380 |doi=10.1002/rrr.3450030135}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mumba |first1=M |last2=Thompson |first2=J.R. |date=2005 |title=Hydrological and ecological impacts of dams on the Kafue Flats floodplain system, southern Zambia |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=30 |issue=6–7 |pages=442–447 |bibcode=2005PCE....30..442M |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.009}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam dey very different to de historical flows wey dem experience within de Kafue River plus de smooth annual rise den fall for discharge insyd wey dem already replace am by sudden increases as dem release large volumes of water from de dam. A substantial discharge rydee dem maintain am thruout de dry season whereas naturally dem associate dis period plus lower river flows. Although dem go fi already reduce maximum floods as a result of de dam, de almost year-round dey release means dat parts of de flats, for instance Chunga Lagoon, rydee e remain permanently flooded. In addition, de Kafue Gorge Dam create a large reservoir wey e back up into de eastern end of de flats wey e lead to areas of permanent inundation.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot; /&gt;

== Protected areas ==
De Kafue Flats dey include two [[:en:National_parks|national parks]] ([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category II [[:en:Protected_area|protected areas]]), de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]]. Dem establish both parks for de 1970s insyd for land wey dem formerly use give cattle ranching top. De 428 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (165 sq mi) Lochinvar National Park, famous give large nombas of [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]], wey dey sit south of de Kafue River den e be accessible from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Livingstone,_Zambia|Livingstone]] road at [[:en:Monze|Monze]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lochinvar National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/lochinvar-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lochinvar National Park get one of de highest nombas of vulnerable wattled crane for Africa insyd.  

== References ==</text>
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De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obrdlik |first1=P |last2=Mumeka |first2=A |last3=Kasonde |first3=J.M. |date=1989 |title=Regulated Rivers in Zambia - The Case Study of the Kafue River |journal=Regulated Rivers: Research and Management |volume=3 |pages=371–380 |doi=10.1002/rrr.3450030135}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mumba |first1=M |last2=Thompson |first2=J.R. |date=2005 |title=Hydrological and ecological impacts of dams on the Kafue Flats floodplain system, southern Zambia |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=30 |issue=6–7 |pages=442–447 |bibcode=2005PCE....30..442M |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.009}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam dey very different to de historical flows wey dem experience within de Kafue River plus de smooth annual rise den fall for discharge insyd wey dem already replace am by sudden increases as dem release large volumes of water from de dam. A substantial discharge rydee dem maintain am thruout de dry season whereas naturally dem associate dis period plus lower river flows. Although dem go fi already reduce maximum floods as a result of de dam, de almost year-round dey release means dat parts of de flats, for instance Chunga Lagoon, rydee e remain permanently flooded. In addition, de Kafue Gorge Dam create a large reservoir wey e back up into de eastern end of de flats wey e lead to areas of permanent inundation.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot; /&gt;

== Protected areas ==
De Kafue Flats dey include two [[:en:National_parks|national parks]] ([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category II [[:en:Protected_area|protected areas]]), de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]]. Dem establish both parks for de 1970s insyd for land wey dem formerly use give cattle ranching top. De 428 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (165 sq mi) Lochinvar National Park, famous give large nombas of [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]], wey dey sit south of de Kafue River den e be accessible from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Livingstone,_Zambia|Livingstone]] road at [[:en:Monze|Monze]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lochinvar National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/lochinvar-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lochinvar National Park get one of de highest nombas of vulnerable wattled crane for Africa insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands - Fafue Flats |author=Zambia Wildlife Authority |date=2006 |publisher=Ramsar |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003321/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== References ==</text>
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      <id>102975</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obrdlik |first1=P |last2=Mumeka |first2=A |last3=Kasonde |first3=J.M. |date=1989 |title=Regulated Rivers in Zambia - The Case Study of the Kafue River |journal=Regulated Rivers: Research and Management |volume=3 |pages=371–380 |doi=10.1002/rrr.3450030135}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mumba |first1=M |last2=Thompson |first2=J.R. |date=2005 |title=Hydrological and ecological impacts of dams on the Kafue Flats floodplain system, southern Zambia |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=30 |issue=6–7 |pages=442–447 |bibcode=2005PCE....30..442M |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.009}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam dey very different to de historical flows wey dem experience within de Kafue River plus de smooth annual rise den fall for discharge insyd wey dem already replace am by sudden increases as dem release large volumes of water from de dam. A substantial discharge rydee dem maintain am thruout de dry season whereas naturally dem associate dis period plus lower river flows. Although dem go fi already reduce maximum floods as a result of de dam, de almost year-round dey release means dat parts of de flats, for instance Chunga Lagoon, rydee e remain permanently flooded. In addition, de Kafue Gorge Dam create a large reservoir wey e back up into de eastern end of de flats wey e lead to areas of permanent inundation.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot; /&gt;

== Protected areas ==
De Kafue Flats dey include two [[:en:National_parks|national parks]] ([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category II [[:en:Protected_area|protected areas]]), de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]]. Dem establish both parks for de 1970s insyd for land wey dem formerly use give cattle ranching top. De 428 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (165 sq mi) Lochinvar National Park, famous give large nombas of [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]], wey dey sit south of de Kafue River den e be accessible from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Livingstone,_Zambia|Livingstone]] road at [[:en:Monze|Monze]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lochinvar National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/lochinvar-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lochinvar National Park get one of de highest nombas of vulnerable wattled crane for Africa insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands - Fafue Flats |author=Zambia Wildlife Authority |date=2006 |publisher=Ramsar |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003321/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Blue Lagoon National Park, north of de Kafue, dem fi access am from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Mongu|Mongu]] road west of Lusaka.   

== References ==</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obrdlik |first1=P |last2=Mumeka |first2=A |last3=Kasonde |first3=J.M. |date=1989 |title=Regulated Rivers in Zambia - The Case Study of the Kafue River |journal=Regulated Rivers: Research and Management |volume=3 |pages=371–380 |doi=10.1002/rrr.3450030135}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mumba |first1=M |last2=Thompson |first2=J.R. |date=2005 |title=Hydrological and ecological impacts of dams on the Kafue Flats floodplain system, southern Zambia |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=30 |issue=6–7 |pages=442–447 |bibcode=2005PCE....30..442M |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.009}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam dey very different to de historical flows wey dem experience within de Kafue River plus de smooth annual rise den fall for discharge insyd wey dem already replace am by sudden increases as dem release large volumes of water from de dam. A substantial discharge rydee dem maintain am thruout de dry season whereas naturally dem associate dis period plus lower river flows. Although dem go fi already reduce maximum floods as a result of de dam, de almost year-round dey release means dat parts of de flats, for instance Chunga Lagoon, rydee e remain permanently flooded. In addition, de Kafue Gorge Dam create a large reservoir wey e back up into de eastern end of de flats wey e lead to areas of permanent inundation.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot; /&gt;

== Protected areas ==
De Kafue Flats dey include two [[:en:National_parks|national parks]] ([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category II [[:en:Protected_area|protected areas]]), de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]]. Dem establish both parks for de 1970s insyd for land wey dem formerly use give cattle ranching top. De 428 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (165 sq mi) Lochinvar National Park, famous give large nombas of [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]], wey dey sit south of de Kafue River den e be accessible from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Livingstone,_Zambia|Livingstone]] road at [[:en:Monze|Monze]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lochinvar National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/lochinvar-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lochinvar National Park get one of de highest nombas of vulnerable wattled crane for Africa insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands - Fafue Flats |author=Zambia Wildlife Authority |date=2006 |publisher=Ramsar |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003321/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Blue Lagoon National Park, north of de Kafue, dem fi access am from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Mongu|Mongu]] road west of Lusaka. De 500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (190 sq mi) park be home to a large abundance den variety of waterbirds as well as [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|lechwe]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Zebra|zebra]] den[[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]].   

== References ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>102977</id>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>1692</id>
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      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obrdlik |first1=P |last2=Mumeka |first2=A |last3=Kasonde |first3=J.M. |date=1989 |title=Regulated Rivers in Zambia - The Case Study of the Kafue River |journal=Regulated Rivers: Research and Management |volume=3 |pages=371–380 |doi=10.1002/rrr.3450030135}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mumba |first1=M |last2=Thompson |first2=J.R. |date=2005 |title=Hydrological and ecological impacts of dams on the Kafue Flats floodplain system, southern Zambia |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=30 |issue=6–7 |pages=442–447 |bibcode=2005PCE....30..442M |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.009}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam dey very different to de historical flows wey dem experience within de Kafue River plus de smooth annual rise den fall for discharge insyd wey dem already replace am by sudden increases as dem release large volumes of water from de dam. A substantial discharge rydee dem maintain am thruout de dry season whereas naturally dem associate dis period plus lower river flows. Although dem go fi already reduce maximum floods as a result of de dam, de almost year-round dey release means dat parts of de flats, for instance Chunga Lagoon, rydee e remain permanently flooded. In addition, de Kafue Gorge Dam create a large reservoir wey e back up into de eastern end of de flats wey e lead to areas of permanent inundation.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot; /&gt;

== Protected areas ==
De Kafue Flats dey include two [[:en:National_parks|national parks]] ([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category II [[:en:Protected_area|protected areas]]), de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]]. Dem establish both parks for de 1970s insyd for land wey dem formerly use give cattle ranching top. De 428 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (165 sq mi) Lochinvar National Park, famous give large nombas of [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]], wey dey sit south of de Kafue River den e be accessible from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Livingstone,_Zambia|Livingstone]] road at [[:en:Monze|Monze]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lochinvar National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/lochinvar-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lochinvar National Park get one of de highest nombas of vulnerable wattled crane for Africa insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands - Fafue Flats |author=Zambia Wildlife Authority |date=2006 |publisher=Ramsar |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003321/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Blue Lagoon National Park, north of de Kafue, dem fi access am from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Mongu|Mongu]] road west of Lusaka. De 500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (190 sq mi) park be home to a large abundance den variety of waterbirds as well as [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|lechwe]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Zebra|zebra]] den [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Blue Lagoon National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/blue-lagoon-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt;   

== References ==</text>
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      <contributor>
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De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obrdlik |first1=P |last2=Mumeka |first2=A |last3=Kasonde |first3=J.M. |date=1989 |title=Regulated Rivers in Zambia - The Case Study of the Kafue River |journal=Regulated Rivers: Research and Management |volume=3 |pages=371–380 |doi=10.1002/rrr.3450030135}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mumba |first1=M |last2=Thompson |first2=J.R. |date=2005 |title=Hydrological and ecological impacts of dams on the Kafue Flats floodplain system, southern Zambia |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=30 |issue=6–7 |pages=442–447 |bibcode=2005PCE....30..442M |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.009}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam dey very different to de historical flows wey dem experience within de Kafue River plus de smooth annual rise den fall for discharge insyd wey dem already replace am by sudden increases as dem release large volumes of water from de dam. A substantial discharge rydee dem maintain am thruout de dry season whereas naturally dem associate dis period plus lower river flows. Although dem go fi already reduce maximum floods as a result of de dam, de almost year-round dey release means dat parts of de flats, for instance Chunga Lagoon, rydee e remain permanently flooded. In addition, de Kafue Gorge Dam create a large reservoir wey e back up into de eastern end of de flats wey e lead to areas of permanent inundation.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot; /&gt;

== Protected areas ==
De Kafue Flats dey include two [[:en:National_parks|national parks]] ([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category II [[:en:Protected_area|protected areas]]), de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]]. Dem establish both parks for de 1970s insyd for land wey dem formerly use give cattle ranching top. De 428 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (165 sq mi) Lochinvar National Park, famous give large nombas of [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]], wey dey sit south of de Kafue River den e be accessible from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Livingstone,_Zambia|Livingstone]] road at [[:en:Monze|Monze]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lochinvar National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/lochinvar-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lochinvar National Park get one of de highest nombas of vulnerable wattled crane for Africa insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands - Fafue Flats |author=Zambia Wildlife Authority |date=2006 |publisher=Ramsar |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003321/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Blue Lagoon National Park, north of de Kafue, dem fi access am from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Mongu|Mongu]] road west of Lusaka. De 500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (190 sq mi) park be home to a large abundance den variety of waterbirds as well as [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|lechwe]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Zebra|zebra]] den [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Blue Lagoon National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/blue-lagoon-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{convert|6000|km2}} of de Kafue Flats outside of dem cover de two national parks by de Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA)([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category VI [[:en:Protected_area|protected area]]).    

== References ==</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obrdlik |first1=P |last2=Mumeka |first2=A |last3=Kasonde |first3=J.M. |date=1989 |title=Regulated Rivers in Zambia - The Case Study of the Kafue River |journal=Regulated Rivers: Research and Management |volume=3 |pages=371–380 |doi=10.1002/rrr.3450030135}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mumba |first1=M |last2=Thompson |first2=J.R. |date=2005 |title=Hydrological and ecological impacts of dams on the Kafue Flats floodplain system, southern Zambia |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=30 |issue=6–7 |pages=442–447 |bibcode=2005PCE....30..442M |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.009}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam dey very different to de historical flows wey dem experience within de Kafue River plus de smooth annual rise den fall for discharge insyd wey dem already replace am by sudden increases as dem release large volumes of water from de dam. A substantial discharge rydee dem maintain am thruout de dry season whereas naturally dem associate dis period plus lower river flows. Although dem go fi already reduce maximum floods as a result of de dam, de almost year-round dey release means dat parts of de flats, for instance Chunga Lagoon, rydee e remain permanently flooded. In addition, de Kafue Gorge Dam create a large reservoir wey e back up into de eastern end of de flats wey e lead to areas of permanent inundation.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot; /&gt;

== Protected areas ==
De Kafue Flats dey include two [[:en:National_parks|national parks]] ([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category II [[:en:Protected_area|protected areas]]), de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]]. Dem establish both parks for de 1970s insyd for land wey dem formerly use give cattle ranching top. De 428 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (165 sq mi) Lochinvar National Park, famous give large nombas of [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]], wey dey sit south of de Kafue River den e be accessible from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Livingstone,_Zambia|Livingstone]] road at [[:en:Monze|Monze]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lochinvar National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/lochinvar-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lochinvar National Park get one of de highest nombas of vulnerable wattled crane for Africa insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands - Fafue Flats |author=Zambia Wildlife Authority |date=2006 |publisher=Ramsar |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003321/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Blue Lagoon National Park, north of de Kafue, dem fi access am from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Mongu|Mongu]] road west of Lusaka. De 500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (190 sq mi) park be home to a large abundance den variety of waterbirds as well as [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|lechwe]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Zebra|zebra]] den [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Blue Lagoon National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/blue-lagoon-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{convert|6000|km2}} of de Kafue Flats outside of dem cover de two national parks by de Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA)([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category VI [[:en:Protected_area|protected area]]). De GMA dey afford protection to de environment den wildlife whilst still e dey allow give de sustainable use of natural resources.    

== References ==</text>
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De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obrdlik |first1=P |last2=Mumeka |first2=A |last3=Kasonde |first3=J.M. |date=1989 |title=Regulated Rivers in Zambia - The Case Study of the Kafue River |journal=Regulated Rivers: Research and Management |volume=3 |pages=371–380 |doi=10.1002/rrr.3450030135}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mumba |first1=M |last2=Thompson |first2=J.R. |date=2005 |title=Hydrological and ecological impacts of dams on the Kafue Flats floodplain system, southern Zambia |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=30 |issue=6–7 |pages=442–447 |bibcode=2005PCE....30..442M |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.009}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam dey very different to de historical flows wey dem experience within de Kafue River plus de smooth annual rise den fall for discharge insyd wey dem already replace am by sudden increases as dem release large volumes of water from de dam. A substantial discharge rydee dem maintain am thruout de dry season whereas naturally dem associate dis period plus lower river flows. Although dem go fi already reduce maximum floods as a result of de dam, de almost year-round dey release means dat parts of de flats, for instance Chunga Lagoon, rydee e remain permanently flooded. In addition, de Kafue Gorge Dam create a large reservoir wey e back up into de eastern end of de flats wey e lead to areas of permanent inundation.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot; /&gt;

== Protected areas ==
De Kafue Flats dey include two [[:en:National_parks|national parks]] ([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category II [[:en:Protected_area|protected areas]]), de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]]. Dem establish both parks for de 1970s insyd for land wey dem formerly use give cattle ranching top. De 428 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (165 sq mi) Lochinvar National Park, famous give large nombas of [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]], wey dey sit south of de Kafue River den e be accessible from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Livingstone,_Zambia|Livingstone]] road at [[:en:Monze|Monze]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lochinvar National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/lochinvar-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lochinvar National Park get one of de highest nombas of vulnerable wattled crane for Africa insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands - Fafue Flats |author=Zambia Wildlife Authority |date=2006 |publisher=Ramsar |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003321/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Blue Lagoon National Park, north of de Kafue, dem fi access am from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Mongu|Mongu]] road west of Lusaka. De 500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (190 sq mi) park be home to a large abundance den variety of waterbirds as well as [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|lechwe]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Zebra|zebra]] den [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Blue Lagoon National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/blue-lagoon-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{convert|6000|km2}} of de Kafue Flats outside of dem cover de two national parks by de Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA)([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category VI [[:en:Protected_area|protected area]]). De GMA dey afford protection to de environment den wildlife whilst still e dey allow give de sustainable use of natural resources.    

Dem enter de Kafue Flats onto de [[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar]] list of Wetlands of International Importance for 1991 insyd wey e cover an area of 6,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,300 sq mi) coincident plus de Kafue Flats GMA.    

== References ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>102981</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:17:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="11947" sha1="snuka0h13datv26a6xrmdr0bvof2opw" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obrdlik |first1=P |last2=Mumeka |first2=A |last3=Kasonde |first3=J.M. |date=1989 |title=Regulated Rivers in Zambia - The Case Study of the Kafue River |journal=Regulated Rivers: Research and Management |volume=3 |pages=371–380 |doi=10.1002/rrr.3450030135}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mumba |first1=M |last2=Thompson |first2=J.R. |date=2005 |title=Hydrological and ecological impacts of dams on the Kafue Flats floodplain system, southern Zambia |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=30 |issue=6–7 |pages=442–447 |bibcode=2005PCE....30..442M |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.009}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam dey very different to de historical flows wey dem experience within de Kafue River plus de smooth annual rise den fall for discharge insyd wey dem already replace am by sudden increases as dem release large volumes of water from de dam. A substantial discharge rydee dem maintain am thruout de dry season whereas naturally dem associate dis period plus lower river flows. Although dem go fi already reduce maximum floods as a result of de dam, de almost year-round dey release means dat parts of de flats, for instance Chunga Lagoon, rydee e remain permanently flooded. In addition, de Kafue Gorge Dam create a large reservoir wey e back up into de eastern end of de flats wey e lead to areas of permanent inundation.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot; /&gt;

== Protected areas ==
De Kafue Flats dey include two [[:en:National_parks|national parks]] ([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category II [[:en:Protected_area|protected areas]]), de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]]. Dem establish both parks for de 1970s insyd for land wey dem formerly use give cattle ranching top. De 428 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (165 sq mi) Lochinvar National Park, famous give large nombas of [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]], wey dey sit south of de Kafue River den e be accessible from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Livingstone,_Zambia|Livingstone]] road at [[:en:Monze|Monze]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lochinvar National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/lochinvar-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lochinvar National Park get one of de highest nombas of vulnerable wattled crane for Africa insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands - Fafue Flats |author=Zambia Wildlife Authority |date=2006 |publisher=Ramsar |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003321/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Blue Lagoon National Park, north of de Kafue, dem fi access am from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Mongu|Mongu]] road west of Lusaka. De 500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (190 sq mi) park be home to a large abundance den variety of waterbirds as well as [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|lechwe]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Zebra|zebra]] den [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Blue Lagoon National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/blue-lagoon-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{convert|6000|km2}} of de Kafue Flats outside of dem cover de two national parks by de Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA)([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category VI [[:en:Protected_area|protected area]]). De GMA dey afford protection to de environment den wildlife whilst still e dey allow give de sustainable use of natural resources.    

Dem enter de Kafue Flats onto de [[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar]] list of Wetlands of International Importance for 1991 insyd wey e cover an area of 6,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,300 sq mi) coincident plus de Kafue Flats GMA.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_zambia&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Zambia |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list-anno-zambia/main/ramsar/1-31-218%5E15789_4000_0__ |access-date=23 August 2014 |website=ramsar.org |publisher=The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands}}&lt;/ref&gt;    

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>snuka0h13datv26a6xrmdr0bvof2opw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>102982</id>
      <parentid>102981</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:18:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="12270" sha1="j5kvvvhaszgd3wr26l6spoedipajpez" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obrdlik |first1=P |last2=Mumeka |first2=A |last3=Kasonde |first3=J.M. |date=1989 |title=Regulated Rivers in Zambia - The Case Study of the Kafue River |journal=Regulated Rivers: Research and Management |volume=3 |pages=371–380 |doi=10.1002/rrr.3450030135}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mumba |first1=M |last2=Thompson |first2=J.R. |date=2005 |title=Hydrological and ecological impacts of dams on the Kafue Flats floodplain system, southern Zambia |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=30 |issue=6–7 |pages=442–447 |bibcode=2005PCE....30..442M |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.009}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam dey very different to de historical flows wey dem experience within de Kafue River plus de smooth annual rise den fall for discharge insyd wey dem already replace am by sudden increases as dem release large volumes of water from de dam. A substantial discharge rydee dem maintain am thruout de dry season whereas naturally dem associate dis period plus lower river flows. Although dem go fi already reduce maximum floods as a result of de dam, de almost year-round dey release means dat parts of de flats, for instance Chunga Lagoon, rydee e remain permanently flooded. In addition, de Kafue Gorge Dam create a large reservoir wey e back up into de eastern end of de flats wey e lead to areas of permanent inundation.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot; /&gt;

== Protected areas ==
De Kafue Flats dey include two [[:en:National_parks|national parks]] ([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category II [[:en:Protected_area|protected areas]]), de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]]. Dem establish both parks for de 1970s insyd for land wey dem formerly use give cattle ranching top. De 428 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (165 sq mi) Lochinvar National Park, famous give large nombas of [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]], wey dey sit south of de Kafue River den e be accessible from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Livingstone,_Zambia|Livingstone]] road at [[:en:Monze|Monze]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lochinvar National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/lochinvar-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lochinvar National Park get one of de highest nombas of vulnerable wattled crane for Africa insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands - Fafue Flats |author=Zambia Wildlife Authority |date=2006 |publisher=Ramsar |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003321/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Blue Lagoon National Park, north of de Kafue, dem fi access am from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Mongu|Mongu]] road west of Lusaka. De 500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (190 sq mi) park be home to a large abundance den variety of waterbirds as well as [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|lechwe]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Zebra|zebra]] den [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Blue Lagoon National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/blue-lagoon-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{convert|6000|km2}} of de Kafue Flats outside of dem cover de two national parks by de Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA)([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category VI [[:en:Protected_area|protected area]]). De GMA dey afford protection to de environment den wildlife whilst still e dey allow give de sustainable use of natural resources.    

Dem enter de Kafue Flats onto de [[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar]] list of Wetlands of International Importance for 1991 insyd wey e cover an area of 6,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,300 sq mi) coincident plus de Kafue Flats GMA.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_zambia&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Zambia |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list-anno-zambia/main/ramsar/1-31-218%5E15789_4000_0__ |access-date=23 August 2014 |website=ramsar.org |publisher=The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|De Kafue Flats, [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]], [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA).]]

== References ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>102983</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:20:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>102983</origin>
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De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obrdlik |first1=P |last2=Mumeka |first2=A |last3=Kasonde |first3=J.M. |date=1989 |title=Regulated Rivers in Zambia - The Case Study of the Kafue River |journal=Regulated Rivers: Research and Management |volume=3 |pages=371–380 |doi=10.1002/rrr.3450030135}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mumba |first1=M |last2=Thompson |first2=J.R. |date=2005 |title=Hydrological and ecological impacts of dams on the Kafue Flats floodplain system, southern Zambia |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=30 |issue=6–7 |pages=442–447 |bibcode=2005PCE....30..442M |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.009}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam dey very different to de historical flows wey dem experience within de Kafue River plus de smooth annual rise den fall for discharge insyd wey dem already replace am by sudden increases as dem release large volumes of water from de dam. A substantial discharge rydee dem maintain am thruout de dry season whereas naturally dem associate dis period plus lower river flows. Although dem go fi already reduce maximum floods as a result of de dam, de almost year-round dey release means dat parts of de flats, for instance Chunga Lagoon, rydee e remain permanently flooded. In addition, de Kafue Gorge Dam create a large reservoir wey e back up into de eastern end of de flats wey e lead to areas of permanent inundation.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot; /&gt;

== Protected areas ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Kafue Flats dey include two [[:en:National_parks|national parks]] ([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category II [[:en:Protected_area|protected areas]]), de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]]. Dem establish both parks for de 1970s insyd for land wey dem formerly use give cattle ranching top. De 428 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (165 sq mi) Lochinvar National Park, famous give large nombas of [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]], wey dey sit south of de Kafue River den e be accessible from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Livingstone,_Zambia|Livingstone]] road at [[:en:Monze|Monze]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lochinvar National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/lochinvar-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lochinvar National Park get one of de highest nombas of vulnerable wattled crane for Africa insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands - Fafue Flats |author=Zambia Wildlife Authority |date=2006 |publisher=Ramsar |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003321/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Blue Lagoon National Park, north of de Kafue, dem fi access am from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Mongu|Mongu]] road west of Lusaka. De 500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (190 sq mi) park be home to a large abundance den variety of waterbirds as well as [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|lechwe]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Zebra|zebra]] den [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Blue Lagoon National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/blue-lagoon-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{convert|6000|km2}} of de Kafue Flats outside of dem cover de two national parks by de Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA)([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category VI [[:en:Protected_area|protected area]]). De GMA dey afford protection to de environment den wildlife whilst still e dey allow give de sustainable use of natural resources.    

Dem enter de Kafue Flats onto de [[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar]] list of Wetlands of International Importance for 1991 insyd wey e cover an area of 6,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,300 sq mi) coincident plus de Kafue Flats GMA.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_zambia&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Zambia |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list-anno-zambia/main/ramsar/1-31-218%5E15789_4000_0__ |access-date=23 August 2014 |website=ramsar.org |publisher=The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|De Kafue Flats, [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]], [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA).]]

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>h1ok1qtqj25uc4lgm4zaw0lg9a3lfd0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>102984</id>
      <parentid>102983</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:21:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>102984</origin>
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De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obrdlik |first1=P |last2=Mumeka |first2=A |last3=Kasonde |first3=J.M. |date=1989 |title=Regulated Rivers in Zambia - The Case Study of the Kafue River |journal=Regulated Rivers: Research and Management |volume=3 |pages=371–380 |doi=10.1002/rrr.3450030135}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mumba |first1=M |last2=Thompson |first2=J.R. |date=2005 |title=Hydrological and ecological impacts of dams on the Kafue Flats floodplain system, southern Zambia |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=30 |issue=6–7 |pages=442–447 |bibcode=2005PCE....30..442M |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.009}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam dey very different to de historical flows wey dem experience within de Kafue River plus de smooth annual rise den fall for discharge insyd wey dem already replace am by sudden increases as dem release large volumes of water from de dam. A substantial discharge rydee dem maintain am thruout de dry season whereas naturally dem associate dis period plus lower river flows. Although dem go fi already reduce maximum floods as a result of de dam, de almost year-round dey release means dat parts of de flats, for instance Chunga Lagoon, rydee e remain permanently flooded. In addition, de Kafue Gorge Dam create a large reservoir wey e back up into de eastern end of de flats wey e lead to areas of permanent inundation.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot; /&gt;

== Protected areas ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Kafue Flats dey include two [[:en:National_parks|national parks]] ([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category II [[:en:Protected_area|protected areas]]), de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]]. Dem establish both parks for de 1970s insyd for land wey dem formerly use give cattle ranching top. De 428 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (165 sq mi) Lochinvar National Park, famous give large nombas of [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]], wey dey sit south of de Kafue River den e be accessible from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Livingstone,_Zambia|Livingstone]] road at [[:en:Monze|Monze]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lochinvar National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/lochinvar-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lochinvar National Park get one of de highest nombas of vulnerable wattled crane for Africa insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands - Fafue Flats |author=Zambia Wildlife Authority |date=2006 |publisher=Ramsar |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003321/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Blue Lagoon National Park, north of de Kafue, dem fi access am from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Mongu|Mongu]] road west of Lusaka. De 500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (190 sq mi) park be home to a large abundance den variety of waterbirds as well as [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|lechwe]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Zebra|zebra]] den [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Blue Lagoon National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/blue-lagoon-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{convert|6000|km2}} of de Kafue Flats outside of dem cover de two national parks by de Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA)([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category VI [[:en:Protected_area|protected area]]). De GMA dey afford protection to de environment den wildlife whilst still e dey allow give de sustainable use of natural resources.    

Dem enter de Kafue Flats onto de [[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar]] list of Wetlands of International Importance for 1991 insyd wey e cover an area of 6,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,300 sq mi) coincident plus de Kafue Flats GMA.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_zambia&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Zambia |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list-anno-zambia/main/ramsar/1-31-218%5E15789_4000_0__ |access-date=23 August 2014 |website=ramsar.org |publisher=The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|De Kafue Flats, [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]], [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA).]]

== Agriculture ==

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>d5z9bgozv4sooilq71pq1nhx7i38t4q</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>102985</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:24:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>102985</origin>
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      <text bytes="12555" sha1="01045ve366zs4pzh58j0d9106lqle82" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obrdlik |first1=P |last2=Mumeka |first2=A |last3=Kasonde |first3=J.M. |date=1989 |title=Regulated Rivers in Zambia - The Case Study of the Kafue River |journal=Regulated Rivers: Research and Management |volume=3 |pages=371–380 |doi=10.1002/rrr.3450030135}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mumba |first1=M |last2=Thompson |first2=J.R. |date=2005 |title=Hydrological and ecological impacts of dams on the Kafue Flats floodplain system, southern Zambia |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=30 |issue=6–7 |pages=442–447 |bibcode=2005PCE....30..442M |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.009}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam dey very different to de historical flows wey dem experience within de Kafue River plus de smooth annual rise den fall for discharge insyd wey dem already replace am by sudden increases as dem release large volumes of water from de dam. A substantial discharge rydee dem maintain am thruout de dry season whereas naturally dem associate dis period plus lower river flows. Although dem go fi already reduce maximum floods as a result of de dam, de almost year-round dey release means dat parts of de flats, for instance Chunga Lagoon, rydee e remain permanently flooded. In addition, de Kafue Gorge Dam create a large reservoir wey e back up into de eastern end of de flats wey e lead to areas of permanent inundation.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot; /&gt;

== Protected areas ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Kafue Flats dey include two [[:en:National_parks|national parks]] ([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category II [[:en:Protected_area|protected areas]]), de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]]. Dem establish both parks for de 1970s insyd for land wey dem formerly use give cattle ranching top. De 428 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (165 sq mi) Lochinvar National Park, famous give large nombas of [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]], wey dey sit south of de Kafue River den e be accessible from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Livingstone,_Zambia|Livingstone]] road at [[:en:Monze|Monze]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lochinvar National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/lochinvar-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lochinvar National Park get one of de highest nombas of vulnerable wattled crane for Africa insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands - Fafue Flats |author=Zambia Wildlife Authority |date=2006 |publisher=Ramsar |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003321/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Blue Lagoon National Park, north of de Kafue, dem fi access am from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Mongu|Mongu]] road west of Lusaka. De 500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (190 sq mi) park be home to a large abundance den variety of waterbirds as well as [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|lechwe]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Zebra|zebra]] den [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Blue Lagoon National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/blue-lagoon-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{convert|6000|km2}} of de Kafue Flats outside of dem cover de two national parks by de Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA)([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category VI [[:en:Protected_area|protected area]]). De GMA dey afford protection to de environment den wildlife whilst still e dey allow give de sustainable use of natural resources.    

Dem enter de Kafue Flats onto de [[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar]] list of Wetlands of International Importance for 1991 insyd wey e cover an area of 6,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,300 sq mi) coincident plus de Kafue Flats GMA.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_zambia&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Zambia |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list-anno-zambia/main/ramsar/1-31-218%5E15789_4000_0__ |access-date=23 August 2014 |website=ramsar.org |publisher=The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|De Kafue Flats, [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]], [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA).]]

== Agriculture ==
De land around de Kafue Flats be an important agricultural area for [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] insyd. 

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>01045ve366zs4pzh58j0d9106lqle82</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>103015</id>
      <parentid>102985</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:41:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obrdlik |first1=P |last2=Mumeka |first2=A |last3=Kasonde |first3=J.M. |date=1989 |title=Regulated Rivers in Zambia - The Case Study of the Kafue River |journal=Regulated Rivers: Research and Management |volume=3 |pages=371–380 |doi=10.1002/rrr.3450030135}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mumba |first1=M |last2=Thompson |first2=J.R. |date=2005 |title=Hydrological and ecological impacts of dams on the Kafue Flats floodplain system, southern Zambia |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=30 |issue=6–7 |pages=442–447 |bibcode=2005PCE....30..442M |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.009}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam dey very different to de historical flows wey dem experience within de Kafue River plus de smooth annual rise den fall for discharge insyd wey dem already replace am by sudden increases as dem release large volumes of water from de dam. A substantial discharge rydee dem maintain am thruout de dry season whereas naturally dem associate dis period plus lower river flows. Although dem go fi already reduce maximum floods as a result of de dam, de almost year-round dey release means dat parts of de flats, for instance Chunga Lagoon, rydee e remain permanently flooded. In addition, de Kafue Gorge Dam create a large reservoir wey e back up into de eastern end of de flats wey e lead to areas of permanent inundation.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot; /&gt;

== Protected areas ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Kafue Flats dey include two [[:en:National_parks|national parks]] ([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category II [[:en:Protected_area|protected areas]]), de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]]. Dem establish both parks for de 1970s insyd for land wey dem formerly use give cattle ranching top. De 428 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (165 sq mi) Lochinvar National Park, famous give large nombas of [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]], wey dey sit south of de Kafue River den e be accessible from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Livingstone,_Zambia|Livingstone]] road at [[:en:Monze|Monze]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lochinvar National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/lochinvar-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lochinvar National Park get one of de highest nombas of vulnerable wattled crane for Africa insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands - Fafue Flats |author=Zambia Wildlife Authority |date=2006 |publisher=Ramsar |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003321/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Blue Lagoon National Park, north of de Kafue, dem fi access am from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Mongu|Mongu]] road west of Lusaka. De 500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (190 sq mi) park be home to a large abundance den variety of waterbirds as well as [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|lechwe]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Zebra|zebra]] den [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Blue Lagoon National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/blue-lagoon-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{convert|6000|km2}} of de Kafue Flats outside of dem cover de two national parks by de Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA)([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category VI [[:en:Protected_area|protected area]]). De GMA dey afford protection to de environment den wildlife whilst still e dey allow give de sustainable use of natural resources.    

Dem enter de Kafue Flats onto de [[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar]] list of Wetlands of International Importance for 1991 insyd wey e cover an area of 6,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,300 sq mi) coincident plus de Kafue Flats GMA.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_zambia&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Zambia |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list-anno-zambia/main/ramsar/1-31-218%5E15789_4000_0__ |access-date=23 August 2014 |website=ramsar.org |publisher=The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|De Kafue Flats, [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]], [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA).]]

== Agriculture ==
De land around de Kafue Flats be an important agricultural area for [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] insyd. As well as supporting a large number of subsistence den small-scale farmers, de flats sanso be a source of irrigation water give three large commercial farming operations wey concentrate around de eastern end of de flats. 

== References ==</text>
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De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obrdlik |first1=P |last2=Mumeka |first2=A |last3=Kasonde |first3=J.M. |date=1989 |title=Regulated Rivers in Zambia - The Case Study of the Kafue River |journal=Regulated Rivers: Research and Management |volume=3 |pages=371–380 |doi=10.1002/rrr.3450030135}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mumba |first1=M |last2=Thompson |first2=J.R. |date=2005 |title=Hydrological and ecological impacts of dams on the Kafue Flats floodplain system, southern Zambia |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=30 |issue=6–7 |pages=442–447 |bibcode=2005PCE....30..442M |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.009}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam dey very different to de historical flows wey dem experience within de Kafue River plus de smooth annual rise den fall for discharge insyd wey dem already replace am by sudden increases as dem release large volumes of water from de dam. A substantial discharge rydee dem maintain am thruout de dry season whereas naturally dem associate dis period plus lower river flows. Although dem go fi already reduce maximum floods as a result of de dam, de almost year-round dey release means dat parts of de flats, for instance Chunga Lagoon, rydee e remain permanently flooded. In addition, de Kafue Gorge Dam create a large reservoir wey e back up into de eastern end of de flats wey e lead to areas of permanent inundation.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot; /&gt;

== Protected areas ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Kafue Flats dey include two [[:en:National_parks|national parks]] ([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category II [[:en:Protected_area|protected areas]]), de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]]. Dem establish both parks for de 1970s insyd for land wey dem formerly use give cattle ranching top. De 428 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (165 sq mi) Lochinvar National Park, famous give large nombas of [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]], wey dey sit south of de Kafue River den e be accessible from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Livingstone,_Zambia|Livingstone]] road at [[:en:Monze|Monze]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lochinvar National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/lochinvar-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lochinvar National Park get one of de highest nombas of vulnerable wattled crane for Africa insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands - Fafue Flats |author=Zambia Wildlife Authority |date=2006 |publisher=Ramsar |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003321/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Blue Lagoon National Park, north of de Kafue, dem fi access am from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Mongu|Mongu]] road west of Lusaka. De 500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (190 sq mi) park be home to a large abundance den variety of waterbirds as well as [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|lechwe]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Zebra|zebra]] den [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Blue Lagoon National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/blue-lagoon-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{convert|6000|km2}} of de Kafue Flats outside of dem cover de two national parks by de Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA)([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category VI [[:en:Protected_area|protected area]]). De GMA dey afford protection to de environment den wildlife whilst still e dey allow give de sustainable use of natural resources.    

Dem enter de Kafue Flats onto de [[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar]] list of Wetlands of International Importance for 1991 insyd wey e cover an area of 6,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,300 sq mi) coincident plus de Kafue Flats GMA.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_zambia&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Zambia |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list-anno-zambia/main/ramsar/1-31-218%5E15789_4000_0__ |access-date=23 August 2014 |website=ramsar.org |publisher=The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|De Kafue Flats, [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]], [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA).]]

== Agriculture ==
De land around de Kafue Flats be an important agricultural area for [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] insyd. As well as supporting a large number of subsistence den small-scale farmers, de flats sanso be a source of irrigation water give three large commercial farming operations wey concentrate around de eastern end of de flats. 

De oldest commercial farming operation for de Kafue Flats top be de [[:en:Nakambala|Nakambala]] Sugar Estate wey dem locate am for de southern edge of de flats top at [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]]. 

== References ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>103027</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obrdlik |first1=P |last2=Mumeka |first2=A |last3=Kasonde |first3=J.M. |date=1989 |title=Regulated Rivers in Zambia - The Case Study of the Kafue River |journal=Regulated Rivers: Research and Management |volume=3 |pages=371–380 |doi=10.1002/rrr.3450030135}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mumba |first1=M |last2=Thompson |first2=J.R. |date=2005 |title=Hydrological and ecological impacts of dams on the Kafue Flats floodplain system, southern Zambia |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=30 |issue=6–7 |pages=442–447 |bibcode=2005PCE....30..442M |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.009}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam dey very different to de historical flows wey dem experience within de Kafue River plus de smooth annual rise den fall for discharge insyd wey dem already replace am by sudden increases as dem release large volumes of water from de dam. A substantial discharge rydee dem maintain am thruout de dry season whereas naturally dem associate dis period plus lower river flows. Although dem go fi already reduce maximum floods as a result of de dam, de almost year-round dey release means dat parts of de flats, for instance Chunga Lagoon, rydee e remain permanently flooded. In addition, de Kafue Gorge Dam create a large reservoir wey e back up into de eastern end of de flats wey e lead to areas of permanent inundation.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot; /&gt;

== Protected areas ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Kafue Flats dey include two [[:en:National_parks|national parks]] ([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category II [[:en:Protected_area|protected areas]]), de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]]. Dem establish both parks for de 1970s insyd for land wey dem formerly use give cattle ranching top. De 428 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (165 sq mi) Lochinvar National Park, famous give large nombas of [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]], wey dey sit south of de Kafue River den e be accessible from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Livingstone,_Zambia|Livingstone]] road at [[:en:Monze|Monze]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lochinvar National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/lochinvar-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lochinvar National Park get one of de highest nombas of vulnerable wattled crane for Africa insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands - Fafue Flats |author=Zambia Wildlife Authority |date=2006 |publisher=Ramsar |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003321/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Blue Lagoon National Park, north of de Kafue, dem fi access am from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Mongu|Mongu]] road west of Lusaka. De 500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (190 sq mi) park be home to a large abundance den variety of waterbirds as well as [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|lechwe]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Zebra|zebra]] den [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Blue Lagoon National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/blue-lagoon-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{convert|6000|km2}} of de Kafue Flats outside of dem cover de two national parks by de Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA)([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category VI [[:en:Protected_area|protected area]]). De GMA dey afford protection to de environment den wildlife whilst still e dey allow give de sustainable use of natural resources.    

Dem enter de Kafue Flats onto de [[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar]] list of Wetlands of International Importance for 1991 insyd wey e cover an area of 6,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,300 sq mi) coincident plus de Kafue Flats GMA.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_zambia&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Zambia |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list-anno-zambia/main/ramsar/1-31-218%5E15789_4000_0__ |access-date=23 August 2014 |website=ramsar.org |publisher=The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|De Kafue Flats, [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]], [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA).]]

== Agriculture ==
De land around de Kafue Flats be an important agricultural area for [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] insyd. As well as supporting a large number of subsistence den small-scale farmers, de flats sanso be a source of irrigation water give three large commercial farming operations wey concentrate around de eastern end of de flats. 

De oldest commercial farming operation for de Kafue Flats top be de [[:en:Nakambala|Nakambala]] Sugar Estate wey dem locate am for de southern edge of de flats top at [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]]. De Nakambala estate, wey [[:en:Zambia_Sugar|Zambia Sugar]] Plc a subsidiary of South African company [[:en:Illovo_Sugar|Illovo Sugar]] own am, along plus outgrowers den [[:en:Smallholding|smallholder]] farmers be de largest sugar producer for Zambia insyd den dem operate am for approximately 20,000 hectares of irrigated farmland top. 

== References ==</text>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="13717" sha1="fy4el28bkcfq84peglpt40uxcr0idis" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obrdlik |first1=P |last2=Mumeka |first2=A |last3=Kasonde |first3=J.M. |date=1989 |title=Regulated Rivers in Zambia - The Case Study of the Kafue River |journal=Regulated Rivers: Research and Management |volume=3 |pages=371–380 |doi=10.1002/rrr.3450030135}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mumba |first1=M |last2=Thompson |first2=J.R. |date=2005 |title=Hydrological and ecological impacts of dams on the Kafue Flats floodplain system, southern Zambia |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=30 |issue=6–7 |pages=442–447 |bibcode=2005PCE....30..442M |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.009}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam dey very different to de historical flows wey dem experience within de Kafue River plus de smooth annual rise den fall for discharge insyd wey dem already replace am by sudden increases as dem release large volumes of water from de dam. A substantial discharge rydee dem maintain am thruout de dry season whereas naturally dem associate dis period plus lower river flows. Although dem go fi already reduce maximum floods as a result of de dam, de almost year-round dey release means dat parts of de flats, for instance Chunga Lagoon, rydee e remain permanently flooded. In addition, de Kafue Gorge Dam create a large reservoir wey e back up into de eastern end of de flats wey e lead to areas of permanent inundation.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot; /&gt;

== Protected areas ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Kafue Flats dey include two [[:en:National_parks|national parks]] ([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category II [[:en:Protected_area|protected areas]]), de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]]. Dem establish both parks for de 1970s insyd for land wey dem formerly use give cattle ranching top. De 428 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (165 sq mi) Lochinvar National Park, famous give large nombas of [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]], wey dey sit south of de Kafue River den e be accessible from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Livingstone,_Zambia|Livingstone]] road at [[:en:Monze|Monze]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lochinvar National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/lochinvar-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lochinvar National Park get one of de highest nombas of vulnerable wattled crane for Africa insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands - Fafue Flats |author=Zambia Wildlife Authority |date=2006 |publisher=Ramsar |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003321/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Blue Lagoon National Park, north of de Kafue, dem fi access am from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Mongu|Mongu]] road west of Lusaka. De 500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (190 sq mi) park be home to a large abundance den variety of waterbirds as well as [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|lechwe]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Zebra|zebra]] den [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Blue Lagoon National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/blue-lagoon-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{convert|6000|km2}} of de Kafue Flats outside of dem cover de two national parks by de Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA)([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category VI [[:en:Protected_area|protected area]]). De GMA dey afford protection to de environment den wildlife whilst still e dey allow give de sustainable use of natural resources.    

Dem enter de Kafue Flats onto de [[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar]] list of Wetlands of International Importance for 1991 insyd wey e cover an area of 6,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,300 sq mi) coincident plus de Kafue Flats GMA.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_zambia&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Zambia |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list-anno-zambia/main/ramsar/1-31-218%5E15789_4000_0__ |access-date=23 August 2014 |website=ramsar.org |publisher=The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|De Kafue Flats, [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]], [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA).]]

== Agriculture ==
De land around de Kafue Flats be an important agricultural area for [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] insyd. As well as supporting a large number of subsistence den small-scale farmers, de flats sanso be a source of irrigation water give three large commercial farming operations wey concentrate around de eastern end of de flats. 

De oldest commercial farming operation for de Kafue Flats top be de [[:en:Nakambala|Nakambala]] Sugar Estate wey dem locate am for de southern edge of de flats top at [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]]. De Nakambala estate, wey [[:en:Zambia_Sugar|Zambia Sugar]] Plc a subsidiary of South African company [[:en:Illovo_Sugar|Illovo Sugar]] own am, along plus outgrowers den [[:en:Smallholding|smallholder]] farmers be de largest sugar producer for Zambia insyd den dem operate am for approximately 20,000 hectares of irrigated farmland top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |url=http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |title=Zambia Sugar Plc Annual Report 2014 |date=2014 |publisher=Zambia Sugar Plc |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033749/http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== References ==</text>
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De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obrdlik |first1=P |last2=Mumeka |first2=A |last3=Kasonde |first3=J.M. |date=1989 |title=Regulated Rivers in Zambia - The Case Study of the Kafue River |journal=Regulated Rivers: Research and Management |volume=3 |pages=371–380 |doi=10.1002/rrr.3450030135}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mumba |first1=M |last2=Thompson |first2=J.R. |date=2005 |title=Hydrological and ecological impacts of dams on the Kafue Flats floodplain system, southern Zambia |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=30 |issue=6–7 |pages=442–447 |bibcode=2005PCE....30..442M |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.009}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam dey very different to de historical flows wey dem experience within de Kafue River plus de smooth annual rise den fall for discharge insyd wey dem already replace am by sudden increases as dem release large volumes of water from de dam. A substantial discharge rydee dem maintain am thruout de dry season whereas naturally dem associate dis period plus lower river flows. Although dem go fi already reduce maximum floods as a result of de dam, de almost year-round dey release means dat parts of de flats, for instance Chunga Lagoon, rydee e remain permanently flooded. In addition, de Kafue Gorge Dam create a large reservoir wey e back up into de eastern end of de flats wey e lead to areas of permanent inundation.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot; /&gt;

== Protected areas ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Kafue Flats dey include two [[:en:National_parks|national parks]] ([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category II [[:en:Protected_area|protected areas]]), de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]]. Dem establish both parks for de 1970s insyd for land wey dem formerly use give cattle ranching top. De 428 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (165 sq mi) Lochinvar National Park, famous give large nombas of [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]], wey dey sit south of de Kafue River den e be accessible from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Livingstone,_Zambia|Livingstone]] road at [[:en:Monze|Monze]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lochinvar National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/lochinvar-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lochinvar National Park get one of de highest nombas of vulnerable wattled crane for Africa insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands - Fafue Flats |author=Zambia Wildlife Authority |date=2006 |publisher=Ramsar |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003321/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Blue Lagoon National Park, north of de Kafue, dem fi access am from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Mongu|Mongu]] road west of Lusaka. De 500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (190 sq mi) park be home to a large abundance den variety of waterbirds as well as [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|lechwe]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Zebra|zebra]] den [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Blue Lagoon National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/blue-lagoon-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{convert|6000|km2}} of de Kafue Flats outside of dem cover de two national parks by de Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA)([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category VI [[:en:Protected_area|protected area]]). De GMA dey afford protection to de environment den wildlife whilst still e dey allow give de sustainable use of natural resources.    

Dem enter de Kafue Flats onto de [[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar]] list of Wetlands of International Importance for 1991 insyd wey e cover an area of 6,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,300 sq mi) coincident plus de Kafue Flats GMA.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_zambia&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Zambia |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list-anno-zambia/main/ramsar/1-31-218%5E15789_4000_0__ |access-date=23 August 2014 |website=ramsar.org |publisher=The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|De Kafue Flats, [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]], [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA).]]

== Agriculture ==
De land around de Kafue Flats be an important agricultural area for [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] insyd. As well as supporting a large number of subsistence den small-scale farmers, de flats sanso be a source of irrigation water give three large commercial farming operations wey concentrate around de eastern end of de flats. 

De oldest commercial farming operation for de Kafue Flats top be de [[:en:Nakambala|Nakambala]] Sugar Estate wey dem locate am for de southern edge of de flats top at [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]]. De Nakambala estate, wey [[:en:Zambia_Sugar|Zambia Sugar]] Plc a subsidiary of South African company [[:en:Illovo_Sugar|Illovo Sugar]] own am, along plus outgrowers den [[:en:Smallholding|smallholder]] farmers be de largest sugar producer for Zambia insyd den dem operate am for approximately 20,000 hectares of irrigated farmland top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |url=http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |title=Zambia Sugar Plc Annual Report 2014 |date=2014 |publisher=Zambia Sugar Plc |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033749/http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

North of de Kafue Flats, Consolidated Farming Ltd., a Zambian company, dey produce sugar under de Kafue Sugar brand from a 9,000-hectare estate pumping water from de Kafue Flats. 

== References ==</text>
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De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obrdlik |first1=P |last2=Mumeka |first2=A |last3=Kasonde |first3=J.M. |date=1989 |title=Regulated Rivers in Zambia - The Case Study of the Kafue River |journal=Regulated Rivers: Research and Management |volume=3 |pages=371–380 |doi=10.1002/rrr.3450030135}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mumba |first1=M |last2=Thompson |first2=J.R. |date=2005 |title=Hydrological and ecological impacts of dams on the Kafue Flats floodplain system, southern Zambia |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=30 |issue=6–7 |pages=442–447 |bibcode=2005PCE....30..442M |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.009}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam dey very different to de historical flows wey dem experience within de Kafue River plus de smooth annual rise den fall for discharge insyd wey dem already replace am by sudden increases as dem release large volumes of water from de dam. A substantial discharge rydee dem maintain am thruout de dry season whereas naturally dem associate dis period plus lower river flows. Although dem go fi already reduce maximum floods as a result of de dam, de almost year-round dey release means dat parts of de flats, for instance Chunga Lagoon, rydee e remain permanently flooded. In addition, de Kafue Gorge Dam create a large reservoir wey e back up into de eastern end of de flats wey e lead to areas of permanent inundation.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot; /&gt;

== Protected areas ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Kafue Flats dey include two [[:en:National_parks|national parks]] ([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category II [[:en:Protected_area|protected areas]]), de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]]. Dem establish both parks for de 1970s insyd for land wey dem formerly use give cattle ranching top. De 428 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (165 sq mi) Lochinvar National Park, famous give large nombas of [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]], wey dey sit south of de Kafue River den e be accessible from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Livingstone,_Zambia|Livingstone]] road at [[:en:Monze|Monze]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lochinvar National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/lochinvar-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lochinvar National Park get one of de highest nombas of vulnerable wattled crane for Africa insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands - Fafue Flats |author=Zambia Wildlife Authority |date=2006 |publisher=Ramsar |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003321/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Blue Lagoon National Park, north of de Kafue, dem fi access am from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Mongu|Mongu]] road west of Lusaka. De 500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (190 sq mi) park be home to a large abundance den variety of waterbirds as well as [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|lechwe]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Zebra|zebra]] den [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Blue Lagoon National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/blue-lagoon-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{convert|6000|km2}} of de Kafue Flats outside of dem cover de two national parks by de Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA)([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category VI [[:en:Protected_area|protected area]]). De GMA dey afford protection to de environment den wildlife whilst still e dey allow give de sustainable use of natural resources.    

Dem enter de Kafue Flats onto de [[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar]] list of Wetlands of International Importance for 1991 insyd wey e cover an area of 6,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,300 sq mi) coincident plus de Kafue Flats GMA.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_zambia&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Zambia |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list-anno-zambia/main/ramsar/1-31-218%5E15789_4000_0__ |access-date=23 August 2014 |website=ramsar.org |publisher=The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|De Kafue Flats, [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]], [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA).]]

== Agriculture ==
De land around de Kafue Flats be an important agricultural area for [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] insyd. As well as supporting a large number of subsistence den small-scale farmers, de flats sanso be a source of irrigation water give three large commercial farming operations wey concentrate around de eastern end of de flats. 

De oldest commercial farming operation for de Kafue Flats top be de [[:en:Nakambala|Nakambala]] Sugar Estate wey dem locate am for de southern edge of de flats top at [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]]. De Nakambala estate, wey [[:en:Zambia_Sugar|Zambia Sugar]] Plc a subsidiary of South African company [[:en:Illovo_Sugar|Illovo Sugar]] own am, along plus outgrowers den [[:en:Smallholding|smallholder]] farmers be de largest sugar producer for Zambia insyd den dem operate am for approximately 20,000 hectares of irrigated farmland top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |url=http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |title=Zambia Sugar Plc Annual Report 2014 |date=2014 |publisher=Zambia Sugar Plc |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033749/http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

North of de Kafue Flats, Consolidated Farming Ltd., a Zambian company, dey produce sugar under de Kafue Sugar brand from a 9,000-hectare estate pumping water from de Kafue Flats.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Commercial Farming |url=http://www.sabletransport.com/farming.html |website=sabletransport.com |publisher=Sable Transport}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== References ==</text>
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De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obrdlik |first1=P |last2=Mumeka |first2=A |last3=Kasonde |first3=J.M. |date=1989 |title=Regulated Rivers in Zambia - The Case Study of the Kafue River |journal=Regulated Rivers: Research and Management |volume=3 |pages=371–380 |doi=10.1002/rrr.3450030135}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mumba |first1=M |last2=Thompson |first2=J.R. |date=2005 |title=Hydrological and ecological impacts of dams on the Kafue Flats floodplain system, southern Zambia |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=30 |issue=6–7 |pages=442–447 |bibcode=2005PCE....30..442M |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.009}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam dey very different to de historical flows wey dem experience within de Kafue River plus de smooth annual rise den fall for discharge insyd wey dem already replace am by sudden increases as dem release large volumes of water from de dam. A substantial discharge rydee dem maintain am thruout de dry season whereas naturally dem associate dis period plus lower river flows. Although dem go fi already reduce maximum floods as a result of de dam, de almost year-round dey release means dat parts of de flats, for instance Chunga Lagoon, rydee e remain permanently flooded. In addition, de Kafue Gorge Dam create a large reservoir wey e back up into de eastern end of de flats wey e lead to areas of permanent inundation.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot; /&gt;

== Protected areas ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Kafue Flats dey include two [[:en:National_parks|national parks]] ([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category II [[:en:Protected_area|protected areas]]), de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]]. Dem establish both parks for de 1970s insyd for land wey dem formerly use give cattle ranching top. De 428 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (165 sq mi) Lochinvar National Park, famous give large nombas of [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]], wey dey sit south of de Kafue River den e be accessible from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Livingstone,_Zambia|Livingstone]] road at [[:en:Monze|Monze]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lochinvar National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/lochinvar-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lochinvar National Park get one of de highest nombas of vulnerable wattled crane for Africa insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands - Fafue Flats |author=Zambia Wildlife Authority |date=2006 |publisher=Ramsar |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003321/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Blue Lagoon National Park, north of de Kafue, dem fi access am from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Mongu|Mongu]] road west of Lusaka. De 500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (190 sq mi) park be home to a large abundance den variety of waterbirds as well as [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|lechwe]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Zebra|zebra]] den [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Blue Lagoon National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/blue-lagoon-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{convert|6000|km2}} of de Kafue Flats outside of dem cover de two national parks by de Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA)([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category VI [[:en:Protected_area|protected area]]). De GMA dey afford protection to de environment den wildlife whilst still e dey allow give de sustainable use of natural resources.    

Dem enter de Kafue Flats onto de [[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar]] list of Wetlands of International Importance for 1991 insyd wey e cover an area of 6,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,300 sq mi) coincident plus de Kafue Flats GMA.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_zambia&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Zambia |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list-anno-zambia/main/ramsar/1-31-218%5E15789_4000_0__ |access-date=23 August 2014 |website=ramsar.org |publisher=The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|De Kafue Flats, [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]], [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA).]]

== Agriculture ==
De land around de Kafue Flats be an important agricultural area for [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] insyd. As well as supporting a large number of subsistence den small-scale farmers, de flats sanso be a source of irrigation water give three large commercial farming operations wey concentrate around de eastern end of de flats. 

De oldest commercial farming operation for de Kafue Flats top be de [[:en:Nakambala|Nakambala]] Sugar Estate wey dem locate am for de southern edge of de flats top at [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]]. De Nakambala estate, wey [[:en:Zambia_Sugar|Zambia Sugar]] Plc a subsidiary of South African company [[:en:Illovo_Sugar|Illovo Sugar]] own am, along plus outgrowers den [[:en:Smallholding|smallholder]] farmers be de largest sugar producer for Zambia insyd den dem operate am for approximately 20,000 hectares of irrigated farmland top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |url=http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |title=Zambia Sugar Plc Annual Report 2014 |date=2014 |publisher=Zambia Sugar Plc |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033749/http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

North of de Kafue Flats, Consolidated Farming Ltd., a Zambian company, dey produce sugar under de Kafue Sugar brand from a 9,000-hectare estate pumping water from de Kafue Flats.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Commercial Farming |url=http://www.sabletransport.com/farming.html |website=sabletransport.com |publisher=Sable Transport}}&lt;/ref&gt; To de east of Consolidated Farming, de Chiansi irrigation scheme dey grow wheat den oda irrigated crops for 200 hectares top plus plans to expand to 2,500 hectares.  

== References ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>103039</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:54:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>103039</origin>
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      <text bytes="14230" sha1="ij7lyy90fydmgnj7w4m4t1v5i5jcnbm" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obrdlik |first1=P |last2=Mumeka |first2=A |last3=Kasonde |first3=J.M. |date=1989 |title=Regulated Rivers in Zambia - The Case Study of the Kafue River |journal=Regulated Rivers: Research and Management |volume=3 |pages=371–380 |doi=10.1002/rrr.3450030135}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mumba |first1=M |last2=Thompson |first2=J.R. |date=2005 |title=Hydrological and ecological impacts of dams on the Kafue Flats floodplain system, southern Zambia |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=30 |issue=6–7 |pages=442–447 |bibcode=2005PCE....30..442M |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.009}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam dey very different to de historical flows wey dem experience within de Kafue River plus de smooth annual rise den fall for discharge insyd wey dem already replace am by sudden increases as dem release large volumes of water from de dam. A substantial discharge rydee dem maintain am thruout de dry season whereas naturally dem associate dis period plus lower river flows. Although dem go fi already reduce maximum floods as a result of de dam, de almost year-round dey release means dat parts of de flats, for instance Chunga Lagoon, rydee e remain permanently flooded. In addition, de Kafue Gorge Dam create a large reservoir wey e back up into de eastern end of de flats wey e lead to areas of permanent inundation.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot; /&gt;

== Protected areas ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Kafue Flats dey include two [[:en:National_parks|national parks]] ([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category II [[:en:Protected_area|protected areas]]), de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]]. Dem establish both parks for de 1970s insyd for land wey dem formerly use give cattle ranching top. De 428 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (165 sq mi) Lochinvar National Park, famous give large nombas of [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]], wey dey sit south of de Kafue River den e be accessible from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Livingstone,_Zambia|Livingstone]] road at [[:en:Monze|Monze]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lochinvar National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/lochinvar-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lochinvar National Park get one of de highest nombas of vulnerable wattled crane for Africa insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands - Fafue Flats |author=Zambia Wildlife Authority |date=2006 |publisher=Ramsar |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003321/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Blue Lagoon National Park, north of de Kafue, dem fi access am from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Mongu|Mongu]] road west of Lusaka. De 500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (190 sq mi) park be home to a large abundance den variety of waterbirds as well as [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|lechwe]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Zebra|zebra]] den [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Blue Lagoon National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/blue-lagoon-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{convert|6000|km2}} of de Kafue Flats outside of dem cover de two national parks by de Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA)([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category VI [[:en:Protected_area|protected area]]). De GMA dey afford protection to de environment den wildlife whilst still e dey allow give de sustainable use of natural resources.    

Dem enter de Kafue Flats onto de [[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar]] list of Wetlands of International Importance for 1991 insyd wey e cover an area of 6,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,300 sq mi) coincident plus de Kafue Flats GMA.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_zambia&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Zambia |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list-anno-zambia/main/ramsar/1-31-218%5E15789_4000_0__ |access-date=23 August 2014 |website=ramsar.org |publisher=The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|De Kafue Flats, [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]], [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA).]]

== Agriculture ==
De land around de Kafue Flats be an important agricultural area for [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] insyd. As well as supporting a large number of subsistence den small-scale farmers, de flats sanso be a source of irrigation water give three large commercial farming operations wey concentrate around de eastern end of de flats. 

De oldest commercial farming operation for de Kafue Flats top be de [[:en:Nakambala|Nakambala]] Sugar Estate wey dem locate am for de southern edge of de flats top at [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]]. De Nakambala estate, wey [[:en:Zambia_Sugar|Zambia Sugar]] Plc a subsidiary of South African company [[:en:Illovo_Sugar|Illovo Sugar]] own am, along plus outgrowers den [[:en:Smallholding|smallholder]] farmers be de largest sugar producer for Zambia insyd den dem operate am for approximately 20,000 hectares of irrigated farmland top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |url=http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |title=Zambia Sugar Plc Annual Report 2014 |date=2014 |publisher=Zambia Sugar Plc |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033749/http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

North of de Kafue Flats, Consolidated Farming Ltd., a Zambian company, dey produce sugar under de Kafue Sugar brand from a 9,000-hectare estate pumping water from de Kafue Flats.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Commercial Farming |url=http://www.sabletransport.com/farming.html |website=sabletransport.com |publisher=Sable Transport}}&lt;/ref&gt; To de east of Consolidated Farming, de Chiansi irrigation scheme dey grow wheat den oda irrigated crops for 200 hectares top plus plans to expand to 2,500 hectares.  

== Ecology ==

== References ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>103054</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-15T16:17:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obrdlik |first1=P |last2=Mumeka |first2=A |last3=Kasonde |first3=J.M. |date=1989 |title=Regulated Rivers in Zambia - The Case Study of the Kafue River |journal=Regulated Rivers: Research and Management |volume=3 |pages=371–380 |doi=10.1002/rrr.3450030135}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mumba |first1=M |last2=Thompson |first2=J.R. |date=2005 |title=Hydrological and ecological impacts of dams on the Kafue Flats floodplain system, southern Zambia |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=30 |issue=6–7 |pages=442–447 |bibcode=2005PCE....30..442M |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.009}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam dey very different to de historical flows wey dem experience within de Kafue River plus de smooth annual rise den fall for discharge insyd wey dem already replace am by sudden increases as dem release large volumes of water from de dam. A substantial discharge rydee dem maintain am thruout de dry season whereas naturally dem associate dis period plus lower river flows. Although dem go fi already reduce maximum floods as a result of de dam, de almost year-round dey release means dat parts of de flats, for instance Chunga Lagoon, rydee e remain permanently flooded. In addition, de Kafue Gorge Dam create a large reservoir wey e back up into de eastern end of de flats wey e lead to areas of permanent inundation.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot; /&gt;

== Protected areas ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Kafue Flats dey include two [[:en:National_parks|national parks]] ([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category II [[:en:Protected_area|protected areas]]), de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]]. Dem establish both parks for de 1970s insyd for land wey dem formerly use give cattle ranching top. De 428 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (165 sq mi) Lochinvar National Park, famous give large nombas of [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]], wey dey sit south of de Kafue River den e be accessible from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Livingstone,_Zambia|Livingstone]] road at [[:en:Monze|Monze]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lochinvar National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/lochinvar-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lochinvar National Park get one of de highest nombas of vulnerable wattled crane for Africa insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands - Fafue Flats |author=Zambia Wildlife Authority |date=2006 |publisher=Ramsar |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003321/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Blue Lagoon National Park, north of de Kafue, dem fi access am from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Mongu|Mongu]] road west of Lusaka. De 500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (190 sq mi) park be home to a large abundance den variety of waterbirds as well as [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|lechwe]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Zebra|zebra]] den [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Blue Lagoon National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/blue-lagoon-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{convert|6000|km2}} of de Kafue Flats outside of dem cover de two national parks by de Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA)([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category VI [[:en:Protected_area|protected area]]). De GMA dey afford protection to de environment den wildlife whilst still e dey allow give de sustainable use of natural resources.    

Dem enter de Kafue Flats onto de [[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar]] list of Wetlands of International Importance for 1991 insyd wey e cover an area of 6,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,300 sq mi) coincident plus de Kafue Flats GMA.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_zambia&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Zambia |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list-anno-zambia/main/ramsar/1-31-218%5E15789_4000_0__ |access-date=23 August 2014 |website=ramsar.org |publisher=The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|De Kafue Flats, [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]], [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA).]]

== Agriculture ==
De land around de Kafue Flats be an important agricultural area for [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] insyd. As well as supporting a large number of subsistence den small-scale farmers, de flats sanso be a source of irrigation water give three large commercial farming operations wey concentrate around de eastern end of de flats. 

De oldest commercial farming operation for de Kafue Flats top be de [[:en:Nakambala|Nakambala]] Sugar Estate wey dem locate am for de southern edge of de flats top at [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]]. De Nakambala estate, wey [[:en:Zambia_Sugar|Zambia Sugar]] Plc a subsidiary of South African company [[:en:Illovo_Sugar|Illovo Sugar]] own am, along plus outgrowers den [[:en:Smallholding|smallholder]] farmers be de largest sugar producer for Zambia insyd den dem operate am for approximately 20,000 hectares of irrigated farmland top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |url=http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |title=Zambia Sugar Plc Annual Report 2014 |date=2014 |publisher=Zambia Sugar Plc |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033749/http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

North of de Kafue Flats, Consolidated Farming Ltd., a Zambian company, dey produce sugar under de Kafue Sugar brand from a 9,000-hectare estate pumping water from de Kafue Flats.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Commercial Farming |url=http://www.sabletransport.com/farming.html |website=sabletransport.com |publisher=Sable Transport}}&lt;/ref&gt; To de east of Consolidated Farming, de Chiansi irrigation scheme dey grow wheat den oda irrigated crops for 200 hectares top plus plans to expand to 2,500 hectares.  

== Ecology ==
De Kafue Flats dey consist of a complex pattern of [[:en:Floodplain|floodplain]], [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]], [[:en:Ox-bow_lake|ox-bow lakes]], wey dey abandon river channels, [[:en:Marsh|marshes]] den [[:en:Levee|levees]] wey grasslands den woodlands surround am.

== References ==</text>
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De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obrdlik |first1=P |last2=Mumeka |first2=A |last3=Kasonde |first3=J.M. |date=1989 |title=Regulated Rivers in Zambia - The Case Study of the Kafue River |journal=Regulated Rivers: Research and Management |volume=3 |pages=371–380 |doi=10.1002/rrr.3450030135}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mumba |first1=M |last2=Thompson |first2=J.R. |date=2005 |title=Hydrological and ecological impacts of dams on the Kafue Flats floodplain system, southern Zambia |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=30 |issue=6–7 |pages=442–447 |bibcode=2005PCE....30..442M |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.009}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam dey very different to de historical flows wey dem experience within de Kafue River plus de smooth annual rise den fall for discharge insyd wey dem already replace am by sudden increases as dem release large volumes of water from de dam. A substantial discharge rydee dem maintain am thruout de dry season whereas naturally dem associate dis period plus lower river flows. Although dem go fi already reduce maximum floods as a result of de dam, de almost year-round dey release means dat parts of de flats, for instance Chunga Lagoon, rydee e remain permanently flooded. In addition, de Kafue Gorge Dam create a large reservoir wey e back up into de eastern end of de flats wey e lead to areas of permanent inundation.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot; /&gt;

== Protected areas ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Kafue Flats dey include two [[:en:National_parks|national parks]] ([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category II [[:en:Protected_area|protected areas]]), de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]]. Dem establish both parks for de 1970s insyd for land wey dem formerly use give cattle ranching top. De 428 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (165 sq mi) Lochinvar National Park, famous give large nombas of [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]], wey dey sit south of de Kafue River den e be accessible from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Livingstone,_Zambia|Livingstone]] road at [[:en:Monze|Monze]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lochinvar National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/lochinvar-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lochinvar National Park get one of de highest nombas of vulnerable wattled crane for Africa insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands - Fafue Flats |author=Zambia Wildlife Authority |date=2006 |publisher=Ramsar |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003321/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Blue Lagoon National Park, north of de Kafue, dem fi access am from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Mongu|Mongu]] road west of Lusaka. De 500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (190 sq mi) park be home to a large abundance den variety of waterbirds as well as [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|lechwe]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Zebra|zebra]] den [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Blue Lagoon National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/blue-lagoon-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{convert|6000|km2}} of de Kafue Flats outside of dem cover de two national parks by de Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA)([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category VI [[:en:Protected_area|protected area]]). De GMA dey afford protection to de environment den wildlife whilst still e dey allow give de sustainable use of natural resources.    

Dem enter de Kafue Flats onto de [[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar]] list of Wetlands of International Importance for 1991 insyd wey e cover an area of 6,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,300 sq mi) coincident plus de Kafue Flats GMA.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_zambia&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Zambia |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list-anno-zambia/main/ramsar/1-31-218%5E15789_4000_0__ |access-date=23 August 2014 |website=ramsar.org |publisher=The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|De Kafue Flats, [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]], [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA).]]

== Agriculture ==
De land around de Kafue Flats be an important agricultural area for [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] insyd. As well as supporting a large number of subsistence den small-scale farmers, de flats sanso be a source of irrigation water give three large commercial farming operations wey concentrate around de eastern end of de flats. 

De oldest commercial farming operation for de Kafue Flats top be de [[:en:Nakambala|Nakambala]] Sugar Estate wey dem locate am for de southern edge of de flats top at [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]]. De Nakambala estate, wey [[:en:Zambia_Sugar|Zambia Sugar]] Plc a subsidiary of South African company [[:en:Illovo_Sugar|Illovo Sugar]] own am, along plus outgrowers den [[:en:Smallholding|smallholder]] farmers be de largest sugar producer for Zambia insyd den dem operate am for approximately 20,000 hectares of irrigated farmland top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |url=http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |title=Zambia Sugar Plc Annual Report 2014 |date=2014 |publisher=Zambia Sugar Plc |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033749/http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

North of de Kafue Flats, Consolidated Farming Ltd., a Zambian company, dey produce sugar under de Kafue Sugar brand from a 9,000-hectare estate pumping water from de Kafue Flats.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Commercial Farming |url=http://www.sabletransport.com/farming.html |website=sabletransport.com |publisher=Sable Transport}}&lt;/ref&gt; To de east of Consolidated Farming, de Chiansi irrigation scheme dey grow wheat den oda irrigated crops for 200 hectares top plus plans to expand to 2,500 hectares.  

== Ecology ==
De Kafue Flats dey consist of a complex pattern of [[:en:Floodplain|floodplain]], [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]], [[:en:Ox-bow_lake|ox-bow lakes]], wey dey abandon river channels, [[:en:Marsh|marshes]] den [[:en:Levee|levees]] wey grasslands den woodlands surround am.

De flats dey comprise two [[:en:Ecoregion|ecoregions]]. 

== References ==</text>
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      <text bytes="14833" sha1="0ef8q2i0idphs2gctiefeld0ele2ja4" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obrdlik |first1=P |last2=Mumeka |first2=A |last3=Kasonde |first3=J.M. |date=1989 |title=Regulated Rivers in Zambia - The Case Study of the Kafue River |journal=Regulated Rivers: Research and Management |volume=3 |pages=371–380 |doi=10.1002/rrr.3450030135}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mumba |first1=M |last2=Thompson |first2=J.R. |date=2005 |title=Hydrological and ecological impacts of dams on the Kafue Flats floodplain system, southern Zambia |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=30 |issue=6–7 |pages=442–447 |bibcode=2005PCE....30..442M |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.009}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam dey very different to de historical flows wey dem experience within de Kafue River plus de smooth annual rise den fall for discharge insyd wey dem already replace am by sudden increases as dem release large volumes of water from de dam. A substantial discharge rydee dem maintain am thruout de dry season whereas naturally dem associate dis period plus lower river flows. Although dem go fi already reduce maximum floods as a result of de dam, de almost year-round dey release means dat parts of de flats, for instance Chunga Lagoon, rydee e remain permanently flooded. In addition, de Kafue Gorge Dam create a large reservoir wey e back up into de eastern end of de flats wey e lead to areas of permanent inundation.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot; /&gt;

== Protected areas ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Kafue Flats dey include two [[:en:National_parks|national parks]] ([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category II [[:en:Protected_area|protected areas]]), de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]]. Dem establish both parks for de 1970s insyd for land wey dem formerly use give cattle ranching top. De 428 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (165 sq mi) Lochinvar National Park, famous give large nombas of [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]], wey dey sit south of de Kafue River den e be accessible from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Livingstone,_Zambia|Livingstone]] road at [[:en:Monze|Monze]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lochinvar National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/lochinvar-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lochinvar National Park get one of de highest nombas of vulnerable wattled crane for Africa insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands - Fafue Flats |author=Zambia Wildlife Authority |date=2006 |publisher=Ramsar |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003321/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Blue Lagoon National Park, north of de Kafue, dem fi access am from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Mongu|Mongu]] road west of Lusaka. De 500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (190 sq mi) park be home to a large abundance den variety of waterbirds as well as [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|lechwe]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Zebra|zebra]] den [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Blue Lagoon National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/blue-lagoon-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{convert|6000|km2}} of de Kafue Flats outside of dem cover de two national parks by de Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA)([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category VI [[:en:Protected_area|protected area]]). De GMA dey afford protection to de environment den wildlife whilst still e dey allow give de sustainable use of natural resources.    

Dem enter de Kafue Flats onto de [[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar]] list of Wetlands of International Importance for 1991 insyd wey e cover an area of 6,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,300 sq mi) coincident plus de Kafue Flats GMA.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_zambia&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Zambia |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list-anno-zambia/main/ramsar/1-31-218%5E15789_4000_0__ |access-date=23 August 2014 |website=ramsar.org |publisher=The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|De Kafue Flats, [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]], [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA).]]

== Agriculture ==
De land around de Kafue Flats be an important agricultural area for [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] insyd. As well as supporting a large number of subsistence den small-scale farmers, de flats sanso be a source of irrigation water give three large commercial farming operations wey concentrate around de eastern end of de flats. 

De oldest commercial farming operation for de Kafue Flats top be de [[:en:Nakambala|Nakambala]] Sugar Estate wey dem locate am for de southern edge of de flats top at [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]]. De Nakambala estate, wey [[:en:Zambia_Sugar|Zambia Sugar]] Plc a subsidiary of South African company [[:en:Illovo_Sugar|Illovo Sugar]] own am, along plus outgrowers den [[:en:Smallholding|smallholder]] farmers be de largest sugar producer for Zambia insyd den dem operate am for approximately 20,000 hectares of irrigated farmland top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |url=http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |title=Zambia Sugar Plc Annual Report 2014 |date=2014 |publisher=Zambia Sugar Plc |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033749/http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

North of de Kafue Flats, Consolidated Farming Ltd., a Zambian company, dey produce sugar under de Kafue Sugar brand from a 9,000-hectare estate pumping water from de Kafue Flats.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Commercial Farming |url=http://www.sabletransport.com/farming.html |website=sabletransport.com |publisher=Sable Transport}}&lt;/ref&gt; To de east of Consolidated Farming, de Chiansi irrigation scheme dey grow wheat den oda irrigated crops for 200 hectares top plus plans to expand to 2,500 hectares.  

== Ecology ==
De Kafue Flats dey consist of a complex pattern of [[:en:Floodplain|floodplain]], [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]], [[:en:Ox-bow_lake|ox-bow lakes]], wey dey abandon river channels, [[:en:Marsh|marshes]] den [[:en:Levee|levees]] wey grasslands den woodlands surround am.

De flats dey comprise two [[:en:Ecoregion|ecoregions]]. De central seasonally- den permanently flooded areas be part of de [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|Zambezian flooded grasslands]] ecoregion, den de surrounding grasslands de woodlands be for de [[:en:Zambezian_and_mopane_woodlands|Zambezian den mopane woodlands]] ecoregion insyd. 

== References ==</text>
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De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obrdlik |first1=P |last2=Mumeka |first2=A |last3=Kasonde |first3=J.M. |date=1989 |title=Regulated Rivers in Zambia - The Case Study of the Kafue River |journal=Regulated Rivers: Research and Management |volume=3 |pages=371–380 |doi=10.1002/rrr.3450030135}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mumba |first1=M |last2=Thompson |first2=J.R. |date=2005 |title=Hydrological and ecological impacts of dams on the Kafue Flats floodplain system, southern Zambia |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=30 |issue=6–7 |pages=442–447 |bibcode=2005PCE....30..442M |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.009}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam dey very different to de historical flows wey dem experience within de Kafue River plus de smooth annual rise den fall for discharge insyd wey dem already replace am by sudden increases as dem release large volumes of water from de dam. A substantial discharge rydee dem maintain am thruout de dry season whereas naturally dem associate dis period plus lower river flows. Although dem go fi already reduce maximum floods as a result of de dam, de almost year-round dey release means dat parts of de flats, for instance Chunga Lagoon, rydee e remain permanently flooded. In addition, de Kafue Gorge Dam create a large reservoir wey e back up into de eastern end of de flats wey e lead to areas of permanent inundation.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot; /&gt;

== Protected areas ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Kafue Flats dey include two [[:en:National_parks|national parks]] ([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category II [[:en:Protected_area|protected areas]]), de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]]. Dem establish both parks for de 1970s insyd for land wey dem formerly use give cattle ranching top. De 428 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (165 sq mi) Lochinvar National Park, famous give large nombas of [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]], wey dey sit south of de Kafue River den e be accessible from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Livingstone,_Zambia|Livingstone]] road at [[:en:Monze|Monze]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lochinvar National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/lochinvar-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lochinvar National Park get one of de highest nombas of vulnerable wattled crane for Africa insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands - Fafue Flats |author=Zambia Wildlife Authority |date=2006 |publisher=Ramsar |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003321/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Blue Lagoon National Park, north of de Kafue, dem fi access am from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Mongu|Mongu]] road west of Lusaka. De 500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (190 sq mi) park be home to a large abundance den variety of waterbirds as well as [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|lechwe]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Zebra|zebra]] den [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Blue Lagoon National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/blue-lagoon-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{convert|6000|km2}} of de Kafue Flats outside of dem cover de two national parks by de Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA)([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category VI [[:en:Protected_area|protected area]]). De GMA dey afford protection to de environment den wildlife whilst still e dey allow give de sustainable use of natural resources.    

Dem enter de Kafue Flats onto de [[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar]] list of Wetlands of International Importance for 1991 insyd wey e cover an area of 6,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,300 sq mi) coincident plus de Kafue Flats GMA.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_zambia&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Zambia |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list-anno-zambia/main/ramsar/1-31-218%5E15789_4000_0__ |access-date=23 August 2014 |website=ramsar.org |publisher=The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|De Kafue Flats, [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]], [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA).]]

== Agriculture ==
De land around de Kafue Flats be an important agricultural area for [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] insyd. As well as supporting a large number of subsistence den small-scale farmers, de flats sanso be a source of irrigation water give three large commercial farming operations wey concentrate around de eastern end of de flats. 

De oldest commercial farming operation for de Kafue Flats top be de [[:en:Nakambala|Nakambala]] Sugar Estate wey dem locate am for de southern edge of de flats top at [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]]. De Nakambala estate, wey [[:en:Zambia_Sugar|Zambia Sugar]] Plc a subsidiary of South African company [[:en:Illovo_Sugar|Illovo Sugar]] own am, along plus outgrowers den [[:en:Smallholding|smallholder]] farmers be de largest sugar producer for Zambia insyd den dem operate am for approximately 20,000 hectares of irrigated farmland top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |url=http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |title=Zambia Sugar Plc Annual Report 2014 |date=2014 |publisher=Zambia Sugar Plc |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033749/http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

North of de Kafue Flats, Consolidated Farming Ltd., a Zambian company, dey produce sugar under de Kafue Sugar brand from a 9,000-hectare estate pumping water from de Kafue Flats.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Commercial Farming |url=http://www.sabletransport.com/farming.html |website=sabletransport.com |publisher=Sable Transport}}&lt;/ref&gt; To de east of Consolidated Farming, de Chiansi irrigation scheme dey grow wheat den oda irrigated crops for 200 hectares top plus plans to expand to 2,500 hectares.  

== Ecology ==
De Kafue Flats dey consist of a complex pattern of [[:en:Floodplain|floodplain]], [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]], [[:en:Ox-bow_lake|ox-bow lakes]], wey dey abandon river channels, [[:en:Marsh|marshes]] den [[:en:Levee|levees]] wey grasslands den woodlands surround am.

De flats dey comprise two [[:en:Ecoregion|ecoregions]]. De central seasonally- den permanently flooded areas be part of de [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|Zambezian flooded grasslands]] ecoregion, den de surrounding grasslands de woodlands be for de [[:en:Zambezian_and_mopane_woodlands|Zambezian den mopane woodlands]] ecoregion insyd. 

De soils of de flats dey heavy for texture insyd den dey tend to crack widely wen dry, wey e becam very sticky den plastic wen wet.  

== References ==</text>
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De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obrdlik |first1=P |last2=Mumeka |first2=A |last3=Kasonde |first3=J.M. |date=1989 |title=Regulated Rivers in Zambia - The Case Study of the Kafue River |journal=Regulated Rivers: Research and Management |volume=3 |pages=371–380 |doi=10.1002/rrr.3450030135}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mumba |first1=M |last2=Thompson |first2=J.R. |date=2005 |title=Hydrological and ecological impacts of dams on the Kafue Flats floodplain system, southern Zambia |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=30 |issue=6–7 |pages=442–447 |bibcode=2005PCE....30..442M |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.009}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam dey very different to de historical flows wey dem experience within de Kafue River plus de smooth annual rise den fall for discharge insyd wey dem already replace am by sudden increases as dem release large volumes of water from de dam. A substantial discharge rydee dem maintain am thruout de dry season whereas naturally dem associate dis period plus lower river flows. Although dem go fi already reduce maximum floods as a result of de dam, de almost year-round dey release means dat parts of de flats, for instance Chunga Lagoon, rydee e remain permanently flooded. In addition, de Kafue Gorge Dam create a large reservoir wey e back up into de eastern end of de flats wey e lead to areas of permanent inundation.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot; /&gt;

== Protected areas ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Kafue Flats dey include two [[:en:National_parks|national parks]] ([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category II [[:en:Protected_area|protected areas]]), de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]]. Dem establish both parks for de 1970s insyd for land wey dem formerly use give cattle ranching top. De 428 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (165 sq mi) Lochinvar National Park, famous give large nombas of [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]], wey dey sit south of de Kafue River den e be accessible from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Livingstone,_Zambia|Livingstone]] road at [[:en:Monze|Monze]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lochinvar National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/lochinvar-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lochinvar National Park get one of de highest nombas of vulnerable wattled crane for Africa insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands - Fafue Flats |author=Zambia Wildlife Authority |date=2006 |publisher=Ramsar |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003321/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Blue Lagoon National Park, north of de Kafue, dem fi access am from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Mongu|Mongu]] road west of Lusaka. De 500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (190 sq mi) park be home to a large abundance den variety of waterbirds as well as [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|lechwe]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Zebra|zebra]] den [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Blue Lagoon National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/blue-lagoon-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{convert|6000|km2}} of de Kafue Flats outside of dem cover de two national parks by de Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA)([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category VI [[:en:Protected_area|protected area]]). De GMA dey afford protection to de environment den wildlife whilst still e dey allow give de sustainable use of natural resources.    

Dem enter de Kafue Flats onto de [[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar]] list of Wetlands of International Importance for 1991 insyd wey e cover an area of 6,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,300 sq mi) coincident plus de Kafue Flats GMA.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_zambia&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Zambia |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list-anno-zambia/main/ramsar/1-31-218%5E15789_4000_0__ |access-date=23 August 2014 |website=ramsar.org |publisher=The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|De Kafue Flats, [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]], [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA).]]

== Agriculture ==
De land around de Kafue Flats be an important agricultural area for [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] insyd. As well as supporting a large number of subsistence den small-scale farmers, de flats sanso be a source of irrigation water give three large commercial farming operations wey concentrate around de eastern end of de flats. 

De oldest commercial farming operation for de Kafue Flats top be de [[:en:Nakambala|Nakambala]] Sugar Estate wey dem locate am for de southern edge of de flats top at [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]]. De Nakambala estate, wey [[:en:Zambia_Sugar|Zambia Sugar]] Plc a subsidiary of South African company [[:en:Illovo_Sugar|Illovo Sugar]] own am, along plus outgrowers den [[:en:Smallholding|smallholder]] farmers be de largest sugar producer for Zambia insyd den dem operate am for approximately 20,000 hectares of irrigated farmland top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |url=http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |title=Zambia Sugar Plc Annual Report 2014 |date=2014 |publisher=Zambia Sugar Plc |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033749/http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

North of de Kafue Flats, Consolidated Farming Ltd., a Zambian company, dey produce sugar under de Kafue Sugar brand from a 9,000-hectare estate pumping water from de Kafue Flats.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Commercial Farming |url=http://www.sabletransport.com/farming.html |website=sabletransport.com |publisher=Sable Transport}}&lt;/ref&gt; To de east of Consolidated Farming, de Chiansi irrigation scheme dey grow wheat den oda irrigated crops for 200 hectares top plus plans to expand to 2,500 hectares.  

== Ecology ==
De Kafue Flats dey consist of a complex pattern of [[:en:Floodplain|floodplain]], [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]], [[:en:Ox-bow_lake|ox-bow lakes]], wey dey abandon river channels, [[:en:Marsh|marshes]] den [[:en:Levee|levees]] wey grasslands den woodlands surround am.

De flats dey comprise two [[:en:Ecoregion|ecoregions]]. De central seasonally- den permanently flooded areas be part of de [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|Zambezian flooded grasslands]] ecoregion, den de surrounding grasslands de woodlands be for de [[:en:Zambezian_and_mopane_woodlands|Zambezian den mopane woodlands]] ecoregion insyd. 

De soils of de flats dey heavy for texture insyd den dey tend to crack widely wen dry, wey e becam very sticky den plastic wen wet. Dem soils be mainly black anaa dark gray den produce an irregular surface relief known as [[:en:Gilgai|gilgai]] wey e consist of a series of small ridges wey dey stand 20–60&amp;#x20;cm above circular depressions about 2–7 meters for diameter insyd.  

== References ==</text>
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De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obrdlik |first1=P |last2=Mumeka |first2=A |last3=Kasonde |first3=J.M. |date=1989 |title=Regulated Rivers in Zambia - The Case Study of the Kafue River |journal=Regulated Rivers: Research and Management |volume=3 |pages=371–380 |doi=10.1002/rrr.3450030135}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mumba |first1=M |last2=Thompson |first2=J.R. |date=2005 |title=Hydrological and ecological impacts of dams on the Kafue Flats floodplain system, southern Zambia |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=30 |issue=6–7 |pages=442–447 |bibcode=2005PCE....30..442M |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.009}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam dey very different to de historical flows wey dem experience within de Kafue River plus de smooth annual rise den fall for discharge insyd wey dem already replace am by sudden increases as dem release large volumes of water from de dam. A substantial discharge rydee dem maintain am thruout de dry season whereas naturally dem associate dis period plus lower river flows. Although dem go fi already reduce maximum floods as a result of de dam, de almost year-round dey release means dat parts of de flats, for instance Chunga Lagoon, rydee e remain permanently flooded. In addition, de Kafue Gorge Dam create a large reservoir wey e back up into de eastern end of de flats wey e lead to areas of permanent inundation.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot; /&gt;

== Protected areas ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Kafue Flats dey include two [[:en:National_parks|national parks]] ([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category II [[:en:Protected_area|protected areas]]), de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]]. Dem establish both parks for de 1970s insyd for land wey dem formerly use give cattle ranching top. De 428 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (165 sq mi) Lochinvar National Park, famous give large nombas of [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]], wey dey sit south of de Kafue River den e be accessible from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Livingstone,_Zambia|Livingstone]] road at [[:en:Monze|Monze]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lochinvar National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/lochinvar-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lochinvar National Park get one of de highest nombas of vulnerable wattled crane for Africa insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands - Fafue Flats |author=Zambia Wildlife Authority |date=2006 |publisher=Ramsar |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003321/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Blue Lagoon National Park, north of de Kafue, dem fi access am from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Mongu|Mongu]] road west of Lusaka. De 500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (190 sq mi) park be home to a large abundance den variety of waterbirds as well as [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|lechwe]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Zebra|zebra]] den [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Blue Lagoon National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/blue-lagoon-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{convert|6000|km2}} of de Kafue Flats outside of dem cover de two national parks by de Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA)([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category VI [[:en:Protected_area|protected area]]). De GMA dey afford protection to de environment den wildlife whilst still e dey allow give de sustainable use of natural resources.    

Dem enter de Kafue Flats onto de [[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar]] list of Wetlands of International Importance for 1991 insyd wey e cover an area of 6,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,300 sq mi) coincident plus de Kafue Flats GMA.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_zambia&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Zambia |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list-anno-zambia/main/ramsar/1-31-218%5E15789_4000_0__ |access-date=23 August 2014 |website=ramsar.org |publisher=The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|De Kafue Flats, [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]], [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA).]]

== Agriculture ==
De land around de Kafue Flats be an important agricultural area for [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] insyd. As well as supporting a large number of subsistence den small-scale farmers, de flats sanso be a source of irrigation water give three large commercial farming operations wey concentrate around de eastern end of de flats. 

De oldest commercial farming operation for de Kafue Flats top be de [[:en:Nakambala|Nakambala]] Sugar Estate wey dem locate am for de southern edge of de flats top at [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]]. De Nakambala estate, wey [[:en:Zambia_Sugar|Zambia Sugar]] Plc a subsidiary of South African company [[:en:Illovo_Sugar|Illovo Sugar]] own am, along plus outgrowers den [[:en:Smallholding|smallholder]] farmers be de largest sugar producer for Zambia insyd den dem operate am for approximately 20,000 hectares of irrigated farmland top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |url=http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |title=Zambia Sugar Plc Annual Report 2014 |date=2014 |publisher=Zambia Sugar Plc |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033749/http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

North of de Kafue Flats, Consolidated Farming Ltd., a Zambian company, dey produce sugar under de Kafue Sugar brand from a 9,000-hectare estate pumping water from de Kafue Flats.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Commercial Farming |url=http://www.sabletransport.com/farming.html |website=sabletransport.com |publisher=Sable Transport}}&lt;/ref&gt; To de east of Consolidated Farming, de Chiansi irrigation scheme dey grow wheat den oda irrigated crops for 200 hectares top plus plans to expand to 2,500 hectares.  

== Ecology ==
De Kafue Flats dey consist of a complex pattern of [[:en:Floodplain|floodplain]], [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]], [[:en:Ox-bow_lake|ox-bow lakes]], wey dey abandon river channels, [[:en:Marsh|marshes]] den [[:en:Levee|levees]] wey grasslands den woodlands surround am.

De flats dey comprise two [[:en:Ecoregion|ecoregions]]. De central seasonally- den permanently flooded areas be part of de [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|Zambezian flooded grasslands]] ecoregion, den de surrounding grasslands de woodlands be for de [[:en:Zambezian_and_mopane_woodlands|Zambezian den mopane woodlands]] ecoregion insyd. 

De soils of de flats dey heavy for texture insyd den dey tend to crack widely wen dry, wey e becam very sticky den plastic wen wet. Dem soils be mainly black anaa dark gray den produce an irregular surface relief known as [[:en:Gilgai|gilgai]] wey e consist of a series of small ridges wey dey stand 20–60&amp;#x20;cm above circular depressions about 2–7 meters for diameter insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot; /&gt;  

== References ==</text>
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De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obrdlik |first1=P |last2=Mumeka |first2=A |last3=Kasonde |first3=J.M. |date=1989 |title=Regulated Rivers in Zambia - The Case Study of the Kafue River |journal=Regulated Rivers: Research and Management |volume=3 |pages=371–380 |doi=10.1002/rrr.3450030135}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mumba |first1=M |last2=Thompson |first2=J.R. |date=2005 |title=Hydrological and ecological impacts of dams on the Kafue Flats floodplain system, southern Zambia |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=30 |issue=6–7 |pages=442–447 |bibcode=2005PCE....30..442M |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.009}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam dey very different to de historical flows wey dem experience within de Kafue River plus de smooth annual rise den fall for discharge insyd wey dem already replace am by sudden increases as dem release large volumes of water from de dam. A substantial discharge rydee dem maintain am thruout de dry season whereas naturally dem associate dis period plus lower river flows. Although dem go fi already reduce maximum floods as a result of de dam, de almost year-round dey release means dat parts of de flats, for instance Chunga Lagoon, rydee e remain permanently flooded. In addition, de Kafue Gorge Dam create a large reservoir wey e back up into de eastern end of de flats wey e lead to areas of permanent inundation.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot; /&gt;

== Protected areas ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Kafue Flats dey include two [[:en:National_parks|national parks]] ([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category II [[:en:Protected_area|protected areas]]), de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]]. Dem establish both parks for de 1970s insyd for land wey dem formerly use give cattle ranching top. De 428 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (165 sq mi) Lochinvar National Park, famous give large nombas of [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]], wey dey sit south of de Kafue River den e be accessible from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Livingstone,_Zambia|Livingstone]] road at [[:en:Monze|Monze]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lochinvar National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/lochinvar-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lochinvar National Park get one of de highest nombas of vulnerable wattled crane for Africa insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands - Fafue Flats |author=Zambia Wildlife Authority |date=2006 |publisher=Ramsar |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003321/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Blue Lagoon National Park, north of de Kafue, dem fi access am from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Mongu|Mongu]] road west of Lusaka. De 500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (190 sq mi) park be home to a large abundance den variety of waterbirds as well as [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|lechwe]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Zebra|zebra]] den [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Blue Lagoon National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/blue-lagoon-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{convert|6000|km2}} of de Kafue Flats outside of dem cover de two national parks by de Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA)([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category VI [[:en:Protected_area|protected area]]). De GMA dey afford protection to de environment den wildlife whilst still e dey allow give de sustainable use of natural resources.    

Dem enter de Kafue Flats onto de [[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar]] list of Wetlands of International Importance for 1991 insyd wey e cover an area of 6,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,300 sq mi) coincident plus de Kafue Flats GMA.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_zambia&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Zambia |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list-anno-zambia/main/ramsar/1-31-218%5E15789_4000_0__ |access-date=23 August 2014 |website=ramsar.org |publisher=The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|De Kafue Flats, [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]], [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA).]]

== Agriculture ==
De land around de Kafue Flats be an important agricultural area for [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] insyd. As well as supporting a large number of subsistence den small-scale farmers, de flats sanso be a source of irrigation water give three large commercial farming operations wey concentrate around de eastern end of de flats. 

De oldest commercial farming operation for de Kafue Flats top be de [[:en:Nakambala|Nakambala]] Sugar Estate wey dem locate am for de southern edge of de flats top at [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]]. De Nakambala estate, wey [[:en:Zambia_Sugar|Zambia Sugar]] Plc a subsidiary of South African company [[:en:Illovo_Sugar|Illovo Sugar]] own am, along plus outgrowers den [[:en:Smallholding|smallholder]] farmers be de largest sugar producer for Zambia insyd den dem operate am for approximately 20,000 hectares of irrigated farmland top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |url=http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |title=Zambia Sugar Plc Annual Report 2014 |date=2014 |publisher=Zambia Sugar Plc |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033749/http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

North of de Kafue Flats, Consolidated Farming Ltd., a Zambian company, dey produce sugar under de Kafue Sugar brand from a 9,000-hectare estate pumping water from de Kafue Flats.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Commercial Farming |url=http://www.sabletransport.com/farming.html |website=sabletransport.com |publisher=Sable Transport}}&lt;/ref&gt; To de east of Consolidated Farming, de Chiansi irrigation scheme dey grow wheat den oda irrigated crops for 200 hectares top plus plans to expand to 2,500 hectares.  

== Ecology ==
De Kafue Flats dey consist of a complex pattern of [[:en:Floodplain|floodplain]], [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]], [[:en:Ox-bow_lake|ox-bow lakes]], wey dey abandon river channels, [[:en:Marsh|marshes]] den [[:en:Levee|levees]] wey grasslands den woodlands surround am.

De flats dey comprise two [[:en:Ecoregion|ecoregions]]. De central seasonally- den permanently flooded areas be part of de [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|Zambezian flooded grasslands]] ecoregion, den de surrounding grasslands de woodlands be for de [[:en:Zambezian_and_mopane_woodlands|Zambezian den mopane woodlands]] ecoregion insyd. 

De soils of de flats dey heavy for texture insyd den dey tend to crack widely wen dry, wey e becam very sticky den plastic wen wet. Dem soils be mainly black anaa dark gray den produce an irregular surface relief known as [[:en:Gilgai|gilgai]] wey e consist of a series of small ridges wey dey stand 20–60&amp;#x20;cm above circular depressions about 2–7 meters for diameter insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot; /&gt; 

=== Vegetation ===

== References ==</text>
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De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obrdlik |first1=P |last2=Mumeka |first2=A |last3=Kasonde |first3=J.M. |date=1989 |title=Regulated Rivers in Zambia - The Case Study of the Kafue River |journal=Regulated Rivers: Research and Management |volume=3 |pages=371–380 |doi=10.1002/rrr.3450030135}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mumba |first1=M |last2=Thompson |first2=J.R. |date=2005 |title=Hydrological and ecological impacts of dams on the Kafue Flats floodplain system, southern Zambia |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=30 |issue=6–7 |pages=442–447 |bibcode=2005PCE....30..442M |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.009}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam dey very different to de historical flows wey dem experience within de Kafue River plus de smooth annual rise den fall for discharge insyd wey dem already replace am by sudden increases as dem release large volumes of water from de dam. A substantial discharge rydee dem maintain am thruout de dry season whereas naturally dem associate dis period plus lower river flows. Although dem go fi already reduce maximum floods as a result of de dam, de almost year-round dey release means dat parts of de flats, for instance Chunga Lagoon, rydee e remain permanently flooded. In addition, de Kafue Gorge Dam create a large reservoir wey e back up into de eastern end of de flats wey e lead to areas of permanent inundation.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot; /&gt;

== Protected areas ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Kafue Flats dey include two [[:en:National_parks|national parks]] ([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category II [[:en:Protected_area|protected areas]]), de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]]. Dem establish both parks for de 1970s insyd for land wey dem formerly use give cattle ranching top. De 428 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (165 sq mi) Lochinvar National Park, famous give large nombas of [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]], wey dey sit south of de Kafue River den e be accessible from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Livingstone,_Zambia|Livingstone]] road at [[:en:Monze|Monze]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lochinvar National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/lochinvar-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lochinvar National Park get one of de highest nombas of vulnerable wattled crane for Africa insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands - Fafue Flats |author=Zambia Wildlife Authority |date=2006 |publisher=Ramsar |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003321/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Blue Lagoon National Park, north of de Kafue, dem fi access am from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Mongu|Mongu]] road west of Lusaka. De 500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (190 sq mi) park be home to a large abundance den variety of waterbirds as well as [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|lechwe]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Zebra|zebra]] den [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Blue Lagoon National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/blue-lagoon-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{convert|6000|km2}} of de Kafue Flats outside of dem cover de two national parks by de Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA)([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category VI [[:en:Protected_area|protected area]]). De GMA dey afford protection to de environment den wildlife whilst still e dey allow give de sustainable use of natural resources.    

Dem enter de Kafue Flats onto de [[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar]] list of Wetlands of International Importance for 1991 insyd wey e cover an area of 6,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,300 sq mi) coincident plus de Kafue Flats GMA.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_zambia&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Zambia |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list-anno-zambia/main/ramsar/1-31-218%5E15789_4000_0__ |access-date=23 August 2014 |website=ramsar.org |publisher=The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|De Kafue Flats, [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]], [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA).]]

== Agriculture ==
De land around de Kafue Flats be an important agricultural area for [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] insyd. As well as supporting a large number of subsistence den small-scale farmers, de flats sanso be a source of irrigation water give three large commercial farming operations wey concentrate around de eastern end of de flats. 

De oldest commercial farming operation for de Kafue Flats top be de [[:en:Nakambala|Nakambala]] Sugar Estate wey dem locate am for de southern edge of de flats top at [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]]. De Nakambala estate, wey [[:en:Zambia_Sugar|Zambia Sugar]] Plc a subsidiary of South African company [[:en:Illovo_Sugar|Illovo Sugar]] own am, along plus outgrowers den [[:en:Smallholding|smallholder]] farmers be de largest sugar producer for Zambia insyd den dem operate am for approximately 20,000 hectares of irrigated farmland top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |url=http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |title=Zambia Sugar Plc Annual Report 2014 |date=2014 |publisher=Zambia Sugar Plc |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033749/http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

North of de Kafue Flats, Consolidated Farming Ltd., a Zambian company, dey produce sugar under de Kafue Sugar brand from a 9,000-hectare estate pumping water from de Kafue Flats.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Commercial Farming |url=http://www.sabletransport.com/farming.html |website=sabletransport.com |publisher=Sable Transport}}&lt;/ref&gt; To de east of Consolidated Farming, de Chiansi irrigation scheme dey grow wheat den oda irrigated crops for 200 hectares top plus plans to expand to 2,500 hectares.  

== Ecology ==
De Kafue Flats dey consist of a complex pattern of [[:en:Floodplain|floodplain]], [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]], [[:en:Ox-bow_lake|ox-bow lakes]], wey dey abandon river channels, [[:en:Marsh|marshes]] den [[:en:Levee|levees]] wey grasslands den woodlands surround am.

De flats dey comprise two [[:en:Ecoregion|ecoregions]]. De central seasonally- den permanently flooded areas be part of de [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|Zambezian flooded grasslands]] ecoregion, den de surrounding grasslands de woodlands be for de [[:en:Zambezian_and_mopane_woodlands|Zambezian den mopane woodlands]] ecoregion insyd. 

De soils of de flats dey heavy for texture insyd den dey tend to crack widely wen dry, wey e becam very sticky den plastic wen wet. Dem soils be mainly black anaa dark gray den produce an irregular surface relief known as [[:en:Gilgai|gilgai]] wey e consist of a series of small ridges wey dey stand 20–60&amp;#x20;cm above circular depressions about 2–7 meters for diameter insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot; /&gt; 

=== Vegetation ===
De main vegetation types of de Kafue Flats be [[:en:Woodland|woodland]] ([[:en:Miombo|miombo]], [[:en:Mopane|mopane]], [[:en:Acacia|Acacia]], den ''[[:en:Combretum|Combretum]]''), [[:en:Termitaria|termitaria]] grassland, flooded grasslands, permanent swamps den levees den lagoons.

== References ==</text>
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De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obrdlik |first1=P |last2=Mumeka |first2=A |last3=Kasonde |first3=J.M. |date=1989 |title=Regulated Rivers in Zambia - The Case Study of the Kafue River |journal=Regulated Rivers: Research and Management |volume=3 |pages=371–380 |doi=10.1002/rrr.3450030135}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mumba |first1=M |last2=Thompson |first2=J.R. |date=2005 |title=Hydrological and ecological impacts of dams on the Kafue Flats floodplain system, southern Zambia |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=30 |issue=6–7 |pages=442–447 |bibcode=2005PCE....30..442M |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.009}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam dey very different to de historical flows wey dem experience within de Kafue River plus de smooth annual rise den fall for discharge insyd wey dem already replace am by sudden increases as dem release large volumes of water from de dam. A substantial discharge rydee dem maintain am thruout de dry season whereas naturally dem associate dis period plus lower river flows. Although dem go fi already reduce maximum floods as a result of de dam, de almost year-round dey release means dat parts of de flats, for instance Chunga Lagoon, rydee e remain permanently flooded. In addition, de Kafue Gorge Dam create a large reservoir wey e back up into de eastern end of de flats wey e lead to areas of permanent inundation.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot; /&gt;

== Protected areas ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Kafue Flats dey include two [[:en:National_parks|national parks]] ([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category II [[:en:Protected_area|protected areas]]), de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]]. Dem establish both parks for de 1970s insyd for land wey dem formerly use give cattle ranching top. De 428 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (165 sq mi) Lochinvar National Park, famous give large nombas of [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]], wey dey sit south of de Kafue River den e be accessible from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Livingstone,_Zambia|Livingstone]] road at [[:en:Monze|Monze]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lochinvar National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/lochinvar-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lochinvar National Park get one of de highest nombas of vulnerable wattled crane for Africa insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands - Fafue Flats |author=Zambia Wildlife Authority |date=2006 |publisher=Ramsar |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003321/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Blue Lagoon National Park, north of de Kafue, dem fi access am from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Mongu|Mongu]] road west of Lusaka. De 500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (190 sq mi) park be home to a large abundance den variety of waterbirds as well as [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|lechwe]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Zebra|zebra]] den [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Blue Lagoon National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/blue-lagoon-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{convert|6000|km2}} of de Kafue Flats outside of dem cover de two national parks by de Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA)([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category VI [[:en:Protected_area|protected area]]). De GMA dey afford protection to de environment den wildlife whilst still e dey allow give de sustainable use of natural resources.    

Dem enter de Kafue Flats onto de [[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar]] list of Wetlands of International Importance for 1991 insyd wey e cover an area of 6,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,300 sq mi) coincident plus de Kafue Flats GMA.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_zambia&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Zambia |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list-anno-zambia/main/ramsar/1-31-218%5E15789_4000_0__ |access-date=23 August 2014 |website=ramsar.org |publisher=The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|De Kafue Flats, [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]], [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA).]]

== Agriculture ==
De land around de Kafue Flats be an important agricultural area for [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] insyd. As well as supporting a large number of subsistence den small-scale farmers, de flats sanso be a source of irrigation water give three large commercial farming operations wey concentrate around de eastern end of de flats. 

De oldest commercial farming operation for de Kafue Flats top be de [[:en:Nakambala|Nakambala]] Sugar Estate wey dem locate am for de southern edge of de flats top at [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]]. De Nakambala estate, wey [[:en:Zambia_Sugar|Zambia Sugar]] Plc a subsidiary of South African company [[:en:Illovo_Sugar|Illovo Sugar]] own am, along plus outgrowers den [[:en:Smallholding|smallholder]] farmers be de largest sugar producer for Zambia insyd den dem operate am for approximately 20,000 hectares of irrigated farmland top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |url=http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |title=Zambia Sugar Plc Annual Report 2014 |date=2014 |publisher=Zambia Sugar Plc |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033749/http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

North of de Kafue Flats, Consolidated Farming Ltd., a Zambian company, dey produce sugar under de Kafue Sugar brand from a 9,000-hectare estate pumping water from de Kafue Flats.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Commercial Farming |url=http://www.sabletransport.com/farming.html |website=sabletransport.com |publisher=Sable Transport}}&lt;/ref&gt; To de east of Consolidated Farming, de Chiansi irrigation scheme dey grow wheat den oda irrigated crops for 200 hectares top plus plans to expand to 2,500 hectares.  

== Ecology ==
De Kafue Flats dey consist of a complex pattern of [[:en:Floodplain|floodplain]], [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]], [[:en:Ox-bow_lake|ox-bow lakes]], wey dey abandon river channels, [[:en:Marsh|marshes]] den [[:en:Levee|levees]] wey grasslands den woodlands surround am.

De flats dey comprise two [[:en:Ecoregion|ecoregions]]. De central seasonally- den permanently flooded areas be part of de [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|Zambezian flooded grasslands]] ecoregion, den de surrounding grasslands de woodlands be for de [[:en:Zambezian_and_mopane_woodlands|Zambezian den mopane woodlands]] ecoregion insyd. 

De soils of de flats dey heavy for texture insyd den dey tend to crack widely wen dry, wey e becam very sticky den plastic wen wet. Dem soils be mainly black anaa dark gray den produce an irregular surface relief known as [[:en:Gilgai|gilgai]] wey e consist of a series of small ridges wey dey stand 20–60&amp;#x20;cm above circular depressions about 2–7 meters for diameter insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot; /&gt; 

=== Vegetation ===
De main vegetation types of de Kafue Flats be [[:en:Woodland|woodland]] ([[:en:Miombo|miombo]], [[:en:Mopane|mopane]], [[:en:Acacia|Acacia]], den ''[[:en:Combretum|Combretum]]''), [[:en:Termitaria|termitaria]] grassland, flooded grasslands, permanent swamps den levees den lagoons.

=== Wildlife ===

== References ==</text>
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De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obrdlik |first1=P |last2=Mumeka |first2=A |last3=Kasonde |first3=J.M. |date=1989 |title=Regulated Rivers in Zambia - The Case Study of the Kafue River |journal=Regulated Rivers: Research and Management |volume=3 |pages=371–380 |doi=10.1002/rrr.3450030135}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mumba |first1=M |last2=Thompson |first2=J.R. |date=2005 |title=Hydrological and ecological impacts of dams on the Kafue Flats floodplain system, southern Zambia |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=30 |issue=6–7 |pages=442–447 |bibcode=2005PCE....30..442M |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.009}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam dey very different to de historical flows wey dem experience within de Kafue River plus de smooth annual rise den fall for discharge insyd wey dem already replace am by sudden increases as dem release large volumes of water from de dam. A substantial discharge rydee dem maintain am thruout de dry season whereas naturally dem associate dis period plus lower river flows. Although dem go fi already reduce maximum floods as a result of de dam, de almost year-round dey release means dat parts of de flats, for instance Chunga Lagoon, rydee e remain permanently flooded. In addition, de Kafue Gorge Dam create a large reservoir wey e back up into de eastern end of de flats wey e lead to areas of permanent inundation.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot; /&gt;

== Protected areas ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Kafue Flats dey include two [[:en:National_parks|national parks]] ([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category II [[:en:Protected_area|protected areas]]), de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]]. Dem establish both parks for de 1970s insyd for land wey dem formerly use give cattle ranching top. De 428 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (165 sq mi) Lochinvar National Park, famous give large nombas of [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]], wey dey sit south of de Kafue River den e be accessible from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Livingstone,_Zambia|Livingstone]] road at [[:en:Monze|Monze]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lochinvar National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/lochinvar-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lochinvar National Park get one of de highest nombas of vulnerable wattled crane for Africa insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands - Fafue Flats |author=Zambia Wildlife Authority |date=2006 |publisher=Ramsar |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003321/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Blue Lagoon National Park, north of de Kafue, dem fi access am from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Mongu|Mongu]] road west of Lusaka. De 500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (190 sq mi) park be home to a large abundance den variety of waterbirds as well as [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|lechwe]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Zebra|zebra]] den [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Blue Lagoon National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/blue-lagoon-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{convert|6000|km2}} of de Kafue Flats outside of dem cover de two national parks by de Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA)([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category VI [[:en:Protected_area|protected area]]). De GMA dey afford protection to de environment den wildlife whilst still e dey allow give de sustainable use of natural resources.    

Dem enter de Kafue Flats onto de [[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar]] list of Wetlands of International Importance for 1991 insyd wey e cover an area of 6,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,300 sq mi) coincident plus de Kafue Flats GMA.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_zambia&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Zambia |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list-anno-zambia/main/ramsar/1-31-218%5E15789_4000_0__ |access-date=23 August 2014 |website=ramsar.org |publisher=The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|De Kafue Flats, [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]], [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA).]]

== Agriculture ==
De land around de Kafue Flats be an important agricultural area for [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] insyd. As well as supporting a large number of subsistence den small-scale farmers, de flats sanso be a source of irrigation water give three large commercial farming operations wey concentrate around de eastern end of de flats. 

De oldest commercial farming operation for de Kafue Flats top be de [[:en:Nakambala|Nakambala]] Sugar Estate wey dem locate am for de southern edge of de flats top at [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]]. De Nakambala estate, wey [[:en:Zambia_Sugar|Zambia Sugar]] Plc a subsidiary of South African company [[:en:Illovo_Sugar|Illovo Sugar]] own am, along plus outgrowers den [[:en:Smallholding|smallholder]] farmers be de largest sugar producer for Zambia insyd den dem operate am for approximately 20,000 hectares of irrigated farmland top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |url=http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |title=Zambia Sugar Plc Annual Report 2014 |date=2014 |publisher=Zambia Sugar Plc |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033749/http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

North of de Kafue Flats, Consolidated Farming Ltd., a Zambian company, dey produce sugar under de Kafue Sugar brand from a 9,000-hectare estate pumping water from de Kafue Flats.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Commercial Farming |url=http://www.sabletransport.com/farming.html |website=sabletransport.com |publisher=Sable Transport}}&lt;/ref&gt; To de east of Consolidated Farming, de Chiansi irrigation scheme dey grow wheat den oda irrigated crops for 200 hectares top plus plans to expand to 2,500 hectares.  

== Ecology ==
De Kafue Flats dey consist of a complex pattern of [[:en:Floodplain|floodplain]], [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]], [[:en:Ox-bow_lake|ox-bow lakes]], wey dey abandon river channels, [[:en:Marsh|marshes]] den [[:en:Levee|levees]] wey grasslands den woodlands surround am.

De flats dey comprise two [[:en:Ecoregion|ecoregions]]. De central seasonally- den permanently flooded areas be part of de [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|Zambezian flooded grasslands]] ecoregion, den de surrounding grasslands de woodlands be for de [[:en:Zambezian_and_mopane_woodlands|Zambezian den mopane woodlands]] ecoregion insyd. 

De soils of de flats dey heavy for texture insyd den dey tend to crack widely wen dry, wey e becam very sticky den plastic wen wet. Dem soils be mainly black anaa dark gray den produce an irregular surface relief known as [[:en:Gilgai|gilgai]] wey e consist of a series of small ridges wey dey stand 20–60&amp;#x20;cm above circular depressions about 2–7 meters for diameter insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot; /&gt; 

=== Vegetation ===
De main vegetation types of de Kafue Flats be [[:en:Woodland|woodland]] ([[:en:Miombo|miombo]], [[:en:Mopane|mopane]], [[:en:Acacia|Acacia]], den ''[[:en:Combretum|Combretum]]''), [[:en:Termitaria|termitaria]] grassland, flooded grasslands, permanent swamps den levees den lagoons.

=== Wildlife ===
[[File:Wattled_Crane_1400.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wattled_Crane_1400.jpg|right|thumb|Wattled crane.]]

== References ==</text>
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        <id>1692</id>
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De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obrdlik |first1=P |last2=Mumeka |first2=A |last3=Kasonde |first3=J.M. |date=1989 |title=Regulated Rivers in Zambia - The Case Study of the Kafue River |journal=Regulated Rivers: Research and Management |volume=3 |pages=371–380 |doi=10.1002/rrr.3450030135}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mumba |first1=M |last2=Thompson |first2=J.R. |date=2005 |title=Hydrological and ecological impacts of dams on the Kafue Flats floodplain system, southern Zambia |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=30 |issue=6–7 |pages=442–447 |bibcode=2005PCE....30..442M |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.009}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam dey very different to de historical flows wey dem experience within de Kafue River plus de smooth annual rise den fall for discharge insyd wey dem already replace am by sudden increases as dem release large volumes of water from de dam. A substantial discharge rydee dem maintain am thruout de dry season whereas naturally dem associate dis period plus lower river flows. Although dem go fi already reduce maximum floods as a result of de dam, de almost year-round dey release means dat parts of de flats, for instance Chunga Lagoon, rydee e remain permanently flooded. In addition, de Kafue Gorge Dam create a large reservoir wey e back up into de eastern end of de flats wey e lead to areas of permanent inundation.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot; /&gt;

== Protected areas ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Kafue Flats dey include two [[:en:National_parks|national parks]] ([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category II [[:en:Protected_area|protected areas]]), de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]]. Dem establish both parks for de 1970s insyd for land wey dem formerly use give cattle ranching top. De 428 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (165 sq mi) Lochinvar National Park, famous give large nombas of [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]], wey dey sit south of de Kafue River den e be accessible from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Livingstone,_Zambia|Livingstone]] road at [[:en:Monze|Monze]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lochinvar National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/lochinvar-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lochinvar National Park get one of de highest nombas of vulnerable wattled crane for Africa insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands - Fafue Flats |author=Zambia Wildlife Authority |date=2006 |publisher=Ramsar |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003321/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Blue Lagoon National Park, north of de Kafue, dem fi access am from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Mongu|Mongu]] road west of Lusaka. De 500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (190 sq mi) park be home to a large abundance den variety of waterbirds as well as [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|lechwe]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Zebra|zebra]] den [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Blue Lagoon National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/blue-lagoon-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{convert|6000|km2}} of de Kafue Flats outside of dem cover de two national parks by de Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA)([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category VI [[:en:Protected_area|protected area]]). De GMA dey afford protection to de environment den wildlife whilst still e dey allow give de sustainable use of natural resources.    

Dem enter de Kafue Flats onto de [[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar]] list of Wetlands of International Importance for 1991 insyd wey e cover an area of 6,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,300 sq mi) coincident plus de Kafue Flats GMA.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_zambia&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Zambia |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list-anno-zambia/main/ramsar/1-31-218%5E15789_4000_0__ |access-date=23 August 2014 |website=ramsar.org |publisher=The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|De Kafue Flats, [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]], [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA).]]

== Agriculture ==
De land around de Kafue Flats be an important agricultural area for [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] insyd. As well as supporting a large number of subsistence den small-scale farmers, de flats sanso be a source of irrigation water give three large commercial farming operations wey concentrate around de eastern end of de flats. 

De oldest commercial farming operation for de Kafue Flats top be de [[:en:Nakambala|Nakambala]] Sugar Estate wey dem locate am for de southern edge of de flats top at [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]]. De Nakambala estate, wey [[:en:Zambia_Sugar|Zambia Sugar]] Plc a subsidiary of South African company [[:en:Illovo_Sugar|Illovo Sugar]] own am, along plus outgrowers den [[:en:Smallholding|smallholder]] farmers be de largest sugar producer for Zambia insyd den dem operate am for approximately 20,000 hectares of irrigated farmland top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |url=http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |title=Zambia Sugar Plc Annual Report 2014 |date=2014 |publisher=Zambia Sugar Plc |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033749/http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

North of de Kafue Flats, Consolidated Farming Ltd., a Zambian company, dey produce sugar under de Kafue Sugar brand from a 9,000-hectare estate pumping water from de Kafue Flats.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Commercial Farming |url=http://www.sabletransport.com/farming.html |website=sabletransport.com |publisher=Sable Transport}}&lt;/ref&gt; To de east of Consolidated Farming, de Chiansi irrigation scheme dey grow wheat den oda irrigated crops for 200 hectares top plus plans to expand to 2,500 hectares.  

== Ecology ==
De Kafue Flats dey consist of a complex pattern of [[:en:Floodplain|floodplain]], [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]], [[:en:Ox-bow_lake|ox-bow lakes]], wey dey abandon river channels, [[:en:Marsh|marshes]] den [[:en:Levee|levees]] wey grasslands den woodlands surround am.

De flats dey comprise two [[:en:Ecoregion|ecoregions]]. De central seasonally- den permanently flooded areas be part of de [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|Zambezian flooded grasslands]] ecoregion, den de surrounding grasslands de woodlands be for de [[:en:Zambezian_and_mopane_woodlands|Zambezian den mopane woodlands]] ecoregion insyd. 

De soils of de flats dey heavy for texture insyd den dey tend to crack widely wen dry, wey e becam very sticky den plastic wen wet. Dem soils be mainly black anaa dark gray den produce an irregular surface relief known as [[:en:Gilgai|gilgai]] wey e consist of a series of small ridges wey dey stand 20–60&amp;#x20;cm above circular depressions about 2–7 meters for diameter insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot; /&gt; 

=== Vegetation ===
De main vegetation types of de Kafue Flats be [[:en:Woodland|woodland]] ([[:en:Miombo|miombo]], [[:en:Mopane|mopane]], [[:en:Acacia|Acacia]], den ''[[:en:Combretum|Combretum]]''), [[:en:Termitaria|termitaria]] grassland, flooded grasslands, permanent swamps den levees den lagoons.

=== Wildlife ===
[[File:Wattled_Crane_1400.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wattled_Crane_1400.jpg|right|thumb|Wattled crane.]]De [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]] (''Kobus leche kafuensis''), an antelope wey dem specialise give dey live for de marshy conditions of de flats insyd, be endemic to de area. 

== References ==</text>
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De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obrdlik |first1=P |last2=Mumeka |first2=A |last3=Kasonde |first3=J.M. |date=1989 |title=Regulated Rivers in Zambia - The Case Study of the Kafue River |journal=Regulated Rivers: Research and Management |volume=3 |pages=371–380 |doi=10.1002/rrr.3450030135}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mumba |first1=M |last2=Thompson |first2=J.R. |date=2005 |title=Hydrological and ecological impacts of dams on the Kafue Flats floodplain system, southern Zambia |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=30 |issue=6–7 |pages=442–447 |bibcode=2005PCE....30..442M |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.009}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam dey very different to de historical flows wey dem experience within de Kafue River plus de smooth annual rise den fall for discharge insyd wey dem already replace am by sudden increases as dem release large volumes of water from de dam. A substantial discharge rydee dem maintain am thruout de dry season whereas naturally dem associate dis period plus lower river flows. Although dem go fi already reduce maximum floods as a result of de dam, de almost year-round dey release means dat parts of de flats, for instance Chunga Lagoon, rydee e remain permanently flooded. In addition, de Kafue Gorge Dam create a large reservoir wey e back up into de eastern end of de flats wey e lead to areas of permanent inundation.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot; /&gt;

== Protected areas ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Kafue Flats dey include two [[:en:National_parks|national parks]] ([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category II [[:en:Protected_area|protected areas]]), de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]]. Dem establish both parks for de 1970s insyd for land wey dem formerly use give cattle ranching top. De 428 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (165 sq mi) Lochinvar National Park, famous give large nombas of [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]], wey dey sit south of de Kafue River den e be accessible from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Livingstone,_Zambia|Livingstone]] road at [[:en:Monze|Monze]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lochinvar National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/lochinvar-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lochinvar National Park get one of de highest nombas of vulnerable wattled crane for Africa insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands - Fafue Flats |author=Zambia Wildlife Authority |date=2006 |publisher=Ramsar |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003321/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Blue Lagoon National Park, north of de Kafue, dem fi access am from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Mongu|Mongu]] road west of Lusaka. De 500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (190 sq mi) park be home to a large abundance den variety of waterbirds as well as [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|lechwe]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Zebra|zebra]] den [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Blue Lagoon National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/blue-lagoon-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{convert|6000|km2}} of de Kafue Flats outside of dem cover de two national parks by de Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA)([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category VI [[:en:Protected_area|protected area]]). De GMA dey afford protection to de environment den wildlife whilst still e dey allow give de sustainable use of natural resources.    

Dem enter de Kafue Flats onto de [[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar]] list of Wetlands of International Importance for 1991 insyd wey e cover an area of 6,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,300 sq mi) coincident plus de Kafue Flats GMA.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_zambia&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Zambia |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list-anno-zambia/main/ramsar/1-31-218%5E15789_4000_0__ |access-date=23 August 2014 |website=ramsar.org |publisher=The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|De Kafue Flats, [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]], [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA).]]

== Agriculture ==
De land around de Kafue Flats be an important agricultural area for [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] insyd. As well as supporting a large number of subsistence den small-scale farmers, de flats sanso be a source of irrigation water give three large commercial farming operations wey concentrate around de eastern end of de flats. 

De oldest commercial farming operation for de Kafue Flats top be de [[:en:Nakambala|Nakambala]] Sugar Estate wey dem locate am for de southern edge of de flats top at [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]]. De Nakambala estate, wey [[:en:Zambia_Sugar|Zambia Sugar]] Plc a subsidiary of South African company [[:en:Illovo_Sugar|Illovo Sugar]] own am, along plus outgrowers den [[:en:Smallholding|smallholder]] farmers be de largest sugar producer for Zambia insyd den dem operate am for approximately 20,000 hectares of irrigated farmland top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |url=http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |title=Zambia Sugar Plc Annual Report 2014 |date=2014 |publisher=Zambia Sugar Plc |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033749/http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

North of de Kafue Flats, Consolidated Farming Ltd., a Zambian company, dey produce sugar under de Kafue Sugar brand from a 9,000-hectare estate pumping water from de Kafue Flats.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Commercial Farming |url=http://www.sabletransport.com/farming.html |website=sabletransport.com |publisher=Sable Transport}}&lt;/ref&gt; To de east of Consolidated Farming, de Chiansi irrigation scheme dey grow wheat den oda irrigated crops for 200 hectares top plus plans to expand to 2,500 hectares.  

== Ecology ==
De Kafue Flats dey consist of a complex pattern of [[:en:Floodplain|floodplain]], [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]], [[:en:Ox-bow_lake|ox-bow lakes]], wey dey abandon river channels, [[:en:Marsh|marshes]] den [[:en:Levee|levees]] wey grasslands den woodlands surround am.

De flats dey comprise two [[:en:Ecoregion|ecoregions]]. De central seasonally- den permanently flooded areas be part of de [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|Zambezian flooded grasslands]] ecoregion, den de surrounding grasslands de woodlands be for de [[:en:Zambezian_and_mopane_woodlands|Zambezian den mopane woodlands]] ecoregion insyd. 

De soils of de flats dey heavy for texture insyd den dey tend to crack widely wen dry, wey e becam very sticky den plastic wen wet. Dem soils be mainly black anaa dark gray den produce an irregular surface relief known as [[:en:Gilgai|gilgai]] wey e consist of a series of small ridges wey dey stand 20–60&amp;#x20;cm above circular depressions about 2–7 meters for diameter insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot; /&gt; 

=== Vegetation ===
De main vegetation types of de Kafue Flats be [[:en:Woodland|woodland]] ([[:en:Miombo|miombo]], [[:en:Mopane|mopane]], [[:en:Acacia|Acacia]], den ''[[:en:Combretum|Combretum]]''), [[:en:Termitaria|termitaria]] grassland, flooded grasslands, permanent swamps den levees den lagoons.

=== Wildlife ===
[[File:Wattled_Crane_1400.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wattled_Crane_1400.jpg|right|thumb|Wattled crane.]]De [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]] (''Kobus leche kafuensis''), an antelope wey dem specialise give dey live for de marshy conditions of de flats insyd, be endemic to de area. Dem estimate dem to be 250,000 lechwe wey dey live for de Kafue Flats for 1931 insyd, one of de highest animals wey dey carry capacities for de world insyd at 11,000 kg/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (63,000 lb/sq mi). 

== References ==</text>
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De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obrdlik |first1=P |last2=Mumeka |first2=A |last3=Kasonde |first3=J.M. |date=1989 |title=Regulated Rivers in Zambia - The Case Study of the Kafue River |journal=Regulated Rivers: Research and Management |volume=3 |pages=371–380 |doi=10.1002/rrr.3450030135}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mumba |first1=M |last2=Thompson |first2=J.R. |date=2005 |title=Hydrological and ecological impacts of dams on the Kafue Flats floodplain system, southern Zambia |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=30 |issue=6–7 |pages=442–447 |bibcode=2005PCE....30..442M |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.009}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam dey very different to de historical flows wey dem experience within de Kafue River plus de smooth annual rise den fall for discharge insyd wey dem already replace am by sudden increases as dem release large volumes of water from de dam. A substantial discharge rydee dem maintain am thruout de dry season whereas naturally dem associate dis period plus lower river flows. Although dem go fi already reduce maximum floods as a result of de dam, de almost year-round dey release means dat parts of de flats, for instance Chunga Lagoon, rydee e remain permanently flooded. In addition, de Kafue Gorge Dam create a large reservoir wey e back up into de eastern end of de flats wey e lead to areas of permanent inundation.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot; /&gt;

== Protected areas ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Kafue Flats dey include two [[:en:National_parks|national parks]] ([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category II [[:en:Protected_area|protected areas]]), de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]]. Dem establish both parks for de 1970s insyd for land wey dem formerly use give cattle ranching top. De 428 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (165 sq mi) Lochinvar National Park, famous give large nombas of [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]], wey dey sit south of de Kafue River den e be accessible from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Livingstone,_Zambia|Livingstone]] road at [[:en:Monze|Monze]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lochinvar National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/lochinvar-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lochinvar National Park get one of de highest nombas of vulnerable wattled crane for Africa insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands - Fafue Flats |author=Zambia Wildlife Authority |date=2006 |publisher=Ramsar |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003321/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Blue Lagoon National Park, north of de Kafue, dem fi access am from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Mongu|Mongu]] road west of Lusaka. De 500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (190 sq mi) park be home to a large abundance den variety of waterbirds as well as [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|lechwe]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Zebra|zebra]] den [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Blue Lagoon National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/blue-lagoon-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{convert|6000|km2}} of de Kafue Flats outside of dem cover de two national parks by de Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA)([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category VI [[:en:Protected_area|protected area]]). De GMA dey afford protection to de environment den wildlife whilst still e dey allow give de sustainable use of natural resources.    

Dem enter de Kafue Flats onto de [[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar]] list of Wetlands of International Importance for 1991 insyd wey e cover an area of 6,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,300 sq mi) coincident plus de Kafue Flats GMA.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_zambia&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Zambia |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list-anno-zambia/main/ramsar/1-31-218%5E15789_4000_0__ |access-date=23 August 2014 |website=ramsar.org |publisher=The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|De Kafue Flats, [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]], [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA).]]

== Agriculture ==
De land around de Kafue Flats be an important agricultural area for [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] insyd. As well as supporting a large number of subsistence den small-scale farmers, de flats sanso be a source of irrigation water give three large commercial farming operations wey concentrate around de eastern end of de flats. 

De oldest commercial farming operation for de Kafue Flats top be de [[:en:Nakambala|Nakambala]] Sugar Estate wey dem locate am for de southern edge of de flats top at [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]]. De Nakambala estate, wey [[:en:Zambia_Sugar|Zambia Sugar]] Plc a subsidiary of South African company [[:en:Illovo_Sugar|Illovo Sugar]] own am, along plus outgrowers den [[:en:Smallholding|smallholder]] farmers be de largest sugar producer for Zambia insyd den dem operate am for approximately 20,000 hectares of irrigated farmland top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |url=http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |title=Zambia Sugar Plc Annual Report 2014 |date=2014 |publisher=Zambia Sugar Plc |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033749/http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

North of de Kafue Flats, Consolidated Farming Ltd., a Zambian company, dey produce sugar under de Kafue Sugar brand from a 9,000-hectare estate pumping water from de Kafue Flats.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Commercial Farming |url=http://www.sabletransport.com/farming.html |website=sabletransport.com |publisher=Sable Transport}}&lt;/ref&gt; To de east of Consolidated Farming, de Chiansi irrigation scheme dey grow wheat den oda irrigated crops for 200 hectares top plus plans to expand to 2,500 hectares.  

== Ecology ==
De Kafue Flats dey consist of a complex pattern of [[:en:Floodplain|floodplain]], [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]], [[:en:Ox-bow_lake|ox-bow lakes]], wey dey abandon river channels, [[:en:Marsh|marshes]] den [[:en:Levee|levees]] wey grasslands den woodlands surround am.

De flats dey comprise two [[:en:Ecoregion|ecoregions]]. De central seasonally- den permanently flooded areas be part of de [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|Zambezian flooded grasslands]] ecoregion, den de surrounding grasslands de woodlands be for de [[:en:Zambezian_and_mopane_woodlands|Zambezian den mopane woodlands]] ecoregion insyd. 

De soils of de flats dey heavy for texture insyd den dey tend to crack widely wen dry, wey e becam very sticky den plastic wen wet. Dem soils be mainly black anaa dark gray den produce an irregular surface relief known as [[:en:Gilgai|gilgai]] wey e consist of a series of small ridges wey dey stand 20–60&amp;#x20;cm above circular depressions about 2–7 meters for diameter insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot; /&gt; 

=== Vegetation ===
De main vegetation types of de Kafue Flats be [[:en:Woodland|woodland]] ([[:en:Miombo|miombo]], [[:en:Mopane|mopane]], [[:en:Acacia|Acacia]], den ''[[:en:Combretum|Combretum]]''), [[:en:Termitaria|termitaria]] grassland, flooded grasslands, permanent swamps den levees den lagoons.

=== Wildlife ===
[[File:Wattled_Crane_1400.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wattled_Crane_1400.jpg|right|thumb|Wattled crane.]]De [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]] (''Kobus leche kafuensis''), an antelope wey dem specialise give dey live for de marshy conditions of de flats insyd, be endemic to de area. Dem estimate dem to be 250,000 lechwe wey dey live for de Kafue Flats for 1931 insyd, one of de highest animals wey dey carry capacities for de world insyd at 11,000 kg/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (63,000 lb/sq mi). 

By 2005 dem estimate de nomba of lechwe to already fall to 38,000, a nomba wey remain mostly stable until de next census wey dem complete am for 2009 insyd.  

== References ==</text>
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      <text bytes="16496" sha1="dnsajo2cmau7plbvdyc7d7u06604mt6" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obrdlik |first1=P |last2=Mumeka |first2=A |last3=Kasonde |first3=J.M. |date=1989 |title=Regulated Rivers in Zambia - The Case Study of the Kafue River |journal=Regulated Rivers: Research and Management |volume=3 |pages=371–380 |doi=10.1002/rrr.3450030135}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mumba |first1=M |last2=Thompson |first2=J.R. |date=2005 |title=Hydrological and ecological impacts of dams on the Kafue Flats floodplain system, southern Zambia |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=30 |issue=6–7 |pages=442–447 |bibcode=2005PCE....30..442M |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.009}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam dey very different to de historical flows wey dem experience within de Kafue River plus de smooth annual rise den fall for discharge insyd wey dem already replace am by sudden increases as dem release large volumes of water from de dam. A substantial discharge rydee dem maintain am thruout de dry season whereas naturally dem associate dis period plus lower river flows. Although dem go fi already reduce maximum floods as a result of de dam, de almost year-round dey release means dat parts of de flats, for instance Chunga Lagoon, rydee e remain permanently flooded. In addition, de Kafue Gorge Dam create a large reservoir wey e back up into de eastern end of de flats wey e lead to areas of permanent inundation.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot; /&gt;

== Protected areas ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Kafue Flats dey include two [[:en:National_parks|national parks]] ([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category II [[:en:Protected_area|protected areas]]), de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]]. Dem establish both parks for de 1970s insyd for land wey dem formerly use give cattle ranching top. De 428 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (165 sq mi) Lochinvar National Park, famous give large nombas of [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]], wey dey sit south of de Kafue River den e be accessible from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Livingstone,_Zambia|Livingstone]] road at [[:en:Monze|Monze]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lochinvar National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/lochinvar-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lochinvar National Park get one of de highest nombas of vulnerable wattled crane for Africa insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands - Fafue Flats |author=Zambia Wildlife Authority |date=2006 |publisher=Ramsar |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003321/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Blue Lagoon National Park, north of de Kafue, dem fi access am from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Mongu|Mongu]] road west of Lusaka. De 500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (190 sq mi) park be home to a large abundance den variety of waterbirds as well as [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|lechwe]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Zebra|zebra]] den [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Blue Lagoon National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/blue-lagoon-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{convert|6000|km2}} of de Kafue Flats outside of dem cover de two national parks by de Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA)([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category VI [[:en:Protected_area|protected area]]). De GMA dey afford protection to de environment den wildlife whilst still e dey allow give de sustainable use of natural resources.    

Dem enter de Kafue Flats onto de [[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar]] list of Wetlands of International Importance for 1991 insyd wey e cover an area of 6,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,300 sq mi) coincident plus de Kafue Flats GMA.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_zambia&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Zambia |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list-anno-zambia/main/ramsar/1-31-218%5E15789_4000_0__ |access-date=23 August 2014 |website=ramsar.org |publisher=The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|De Kafue Flats, [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]], [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA).]]

== Agriculture ==
De land around de Kafue Flats be an important agricultural area for [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] insyd. As well as supporting a large number of subsistence den small-scale farmers, de flats sanso be a source of irrigation water give three large commercial farming operations wey concentrate around de eastern end of de flats. 

De oldest commercial farming operation for de Kafue Flats top be de [[:en:Nakambala|Nakambala]] Sugar Estate wey dem locate am for de southern edge of de flats top at [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]]. De Nakambala estate, wey [[:en:Zambia_Sugar|Zambia Sugar]] Plc a subsidiary of South African company [[:en:Illovo_Sugar|Illovo Sugar]] own am, along plus outgrowers den [[:en:Smallholding|smallholder]] farmers be de largest sugar producer for Zambia insyd den dem operate am for approximately 20,000 hectares of irrigated farmland top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |url=http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |title=Zambia Sugar Plc Annual Report 2014 |date=2014 |publisher=Zambia Sugar Plc |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033749/http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

North of de Kafue Flats, Consolidated Farming Ltd., a Zambian company, dey produce sugar under de Kafue Sugar brand from a 9,000-hectare estate pumping water from de Kafue Flats.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Commercial Farming |url=http://www.sabletransport.com/farming.html |website=sabletransport.com |publisher=Sable Transport}}&lt;/ref&gt; To de east of Consolidated Farming, de Chiansi irrigation scheme dey grow wheat den oda irrigated crops for 200 hectares top plus plans to expand to 2,500 hectares.  

== Ecology ==
De Kafue Flats dey consist of a complex pattern of [[:en:Floodplain|floodplain]], [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]], [[:en:Ox-bow_lake|ox-bow lakes]], wey dey abandon river channels, [[:en:Marsh|marshes]] den [[:en:Levee|levees]] wey grasslands den woodlands surround am.

De flats dey comprise two [[:en:Ecoregion|ecoregions]]. De central seasonally- den permanently flooded areas be part of de [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|Zambezian flooded grasslands]] ecoregion, den de surrounding grasslands de woodlands be for de [[:en:Zambezian_and_mopane_woodlands|Zambezian den mopane woodlands]] ecoregion insyd. 

De soils of de flats dey heavy for texture insyd den dey tend to crack widely wen dry, wey e becam very sticky den plastic wen wet. Dem soils be mainly black anaa dark gray den produce an irregular surface relief known as [[:en:Gilgai|gilgai]] wey e consist of a series of small ridges wey dey stand 20–60&amp;#x20;cm above circular depressions about 2–7 meters for diameter insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot; /&gt; 

=== Vegetation ===
De main vegetation types of de Kafue Flats be [[:en:Woodland|woodland]] ([[:en:Miombo|miombo]], [[:en:Mopane|mopane]], [[:en:Acacia|Acacia]], den ''[[:en:Combretum|Combretum]]''), [[:en:Termitaria|termitaria]] grassland, flooded grasslands, permanent swamps den levees den lagoons.

=== Wildlife ===
[[File:Wattled_Crane_1400.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wattled_Crane_1400.jpg|right|thumb|Wattled crane.]]De [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]] (''Kobus leche kafuensis''), an antelope wey dem specialise give dey live for de marshy conditions of de flats insyd, be endemic to de area. Dem estimate dem to be 250,000 lechwe wey dey live for de Kafue Flats for 1931 insyd, one of de highest animals wey dey carry capacities for de world insyd at 11,000 kg/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (63,000 lb/sq mi). 

By 2005 dem estimate de nomba of lechwe to already fall to 38,000, a nomba wey remain mostly stable until de next census wey dem complete am for 2009 insyd. Dem already attribute de declining nombas of Kafue lechwe to de building of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] den subsequent change for intensity den timing of flooding insyd as well as illegal poaching den de pressures of rising nombas of pippoe den cattle.  

== References ==</text>
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De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obrdlik |first1=P |last2=Mumeka |first2=A |last3=Kasonde |first3=J.M. |date=1989 |title=Regulated Rivers in Zambia - The Case Study of the Kafue River |journal=Regulated Rivers: Research and Management |volume=3 |pages=371–380 |doi=10.1002/rrr.3450030135}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mumba |first1=M |last2=Thompson |first2=J.R. |date=2005 |title=Hydrological and ecological impacts of dams on the Kafue Flats floodplain system, southern Zambia |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=30 |issue=6–7 |pages=442–447 |bibcode=2005PCE....30..442M |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.009}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam dey very different to de historical flows wey dem experience within de Kafue River plus de smooth annual rise den fall for discharge insyd wey dem already replace am by sudden increases as dem release large volumes of water from de dam. A substantial discharge rydee dem maintain am thruout de dry season whereas naturally dem associate dis period plus lower river flows. Although dem go fi already reduce maximum floods as a result of de dam, de almost year-round dey release means dat parts of de flats, for instance Chunga Lagoon, rydee e remain permanently flooded. In addition, de Kafue Gorge Dam create a large reservoir wey e back up into de eastern end of de flats wey e lead to areas of permanent inundation.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot; /&gt;

== Protected areas ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Kafue Flats dey include two [[:en:National_parks|national parks]] ([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category II [[:en:Protected_area|protected areas]]), de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]]. Dem establish both parks for de 1970s insyd for land wey dem formerly use give cattle ranching top. De 428 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (165 sq mi) Lochinvar National Park, famous give large nombas of [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]], wey dey sit south of de Kafue River den e be accessible from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Livingstone,_Zambia|Livingstone]] road at [[:en:Monze|Monze]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lochinvar National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/lochinvar-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lochinvar National Park get one of de highest nombas of vulnerable wattled crane for Africa insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands - Fafue Flats |author=Zambia Wildlife Authority |date=2006 |publisher=Ramsar |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003321/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Blue Lagoon National Park, north of de Kafue, dem fi access am from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Mongu|Mongu]] road west of Lusaka. De 500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (190 sq mi) park be home to a large abundance den variety of waterbirds as well as [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|lechwe]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Zebra|zebra]] den [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Blue Lagoon National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/blue-lagoon-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{convert|6000|km2}} of de Kafue Flats outside of dem cover de two national parks by de Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA)([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category VI [[:en:Protected_area|protected area]]). De GMA dey afford protection to de environment den wildlife whilst still e dey allow give de sustainable use of natural resources.    

Dem enter de Kafue Flats onto de [[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar]] list of Wetlands of International Importance for 1991 insyd wey e cover an area of 6,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,300 sq mi) coincident plus de Kafue Flats GMA.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_zambia&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Zambia |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list-anno-zambia/main/ramsar/1-31-218%5E15789_4000_0__ |access-date=23 August 2014 |website=ramsar.org |publisher=The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|De Kafue Flats, [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]], [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA).]]

== Agriculture ==
De land around de Kafue Flats be an important agricultural area for [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] insyd. As well as supporting a large number of subsistence den small-scale farmers, de flats sanso be a source of irrigation water give three large commercial farming operations wey concentrate around de eastern end of de flats. 

De oldest commercial farming operation for de Kafue Flats top be de [[:en:Nakambala|Nakambala]] Sugar Estate wey dem locate am for de southern edge of de flats top at [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]]. De Nakambala estate, wey [[:en:Zambia_Sugar|Zambia Sugar]] Plc a subsidiary of South African company [[:en:Illovo_Sugar|Illovo Sugar]] own am, along plus outgrowers den [[:en:Smallholding|smallholder]] farmers be de largest sugar producer for Zambia insyd den dem operate am for approximately 20,000 hectares of irrigated farmland top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |url=http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |title=Zambia Sugar Plc Annual Report 2014 |date=2014 |publisher=Zambia Sugar Plc |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033749/http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

North of de Kafue Flats, Consolidated Farming Ltd., a Zambian company, dey produce sugar under de Kafue Sugar brand from a 9,000-hectare estate pumping water from de Kafue Flats.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Commercial Farming |url=http://www.sabletransport.com/farming.html |website=sabletransport.com |publisher=Sable Transport}}&lt;/ref&gt; To de east of Consolidated Farming, de Chiansi irrigation scheme dey grow wheat den oda irrigated crops for 200 hectares top plus plans to expand to 2,500 hectares.  

== Ecology ==
De Kafue Flats dey consist of a complex pattern of [[:en:Floodplain|floodplain]], [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]], [[:en:Ox-bow_lake|ox-bow lakes]], wey dey abandon river channels, [[:en:Marsh|marshes]] den [[:en:Levee|levees]] wey grasslands den woodlands surround am.

De flats dey comprise two [[:en:Ecoregion|ecoregions]]. De central seasonally- den permanently flooded areas be part of de [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|Zambezian flooded grasslands]] ecoregion, den de surrounding grasslands de woodlands be for de [[:en:Zambezian_and_mopane_woodlands|Zambezian den mopane woodlands]] ecoregion insyd. 

De soils of de flats dey heavy for texture insyd den dey tend to crack widely wen dry, wey e becam very sticky den plastic wen wet. Dem soils be mainly black anaa dark gray den produce an irregular surface relief known as [[:en:Gilgai|gilgai]] wey e consist of a series of small ridges wey dey stand 20–60&amp;#x20;cm above circular depressions about 2–7 meters for diameter insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot; /&gt; 

=== Vegetation ===
De main vegetation types of de Kafue Flats be [[:en:Woodland|woodland]] ([[:en:Miombo|miombo]], [[:en:Mopane|mopane]], [[:en:Acacia|Acacia]], den ''[[:en:Combretum|Combretum]]''), [[:en:Termitaria|termitaria]] grassland, flooded grasslands, permanent swamps den levees den lagoons.

=== Wildlife ===
[[File:Wattled_Crane_1400.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wattled_Crane_1400.jpg|right|thumb|Wattled crane.]]De [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]] (''Kobus leche kafuensis''), an antelope wey dem specialise give dey live for de marshy conditions of de flats insyd, be endemic to de area. Dem estimate dem to be 250,000 lechwe wey dey live for de Kafue Flats for 1931 insyd, one of de highest animals wey dey carry capacities for de world insyd at 11,000 kg/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (63,000 lb/sq mi). 

By 2005 dem estimate de nomba of lechwe to already fall to 38,000, a nomba wey remain mostly stable until de next census wey dem complete am for 2009 insyd. Dem already attribute de declining nombas of Kafue lechwe to de building of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] den subsequent change for intensity den timing of flooding insyd as well as illegal poaching den de pressures of rising nombas of pippoe den cattle.  

Along plus lechwe, [[:en:Grant's_zebra|Grant]] [[:en:Grant's_zebra|ein zebras]] be de dominant species of large mammal wey dem find for de flats insyd.   

== References ==</text>
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De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obrdlik |first1=P |last2=Mumeka |first2=A |last3=Kasonde |first3=J.M. |date=1989 |title=Regulated Rivers in Zambia - The Case Study of the Kafue River |journal=Regulated Rivers: Research and Management |volume=3 |pages=371–380 |doi=10.1002/rrr.3450030135}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mumba |first1=M |last2=Thompson |first2=J.R. |date=2005 |title=Hydrological and ecological impacts of dams on the Kafue Flats floodplain system, southern Zambia |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=30 |issue=6–7 |pages=442–447 |bibcode=2005PCE....30..442M |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.009}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam dey very different to de historical flows wey dem experience within de Kafue River plus de smooth annual rise den fall for discharge insyd wey dem already replace am by sudden increases as dem release large volumes of water from de dam. A substantial discharge rydee dem maintain am thruout de dry season whereas naturally dem associate dis period plus lower river flows. Although dem go fi already reduce maximum floods as a result of de dam, de almost year-round dey release means dat parts of de flats, for instance Chunga Lagoon, rydee e remain permanently flooded. In addition, de Kafue Gorge Dam create a large reservoir wey e back up into de eastern end of de flats wey e lead to areas of permanent inundation.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot; /&gt;

== Protected areas ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Kafue Flats dey include two [[:en:National_parks|national parks]] ([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category II [[:en:Protected_area|protected areas]]), de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]]. Dem establish both parks for de 1970s insyd for land wey dem formerly use give cattle ranching top. De 428 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (165 sq mi) Lochinvar National Park, famous give large nombas of [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]], wey dey sit south of de Kafue River den e be accessible from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Livingstone,_Zambia|Livingstone]] road at [[:en:Monze|Monze]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lochinvar National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/lochinvar-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lochinvar National Park get one of de highest nombas of vulnerable wattled crane for Africa insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands - Fafue Flats |author=Zambia Wildlife Authority |date=2006 |publisher=Ramsar |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003321/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Blue Lagoon National Park, north of de Kafue, dem fi access am from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Mongu|Mongu]] road west of Lusaka. De 500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (190 sq mi) park be home to a large abundance den variety of waterbirds as well as [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|lechwe]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Zebra|zebra]] den [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Blue Lagoon National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/blue-lagoon-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{convert|6000|km2}} of de Kafue Flats outside of dem cover de two national parks by de Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA)([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category VI [[:en:Protected_area|protected area]]). De GMA dey afford protection to de environment den wildlife whilst still e dey allow give de sustainable use of natural resources.    

Dem enter de Kafue Flats onto de [[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar]] list of Wetlands of International Importance for 1991 insyd wey e cover an area of 6,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,300 sq mi) coincident plus de Kafue Flats GMA.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_zambia&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Zambia |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list-anno-zambia/main/ramsar/1-31-218%5E15789_4000_0__ |access-date=23 August 2014 |website=ramsar.org |publisher=The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|De Kafue Flats, [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]], [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA).]]

== Agriculture ==
De land around de Kafue Flats be an important agricultural area for [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] insyd. As well as supporting a large number of subsistence den small-scale farmers, de flats sanso be a source of irrigation water give three large commercial farming operations wey concentrate around de eastern end of de flats. 

De oldest commercial farming operation for de Kafue Flats top be de [[:en:Nakambala|Nakambala]] Sugar Estate wey dem locate am for de southern edge of de flats top at [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]]. De Nakambala estate, wey [[:en:Zambia_Sugar|Zambia Sugar]] Plc a subsidiary of South African company [[:en:Illovo_Sugar|Illovo Sugar]] own am, along plus outgrowers den [[:en:Smallholding|smallholder]] farmers be de largest sugar producer for Zambia insyd den dem operate am for approximately 20,000 hectares of irrigated farmland top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |url=http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |title=Zambia Sugar Plc Annual Report 2014 |date=2014 |publisher=Zambia Sugar Plc |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033749/http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

North of de Kafue Flats, Consolidated Farming Ltd., a Zambian company, dey produce sugar under de Kafue Sugar brand from a 9,000-hectare estate pumping water from de Kafue Flats.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Commercial Farming |url=http://www.sabletransport.com/farming.html |website=sabletransport.com |publisher=Sable Transport}}&lt;/ref&gt; To de east of Consolidated Farming, de Chiansi irrigation scheme dey grow wheat den oda irrigated crops for 200 hectares top plus plans to expand to 2,500 hectares.  

== Ecology ==
De Kafue Flats dey consist of a complex pattern of [[:en:Floodplain|floodplain]], [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]], [[:en:Ox-bow_lake|ox-bow lakes]], wey dey abandon river channels, [[:en:Marsh|marshes]] den [[:en:Levee|levees]] wey grasslands den woodlands surround am.

De flats dey comprise two [[:en:Ecoregion|ecoregions]]. De central seasonally- den permanently flooded areas be part of de [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|Zambezian flooded grasslands]] ecoregion, den de surrounding grasslands de woodlands be for de [[:en:Zambezian_and_mopane_woodlands|Zambezian den mopane woodlands]] ecoregion insyd. 

De soils of de flats dey heavy for texture insyd den dey tend to crack widely wen dry, wey e becam very sticky den plastic wen wet. Dem soils be mainly black anaa dark gray den produce an irregular surface relief known as [[:en:Gilgai|gilgai]] wey e consist of a series of small ridges wey dey stand 20–60&amp;#x20;cm above circular depressions about 2–7 meters for diameter insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot; /&gt; 

=== Vegetation ===
De main vegetation types of de Kafue Flats be [[:en:Woodland|woodland]] ([[:en:Miombo|miombo]], [[:en:Mopane|mopane]], [[:en:Acacia|Acacia]], den ''[[:en:Combretum|Combretum]]''), [[:en:Termitaria|termitaria]] grassland, flooded grasslands, permanent swamps den levees den lagoons.

=== Wildlife ===
[[File:Wattled_Crane_1400.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wattled_Crane_1400.jpg|right|thumb|Wattled crane.]]De [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]] (''Kobus leche kafuensis''), an antelope wey dem specialise give dey live for de marshy conditions of de flats insyd, be endemic to de area. Dem estimate dem to be 250,000 lechwe wey dey live for de Kafue Flats for 1931 insyd, one of de highest animals wey dey carry capacities for de world insyd at 11,000 kg/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (63,000 lb/sq mi). 

By 2005 dem estimate de nomba of lechwe to already fall to 38,000, a nomba wey remain mostly stable until de next census wey dem complete am for 2009 insyd. Dem already attribute de declining nombas of Kafue lechwe to de building of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] den subsequent change for intensity den timing of flooding insyd as well as illegal poaching den de pressures of rising nombas of pippoe den cattle.  

Along plus lechwe, [[:en:Grant's_zebra|Grant]] [[:en:Grant's_zebra|ein zebras]] be de dominant species of large mammal wey dem find for de flats insyd. [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|Blue wildebeest]], [[:en:African_buffalo|Cape buffalo]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippo]] dey present for limited nombas insyd particularly for den around de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] insyd den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]].   

== References ==</text>
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De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obrdlik |first1=P |last2=Mumeka |first2=A |last3=Kasonde |first3=J.M. |date=1989 |title=Regulated Rivers in Zambia - The Case Study of the Kafue River |journal=Regulated Rivers: Research and Management |volume=3 |pages=371–380 |doi=10.1002/rrr.3450030135}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mumba |first1=M |last2=Thompson |first2=J.R. |date=2005 |title=Hydrological and ecological impacts of dams on the Kafue Flats floodplain system, southern Zambia |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=30 |issue=6–7 |pages=442–447 |bibcode=2005PCE....30..442M |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.009}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam dey very different to de historical flows wey dem experience within de Kafue River plus de smooth annual rise den fall for discharge insyd wey dem already replace am by sudden increases as dem release large volumes of water from de dam. A substantial discharge rydee dem maintain am thruout de dry season whereas naturally dem associate dis period plus lower river flows. Although dem go fi already reduce maximum floods as a result of de dam, de almost year-round dey release means dat parts of de flats, for instance Chunga Lagoon, rydee e remain permanently flooded. In addition, de Kafue Gorge Dam create a large reservoir wey e back up into de eastern end of de flats wey e lead to areas of permanent inundation.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot; /&gt;

== Protected areas ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Kafue Flats dey include two [[:en:National_parks|national parks]] ([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category II [[:en:Protected_area|protected areas]]), de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]]. Dem establish both parks for de 1970s insyd for land wey dem formerly use give cattle ranching top. De 428 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (165 sq mi) Lochinvar National Park, famous give large nombas of [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]], wey dey sit south of de Kafue River den e be accessible from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Livingstone,_Zambia|Livingstone]] road at [[:en:Monze|Monze]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lochinvar National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/lochinvar-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lochinvar National Park get one of de highest nombas of vulnerable wattled crane for Africa insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands - Fafue Flats |author=Zambia Wildlife Authority |date=2006 |publisher=Ramsar |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003321/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Blue Lagoon National Park, north of de Kafue, dem fi access am from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Mongu|Mongu]] road west of Lusaka. De 500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (190 sq mi) park be home to a large abundance den variety of waterbirds as well as [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|lechwe]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Zebra|zebra]] den [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Blue Lagoon National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/blue-lagoon-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{convert|6000|km2}} of de Kafue Flats outside of dem cover de two national parks by de Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA)([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category VI [[:en:Protected_area|protected area]]). De GMA dey afford protection to de environment den wildlife whilst still e dey allow give de sustainable use of natural resources.    

Dem enter de Kafue Flats onto de [[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar]] list of Wetlands of International Importance for 1991 insyd wey e cover an area of 6,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,300 sq mi) coincident plus de Kafue Flats GMA.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_zambia&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Zambia |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list-anno-zambia/main/ramsar/1-31-218%5E15789_4000_0__ |access-date=23 August 2014 |website=ramsar.org |publisher=The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|De Kafue Flats, [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]], [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA).]]

== Agriculture ==
De land around de Kafue Flats be an important agricultural area for [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] insyd. As well as supporting a large number of subsistence den small-scale farmers, de flats sanso be a source of irrigation water give three large commercial farming operations wey concentrate around de eastern end of de flats. 

De oldest commercial farming operation for de Kafue Flats top be de [[:en:Nakambala|Nakambala]] Sugar Estate wey dem locate am for de southern edge of de flats top at [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]]. De Nakambala estate, wey [[:en:Zambia_Sugar|Zambia Sugar]] Plc a subsidiary of South African company [[:en:Illovo_Sugar|Illovo Sugar]] own am, along plus outgrowers den [[:en:Smallholding|smallholder]] farmers be de largest sugar producer for Zambia insyd den dem operate am for approximately 20,000 hectares of irrigated farmland top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |url=http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |title=Zambia Sugar Plc Annual Report 2014 |date=2014 |publisher=Zambia Sugar Plc |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033749/http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

North of de Kafue Flats, Consolidated Farming Ltd., a Zambian company, dey produce sugar under de Kafue Sugar brand from a 9,000-hectare estate pumping water from de Kafue Flats.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Commercial Farming |url=http://www.sabletransport.com/farming.html |website=sabletransport.com |publisher=Sable Transport}}&lt;/ref&gt; To de east of Consolidated Farming, de Chiansi irrigation scheme dey grow wheat den oda irrigated crops for 200 hectares top plus plans to expand to 2,500 hectares.  

== Ecology ==
De Kafue Flats dey consist of a complex pattern of [[:en:Floodplain|floodplain]], [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]], [[:en:Ox-bow_lake|ox-bow lakes]], wey dey abandon river channels, [[:en:Marsh|marshes]] den [[:en:Levee|levees]] wey grasslands den woodlands surround am.

De flats dey comprise two [[:en:Ecoregion|ecoregions]]. De central seasonally- den permanently flooded areas be part of de [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|Zambezian flooded grasslands]] ecoregion, den de surrounding grasslands de woodlands be for de [[:en:Zambezian_and_mopane_woodlands|Zambezian den mopane woodlands]] ecoregion insyd. 

De soils of de flats dey heavy for texture insyd den dey tend to crack widely wen dry, wey e becam very sticky den plastic wen wet. Dem soils be mainly black anaa dark gray den produce an irregular surface relief known as [[:en:Gilgai|gilgai]] wey e consist of a series of small ridges wey dey stand 20–60&amp;#x20;cm above circular depressions about 2–7 meters for diameter insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot; /&gt; 

=== Vegetation ===
De main vegetation types of de Kafue Flats be [[:en:Woodland|woodland]] ([[:en:Miombo|miombo]], [[:en:Mopane|mopane]], [[:en:Acacia|Acacia]], den ''[[:en:Combretum|Combretum]]''), [[:en:Termitaria|termitaria]] grassland, flooded grasslands, permanent swamps den levees den lagoons.

=== Wildlife ===
[[File:Wattled_Crane_1400.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wattled_Crane_1400.jpg|right|thumb|Wattled crane.]]De [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]] (''Kobus leche kafuensis''), an antelope wey dem specialise give dey live for de marshy conditions of de flats insyd, be endemic to de area. Dem estimate dem to be 250,000 lechwe wey dey live for de Kafue Flats for 1931 insyd, one of de highest animals wey dey carry capacities for de world insyd at 11,000 kg/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (63,000 lb/sq mi).&lt;ref name=&quot;Schuster&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Schuster |first1=Richard |date=1980 |title=Will the Kafue Lechwe Survive the Kafue Dams? |journal=Oryx |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=476–489 |doi=10.1017/s0030605300029203 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

By 2005 dem estimate de nomba of lechwe to already fall to 38,000, a nomba wey remain mostly stable until de next census wey dem complete am for 2009 insyd. Dem already attribute de declining nombas of Kafue lechwe to de building of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] den subsequent change for intensity den timing of flooding insyd as well as illegal poaching den de pressures of rising nombas of pippoe den cattle.  

Along plus lechwe, [[:en:Grant's_zebra|Grant]] [[:en:Grant's_zebra|ein zebras]] be de dominant species of large mammal wey dem find for de flats insyd. [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|Blue wildebeest]], [[:en:African_buffalo|Cape buffalo]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippo]] dey present for limited nombas insyd particularly for den around de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] insyd den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]].   

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>6l663n3g4w2v24wfk263ppzuj255hi2</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>103071</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="17267" sha1="sep0fejbfefnexgqqfva9a882ddb092" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obrdlik |first1=P |last2=Mumeka |first2=A |last3=Kasonde |first3=J.M. |date=1989 |title=Regulated Rivers in Zambia - The Case Study of the Kafue River |journal=Regulated Rivers: Research and Management |volume=3 |pages=371–380 |doi=10.1002/rrr.3450030135}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mumba |first1=M |last2=Thompson |first2=J.R. |date=2005 |title=Hydrological and ecological impacts of dams on the Kafue Flats floodplain system, southern Zambia |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=30 |issue=6–7 |pages=442–447 |bibcode=2005PCE....30..442M |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.009}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam dey very different to de historical flows wey dem experience within de Kafue River plus de smooth annual rise den fall for discharge insyd wey dem already replace am by sudden increases as dem release large volumes of water from de dam. A substantial discharge rydee dem maintain am thruout de dry season whereas naturally dem associate dis period plus lower river flows. Although dem go fi already reduce maximum floods as a result of de dam, de almost year-round dey release means dat parts of de flats, for instance Chunga Lagoon, rydee e remain permanently flooded. In addition, de Kafue Gorge Dam create a large reservoir wey e back up into de eastern end of de flats wey e lead to areas of permanent inundation.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot; /&gt;

== Protected areas ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Kafue Flats dey include two [[:en:National_parks|national parks]] ([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category II [[:en:Protected_area|protected areas]]), de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]]. Dem establish both parks for de 1970s insyd for land wey dem formerly use give cattle ranching top. De 428 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (165 sq mi) Lochinvar National Park, famous give large nombas of [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]], wey dey sit south of de Kafue River den e be accessible from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Livingstone,_Zambia|Livingstone]] road at [[:en:Monze|Monze]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lochinvar National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/lochinvar-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lochinvar National Park get one of de highest nombas of vulnerable wattled crane for Africa insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands - Fafue Flats |author=Zambia Wildlife Authority |date=2006 |publisher=Ramsar |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003321/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Blue Lagoon National Park, north of de Kafue, dem fi access am from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Mongu|Mongu]] road west of Lusaka. De 500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (190 sq mi) park be home to a large abundance den variety of waterbirds as well as [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|lechwe]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Zebra|zebra]] den [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Blue Lagoon National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/blue-lagoon-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{convert|6000|km2}} of de Kafue Flats outside of dem cover de two national parks by de Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA)([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category VI [[:en:Protected_area|protected area]]). De GMA dey afford protection to de environment den wildlife whilst still e dey allow give de sustainable use of natural resources.    

Dem enter de Kafue Flats onto de [[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar]] list of Wetlands of International Importance for 1991 insyd wey e cover an area of 6,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,300 sq mi) coincident plus de Kafue Flats GMA.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_zambia&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Zambia |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list-anno-zambia/main/ramsar/1-31-218%5E15789_4000_0__ |access-date=23 August 2014 |website=ramsar.org |publisher=The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|De Kafue Flats, [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]], [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA).]]

== Agriculture ==
De land around de Kafue Flats be an important agricultural area for [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] insyd. As well as supporting a large number of subsistence den small-scale farmers, de flats sanso be a source of irrigation water give three large commercial farming operations wey concentrate around de eastern end of de flats. 

De oldest commercial farming operation for de Kafue Flats top be de [[:en:Nakambala|Nakambala]] Sugar Estate wey dem locate am for de southern edge of de flats top at [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]]. De Nakambala estate, wey [[:en:Zambia_Sugar|Zambia Sugar]] Plc a subsidiary of South African company [[:en:Illovo_Sugar|Illovo Sugar]] own am, along plus outgrowers den [[:en:Smallholding|smallholder]] farmers be de largest sugar producer for Zambia insyd den dem operate am for approximately 20,000 hectares of irrigated farmland top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |url=http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |title=Zambia Sugar Plc Annual Report 2014 |date=2014 |publisher=Zambia Sugar Plc |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033749/http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

North of de Kafue Flats, Consolidated Farming Ltd., a Zambian company, dey produce sugar under de Kafue Sugar brand from a 9,000-hectare estate pumping water from de Kafue Flats.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Commercial Farming |url=http://www.sabletransport.com/farming.html |website=sabletransport.com |publisher=Sable Transport}}&lt;/ref&gt; To de east of Consolidated Farming, de Chiansi irrigation scheme dey grow wheat den oda irrigated crops for 200 hectares top plus plans to expand to 2,500 hectares.  

== Ecology ==
De Kafue Flats dey consist of a complex pattern of [[:en:Floodplain|floodplain]], [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]], [[:en:Ox-bow_lake|ox-bow lakes]], wey dey abandon river channels, [[:en:Marsh|marshes]] den [[:en:Levee|levees]] wey grasslands den woodlands surround am.

De flats dey comprise two [[:en:Ecoregion|ecoregions]]. De central seasonally- den permanently flooded areas be part of de [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|Zambezian flooded grasslands]] ecoregion, den de surrounding grasslands de woodlands be for de [[:en:Zambezian_and_mopane_woodlands|Zambezian den mopane woodlands]] ecoregion insyd. 

De soils of de flats dey heavy for texture insyd den dey tend to crack widely wen dry, wey e becam very sticky den plastic wen wet. Dem soils be mainly black anaa dark gray den produce an irregular surface relief known as [[:en:Gilgai|gilgai]] wey e consist of a series of small ridges wey dey stand 20–60&amp;#x20;cm above circular depressions about 2–7 meters for diameter insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot; /&gt; 

=== Vegetation ===
De main vegetation types of de Kafue Flats be [[:en:Woodland|woodland]] ([[:en:Miombo|miombo]], [[:en:Mopane|mopane]], [[:en:Acacia|Acacia]], den ''[[:en:Combretum|Combretum]]''), [[:en:Termitaria|termitaria]] grassland, flooded grasslands, permanent swamps den levees den lagoons.

=== Wildlife ===
[[File:Wattled_Crane_1400.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wattled_Crane_1400.jpg|right|thumb|Wattled crane.]]De [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]] (''Kobus leche kafuensis''), an antelope wey dem specialise give dey live for de marshy conditions of de flats insyd, be endemic to de area. Dem estimate dem to be 250,000 lechwe wey dey live for de Kafue Flats for 1931 insyd, one of de highest animals wey dey carry capacities for de world insyd at 11,000 kg/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (63,000 lb/sq mi).&lt;ref name=&quot;Schuster&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Schuster |first1=Richard |date=1980 |title=Will the Kafue Lechwe Survive the Kafue Dams? |journal=Oryx |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=476–489 |doi=10.1017/s0030605300029203 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

By 2005 dem estimate de nomba of lechwe to already fall to 38,000, a nomba wey remain mostly stable until de next census wey dem complete am for 2009 insyd. Dem already attribute de declining nombas of Kafue lechwe to de building of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] den subsequent change for intensity den timing of flooding insyd as well as illegal poaching den de pressures of rising nombas of pippoe den cattle.  

Along plus lechwe, [[:en:Grant's_zebra|Grant]] [[:en:Grant's_zebra|ein zebras]] be de dominant species of large mammal wey dem find for de flats insyd. [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|Blue wildebeest]], [[:en:African_buffalo|Cape buffalo]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippo]] dey present for limited nombas insyd particularly for den around de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] insyd den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot; /&gt;   

== References ==</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="17579" sha1="2himryhtjivuwo32lquqfoy1i5k7l9j" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obrdlik |first1=P |last2=Mumeka |first2=A |last3=Kasonde |first3=J.M. |date=1989 |title=Regulated Rivers in Zambia - The Case Study of the Kafue River |journal=Regulated Rivers: Research and Management |volume=3 |pages=371–380 |doi=10.1002/rrr.3450030135}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mumba |first1=M |last2=Thompson |first2=J.R. |date=2005 |title=Hydrological and ecological impacts of dams on the Kafue Flats floodplain system, southern Zambia |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=30 |issue=6–7 |pages=442–447 |bibcode=2005PCE....30..442M |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.009}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam dey very different to de historical flows wey dem experience within de Kafue River plus de smooth annual rise den fall for discharge insyd wey dem already replace am by sudden increases as dem release large volumes of water from de dam. A substantial discharge rydee dem maintain am thruout de dry season whereas naturally dem associate dis period plus lower river flows. Although dem go fi already reduce maximum floods as a result of de dam, de almost year-round dey release means dat parts of de flats, for instance Chunga Lagoon, rydee e remain permanently flooded. In addition, de Kafue Gorge Dam create a large reservoir wey e back up into de eastern end of de flats wey e lead to areas of permanent inundation.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot; /&gt;

== Protected areas ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Kafue Flats dey include two [[:en:National_parks|national parks]] ([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category II [[:en:Protected_area|protected areas]]), de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]]. Dem establish both parks for de 1970s insyd for land wey dem formerly use give cattle ranching top. De 428 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (165 sq mi) Lochinvar National Park, famous give large nombas of [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]], wey dey sit south of de Kafue River den e be accessible from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Livingstone,_Zambia|Livingstone]] road at [[:en:Monze|Monze]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lochinvar National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/lochinvar-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lochinvar National Park get one of de highest nombas of vulnerable wattled crane for Africa insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands - Fafue Flats |author=Zambia Wildlife Authority |date=2006 |publisher=Ramsar |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003321/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Blue Lagoon National Park, north of de Kafue, dem fi access am from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Mongu|Mongu]] road west of Lusaka. De 500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (190 sq mi) park be home to a large abundance den variety of waterbirds as well as [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|lechwe]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Zebra|zebra]] den [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Blue Lagoon National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/blue-lagoon-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{convert|6000|km2}} of de Kafue Flats outside of dem cover de two national parks by de Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA)([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category VI [[:en:Protected_area|protected area]]). De GMA dey afford protection to de environment den wildlife whilst still e dey allow give de sustainable use of natural resources.    

Dem enter de Kafue Flats onto de [[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar]] list of Wetlands of International Importance for 1991 insyd wey e cover an area of 6,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,300 sq mi) coincident plus de Kafue Flats GMA.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_zambia&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Zambia |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list-anno-zambia/main/ramsar/1-31-218%5E15789_4000_0__ |access-date=23 August 2014 |website=ramsar.org |publisher=The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|De Kafue Flats, [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]], [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA).]]

== Agriculture ==
De land around de Kafue Flats be an important agricultural area for [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] insyd. As well as supporting a large number of subsistence den small-scale farmers, de flats sanso be a source of irrigation water give three large commercial farming operations wey concentrate around de eastern end of de flats. 

De oldest commercial farming operation for de Kafue Flats top be de [[:en:Nakambala|Nakambala]] Sugar Estate wey dem locate am for de southern edge of de flats top at [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]]. De Nakambala estate, wey [[:en:Zambia_Sugar|Zambia Sugar]] Plc a subsidiary of South African company [[:en:Illovo_Sugar|Illovo Sugar]] own am, along plus outgrowers den [[:en:Smallholding|smallholder]] farmers be de largest sugar producer for Zambia insyd den dem operate am for approximately 20,000 hectares of irrigated farmland top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |url=http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |title=Zambia Sugar Plc Annual Report 2014 |date=2014 |publisher=Zambia Sugar Plc |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033749/http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

North of de Kafue Flats, Consolidated Farming Ltd., a Zambian company, dey produce sugar under de Kafue Sugar brand from a 9,000-hectare estate pumping water from de Kafue Flats.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Commercial Farming |url=http://www.sabletransport.com/farming.html |website=sabletransport.com |publisher=Sable Transport}}&lt;/ref&gt; To de east of Consolidated Farming, de Chiansi irrigation scheme dey grow wheat den oda irrigated crops for 200 hectares top plus plans to expand to 2,500 hectares.  

== Ecology ==
De Kafue Flats dey consist of a complex pattern of [[:en:Floodplain|floodplain]], [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]], [[:en:Ox-bow_lake|ox-bow lakes]], wey dey abandon river channels, [[:en:Marsh|marshes]] den [[:en:Levee|levees]] wey grasslands den woodlands surround am.

De flats dey comprise two [[:en:Ecoregion|ecoregions]]. De central seasonally- den permanently flooded areas be part of de [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|Zambezian flooded grasslands]] ecoregion, den de surrounding grasslands de woodlands be for de [[:en:Zambezian_and_mopane_woodlands|Zambezian den mopane woodlands]] ecoregion insyd. 

De soils of de flats dey heavy for texture insyd den dey tend to crack widely wen dry, wey e becam very sticky den plastic wen wet. Dem soils be mainly black anaa dark gray den produce an irregular surface relief known as [[:en:Gilgai|gilgai]] wey e consist of a series of small ridges wey dey stand 20–60&amp;#x20;cm above circular depressions about 2–7 meters for diameter insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot; /&gt; 

=== Vegetation ===
De main vegetation types of de Kafue Flats be [[:en:Woodland|woodland]] ([[:en:Miombo|miombo]], [[:en:Mopane|mopane]], [[:en:Acacia|Acacia]], den ''[[:en:Combretum|Combretum]]''), [[:en:Termitaria|termitaria]] grassland, flooded grasslands, permanent swamps den levees den lagoons.

=== Wildlife ===
[[File:Wattled_Crane_1400.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wattled_Crane_1400.jpg|right|thumb|Wattled crane.]]De [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]] (''Kobus leche kafuensis''), an antelope wey dem specialise give dey live for de marshy conditions of de flats insyd, be endemic to de area. Dem estimate dem to be 250,000 lechwe wey dey live for de Kafue Flats for 1931 insyd, one of de highest animals wey dey carry capacities for de world insyd at 11,000 kg/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (63,000 lb/sq mi).&lt;ref name=&quot;Schuster&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Schuster |first1=Richard |date=1980 |title=Will the Kafue Lechwe Survive the Kafue Dams? |journal=Oryx |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=476–489 |doi=10.1017/s0030605300029203 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

By 2005 dem estimate de nomba of lechwe to already fall to 38,000, a nomba wey remain mostly stable until de next census wey dem complete am for 2009 insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lechwe_Population&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chansa |first1=Wilbroad |last2=Kampamba |first2=George |date=2010 |title=The population status of the Kafue lechwe in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=837–840 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01188.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem already attribute de declining nombas of Kafue lechwe to de building of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] den subsequent change for intensity den timing of flooding insyd as well as illegal poaching den de pressures of rising nombas of pippoe den cattle.  

Along plus lechwe, [[:en:Grant's_zebra|Grant]] [[:en:Grant's_zebra|ein zebras]] be de dominant species of large mammal wey dem find for de flats insyd. [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|Blue wildebeest]], [[:en:African_buffalo|Cape buffalo]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippo]] dey present for limited nombas insyd particularly for den around de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] insyd den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot; /&gt;   

== References ==</text>
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De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obrdlik |first1=P |last2=Mumeka |first2=A |last3=Kasonde |first3=J.M. |date=1989 |title=Regulated Rivers in Zambia - The Case Study of the Kafue River |journal=Regulated Rivers: Research and Management |volume=3 |pages=371–380 |doi=10.1002/rrr.3450030135}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mumba |first1=M |last2=Thompson |first2=J.R. |date=2005 |title=Hydrological and ecological impacts of dams on the Kafue Flats floodplain system, southern Zambia |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=30 |issue=6–7 |pages=442–447 |bibcode=2005PCE....30..442M |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.009}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam dey very different to de historical flows wey dem experience within de Kafue River plus de smooth annual rise den fall for discharge insyd wey dem already replace am by sudden increases as dem release large volumes of water from de dam. A substantial discharge rydee dem maintain am thruout de dry season whereas naturally dem associate dis period plus lower river flows. Although dem go fi already reduce maximum floods as a result of de dam, de almost year-round dey release means dat parts of de flats, for instance Chunga Lagoon, rydee e remain permanently flooded. In addition, de Kafue Gorge Dam create a large reservoir wey e back up into de eastern end of de flats wey e lead to areas of permanent inundation.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot; /&gt;

== Protected areas ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Kafue Flats dey include two [[:en:National_parks|national parks]] ([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category II [[:en:Protected_area|protected areas]]), de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]]. Dem establish both parks for de 1970s insyd for land wey dem formerly use give cattle ranching top. De 428 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (165 sq mi) Lochinvar National Park, famous give large nombas of [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]], wey dey sit south of de Kafue River den e be accessible from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Livingstone,_Zambia|Livingstone]] road at [[:en:Monze|Monze]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lochinvar National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/lochinvar-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lochinvar National Park get one of de highest nombas of vulnerable wattled crane for Africa insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands - Fafue Flats |author=Zambia Wildlife Authority |date=2006 |publisher=Ramsar |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003321/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Blue Lagoon National Park, north of de Kafue, dem fi access am from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Mongu|Mongu]] road west of Lusaka. De 500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (190 sq mi) park be home to a large abundance den variety of waterbirds as well as [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|lechwe]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Zebra|zebra]] den [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Blue Lagoon National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/blue-lagoon-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{convert|6000|km2}} of de Kafue Flats outside of dem cover de two national parks by de Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA)([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category VI [[:en:Protected_area|protected area]]). De GMA dey afford protection to de environment den wildlife whilst still e dey allow give de sustainable use of natural resources.    

Dem enter de Kafue Flats onto de [[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar]] list of Wetlands of International Importance for 1991 insyd wey e cover an area of 6,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,300 sq mi) coincident plus de Kafue Flats GMA.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_zambia&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Zambia |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list-anno-zambia/main/ramsar/1-31-218%5E15789_4000_0__ |access-date=23 August 2014 |website=ramsar.org |publisher=The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|De Kafue Flats, [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]], [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA).]]

== Agriculture ==
De land around de Kafue Flats be an important agricultural area for [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] insyd. As well as supporting a large number of subsistence den small-scale farmers, de flats sanso be a source of irrigation water give three large commercial farming operations wey concentrate around de eastern end of de flats. 

De oldest commercial farming operation for de Kafue Flats top be de [[:en:Nakambala|Nakambala]] Sugar Estate wey dem locate am for de southern edge of de flats top at [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]]. De Nakambala estate, wey [[:en:Zambia_Sugar|Zambia Sugar]] Plc a subsidiary of South African company [[:en:Illovo_Sugar|Illovo Sugar]] own am, along plus outgrowers den [[:en:Smallholding|smallholder]] farmers be de largest sugar producer for Zambia insyd den dem operate am for approximately 20,000 hectares of irrigated farmland top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |url=http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |title=Zambia Sugar Plc Annual Report 2014 |date=2014 |publisher=Zambia Sugar Plc |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033749/http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

North of de Kafue Flats, Consolidated Farming Ltd., a Zambian company, dey produce sugar under de Kafue Sugar brand from a 9,000-hectare estate pumping water from de Kafue Flats.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Commercial Farming |url=http://www.sabletransport.com/farming.html |website=sabletransport.com |publisher=Sable Transport}}&lt;/ref&gt; To de east of Consolidated Farming, de Chiansi irrigation scheme dey grow wheat den oda irrigated crops for 200 hectares top plus plans to expand to 2,500 hectares.  

== Ecology ==
De Kafue Flats dey consist of a complex pattern of [[:en:Floodplain|floodplain]], [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]], [[:en:Ox-bow_lake|ox-bow lakes]], wey dey abandon river channels, [[:en:Marsh|marshes]] den [[:en:Levee|levees]] wey grasslands den woodlands surround am.

De flats dey comprise two [[:en:Ecoregion|ecoregions]]. De central seasonally- den permanently flooded areas be part of de [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|Zambezian flooded grasslands]] ecoregion, den de surrounding grasslands de woodlands be for de [[:en:Zambezian_and_mopane_woodlands|Zambezian den mopane woodlands]] ecoregion insyd. 

De soils of de flats dey heavy for texture insyd den dey tend to crack widely wen dry, wey e becam very sticky den plastic wen wet. Dem soils be mainly black anaa dark gray den produce an irregular surface relief known as [[:en:Gilgai|gilgai]] wey e consist of a series of small ridges wey dey stand 20–60&amp;#x20;cm above circular depressions about 2–7 meters for diameter insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot; /&gt; 

=== Vegetation ===
De main vegetation types of de Kafue Flats be [[:en:Woodland|woodland]] ([[:en:Miombo|miombo]], [[:en:Mopane|mopane]], [[:en:Acacia|Acacia]], den ''[[:en:Combretum|Combretum]]''), [[:en:Termitaria|termitaria]] grassland, flooded grasslands, permanent swamps den levees den lagoons.

=== Wildlife ===
[[File:Wattled_Crane_1400.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wattled_Crane_1400.jpg|right|thumb|Wattled crane.]]De [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]] (''Kobus leche kafuensis''), an antelope wey dem specialise give dey live for de marshy conditions of de flats insyd, be endemic to de area. Dem estimate dem to be 250,000 lechwe wey dey live for de Kafue Flats for 1931 insyd, one of de highest animals wey dey carry capacities for de world insyd at 11,000 kg/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (63,000 lb/sq mi).&lt;ref name=&quot;Schuster&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Schuster |first1=Richard |date=1980 |title=Will the Kafue Lechwe Survive the Kafue Dams? |journal=Oryx |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=476–489 |doi=10.1017/s0030605300029203 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

By 2005 dem estimate de nomba of lechwe to already fall to 38,000, a nomba wey remain mostly stable until de next census wey dem complete am for 2009 insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lechwe_Population&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chansa |first1=Wilbroad |last2=Kampamba |first2=George |date=2010 |title=The population status of the Kafue lechwe in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=837–840 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01188.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem already attribute de declining nombas of Kafue lechwe to de building of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] den subsequent change for intensity den timing of flooding insyd as well as illegal poaching den de pressures of rising nombas of pippoe den cattle.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lechwe_Population&quot; /&gt;  

Along plus lechwe, [[:en:Grant's_zebra|Grant]] [[:en:Grant's_zebra|ein zebras]] be de dominant species of large mammal wey dem find for de flats insyd. [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|Blue wildebeest]], [[:en:African_buffalo|Cape buffalo]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippo]] dey present for limited nombas insyd particularly for den around de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] insyd den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot; /&gt;   

== References ==</text>
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De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obrdlik |first1=P |last2=Mumeka |first2=A |last3=Kasonde |first3=J.M. |date=1989 |title=Regulated Rivers in Zambia - The Case Study of the Kafue River |journal=Regulated Rivers: Research and Management |volume=3 |pages=371–380 |doi=10.1002/rrr.3450030135}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mumba |first1=M |last2=Thompson |first2=J.R. |date=2005 |title=Hydrological and ecological impacts of dams on the Kafue Flats floodplain system, southern Zambia |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=30 |issue=6–7 |pages=442–447 |bibcode=2005PCE....30..442M |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.009}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam dey very different to de historical flows wey dem experience within de Kafue River plus de smooth annual rise den fall for discharge insyd wey dem already replace am by sudden increases as dem release large volumes of water from de dam. A substantial discharge rydee dem maintain am thruout de dry season whereas naturally dem associate dis period plus lower river flows. Although dem go fi already reduce maximum floods as a result of de dam, de almost year-round dey release means dat parts of de flats, for instance Chunga Lagoon, rydee e remain permanently flooded. In addition, de Kafue Gorge Dam create a large reservoir wey e back up into de eastern end of de flats wey e lead to areas of permanent inundation.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot; /&gt;

== Protected areas ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Kafue Flats dey include two [[:en:National_parks|national parks]] ([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category II [[:en:Protected_area|protected areas]]), de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]]. Dem establish both parks for de 1970s insyd for land wey dem formerly use give cattle ranching top. De 428 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (165 sq mi) Lochinvar National Park, famous give large nombas of [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]], wey dey sit south of de Kafue River den e be accessible from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Livingstone,_Zambia|Livingstone]] road at [[:en:Monze|Monze]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lochinvar National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/lochinvar-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lochinvar National Park get one of de highest nombas of vulnerable wattled crane for Africa insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands - Fafue Flats |author=Zambia Wildlife Authority |date=2006 |publisher=Ramsar |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003321/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Blue Lagoon National Park, north of de Kafue, dem fi access am from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Mongu|Mongu]] road west of Lusaka. De 500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (190 sq mi) park be home to a large abundance den variety of waterbirds as well as [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|lechwe]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Zebra|zebra]] den [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Blue Lagoon National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/blue-lagoon-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{convert|6000|km2}} of de Kafue Flats outside of dem cover de two national parks by de Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA)([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category VI [[:en:Protected_area|protected area]]). De GMA dey afford protection to de environment den wildlife whilst still e dey allow give de sustainable use of natural resources.    

Dem enter de Kafue Flats onto de [[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar]] list of Wetlands of International Importance for 1991 insyd wey e cover an area of 6,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,300 sq mi) coincident plus de Kafue Flats GMA.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_zambia&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Zambia |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list-anno-zambia/main/ramsar/1-31-218%5E15789_4000_0__ |access-date=23 August 2014 |website=ramsar.org |publisher=The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|De Kafue Flats, [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]], [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA).]]

== Agriculture ==
De land around de Kafue Flats be an important agricultural area for [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] insyd. As well as supporting a large number of subsistence den small-scale farmers, de flats sanso be a source of irrigation water give three large commercial farming operations wey concentrate around de eastern end of de flats. 

De oldest commercial farming operation for de Kafue Flats top be de [[:en:Nakambala|Nakambala]] Sugar Estate wey dem locate am for de southern edge of de flats top at [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]]. De Nakambala estate, wey [[:en:Zambia_Sugar|Zambia Sugar]] Plc a subsidiary of South African company [[:en:Illovo_Sugar|Illovo Sugar]] own am, along plus outgrowers den [[:en:Smallholding|smallholder]] farmers be de largest sugar producer for Zambia insyd den dem operate am for approximately 20,000 hectares of irrigated farmland top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |url=http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |title=Zambia Sugar Plc Annual Report 2014 |date=2014 |publisher=Zambia Sugar Plc |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033749/http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

North of de Kafue Flats, Consolidated Farming Ltd., a Zambian company, dey produce sugar under de Kafue Sugar brand from a 9,000-hectare estate pumping water from de Kafue Flats.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Commercial Farming |url=http://www.sabletransport.com/farming.html |website=sabletransport.com |publisher=Sable Transport}}&lt;/ref&gt; To de east of Consolidated Farming, de Chiansi irrigation scheme dey grow wheat den oda irrigated crops for 200 hectares top plus plans to expand to 2,500 hectares.  

== Ecology ==
De Kafue Flats dey consist of a complex pattern of [[:en:Floodplain|floodplain]], [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]], [[:en:Ox-bow_lake|ox-bow lakes]], wey dey abandon river channels, [[:en:Marsh|marshes]] den [[:en:Levee|levees]] wey grasslands den woodlands surround am.

De flats dey comprise two [[:en:Ecoregion|ecoregions]]. De central seasonally- den permanently flooded areas be part of de [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|Zambezian flooded grasslands]] ecoregion, den de surrounding grasslands de woodlands be for de [[:en:Zambezian_and_mopane_woodlands|Zambezian den mopane woodlands]] ecoregion insyd. 

De soils of de flats dey heavy for texture insyd den dey tend to crack widely wen dry, wey e becam very sticky den plastic wen wet. Dem soils be mainly black anaa dark gray den produce an irregular surface relief known as [[:en:Gilgai|gilgai]] wey e consist of a series of small ridges wey dey stand 20–60&amp;#x20;cm above circular depressions about 2–7 meters for diameter insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot; /&gt; 

=== Vegetation ===
De main vegetation types of de Kafue Flats be [[:en:Woodland|woodland]] ([[:en:Miombo|miombo]], [[:en:Mopane|mopane]], [[:en:Acacia|Acacia]], den ''[[:en:Combretum|Combretum]]''), [[:en:Termitaria|termitaria]] grassland, flooded grasslands, permanent swamps den levees den lagoons.

=== Wildlife ===
[[File:Wattled_Crane_1400.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wattled_Crane_1400.jpg|right|thumb|Wattled crane.]]De [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]] (''Kobus leche kafuensis''), an antelope wey dem specialise give dey live for de marshy conditions of de flats insyd, be endemic to de area. Dem estimate dem to be 250,000 lechwe wey dey live for de Kafue Flats for 1931 insyd, one of de highest animals wey dey carry capacities for de world insyd at 11,000 kg/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (63,000 lb/sq mi).&lt;ref name=&quot;Schuster&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Schuster |first1=Richard |date=1980 |title=Will the Kafue Lechwe Survive the Kafue Dams? |journal=Oryx |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=476–489 |doi=10.1017/s0030605300029203 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

By 2005 dem estimate de nomba of lechwe to already fall to 38,000, a nomba wey remain mostly stable until de next census wey dem complete am for 2009 insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lechwe_Population&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chansa |first1=Wilbroad |last2=Kampamba |first2=George |date=2010 |title=The population status of the Kafue lechwe in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=837–840 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01188.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem already attribute de declining nombas of Kafue lechwe to de building of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] den subsequent change for intensity den timing of flooding insyd as well as illegal poaching den de pressures of rising nombas of pippoe den cattle.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lechwe_Population&quot; /&gt;  

Along plus lechwe, [[:en:Grant's_zebra|Grant]] [[:en:Grant's_zebra|ein zebras]] be de dominant species of large mammal wey dem find for de flats insyd. [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|Blue wildebeest]], [[:en:African_buffalo|Cape buffalo]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippo]] dey present for limited nombas insyd particularly for den around de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] insyd den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot; /&gt;

=== Birds ===

== References ==</text>
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De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obrdlik |first1=P |last2=Mumeka |first2=A |last3=Kasonde |first3=J.M. |date=1989 |title=Regulated Rivers in Zambia - The Case Study of the Kafue River |journal=Regulated Rivers: Research and Management |volume=3 |pages=371–380 |doi=10.1002/rrr.3450030135}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mumba |first1=M |last2=Thompson |first2=J.R. |date=2005 |title=Hydrological and ecological impacts of dams on the Kafue Flats floodplain system, southern Zambia |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=30 |issue=6–7 |pages=442–447 |bibcode=2005PCE....30..442M |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.009}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam dey very different to de historical flows wey dem experience within de Kafue River plus de smooth annual rise den fall for discharge insyd wey dem already replace am by sudden increases as dem release large volumes of water from de dam. A substantial discharge rydee dem maintain am thruout de dry season whereas naturally dem associate dis period plus lower river flows. Although dem go fi already reduce maximum floods as a result of de dam, de almost year-round dey release means dat parts of de flats, for instance Chunga Lagoon, rydee e remain permanently flooded. In addition, de Kafue Gorge Dam create a large reservoir wey e back up into de eastern end of de flats wey e lead to areas of permanent inundation.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot; /&gt;

== Protected areas ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Kafue Flats dey include two [[:en:National_parks|national parks]] ([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category II [[:en:Protected_area|protected areas]]), de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]]. Dem establish both parks for de 1970s insyd for land wey dem formerly use give cattle ranching top. De 428 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (165 sq mi) Lochinvar National Park, famous give large nombas of [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]], wey dey sit south of de Kafue River den e be accessible from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Livingstone,_Zambia|Livingstone]] road at [[:en:Monze|Monze]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lochinvar National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/lochinvar-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lochinvar National Park get one of de highest nombas of vulnerable wattled crane for Africa insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands - Fafue Flats |author=Zambia Wildlife Authority |date=2006 |publisher=Ramsar |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003321/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Blue Lagoon National Park, north of de Kafue, dem fi access am from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Mongu|Mongu]] road west of Lusaka. De 500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (190 sq mi) park be home to a large abundance den variety of waterbirds as well as [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|lechwe]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Zebra|zebra]] den [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Blue Lagoon National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/blue-lagoon-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{convert|6000|km2}} of de Kafue Flats outside of dem cover de two national parks by de Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA)([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category VI [[:en:Protected_area|protected area]]). De GMA dey afford protection to de environment den wildlife whilst still e dey allow give de sustainable use of natural resources.    

Dem enter de Kafue Flats onto de [[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar]] list of Wetlands of International Importance for 1991 insyd wey e cover an area of 6,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,300 sq mi) coincident plus de Kafue Flats GMA.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_zambia&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Zambia |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list-anno-zambia/main/ramsar/1-31-218%5E15789_4000_0__ |access-date=23 August 2014 |website=ramsar.org |publisher=The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|De Kafue Flats, [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]], [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA).]]

== Agriculture ==
De land around de Kafue Flats be an important agricultural area for [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] insyd. As well as supporting a large number of subsistence den small-scale farmers, de flats sanso be a source of irrigation water give three large commercial farming operations wey concentrate around de eastern end of de flats. 

De oldest commercial farming operation for de Kafue Flats top be de [[:en:Nakambala|Nakambala]] Sugar Estate wey dem locate am for de southern edge of de flats top at [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]]. De Nakambala estate, wey [[:en:Zambia_Sugar|Zambia Sugar]] Plc a subsidiary of South African company [[:en:Illovo_Sugar|Illovo Sugar]] own am, along plus outgrowers den [[:en:Smallholding|smallholder]] farmers be de largest sugar producer for Zambia insyd den dem operate am for approximately 20,000 hectares of irrigated farmland top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |url=http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |title=Zambia Sugar Plc Annual Report 2014 |date=2014 |publisher=Zambia Sugar Plc |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033749/http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

North of de Kafue Flats, Consolidated Farming Ltd., a Zambian company, dey produce sugar under de Kafue Sugar brand from a 9,000-hectare estate pumping water from de Kafue Flats.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Commercial Farming |url=http://www.sabletransport.com/farming.html |website=sabletransport.com |publisher=Sable Transport}}&lt;/ref&gt; To de east of Consolidated Farming, de Chiansi irrigation scheme dey grow wheat den oda irrigated crops for 200 hectares top plus plans to expand to 2,500 hectares.  

== Ecology ==
De Kafue Flats dey consist of a complex pattern of [[:en:Floodplain|floodplain]], [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]], [[:en:Ox-bow_lake|ox-bow lakes]], wey dey abandon river channels, [[:en:Marsh|marshes]] den [[:en:Levee|levees]] wey grasslands den woodlands surround am.

De flats dey comprise two [[:en:Ecoregion|ecoregions]]. De central seasonally- den permanently flooded areas be part of de [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|Zambezian flooded grasslands]] ecoregion, den de surrounding grasslands de woodlands be for de [[:en:Zambezian_and_mopane_woodlands|Zambezian den mopane woodlands]] ecoregion insyd. 

De soils of de flats dey heavy for texture insyd den dey tend to crack widely wen dry, wey e becam very sticky den plastic wen wet. Dem soils be mainly black anaa dark gray den produce an irregular surface relief known as [[:en:Gilgai|gilgai]] wey e consist of a series of small ridges wey dey stand 20–60&amp;#x20;cm above circular depressions about 2–7 meters for diameter insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot; /&gt; 

=== Vegetation ===
De main vegetation types of de Kafue Flats be [[:en:Woodland|woodland]] ([[:en:Miombo|miombo]], [[:en:Mopane|mopane]], [[:en:Acacia|Acacia]], den ''[[:en:Combretum|Combretum]]''), [[:en:Termitaria|termitaria]] grassland, flooded grasslands, permanent swamps den levees den lagoons.

=== Wildlife ===
[[File:Wattled_Crane_1400.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wattled_Crane_1400.jpg|right|thumb|Wattled crane.]]De [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]] (''Kobus leche kafuensis''), an antelope wey dem specialise give dey live for de marshy conditions of de flats insyd, be endemic to de area. Dem estimate dem to be 250,000 lechwe wey dey live for de Kafue Flats for 1931 insyd, one of de highest animals wey dey carry capacities for de world insyd at 11,000 kg/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (63,000 lb/sq mi).&lt;ref name=&quot;Schuster&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Schuster |first1=Richard |date=1980 |title=Will the Kafue Lechwe Survive the Kafue Dams? |journal=Oryx |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=476–489 |doi=10.1017/s0030605300029203 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

By 2005 dem estimate de nomba of lechwe to already fall to 38,000, a nomba wey remain mostly stable until de next census wey dem complete am for 2009 insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lechwe_Population&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chansa |first1=Wilbroad |last2=Kampamba |first2=George |date=2010 |title=The population status of the Kafue lechwe in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=837–840 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01188.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem already attribute de declining nombas of Kafue lechwe to de building of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] den subsequent change for intensity den timing of flooding insyd as well as illegal poaching den de pressures of rising nombas of pippoe den cattle.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lechwe_Population&quot; /&gt;  

Along plus lechwe, [[:en:Grant's_zebra|Grant]] [[:en:Grant's_zebra|ein zebras]] be de dominant species of large mammal wey dem find for de flats insyd. [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|Blue wildebeest]], [[:en:African_buffalo|Cape buffalo]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippo]] dey present for limited nombas insyd particularly for den around de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] insyd den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot; /&gt;

=== Birds ===
De Kafue Flats area dey support more dan 450 species of threatened, endangered den migratory bird species den dem designate de area an Important Bird den Biodiversity Area (IBA) by [[:en:Birdlife_International|Birdlife International]]. 

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>o4r3gegaqttevw4jkmmzryj2g66a164</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>103076</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:00:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="18008" sha1="9wml9upu9lgata5jq5v6qvzgdfuzske" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obrdlik |first1=P |last2=Mumeka |first2=A |last3=Kasonde |first3=J.M. |date=1989 |title=Regulated Rivers in Zambia - The Case Study of the Kafue River |journal=Regulated Rivers: Research and Management |volume=3 |pages=371–380 |doi=10.1002/rrr.3450030135}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mumba |first1=M |last2=Thompson |first2=J.R. |date=2005 |title=Hydrological and ecological impacts of dams on the Kafue Flats floodplain system, southern Zambia |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=30 |issue=6–7 |pages=442–447 |bibcode=2005PCE....30..442M |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.009}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam dey very different to de historical flows wey dem experience within de Kafue River plus de smooth annual rise den fall for discharge insyd wey dem already replace am by sudden increases as dem release large volumes of water from de dam. A substantial discharge rydee dem maintain am thruout de dry season whereas naturally dem associate dis period plus lower river flows. Although dem go fi already reduce maximum floods as a result of de dam, de almost year-round dey release means dat parts of de flats, for instance Chunga Lagoon, rydee e remain permanently flooded. In addition, de Kafue Gorge Dam create a large reservoir wey e back up into de eastern end of de flats wey e lead to areas of permanent inundation.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot; /&gt;

== Protected areas ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Kafue Flats dey include two [[:en:National_parks|national parks]] ([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category II [[:en:Protected_area|protected areas]]), de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]]. Dem establish both parks for de 1970s insyd for land wey dem formerly use give cattle ranching top. De 428 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (165 sq mi) Lochinvar National Park, famous give large nombas of [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]], wey dey sit south of de Kafue River den e be accessible from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Livingstone,_Zambia|Livingstone]] road at [[:en:Monze|Monze]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lochinvar National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/lochinvar-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lochinvar National Park get one of de highest nombas of vulnerable wattled crane for Africa insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands - Fafue Flats |author=Zambia Wildlife Authority |date=2006 |publisher=Ramsar |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003321/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Blue Lagoon National Park, north of de Kafue, dem fi access am from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Mongu|Mongu]] road west of Lusaka. De 500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (190 sq mi) park be home to a large abundance den variety of waterbirds as well as [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|lechwe]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Zebra|zebra]] den [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Blue Lagoon National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/blue-lagoon-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{convert|6000|km2}} of de Kafue Flats outside of dem cover de two national parks by de Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA)([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category VI [[:en:Protected_area|protected area]]). De GMA dey afford protection to de environment den wildlife whilst still e dey allow give de sustainable use of natural resources.    

Dem enter de Kafue Flats onto de [[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar]] list of Wetlands of International Importance for 1991 insyd wey e cover an area of 6,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,300 sq mi) coincident plus de Kafue Flats GMA.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_zambia&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Zambia |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list-anno-zambia/main/ramsar/1-31-218%5E15789_4000_0__ |access-date=23 August 2014 |website=ramsar.org |publisher=The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|De Kafue Flats, [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]], [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA).]]

== Agriculture ==
De land around de Kafue Flats be an important agricultural area for [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] insyd. As well as supporting a large number of subsistence den small-scale farmers, de flats sanso be a source of irrigation water give three large commercial farming operations wey concentrate around de eastern end of de flats. 

De oldest commercial farming operation for de Kafue Flats top be de [[:en:Nakambala|Nakambala]] Sugar Estate wey dem locate am for de southern edge of de flats top at [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]]. De Nakambala estate, wey [[:en:Zambia_Sugar|Zambia Sugar]] Plc a subsidiary of South African company [[:en:Illovo_Sugar|Illovo Sugar]] own am, along plus outgrowers den [[:en:Smallholding|smallholder]] farmers be de largest sugar producer for Zambia insyd den dem operate am for approximately 20,000 hectares of irrigated farmland top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |url=http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |title=Zambia Sugar Plc Annual Report 2014 |date=2014 |publisher=Zambia Sugar Plc |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033749/http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

North of de Kafue Flats, Consolidated Farming Ltd., a Zambian company, dey produce sugar under de Kafue Sugar brand from a 9,000-hectare estate pumping water from de Kafue Flats.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Commercial Farming |url=http://www.sabletransport.com/farming.html |website=sabletransport.com |publisher=Sable Transport}}&lt;/ref&gt; To de east of Consolidated Farming, de Chiansi irrigation scheme dey grow wheat den oda irrigated crops for 200 hectares top plus plans to expand to 2,500 hectares.  

== Ecology ==
De Kafue Flats dey consist of a complex pattern of [[:en:Floodplain|floodplain]], [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]], [[:en:Ox-bow_lake|ox-bow lakes]], wey dey abandon river channels, [[:en:Marsh|marshes]] den [[:en:Levee|levees]] wey grasslands den woodlands surround am.

De flats dey comprise two [[:en:Ecoregion|ecoregions]]. De central seasonally- den permanently flooded areas be part of de [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|Zambezian flooded grasslands]] ecoregion, den de surrounding grasslands de woodlands be for de [[:en:Zambezian_and_mopane_woodlands|Zambezian den mopane woodlands]] ecoregion insyd. 

De soils of de flats dey heavy for texture insyd den dey tend to crack widely wen dry, wey e becam very sticky den plastic wen wet. Dem soils be mainly black anaa dark gray den produce an irregular surface relief known as [[:en:Gilgai|gilgai]] wey e consist of a series of small ridges wey dey stand 20–60&amp;#x20;cm above circular depressions about 2–7 meters for diameter insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot; /&gt; 

=== Vegetation ===
De main vegetation types of de Kafue Flats be [[:en:Woodland|woodland]] ([[:en:Miombo|miombo]], [[:en:Mopane|mopane]], [[:en:Acacia|Acacia]], den ''[[:en:Combretum|Combretum]]''), [[:en:Termitaria|termitaria]] grassland, flooded grasslands, permanent swamps den levees den lagoons.

=== Wildlife ===
[[File:Wattled_Crane_1400.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wattled_Crane_1400.jpg|right|thumb|Wattled crane.]]De [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]] (''Kobus leche kafuensis''), an antelope wey dem specialise give dey live for de marshy conditions of de flats insyd, be endemic to de area. Dem estimate dem to be 250,000 lechwe wey dey live for de Kafue Flats for 1931 insyd, one of de highest animals wey dey carry capacities for de world insyd at 11,000 kg/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (63,000 lb/sq mi).&lt;ref name=&quot;Schuster&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Schuster |first1=Richard |date=1980 |title=Will the Kafue Lechwe Survive the Kafue Dams? |journal=Oryx |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=476–489 |doi=10.1017/s0030605300029203 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

By 2005 dem estimate de nomba of lechwe to already fall to 38,000, a nomba wey remain mostly stable until de next census wey dem complete am for 2009 insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lechwe_Population&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chansa |first1=Wilbroad |last2=Kampamba |first2=George |date=2010 |title=The population status of the Kafue lechwe in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=837–840 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01188.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem already attribute de declining nombas of Kafue lechwe to de building of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] den subsequent change for intensity den timing of flooding insyd as well as illegal poaching den de pressures of rising nombas of pippoe den cattle.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lechwe_Population&quot; /&gt;  

Along plus lechwe, [[:en:Grant's_zebra|Grant]] [[:en:Grant's_zebra|ein zebras]] be de dominant species of large mammal wey dem find for de flats insyd. [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|Blue wildebeest]], [[:en:African_buffalo|Cape buffalo]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippo]] dey present for limited nombas insyd particularly for den around de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] insyd den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot; /&gt;

=== Birds ===
De Kafue Flats area dey support more dan 450 species of threatened, endangered den migratory bird species den dem designate de area an Important Bird den Biodiversity Area (IBA) by [[:en:Birdlife_International|Birdlife International]]. De flats be home to large concentrations of resident den migratory waterbirds wey dey include significant breeding colonies deep within de swamps.  

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>9wml9upu9lgata5jq5v6qvzgdfuzske</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>103077</id>
      <parentid>103076</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:00:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>103077</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18104" sha1="f0ri8tn9bprokkkzrrm2y1zfi2ofiz2" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obrdlik |first1=P |last2=Mumeka |first2=A |last3=Kasonde |first3=J.M. |date=1989 |title=Regulated Rivers in Zambia - The Case Study of the Kafue River |journal=Regulated Rivers: Research and Management |volume=3 |pages=371–380 |doi=10.1002/rrr.3450030135}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mumba |first1=M |last2=Thompson |first2=J.R. |date=2005 |title=Hydrological and ecological impacts of dams on the Kafue Flats floodplain system, southern Zambia |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=30 |issue=6–7 |pages=442–447 |bibcode=2005PCE....30..442M |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.009}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam dey very different to de historical flows wey dem experience within de Kafue River plus de smooth annual rise den fall for discharge insyd wey dem already replace am by sudden increases as dem release large volumes of water from de dam. A substantial discharge rydee dem maintain am thruout de dry season whereas naturally dem associate dis period plus lower river flows. Although dem go fi already reduce maximum floods as a result of de dam, de almost year-round dey release means dat parts of de flats, for instance Chunga Lagoon, rydee e remain permanently flooded. In addition, de Kafue Gorge Dam create a large reservoir wey e back up into de eastern end of de flats wey e lead to areas of permanent inundation.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot; /&gt;

== Protected areas ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Kafue Flats dey include two [[:en:National_parks|national parks]] ([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category II [[:en:Protected_area|protected areas]]), de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]]. Dem establish both parks for de 1970s insyd for land wey dem formerly use give cattle ranching top. De 428 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (165 sq mi) Lochinvar National Park, famous give large nombas of [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]], wey dey sit south of de Kafue River den e be accessible from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Livingstone,_Zambia|Livingstone]] road at [[:en:Monze|Monze]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lochinvar National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/lochinvar-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lochinvar National Park get one of de highest nombas of vulnerable wattled crane for Africa insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands - Fafue Flats |author=Zambia Wildlife Authority |date=2006 |publisher=Ramsar |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003321/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Blue Lagoon National Park, north of de Kafue, dem fi access am from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Mongu|Mongu]] road west of Lusaka. De 500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (190 sq mi) park be home to a large abundance den variety of waterbirds as well as [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|lechwe]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Zebra|zebra]] den [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Blue Lagoon National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/blue-lagoon-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{convert|6000|km2}} of de Kafue Flats outside of dem cover de two national parks by de Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA)([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category VI [[:en:Protected_area|protected area]]). De GMA dey afford protection to de environment den wildlife whilst still e dey allow give de sustainable use of natural resources.    

Dem enter de Kafue Flats onto de [[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar]] list of Wetlands of International Importance for 1991 insyd wey e cover an area of 6,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,300 sq mi) coincident plus de Kafue Flats GMA.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_zambia&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Zambia |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list-anno-zambia/main/ramsar/1-31-218%5E15789_4000_0__ |access-date=23 August 2014 |website=ramsar.org |publisher=The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|De Kafue Flats, [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]], [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA).]]

== Agriculture ==
De land around de Kafue Flats be an important agricultural area for [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] insyd. As well as supporting a large number of subsistence den small-scale farmers, de flats sanso be a source of irrigation water give three large commercial farming operations wey concentrate around de eastern end of de flats. 

De oldest commercial farming operation for de Kafue Flats top be de [[:en:Nakambala|Nakambala]] Sugar Estate wey dem locate am for de southern edge of de flats top at [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]]. De Nakambala estate, wey [[:en:Zambia_Sugar|Zambia Sugar]] Plc a subsidiary of South African company [[:en:Illovo_Sugar|Illovo Sugar]] own am, along plus outgrowers den [[:en:Smallholding|smallholder]] farmers be de largest sugar producer for Zambia insyd den dem operate am for approximately 20,000 hectares of irrigated farmland top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |url=http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |title=Zambia Sugar Plc Annual Report 2014 |date=2014 |publisher=Zambia Sugar Plc |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033749/http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

North of de Kafue Flats, Consolidated Farming Ltd., a Zambian company, dey produce sugar under de Kafue Sugar brand from a 9,000-hectare estate pumping water from de Kafue Flats.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Commercial Farming |url=http://www.sabletransport.com/farming.html |website=sabletransport.com |publisher=Sable Transport}}&lt;/ref&gt; To de east of Consolidated Farming, de Chiansi irrigation scheme dey grow wheat den oda irrigated crops for 200 hectares top plus plans to expand to 2,500 hectares.  

== Ecology ==
De Kafue Flats dey consist of a complex pattern of [[:en:Floodplain|floodplain]], [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]], [[:en:Ox-bow_lake|ox-bow lakes]], wey dey abandon river channels, [[:en:Marsh|marshes]] den [[:en:Levee|levees]] wey grasslands den woodlands surround am.

De flats dey comprise two [[:en:Ecoregion|ecoregions]]. De central seasonally- den permanently flooded areas be part of de [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|Zambezian flooded grasslands]] ecoregion, den de surrounding grasslands de woodlands be for de [[:en:Zambezian_and_mopane_woodlands|Zambezian den mopane woodlands]] ecoregion insyd. 

De soils of de flats dey heavy for texture insyd den dey tend to crack widely wen dry, wey e becam very sticky den plastic wen wet. Dem soils be mainly black anaa dark gray den produce an irregular surface relief known as [[:en:Gilgai|gilgai]] wey e consist of a series of small ridges wey dey stand 20–60&amp;#x20;cm above circular depressions about 2–7 meters for diameter insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot; /&gt; 

=== Vegetation ===
De main vegetation types of de Kafue Flats be [[:en:Woodland|woodland]] ([[:en:Miombo|miombo]], [[:en:Mopane|mopane]], [[:en:Acacia|Acacia]], den ''[[:en:Combretum|Combretum]]''), [[:en:Termitaria|termitaria]] grassland, flooded grasslands, permanent swamps den levees den lagoons.

=== Wildlife ===
[[File:Wattled_Crane_1400.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wattled_Crane_1400.jpg|right|thumb|Wattled crane.]]De [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]] (''Kobus leche kafuensis''), an antelope wey dem specialise give dey live for de marshy conditions of de flats insyd, be endemic to de area. Dem estimate dem to be 250,000 lechwe wey dey live for de Kafue Flats for 1931 insyd, one of de highest animals wey dey carry capacities for de world insyd at 11,000 kg/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (63,000 lb/sq mi).&lt;ref name=&quot;Schuster&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Schuster |first1=Richard |date=1980 |title=Will the Kafue Lechwe Survive the Kafue Dams? |journal=Oryx |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=476–489 |doi=10.1017/s0030605300029203 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

By 2005 dem estimate de nomba of lechwe to already fall to 38,000, a nomba wey remain mostly stable until de next census wey dem complete am for 2009 insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lechwe_Population&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chansa |first1=Wilbroad |last2=Kampamba |first2=George |date=2010 |title=The population status of the Kafue lechwe in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=837–840 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01188.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem already attribute de declining nombas of Kafue lechwe to de building of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] den subsequent change for intensity den timing of flooding insyd as well as illegal poaching den de pressures of rising nombas of pippoe den cattle.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lechwe_Population&quot; /&gt;  

Along plus lechwe, [[:en:Grant's_zebra|Grant]] [[:en:Grant's_zebra|ein zebras]] be de dominant species of large mammal wey dem find for de flats insyd. [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|Blue wildebeest]], [[:en:African_buffalo|Cape buffalo]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippo]] dey present for limited nombas insyd particularly for den around de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] insyd den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot; /&gt;

=== Birds ===
De Kafue Flats area dey support more dan 450 species of threatened, endangered den migratory bird species den dem designate de area an Important Bird den Biodiversity Area (IBA) by [[:en:Birdlife_International|Birdlife International]]. De flats be home to large concentrations of resident den migratory waterbirds wey dey include significant breeding colonies deep within de swamps. De flats sanso dey host a high diversity den density of breeding raptors particularly vultures.  

== References ==</text>
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De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obrdlik |first1=P |last2=Mumeka |first2=A |last3=Kasonde |first3=J.M. |date=1989 |title=Regulated Rivers in Zambia - The Case Study of the Kafue River |journal=Regulated Rivers: Research and Management |volume=3 |pages=371–380 |doi=10.1002/rrr.3450030135}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mumba |first1=M |last2=Thompson |first2=J.R. |date=2005 |title=Hydrological and ecological impacts of dams on the Kafue Flats floodplain system, southern Zambia |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=30 |issue=6–7 |pages=442–447 |bibcode=2005PCE....30..442M |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.009}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam dey very different to de historical flows wey dem experience within de Kafue River plus de smooth annual rise den fall for discharge insyd wey dem already replace am by sudden increases as dem release large volumes of water from de dam. A substantial discharge rydee dem maintain am thruout de dry season whereas naturally dem associate dis period plus lower river flows. Although dem go fi already reduce maximum floods as a result of de dam, de almost year-round dey release means dat parts of de flats, for instance Chunga Lagoon, rydee e remain permanently flooded. In addition, de Kafue Gorge Dam create a large reservoir wey e back up into de eastern end of de flats wey e lead to areas of permanent inundation.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot; /&gt;

== Protected areas ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Kafue Flats dey include two [[:en:National_parks|national parks]] ([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category II [[:en:Protected_area|protected areas]]), de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]]. Dem establish both parks for de 1970s insyd for land wey dem formerly use give cattle ranching top. De 428 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (165 sq mi) Lochinvar National Park, famous give large nombas of [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]], wey dey sit south of de Kafue River den e be accessible from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Livingstone,_Zambia|Livingstone]] road at [[:en:Monze|Monze]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lochinvar National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/lochinvar-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lochinvar National Park get one of de highest nombas of vulnerable wattled crane for Africa insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands - Fafue Flats |author=Zambia Wildlife Authority |date=2006 |publisher=Ramsar |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003321/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Blue Lagoon National Park, north of de Kafue, dem fi access am from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Mongu|Mongu]] road west of Lusaka. De 500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (190 sq mi) park be home to a large abundance den variety of waterbirds as well as [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|lechwe]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Zebra|zebra]] den [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Blue Lagoon National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/blue-lagoon-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{convert|6000|km2}} of de Kafue Flats outside of dem cover de two national parks by de Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA)([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category VI [[:en:Protected_area|protected area]]). De GMA dey afford protection to de environment den wildlife whilst still e dey allow give de sustainable use of natural resources.    

Dem enter de Kafue Flats onto de [[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar]] list of Wetlands of International Importance for 1991 insyd wey e cover an area of 6,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,300 sq mi) coincident plus de Kafue Flats GMA.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_zambia&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Zambia |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list-anno-zambia/main/ramsar/1-31-218%5E15789_4000_0__ |access-date=23 August 2014 |website=ramsar.org |publisher=The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|De Kafue Flats, [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]], [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA).]]

== Agriculture ==
De land around de Kafue Flats be an important agricultural area for [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] insyd. As well as supporting a large number of subsistence den small-scale farmers, de flats sanso be a source of irrigation water give three large commercial farming operations wey concentrate around de eastern end of de flats. 

De oldest commercial farming operation for de Kafue Flats top be de [[:en:Nakambala|Nakambala]] Sugar Estate wey dem locate am for de southern edge of de flats top at [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]]. De Nakambala estate, wey [[:en:Zambia_Sugar|Zambia Sugar]] Plc a subsidiary of South African company [[:en:Illovo_Sugar|Illovo Sugar]] own am, along plus outgrowers den [[:en:Smallholding|smallholder]] farmers be de largest sugar producer for Zambia insyd den dem operate am for approximately 20,000 hectares of irrigated farmland top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |url=http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |title=Zambia Sugar Plc Annual Report 2014 |date=2014 |publisher=Zambia Sugar Plc |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033749/http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

North of de Kafue Flats, Consolidated Farming Ltd., a Zambian company, dey produce sugar under de Kafue Sugar brand from a 9,000-hectare estate pumping water from de Kafue Flats.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Commercial Farming |url=http://www.sabletransport.com/farming.html |website=sabletransport.com |publisher=Sable Transport}}&lt;/ref&gt; To de east of Consolidated Farming, de Chiansi irrigation scheme dey grow wheat den oda irrigated crops for 200 hectares top plus plans to expand to 2,500 hectares.  

== Ecology ==
De Kafue Flats dey consist of a complex pattern of [[:en:Floodplain|floodplain]], [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]], [[:en:Ox-bow_lake|ox-bow lakes]], wey dey abandon river channels, [[:en:Marsh|marshes]] den [[:en:Levee|levees]] wey grasslands den woodlands surround am.

De flats dey comprise two [[:en:Ecoregion|ecoregions]]. De central seasonally- den permanently flooded areas be part of de [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|Zambezian flooded grasslands]] ecoregion, den de surrounding grasslands de woodlands be for de [[:en:Zambezian_and_mopane_woodlands|Zambezian den mopane woodlands]] ecoregion insyd. 

De soils of de flats dey heavy for texture insyd den dey tend to crack widely wen dry, wey e becam very sticky den plastic wen wet. Dem soils be mainly black anaa dark gray den produce an irregular surface relief known as [[:en:Gilgai|gilgai]] wey e consist of a series of small ridges wey dey stand 20–60&amp;#x20;cm above circular depressions about 2–7 meters for diameter insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot; /&gt; 

=== Vegetation ===
De main vegetation types of de Kafue Flats be [[:en:Woodland|woodland]] ([[:en:Miombo|miombo]], [[:en:Mopane|mopane]], [[:en:Acacia|Acacia]], den ''[[:en:Combretum|Combretum]]''), [[:en:Termitaria|termitaria]] grassland, flooded grasslands, permanent swamps den levees den lagoons.

=== Wildlife ===
[[File:Wattled_Crane_1400.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wattled_Crane_1400.jpg|right|thumb|Wattled crane.]]De [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]] (''Kobus leche kafuensis''), an antelope wey dem specialise give dey live for de marshy conditions of de flats insyd, be endemic to de area. Dem estimate dem to be 250,000 lechwe wey dey live for de Kafue Flats for 1931 insyd, one of de highest animals wey dey carry capacities for de world insyd at 11,000 kg/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (63,000 lb/sq mi).&lt;ref name=&quot;Schuster&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Schuster |first1=Richard |date=1980 |title=Will the Kafue Lechwe Survive the Kafue Dams? |journal=Oryx |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=476–489 |doi=10.1017/s0030605300029203 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

By 2005 dem estimate de nomba of lechwe to already fall to 38,000, a nomba wey remain mostly stable until de next census wey dem complete am for 2009 insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lechwe_Population&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chansa |first1=Wilbroad |last2=Kampamba |first2=George |date=2010 |title=The population status of the Kafue lechwe in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=837–840 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01188.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem already attribute de declining nombas of Kafue lechwe to de building of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] den subsequent change for intensity den timing of flooding insyd as well as illegal poaching den de pressures of rising nombas of pippoe den cattle.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lechwe_Population&quot; /&gt;  

Along plus lechwe, [[:en:Grant's_zebra|Grant]] [[:en:Grant's_zebra|ein zebras]] be de dominant species of large mammal wey dem find for de flats insyd. [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|Blue wildebeest]], [[:en:African_buffalo|Cape buffalo]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippo]] dey present for limited nombas insyd particularly for den around de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] insyd den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot; /&gt;

=== Birds ===
De Kafue Flats area dey support more dan 450 species of threatened, endangered den migratory bird species den dem designate de area an Important Bird den Biodiversity Area (IBA) by [[:en:Birdlife_International|Birdlife International]]. De flats be home to large concentrations of resident den migratory waterbirds wey dey include significant breeding colonies deep within de swamps. De flats sanso dey host a high diversity den density of breeding raptors particularly vultures.  

De flats be an extremely important habitat give de [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]] (''Bugeranus carunculatus'') wey dem list am for de IUCN Red List insyd as vulnerable.   

== References ==</text>
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De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obrdlik |first1=P |last2=Mumeka |first2=A |last3=Kasonde |first3=J.M. |date=1989 |title=Regulated Rivers in Zambia - The Case Study of the Kafue River |journal=Regulated Rivers: Research and Management |volume=3 |pages=371–380 |doi=10.1002/rrr.3450030135}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mumba |first1=M |last2=Thompson |first2=J.R. |date=2005 |title=Hydrological and ecological impacts of dams on the Kafue Flats floodplain system, southern Zambia |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=30 |issue=6–7 |pages=442–447 |bibcode=2005PCE....30..442M |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.009}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam dey very different to de historical flows wey dem experience within de Kafue River plus de smooth annual rise den fall for discharge insyd wey dem already replace am by sudden increases as dem release large volumes of water from de dam. A substantial discharge rydee dem maintain am thruout de dry season whereas naturally dem associate dis period plus lower river flows. Although dem go fi already reduce maximum floods as a result of de dam, de almost year-round dey release means dat parts of de flats, for instance Chunga Lagoon, rydee e remain permanently flooded. In addition, de Kafue Gorge Dam create a large reservoir wey e back up into de eastern end of de flats wey e lead to areas of permanent inundation.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot; /&gt;

== Protected areas ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Kafue Flats dey include two [[:en:National_parks|national parks]] ([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category II [[:en:Protected_area|protected areas]]), de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]]. Dem establish both parks for de 1970s insyd for land wey dem formerly use give cattle ranching top. De 428 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (165 sq mi) Lochinvar National Park, famous give large nombas of [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]], wey dey sit south of de Kafue River den e be accessible from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Livingstone,_Zambia|Livingstone]] road at [[:en:Monze|Monze]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lochinvar National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/lochinvar-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lochinvar National Park get one of de highest nombas of vulnerable wattled crane for Africa insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands - Fafue Flats |author=Zambia Wildlife Authority |date=2006 |publisher=Ramsar |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003321/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Blue Lagoon National Park, north of de Kafue, dem fi access am from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Mongu|Mongu]] road west of Lusaka. De 500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (190 sq mi) park be home to a large abundance den variety of waterbirds as well as [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|lechwe]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Zebra|zebra]] den [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Blue Lagoon National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/blue-lagoon-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{convert|6000|km2}} of de Kafue Flats outside of dem cover de two national parks by de Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA)([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category VI [[:en:Protected_area|protected area]]). De GMA dey afford protection to de environment den wildlife whilst still e dey allow give de sustainable use of natural resources.    

Dem enter de Kafue Flats onto de [[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar]] list of Wetlands of International Importance for 1991 insyd wey e cover an area of 6,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,300 sq mi) coincident plus de Kafue Flats GMA.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_zambia&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Zambia |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list-anno-zambia/main/ramsar/1-31-218%5E15789_4000_0__ |access-date=23 August 2014 |website=ramsar.org |publisher=The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|De Kafue Flats, [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]], [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA).]]

== Agriculture ==
De land around de Kafue Flats be an important agricultural area for [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] insyd. As well as supporting a large number of subsistence den small-scale farmers, de flats sanso be a source of irrigation water give three large commercial farming operations wey concentrate around de eastern end of de flats. 

De oldest commercial farming operation for de Kafue Flats top be de [[:en:Nakambala|Nakambala]] Sugar Estate wey dem locate am for de southern edge of de flats top at [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]]. De Nakambala estate, wey [[:en:Zambia_Sugar|Zambia Sugar]] Plc a subsidiary of South African company [[:en:Illovo_Sugar|Illovo Sugar]] own am, along plus outgrowers den [[:en:Smallholding|smallholder]] farmers be de largest sugar producer for Zambia insyd den dem operate am for approximately 20,000 hectares of irrigated farmland top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |url=http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |title=Zambia Sugar Plc Annual Report 2014 |date=2014 |publisher=Zambia Sugar Plc |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033749/http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

North of de Kafue Flats, Consolidated Farming Ltd., a Zambian company, dey produce sugar under de Kafue Sugar brand from a 9,000-hectare estate pumping water from de Kafue Flats.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Commercial Farming |url=http://www.sabletransport.com/farming.html |website=sabletransport.com |publisher=Sable Transport}}&lt;/ref&gt; To de east of Consolidated Farming, de Chiansi irrigation scheme dey grow wheat den oda irrigated crops for 200 hectares top plus plans to expand to 2,500 hectares.  

== Ecology ==
De Kafue Flats dey consist of a complex pattern of [[:en:Floodplain|floodplain]], [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]], [[:en:Ox-bow_lake|ox-bow lakes]], wey dey abandon river channels, [[:en:Marsh|marshes]] den [[:en:Levee|levees]] wey grasslands den woodlands surround am.

De flats dey comprise two [[:en:Ecoregion|ecoregions]]. De central seasonally- den permanently flooded areas be part of de [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|Zambezian flooded grasslands]] ecoregion, den de surrounding grasslands de woodlands be for de [[:en:Zambezian_and_mopane_woodlands|Zambezian den mopane woodlands]] ecoregion insyd. 

De soils of de flats dey heavy for texture insyd den dey tend to crack widely wen dry, wey e becam very sticky den plastic wen wet. Dem soils be mainly black anaa dark gray den produce an irregular surface relief known as [[:en:Gilgai|gilgai]] wey e consist of a series of small ridges wey dey stand 20–60&amp;#x20;cm above circular depressions about 2–7 meters for diameter insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot; /&gt; 

=== Vegetation ===
De main vegetation types of de Kafue Flats be [[:en:Woodland|woodland]] ([[:en:Miombo|miombo]], [[:en:Mopane|mopane]], [[:en:Acacia|Acacia]], den ''[[:en:Combretum|Combretum]]''), [[:en:Termitaria|termitaria]] grassland, flooded grasslands, permanent swamps den levees den lagoons.

=== Wildlife ===
[[File:Wattled_Crane_1400.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wattled_Crane_1400.jpg|right|thumb|Wattled crane.]]De [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]] (''Kobus leche kafuensis''), an antelope wey dem specialise give dey live for de marshy conditions of de flats insyd, be endemic to de area. Dem estimate dem to be 250,000 lechwe wey dey live for de Kafue Flats for 1931 insyd, one of de highest animals wey dey carry capacities for de world insyd at 11,000 kg/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (63,000 lb/sq mi).&lt;ref name=&quot;Schuster&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Schuster |first1=Richard |date=1980 |title=Will the Kafue Lechwe Survive the Kafue Dams? |journal=Oryx |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=476–489 |doi=10.1017/s0030605300029203 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

By 2005 dem estimate de nomba of lechwe to already fall to 38,000, a nomba wey remain mostly stable until de next census wey dem complete am for 2009 insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lechwe_Population&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chansa |first1=Wilbroad |last2=Kampamba |first2=George |date=2010 |title=The population status of the Kafue lechwe in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=837–840 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01188.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem already attribute de declining nombas of Kafue lechwe to de building of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] den subsequent change for intensity den timing of flooding insyd as well as illegal poaching den de pressures of rising nombas of pippoe den cattle.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lechwe_Population&quot; /&gt;  

Along plus lechwe, [[:en:Grant's_zebra|Grant]] [[:en:Grant's_zebra|ein zebras]] be de dominant species of large mammal wey dem find for de flats insyd. [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|Blue wildebeest]], [[:en:African_buffalo|Cape buffalo]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippo]] dey present for limited nombas insyd particularly for den around de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] insyd den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot; /&gt;

=== Birds ===
De Kafue Flats area dey support more dan 450 species of threatened, endangered den migratory bird species den dem designate de area an Important Bird den Biodiversity Area (IBA) by [[:en:Birdlife_International|Birdlife International]]. De flats be home to large concentrations of resident den migratory waterbirds wey dey include significant breeding colonies deep within de swamps. De flats sanso dey host a high diversity den density of breeding raptors particularly vultures.  

De flats be an extremely important habitat give de [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]] (''Bugeranus carunculatus'') wey dem list am for de IUCN Red List insyd as vulnerable. Nombas of wattled crane for de flats insyd drop from between 2000 den 3000 for de 1970s insyd to less dan 1000 by 2002.    

== References ==</text>
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De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obrdlik |first1=P |last2=Mumeka |first2=A |last3=Kasonde |first3=J.M. |date=1989 |title=Regulated Rivers in Zambia - The Case Study of the Kafue River |journal=Regulated Rivers: Research and Management |volume=3 |pages=371–380 |doi=10.1002/rrr.3450030135}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mumba |first1=M |last2=Thompson |first2=J.R. |date=2005 |title=Hydrological and ecological impacts of dams on the Kafue Flats floodplain system, southern Zambia |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=30 |issue=6–7 |pages=442–447 |bibcode=2005PCE....30..442M |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.009}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam dey very different to de historical flows wey dem experience within de Kafue River plus de smooth annual rise den fall for discharge insyd wey dem already replace am by sudden increases as dem release large volumes of water from de dam. A substantial discharge rydee dem maintain am thruout de dry season whereas naturally dem associate dis period plus lower river flows. Although dem go fi already reduce maximum floods as a result of de dam, de almost year-round dey release means dat parts of de flats, for instance Chunga Lagoon, rydee e remain permanently flooded. In addition, de Kafue Gorge Dam create a large reservoir wey e back up into de eastern end of de flats wey e lead to areas of permanent inundation.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot; /&gt;

== Protected areas ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Kafue Flats dey include two [[:en:National_parks|national parks]] ([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category II [[:en:Protected_area|protected areas]]), de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]]. Dem establish both parks for de 1970s insyd for land wey dem formerly use give cattle ranching top. De 428 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (165 sq mi) Lochinvar National Park, famous give large nombas of [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]], wey dey sit south of de Kafue River den e be accessible from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Livingstone,_Zambia|Livingstone]] road at [[:en:Monze|Monze]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lochinvar National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/lochinvar-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lochinvar National Park get one of de highest nombas of vulnerable wattled crane for Africa insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands - Fafue Flats |author=Zambia Wildlife Authority |date=2006 |publisher=Ramsar |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003321/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Blue Lagoon National Park, north of de Kafue, dem fi access am from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Mongu|Mongu]] road west of Lusaka. De 500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (190 sq mi) park be home to a large abundance den variety of waterbirds as well as [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|lechwe]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Zebra|zebra]] den [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Blue Lagoon National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/blue-lagoon-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{convert|6000|km2}} of de Kafue Flats outside of dem cover de two national parks by de Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA)([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category VI [[:en:Protected_area|protected area]]). De GMA dey afford protection to de environment den wildlife whilst still e dey allow give de sustainable use of natural resources.    

Dem enter de Kafue Flats onto de [[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar]] list of Wetlands of International Importance for 1991 insyd wey e cover an area of 6,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,300 sq mi) coincident plus de Kafue Flats GMA.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_zambia&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Zambia |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list-anno-zambia/main/ramsar/1-31-218%5E15789_4000_0__ |access-date=23 August 2014 |website=ramsar.org |publisher=The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|De Kafue Flats, [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]], [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA).]]

== Agriculture ==
De land around de Kafue Flats be an important agricultural area for [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] insyd. As well as supporting a large number of subsistence den small-scale farmers, de flats sanso be a source of irrigation water give three large commercial farming operations wey concentrate around de eastern end of de flats. 

De oldest commercial farming operation for de Kafue Flats top be de [[:en:Nakambala|Nakambala]] Sugar Estate wey dem locate am for de southern edge of de flats top at [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]]. De Nakambala estate, wey [[:en:Zambia_Sugar|Zambia Sugar]] Plc a subsidiary of South African company [[:en:Illovo_Sugar|Illovo Sugar]] own am, along plus outgrowers den [[:en:Smallholding|smallholder]] farmers be de largest sugar producer for Zambia insyd den dem operate am for approximately 20,000 hectares of irrigated farmland top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |url=http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |title=Zambia Sugar Plc Annual Report 2014 |date=2014 |publisher=Zambia Sugar Plc |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033749/http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

North of de Kafue Flats, Consolidated Farming Ltd., a Zambian company, dey produce sugar under de Kafue Sugar brand from a 9,000-hectare estate pumping water from de Kafue Flats.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Commercial Farming |url=http://www.sabletransport.com/farming.html |website=sabletransport.com |publisher=Sable Transport}}&lt;/ref&gt; To de east of Consolidated Farming, de Chiansi irrigation scheme dey grow wheat den oda irrigated crops for 200 hectares top plus plans to expand to 2,500 hectares.  

== Ecology ==
De Kafue Flats dey consist of a complex pattern of [[:en:Floodplain|floodplain]], [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]], [[:en:Ox-bow_lake|ox-bow lakes]], wey dey abandon river channels, [[:en:Marsh|marshes]] den [[:en:Levee|levees]] wey grasslands den woodlands surround am.

De flats dey comprise two [[:en:Ecoregion|ecoregions]]. De central seasonally- den permanently flooded areas be part of de [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|Zambezian flooded grasslands]] ecoregion, den de surrounding grasslands de woodlands be for de [[:en:Zambezian_and_mopane_woodlands|Zambezian den mopane woodlands]] ecoregion insyd. 

De soils of de flats dey heavy for texture insyd den dey tend to crack widely wen dry, wey e becam very sticky den plastic wen wet. Dem soils be mainly black anaa dark gray den produce an irregular surface relief known as [[:en:Gilgai|gilgai]] wey e consist of a series of small ridges wey dey stand 20–60&amp;#x20;cm above circular depressions about 2–7 meters for diameter insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot; /&gt; 

=== Vegetation ===
De main vegetation types of de Kafue Flats be [[:en:Woodland|woodland]] ([[:en:Miombo|miombo]], [[:en:Mopane|mopane]], [[:en:Acacia|Acacia]], den ''[[:en:Combretum|Combretum]]''), [[:en:Termitaria|termitaria]] grassland, flooded grasslands, permanent swamps den levees den lagoons.

=== Wildlife ===
[[File:Wattled_Crane_1400.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wattled_Crane_1400.jpg|right|thumb|Wattled crane.]]De [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]] (''Kobus leche kafuensis''), an antelope wey dem specialise give dey live for de marshy conditions of de flats insyd, be endemic to de area. Dem estimate dem to be 250,000 lechwe wey dey live for de Kafue Flats for 1931 insyd, one of de highest animals wey dey carry capacities for de world insyd at 11,000 kg/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (63,000 lb/sq mi).&lt;ref name=&quot;Schuster&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Schuster |first1=Richard |date=1980 |title=Will the Kafue Lechwe Survive the Kafue Dams? |journal=Oryx |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=476–489 |doi=10.1017/s0030605300029203 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

By 2005 dem estimate de nomba of lechwe to already fall to 38,000, a nomba wey remain mostly stable until de next census wey dem complete am for 2009 insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lechwe_Population&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chansa |first1=Wilbroad |last2=Kampamba |first2=George |date=2010 |title=The population status of the Kafue lechwe in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=837–840 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01188.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem already attribute de declining nombas of Kafue lechwe to de building of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] den subsequent change for intensity den timing of flooding insyd as well as illegal poaching den de pressures of rising nombas of pippoe den cattle.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lechwe_Population&quot; /&gt;  

Along plus lechwe, [[:en:Grant's_zebra|Grant]] [[:en:Grant's_zebra|ein zebras]] be de dominant species of large mammal wey dem find for de flats insyd. [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|Blue wildebeest]], [[:en:African_buffalo|Cape buffalo]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippo]] dey present for limited nombas insyd particularly for den around de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] insyd den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot; /&gt;

=== Birds ===
De Kafue Flats area dey support more dan 450 species of threatened, endangered den migratory bird species den dem designate de area an Important Bird den Biodiversity Area (IBA) by [[:en:Birdlife_International|Birdlife International]]. De flats be home to large concentrations of resident den migratory waterbirds wey dey include significant breeding colonies deep within de swamps. De flats sanso dey host a high diversity den density of breeding raptors particularly vultures.  

De flats be an extremely important habitat give de [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]] (''Bugeranus carunculatus'') wey dem list am for de IUCN Red List insyd as vulnerable. Nombas of wattled crane for de flats insyd drop from between 2000 den 3000 for de 1970s insyd to less dan 1000 by 2002. Oda important species wey dem find for de Kafue Flats dey include de [[:en:Crowned_crane|crowned crane]], [[:en:Slaty_egret|slaty egret]], [[:en:Lappet_faced_vulture|lappet faced vulture]], [[:en:Lesser_kestrel|lesser kestrel]] den [[:en:Corn_crake|corn crake]].    

== References ==</text>
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      <text bytes="18898" sha1="mc4ebawlvqq5dimukupsd0vsl4gb3d4" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obrdlik |first1=P |last2=Mumeka |first2=A |last3=Kasonde |first3=J.M. |date=1989 |title=Regulated Rivers in Zambia - The Case Study of the Kafue River |journal=Regulated Rivers: Research and Management |volume=3 |pages=371–380 |doi=10.1002/rrr.3450030135}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mumba |first1=M |last2=Thompson |first2=J.R. |date=2005 |title=Hydrological and ecological impacts of dams on the Kafue Flats floodplain system, southern Zambia |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=30 |issue=6–7 |pages=442–447 |bibcode=2005PCE....30..442M |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.009}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam dey very different to de historical flows wey dem experience within de Kafue River plus de smooth annual rise den fall for discharge insyd wey dem already replace am by sudden increases as dem release large volumes of water from de dam. A substantial discharge rydee dem maintain am thruout de dry season whereas naturally dem associate dis period plus lower river flows. Although dem go fi already reduce maximum floods as a result of de dam, de almost year-round dey release means dat parts of de flats, for instance Chunga Lagoon, rydee e remain permanently flooded. In addition, de Kafue Gorge Dam create a large reservoir wey e back up into de eastern end of de flats wey e lead to areas of permanent inundation.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot; /&gt;

== Protected areas ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Kafue Flats dey include two [[:en:National_parks|national parks]] ([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category II [[:en:Protected_area|protected areas]]), de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]]. Dem establish both parks for de 1970s insyd for land wey dem formerly use give cattle ranching top. De 428 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (165 sq mi) Lochinvar National Park, famous give large nombas of [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]], wey dey sit south of de Kafue River den e be accessible from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Livingstone,_Zambia|Livingstone]] road at [[:en:Monze|Monze]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lochinvar National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/lochinvar-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lochinvar National Park get one of de highest nombas of vulnerable wattled crane for Africa insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands - Fafue Flats |author=Zambia Wildlife Authority |date=2006 |publisher=Ramsar |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003321/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Blue Lagoon National Park, north of de Kafue, dem fi access am from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Mongu|Mongu]] road west of Lusaka. De 500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (190 sq mi) park be home to a large abundance den variety of waterbirds as well as [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|lechwe]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Zebra|zebra]] den [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Blue Lagoon National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/blue-lagoon-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{convert|6000|km2}} of de Kafue Flats outside of dem cover de two national parks by de Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA)([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category VI [[:en:Protected_area|protected area]]). De GMA dey afford protection to de environment den wildlife whilst still e dey allow give de sustainable use of natural resources.    

Dem enter de Kafue Flats onto de [[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar]] list of Wetlands of International Importance for 1991 insyd wey e cover an area of 6,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,300 sq mi) coincident plus de Kafue Flats GMA.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_zambia&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Zambia |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list-anno-zambia/main/ramsar/1-31-218%5E15789_4000_0__ |access-date=23 August 2014 |website=ramsar.org |publisher=The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|De Kafue Flats, [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]], [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA).]]

== Agriculture ==
De land around de Kafue Flats be an important agricultural area for [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] insyd. As well as supporting a large number of subsistence den small-scale farmers, de flats sanso be a source of irrigation water give three large commercial farming operations wey concentrate around de eastern end of de flats. 

De oldest commercial farming operation for de Kafue Flats top be de [[:en:Nakambala|Nakambala]] Sugar Estate wey dem locate am for de southern edge of de flats top at [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]]. De Nakambala estate, wey [[:en:Zambia_Sugar|Zambia Sugar]] Plc a subsidiary of South African company [[:en:Illovo_Sugar|Illovo Sugar]] own am, along plus outgrowers den [[:en:Smallholding|smallholder]] farmers be de largest sugar producer for Zambia insyd den dem operate am for approximately 20,000 hectares of irrigated farmland top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |url=http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |title=Zambia Sugar Plc Annual Report 2014 |date=2014 |publisher=Zambia Sugar Plc |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033749/http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

North of de Kafue Flats, Consolidated Farming Ltd., a Zambian company, dey produce sugar under de Kafue Sugar brand from a 9,000-hectare estate pumping water from de Kafue Flats.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Commercial Farming |url=http://www.sabletransport.com/farming.html |website=sabletransport.com |publisher=Sable Transport}}&lt;/ref&gt; To de east of Consolidated Farming, de Chiansi irrigation scheme dey grow wheat den oda irrigated crops for 200 hectares top plus plans to expand to 2,500 hectares.  

== Ecology ==
De Kafue Flats dey consist of a complex pattern of [[:en:Floodplain|floodplain]], [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]], [[:en:Ox-bow_lake|ox-bow lakes]], wey dey abandon river channels, [[:en:Marsh|marshes]] den [[:en:Levee|levees]] wey grasslands den woodlands surround am.

De flats dey comprise two [[:en:Ecoregion|ecoregions]]. De central seasonally- den permanently flooded areas be part of de [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|Zambezian flooded grasslands]] ecoregion, den de surrounding grasslands de woodlands be for de [[:en:Zambezian_and_mopane_woodlands|Zambezian den mopane woodlands]] ecoregion insyd. 

De soils of de flats dey heavy for texture insyd den dey tend to crack widely wen dry, wey e becam very sticky den plastic wen wet. Dem soils be mainly black anaa dark gray den produce an irregular surface relief known as [[:en:Gilgai|gilgai]] wey e consist of a series of small ridges wey dey stand 20–60&amp;#x20;cm above circular depressions about 2–7 meters for diameter insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot; /&gt; 

=== Vegetation ===
De main vegetation types of de Kafue Flats be [[:en:Woodland|woodland]] ([[:en:Miombo|miombo]], [[:en:Mopane|mopane]], [[:en:Acacia|Acacia]], den ''[[:en:Combretum|Combretum]]''), [[:en:Termitaria|termitaria]] grassland, flooded grasslands, permanent swamps den levees den lagoons.

=== Wildlife ===
[[File:Wattled_Crane_1400.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wattled_Crane_1400.jpg|right|thumb|Wattled crane.]]De [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]] (''Kobus leche kafuensis''), an antelope wey dem specialise give dey live for de marshy conditions of de flats insyd, be endemic to de area. Dem estimate dem to be 250,000 lechwe wey dey live for de Kafue Flats for 1931 insyd, one of de highest animals wey dey carry capacities for de world insyd at 11,000 kg/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (63,000 lb/sq mi).&lt;ref name=&quot;Schuster&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Schuster |first1=Richard |date=1980 |title=Will the Kafue Lechwe Survive the Kafue Dams? |journal=Oryx |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=476–489 |doi=10.1017/s0030605300029203 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

By 2005 dem estimate de nomba of lechwe to already fall to 38,000, a nomba wey remain mostly stable until de next census wey dem complete am for 2009 insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lechwe_Population&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chansa |first1=Wilbroad |last2=Kampamba |first2=George |date=2010 |title=The population status of the Kafue lechwe in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=837–840 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01188.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem already attribute de declining nombas of Kafue lechwe to de building of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] den subsequent change for intensity den timing of flooding insyd as well as illegal poaching den de pressures of rising nombas of pippoe den cattle.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lechwe_Population&quot; /&gt;  

Along plus lechwe, [[:en:Grant's_zebra|Grant]] [[:en:Grant's_zebra|ein zebras]] be de dominant species of large mammal wey dem find for de flats insyd. [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|Blue wildebeest]], [[:en:African_buffalo|Cape buffalo]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippo]] dey present for limited nombas insyd particularly for den around de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] insyd den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot; /&gt;

=== Birds ===
De Kafue Flats area dey support more dan 450 species of threatened, endangered den migratory bird species den dem designate de area an Important Bird den Biodiversity Area (IBA) by [[:en:Birdlife_International|Birdlife International]]. De flats be home to large concentrations of resident den migratory waterbirds wey dey include significant breeding colonies deep within de swamps. De flats sanso dey host a high diversity den density of breeding raptors particularly vultures.  

De flats be an extremely important habitat give de [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]] (''Bugeranus carunculatus'') wey dem list am for de IUCN Red List insyd as vulnerable. Nombas of wattled crane for de flats insyd drop from between 2000 den 3000 for de 1970s insyd to less dan 1000 by 2002. Oda important species wey dem find for de Kafue Flats dey include de [[:en:Crowned_crane|crowned crane]], [[:en:Slaty_egret|slaty egret]], [[:en:Lappet_faced_vulture|lappet faced vulture]], [[:en:Lesser_kestrel|lesser kestrel]] den [[:en:Corn_crake|corn crake]].    

Threats to de bird life of de Kafue Flats dey include changes to de intensity den timing of floods wey de dam upstream at Itezhi-Tezhi cause am, de spread of invasive weed species den de impact of increasing human populations.    

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>mc4ebawlvqq5dimukupsd0vsl4gb3d4</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>103082</id>
      <parentid>103081</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:03:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="18924" sha1="kytjkf345lx0x8a6exftwoy8idr66ky" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obrdlik |first1=P |last2=Mumeka |first2=A |last3=Kasonde |first3=J.M. |date=1989 |title=Regulated Rivers in Zambia - The Case Study of the Kafue River |journal=Regulated Rivers: Research and Management |volume=3 |pages=371–380 |doi=10.1002/rrr.3450030135}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mumba |first1=M |last2=Thompson |first2=J.R. |date=2005 |title=Hydrological and ecological impacts of dams on the Kafue Flats floodplain system, southern Zambia |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=30 |issue=6–7 |pages=442–447 |bibcode=2005PCE....30..442M |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.009}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam dey very different to de historical flows wey dem experience within de Kafue River plus de smooth annual rise den fall for discharge insyd wey dem already replace am by sudden increases as dem release large volumes of water from de dam. A substantial discharge rydee dem maintain am thruout de dry season whereas naturally dem associate dis period plus lower river flows. Although dem go fi already reduce maximum floods as a result of de dam, de almost year-round dey release means dat parts of de flats, for instance Chunga Lagoon, rydee e remain permanently flooded. In addition, de Kafue Gorge Dam create a large reservoir wey e back up into de eastern end of de flats wey e lead to areas of permanent inundation.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot; /&gt;

== Protected areas ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Kafue Flats dey include two [[:en:National_parks|national parks]] ([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category II [[:en:Protected_area|protected areas]]), de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]]. Dem establish both parks for de 1970s insyd for land wey dem formerly use give cattle ranching top. De 428 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (165 sq mi) Lochinvar National Park, famous give large nombas of [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]], wey dey sit south of de Kafue River den e be accessible from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Livingstone,_Zambia|Livingstone]] road at [[:en:Monze|Monze]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lochinvar National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/lochinvar-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lochinvar National Park get one of de highest nombas of vulnerable wattled crane for Africa insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands - Fafue Flats |author=Zambia Wildlife Authority |date=2006 |publisher=Ramsar |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003321/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Blue Lagoon National Park, north of de Kafue, dem fi access am from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Mongu|Mongu]] road west of Lusaka. De 500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (190 sq mi) park be home to a large abundance den variety of waterbirds as well as [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|lechwe]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Zebra|zebra]] den [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Blue Lagoon National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/blue-lagoon-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{convert|6000|km2}} of de Kafue Flats outside of dem cover de two national parks by de Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA)([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category VI [[:en:Protected_area|protected area]]). De GMA dey afford protection to de environment den wildlife whilst still e dey allow give de sustainable use of natural resources.    

Dem enter de Kafue Flats onto de [[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar]] list of Wetlands of International Importance for 1991 insyd wey e cover an area of 6,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,300 sq mi) coincident plus de Kafue Flats GMA.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_zambia&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Zambia |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list-anno-zambia/main/ramsar/1-31-218%5E15789_4000_0__ |access-date=23 August 2014 |website=ramsar.org |publisher=The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|De Kafue Flats, [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]], [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA).]]

== Agriculture ==
De land around de Kafue Flats be an important agricultural area for [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] insyd. As well as supporting a large number of subsistence den small-scale farmers, de flats sanso be a source of irrigation water give three large commercial farming operations wey concentrate around de eastern end of de flats. 

De oldest commercial farming operation for de Kafue Flats top be de [[:en:Nakambala|Nakambala]] Sugar Estate wey dem locate am for de southern edge of de flats top at [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]]. De Nakambala estate, wey [[:en:Zambia_Sugar|Zambia Sugar]] Plc a subsidiary of South African company [[:en:Illovo_Sugar|Illovo Sugar]] own am, along plus outgrowers den [[:en:Smallholding|smallholder]] farmers be de largest sugar producer for Zambia insyd den dem operate am for approximately 20,000 hectares of irrigated farmland top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |url=http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |title=Zambia Sugar Plc Annual Report 2014 |date=2014 |publisher=Zambia Sugar Plc |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033749/http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

North of de Kafue Flats, Consolidated Farming Ltd., a Zambian company, dey produce sugar under de Kafue Sugar brand from a 9,000-hectare estate pumping water from de Kafue Flats.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Commercial Farming |url=http://www.sabletransport.com/farming.html |website=sabletransport.com |publisher=Sable Transport}}&lt;/ref&gt; To de east of Consolidated Farming, de Chiansi irrigation scheme dey grow wheat den oda irrigated crops for 200 hectares top plus plans to expand to 2,500 hectares.  

== Ecology ==
De Kafue Flats dey consist of a complex pattern of [[:en:Floodplain|floodplain]], [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]], [[:en:Ox-bow_lake|ox-bow lakes]], wey dey abandon river channels, [[:en:Marsh|marshes]] den [[:en:Levee|levees]] wey grasslands den woodlands surround am.

De flats dey comprise two [[:en:Ecoregion|ecoregions]]. De central seasonally- den permanently flooded areas be part of de [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|Zambezian flooded grasslands]] ecoregion, den de surrounding grasslands de woodlands be for de [[:en:Zambezian_and_mopane_woodlands|Zambezian den mopane woodlands]] ecoregion insyd. 

De soils of de flats dey heavy for texture insyd den dey tend to crack widely wen dry, wey e becam very sticky den plastic wen wet. Dem soils be mainly black anaa dark gray den produce an irregular surface relief known as [[:en:Gilgai|gilgai]] wey e consist of a series of small ridges wey dey stand 20–60&amp;#x20;cm above circular depressions about 2–7 meters for diameter insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot; /&gt; 

=== Vegetation ===
De main vegetation types of de Kafue Flats be [[:en:Woodland|woodland]] ([[:en:Miombo|miombo]], [[:en:Mopane|mopane]], [[:en:Acacia|Acacia]], den ''[[:en:Combretum|Combretum]]''), [[:en:Termitaria|termitaria]] grassland, flooded grasslands, permanent swamps den levees den lagoons.

=== Wildlife ===
[[File:Wattled_Crane_1400.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wattled_Crane_1400.jpg|right|thumb|Wattled crane.]]De [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]] (''Kobus leche kafuensis''), an antelope wey dem specialise give dey live for de marshy conditions of de flats insyd, be endemic to de area. Dem estimate dem to be 250,000 lechwe wey dey live for de Kafue Flats for 1931 insyd, one of de highest animals wey dey carry capacities for de world insyd at 11,000 kg/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (63,000 lb/sq mi).&lt;ref name=&quot;Schuster&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Schuster |first1=Richard |date=1980 |title=Will the Kafue Lechwe Survive the Kafue Dams? |journal=Oryx |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=476–489 |doi=10.1017/s0030605300029203 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

By 2005 dem estimate de nomba of lechwe to already fall to 38,000, a nomba wey remain mostly stable until de next census wey dem complete am for 2009 insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lechwe_Population&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chansa |first1=Wilbroad |last2=Kampamba |first2=George |date=2010 |title=The population status of the Kafue lechwe in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=837–840 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01188.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem already attribute de declining nombas of Kafue lechwe to de building of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] den subsequent change for intensity den timing of flooding insyd as well as illegal poaching den de pressures of rising nombas of pippoe den cattle.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lechwe_Population&quot; /&gt;  

Along plus lechwe, [[:en:Grant's_zebra|Grant]] [[:en:Grant's_zebra|ein zebras]] be de dominant species of large mammal wey dem find for de flats insyd. [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|Blue wildebeest]], [[:en:African_buffalo|Cape buffalo]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippo]] dey present for limited nombas insyd particularly for den around de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] insyd den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot; /&gt;

=== Birds ===
De Kafue Flats area dey support more dan 450 species of threatened, endangered den migratory bird species&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot; /&gt; den dem designate de area an Important Bird den Biodiversity Area (IBA) by [[:en:Birdlife_International|Birdlife International]]. De flats be home to large concentrations of resident den migratory waterbirds wey dey include significant breeding colonies deep within de swamps. De flats sanso dey host a high diversity den density of breeding raptors particularly vultures.  

De flats be an extremely important habitat give de [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]] (''Bugeranus carunculatus'') wey dem list am for de IUCN Red List insyd as vulnerable. Nombas of wattled crane for de flats insyd drop from between 2000 den 3000 for de 1970s insyd to less dan 1000 by 2002. Oda important species wey dem find for de Kafue Flats dey include de [[:en:Crowned_crane|crowned crane]], [[:en:Slaty_egret|slaty egret]], [[:en:Lappet_faced_vulture|lappet faced vulture]], [[:en:Lesser_kestrel|lesser kestrel]] den [[:en:Corn_crake|corn crake]].    

Threats to de bird life of de Kafue Flats dey include changes to de intensity den timing of floods wey de dam upstream at Itezhi-Tezhi cause am, de spread of invasive weed species den de impact of increasing human populations.    

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>kytjkf345lx0x8a6exftwoy8idr66ky</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>103083</id>
      <parentid>103082</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:04:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>103083</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="19155" sha1="ij28bndl4icjyxamg9j1w9r79kxjurg" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obrdlik |first1=P |last2=Mumeka |first2=A |last3=Kasonde |first3=J.M. |date=1989 |title=Regulated Rivers in Zambia - The Case Study of the Kafue River |journal=Regulated Rivers: Research and Management |volume=3 |pages=371–380 |doi=10.1002/rrr.3450030135}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mumba |first1=M |last2=Thompson |first2=J.R. |date=2005 |title=Hydrological and ecological impacts of dams on the Kafue Flats floodplain system, southern Zambia |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=30 |issue=6–7 |pages=442–447 |bibcode=2005PCE....30..442M |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.009}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam dey very different to de historical flows wey dem experience within de Kafue River plus de smooth annual rise den fall for discharge insyd wey dem already replace am by sudden increases as dem release large volumes of water from de dam. A substantial discharge rydee dem maintain am thruout de dry season whereas naturally dem associate dis period plus lower river flows. Although dem go fi already reduce maximum floods as a result of de dam, de almost year-round dey release means dat parts of de flats, for instance Chunga Lagoon, rydee e remain permanently flooded. In addition, de Kafue Gorge Dam create a large reservoir wey e back up into de eastern end of de flats wey e lead to areas of permanent inundation.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot; /&gt;

== Protected areas ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Kafue Flats dey include two [[:en:National_parks|national parks]] ([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category II [[:en:Protected_area|protected areas]]), de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]]. Dem establish both parks for de 1970s insyd for land wey dem formerly use give cattle ranching top. De 428 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (165 sq mi) Lochinvar National Park, famous give large nombas of [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]], wey dey sit south of de Kafue River den e be accessible from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Livingstone,_Zambia|Livingstone]] road at [[:en:Monze|Monze]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lochinvar National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/lochinvar-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lochinvar National Park get one of de highest nombas of vulnerable wattled crane for Africa insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands - Fafue Flats |author=Zambia Wildlife Authority |date=2006 |publisher=Ramsar |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003321/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Blue Lagoon National Park, north of de Kafue, dem fi access am from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Mongu|Mongu]] road west of Lusaka. De 500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (190 sq mi) park be home to a large abundance den variety of waterbirds as well as [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|lechwe]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Zebra|zebra]] den [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Blue Lagoon National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/blue-lagoon-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{convert|6000|km2}} of de Kafue Flats outside of dem cover de two national parks by de Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA)([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category VI [[:en:Protected_area|protected area]]). De GMA dey afford protection to de environment den wildlife whilst still e dey allow give de sustainable use of natural resources.    

Dem enter de Kafue Flats onto de [[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar]] list of Wetlands of International Importance for 1991 insyd wey e cover an area of 6,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,300 sq mi) coincident plus de Kafue Flats GMA.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_zambia&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Zambia |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list-anno-zambia/main/ramsar/1-31-218%5E15789_4000_0__ |access-date=23 August 2014 |website=ramsar.org |publisher=The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|De Kafue Flats, [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]], [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA).]]

== Agriculture ==
De land around de Kafue Flats be an important agricultural area for [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] insyd. As well as supporting a large number of subsistence den small-scale farmers, de flats sanso be a source of irrigation water give three large commercial farming operations wey concentrate around de eastern end of de flats. 

De oldest commercial farming operation for de Kafue Flats top be de [[:en:Nakambala|Nakambala]] Sugar Estate wey dem locate am for de southern edge of de flats top at [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]]. De Nakambala estate, wey [[:en:Zambia_Sugar|Zambia Sugar]] Plc a subsidiary of South African company [[:en:Illovo_Sugar|Illovo Sugar]] own am, along plus outgrowers den [[:en:Smallholding|smallholder]] farmers be de largest sugar producer for Zambia insyd den dem operate am for approximately 20,000 hectares of irrigated farmland top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |url=http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |title=Zambia Sugar Plc Annual Report 2014 |date=2014 |publisher=Zambia Sugar Plc |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033749/http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

North of de Kafue Flats, Consolidated Farming Ltd., a Zambian company, dey produce sugar under de Kafue Sugar brand from a 9,000-hectare estate pumping water from de Kafue Flats.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Commercial Farming |url=http://www.sabletransport.com/farming.html |website=sabletransport.com |publisher=Sable Transport}}&lt;/ref&gt; To de east of Consolidated Farming, de Chiansi irrigation scheme dey grow wheat den oda irrigated crops for 200 hectares top plus plans to expand to 2,500 hectares.  

== Ecology ==
De Kafue Flats dey consist of a complex pattern of [[:en:Floodplain|floodplain]], [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]], [[:en:Ox-bow_lake|ox-bow lakes]], wey dey abandon river channels, [[:en:Marsh|marshes]] den [[:en:Levee|levees]] wey grasslands den woodlands surround am.

De flats dey comprise two [[:en:Ecoregion|ecoregions]]. De central seasonally- den permanently flooded areas be part of de [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|Zambezian flooded grasslands]] ecoregion, den de surrounding grasslands de woodlands be for de [[:en:Zambezian_and_mopane_woodlands|Zambezian den mopane woodlands]] ecoregion insyd. 

De soils of de flats dey heavy for texture insyd den dey tend to crack widely wen dry, wey e becam very sticky den plastic wen wet. Dem soils be mainly black anaa dark gray den produce an irregular surface relief known as [[:en:Gilgai|gilgai]] wey e consist of a series of small ridges wey dey stand 20–60&amp;#x20;cm above circular depressions about 2–7 meters for diameter insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot; /&gt; 

=== Vegetation ===
De main vegetation types of de Kafue Flats be [[:en:Woodland|woodland]] ([[:en:Miombo|miombo]], [[:en:Mopane|mopane]], [[:en:Acacia|Acacia]], den ''[[:en:Combretum|Combretum]]''), [[:en:Termitaria|termitaria]] grassland, flooded grasslands, permanent swamps den levees den lagoons.

=== Wildlife ===
[[File:Wattled_Crane_1400.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wattled_Crane_1400.jpg|right|thumb|Wattled crane.]]De [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]] (''Kobus leche kafuensis''), an antelope wey dem specialise give dey live for de marshy conditions of de flats insyd, be endemic to de area. Dem estimate dem to be 250,000 lechwe wey dey live for de Kafue Flats for 1931 insyd, one of de highest animals wey dey carry capacities for de world insyd at 11,000 kg/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (63,000 lb/sq mi).&lt;ref name=&quot;Schuster&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Schuster |first1=Richard |date=1980 |title=Will the Kafue Lechwe Survive the Kafue Dams? |journal=Oryx |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=476–489 |doi=10.1017/s0030605300029203 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

By 2005 dem estimate de nomba of lechwe to already fall to 38,000, a nomba wey remain mostly stable until de next census wey dem complete am for 2009 insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lechwe_Population&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chansa |first1=Wilbroad |last2=Kampamba |first2=George |date=2010 |title=The population status of the Kafue lechwe in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=837–840 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01188.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem already attribute de declining nombas of Kafue lechwe to de building of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] den subsequent change for intensity den timing of flooding insyd as well as illegal poaching den de pressures of rising nombas of pippoe den cattle.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lechwe_Population&quot; /&gt;  

Along plus lechwe, [[:en:Grant's_zebra|Grant]] [[:en:Grant's_zebra|ein zebras]] be de dominant species of large mammal wey dem find for de flats insyd. [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|Blue wildebeest]], [[:en:African_buffalo|Cape buffalo]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippo]] dey present for limited nombas insyd particularly for den around de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] insyd den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot; /&gt;

=== Birds ===
De Kafue Flats area dey support more dan 450 species of threatened, endangered den migratory bird species&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot; /&gt; den dem designate de area an Important Bird den Biodiversity Area (IBA) by [[:en:Birdlife_International|Birdlife International]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Important Bird Areas factsheet: Kafue Flats |url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/kafue-flats-iba-zambia |access-date=9 January 2024 |website=birdlife.org |publisher=Birdlife International}}&lt;/ref&gt; De flats be home to large concentrations of resident den migratory waterbirds wey dey include significant breeding colonies deep within de swamps. De flats sanso dey host a high diversity den density of breeding raptors particularly vultures.  

De flats be an extremely important habitat give de [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]] (''Bugeranus carunculatus'') wey dem list am for de IUCN Red List insyd as vulnerable. Nombas of wattled crane for de flats insyd drop from between 2000 den 3000 for de 1970s insyd to less dan 1000 by 2002. Oda important species wey dem find for de Kafue Flats dey include de [[:en:Crowned_crane|crowned crane]], [[:en:Slaty_egret|slaty egret]], [[:en:Lappet_faced_vulture|lappet faced vulture]], [[:en:Lesser_kestrel|lesser kestrel]] den [[:en:Corn_crake|corn crake]].    

Threats to de bird life of de Kafue Flats dey include changes to de intensity den timing of floods wey de dam upstream at Itezhi-Tezhi cause am, de spread of invasive weed species den de impact of increasing human populations.    

== References ==</text>
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        <id>1692</id>
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De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obrdlik |first1=P |last2=Mumeka |first2=A |last3=Kasonde |first3=J.M. |date=1989 |title=Regulated Rivers in Zambia - The Case Study of the Kafue River |journal=Regulated Rivers: Research and Management |volume=3 |pages=371–380 |doi=10.1002/rrr.3450030135}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mumba |first1=M |last2=Thompson |first2=J.R. |date=2005 |title=Hydrological and ecological impacts of dams on the Kafue Flats floodplain system, southern Zambia |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=30 |issue=6–7 |pages=442–447 |bibcode=2005PCE....30..442M |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.009}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam dey very different to de historical flows wey dem experience within de Kafue River plus de smooth annual rise den fall for discharge insyd wey dem already replace am by sudden increases as dem release large volumes of water from de dam. A substantial discharge rydee dem maintain am thruout de dry season whereas naturally dem associate dis period plus lower river flows. Although dem go fi already reduce maximum floods as a result of de dam, de almost year-round dey release means dat parts of de flats, for instance Chunga Lagoon, rydee e remain permanently flooded. In addition, de Kafue Gorge Dam create a large reservoir wey e back up into de eastern end of de flats wey e lead to areas of permanent inundation.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot; /&gt;

== Protected areas ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Kafue Flats dey include two [[:en:National_parks|national parks]] ([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category II [[:en:Protected_area|protected areas]]), de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]]. Dem establish both parks for de 1970s insyd for land wey dem formerly use give cattle ranching top. De 428 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (165 sq mi) Lochinvar National Park, famous give large nombas of [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]], wey dey sit south of de Kafue River den e be accessible from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Livingstone,_Zambia|Livingstone]] road at [[:en:Monze|Monze]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lochinvar National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/lochinvar-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lochinvar National Park get one of de highest nombas of vulnerable wattled crane for Africa insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands - Fafue Flats |author=Zambia Wildlife Authority |date=2006 |publisher=Ramsar |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003321/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Blue Lagoon National Park, north of de Kafue, dem fi access am from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Mongu|Mongu]] road west of Lusaka. De 500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (190 sq mi) park be home to a large abundance den variety of waterbirds as well as [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|lechwe]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Zebra|zebra]] den [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Blue Lagoon National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/blue-lagoon-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{convert|6000|km2}} of de Kafue Flats outside of dem cover de two national parks by de Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA)([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category VI [[:en:Protected_area|protected area]]). De GMA dey afford protection to de environment den wildlife whilst still e dey allow give de sustainable use of natural resources.    

Dem enter de Kafue Flats onto de [[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar]] list of Wetlands of International Importance for 1991 insyd wey e cover an area of 6,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,300 sq mi) coincident plus de Kafue Flats GMA.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_zambia&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Zambia |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list-anno-zambia/main/ramsar/1-31-218%5E15789_4000_0__ |access-date=23 August 2014 |website=ramsar.org |publisher=The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|De Kafue Flats, [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]], [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA).]]

== Agriculture ==
De land around de Kafue Flats be an important agricultural area for [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] insyd. As well as supporting a large number of subsistence den small-scale farmers, de flats sanso be a source of irrigation water give three large commercial farming operations wey concentrate around de eastern end of de flats. 

De oldest commercial farming operation for de Kafue Flats top be de [[:en:Nakambala|Nakambala]] Sugar Estate wey dem locate am for de southern edge of de flats top at [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]]. De Nakambala estate, wey [[:en:Zambia_Sugar|Zambia Sugar]] Plc a subsidiary of South African company [[:en:Illovo_Sugar|Illovo Sugar]] own am, along plus outgrowers den [[:en:Smallholding|smallholder]] farmers be de largest sugar producer for Zambia insyd den dem operate am for approximately 20,000 hectares of irrigated farmland top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |url=http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |title=Zambia Sugar Plc Annual Report 2014 |date=2014 |publisher=Zambia Sugar Plc |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033749/http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

North of de Kafue Flats, Consolidated Farming Ltd., a Zambian company, dey produce sugar under de Kafue Sugar brand from a 9,000-hectare estate pumping water from de Kafue Flats.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Commercial Farming |url=http://www.sabletransport.com/farming.html |website=sabletransport.com |publisher=Sable Transport}}&lt;/ref&gt; To de east of Consolidated Farming, de Chiansi irrigation scheme dey grow wheat den oda irrigated crops for 200 hectares top plus plans to expand to 2,500 hectares.  

== Ecology ==
De Kafue Flats dey consist of a complex pattern of [[:en:Floodplain|floodplain]], [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]], [[:en:Ox-bow_lake|ox-bow lakes]], wey dey abandon river channels, [[:en:Marsh|marshes]] den [[:en:Levee|levees]] wey grasslands den woodlands surround am.

De flats dey comprise two [[:en:Ecoregion|ecoregions]]. De central seasonally- den permanently flooded areas be part of de [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|Zambezian flooded grasslands]] ecoregion, den de surrounding grasslands de woodlands be for de [[:en:Zambezian_and_mopane_woodlands|Zambezian den mopane woodlands]] ecoregion insyd. 

De soils of de flats dey heavy for texture insyd den dey tend to crack widely wen dry, wey e becam very sticky den plastic wen wet. Dem soils be mainly black anaa dark gray den produce an irregular surface relief known as [[:en:Gilgai|gilgai]] wey e consist of a series of small ridges wey dey stand 20–60&amp;#x20;cm above circular depressions about 2–7 meters for diameter insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot; /&gt; 

=== Vegetation ===
De main vegetation types of de Kafue Flats be [[:en:Woodland|woodland]] ([[:en:Miombo|miombo]], [[:en:Mopane|mopane]], [[:en:Acacia|Acacia]], den ''[[:en:Combretum|Combretum]]''), [[:en:Termitaria|termitaria]] grassland, flooded grasslands, permanent swamps den levees den lagoons.

=== Wildlife ===
[[File:Wattled_Crane_1400.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wattled_Crane_1400.jpg|right|thumb|Wattled crane.]]De [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]] (''Kobus leche kafuensis''), an antelope wey dem specialise give dey live for de marshy conditions of de flats insyd, be endemic to de area. Dem estimate dem to be 250,000 lechwe wey dey live for de Kafue Flats for 1931 insyd, one of de highest animals wey dey carry capacities for de world insyd at 11,000 kg/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (63,000 lb/sq mi).&lt;ref name=&quot;Schuster&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Schuster |first1=Richard |date=1980 |title=Will the Kafue Lechwe Survive the Kafue Dams? |journal=Oryx |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=476–489 |doi=10.1017/s0030605300029203 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

By 2005 dem estimate de nomba of lechwe to already fall to 38,000, a nomba wey remain mostly stable until de next census wey dem complete am for 2009 insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lechwe_Population&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chansa |first1=Wilbroad |last2=Kampamba |first2=George |date=2010 |title=The population status of the Kafue lechwe in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=837–840 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01188.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem already attribute de declining nombas of Kafue lechwe to de building of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] den subsequent change for intensity den timing of flooding insyd as well as illegal poaching den de pressures of rising nombas of pippoe den cattle.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lechwe_Population&quot; /&gt;  

Along plus lechwe, [[:en:Grant's_zebra|Grant]] [[:en:Grant's_zebra|ein zebras]] be de dominant species of large mammal wey dem find for de flats insyd. [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|Blue wildebeest]], [[:en:African_buffalo|Cape buffalo]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippo]] dey present for limited nombas insyd particularly for den around de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] insyd den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot; /&gt;

=== Birds ===
De Kafue Flats area dey support more dan 450 species of threatened, endangered den migratory bird species&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot; /&gt; den dem designate de area an Important Bird den Biodiversity Area (IBA) by [[:en:Birdlife_International|Birdlife International]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Important Bird Areas factsheet: Kafue Flats |url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/kafue-flats-iba-zambia |access-date=9 January 2024 |website=birdlife.org |publisher=Birdlife International}}&lt;/ref&gt; De flats be home to large concentrations of resident den migratory waterbirds wey dey include significant breeding colonies deep within de swamps. De flats sanso dey host a high diversity den density of breeding raptors particularly vultures.&lt;ref name=&quot;ibas&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Leonard |first1=Peter |title=Important bird areas in Zambia: priority sites for conservation |date=2005 |publisher=Zambian Ornithological Society |isbn=9982-811-01-0 |location=Lusaka}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De flats be an extremely important habitat give de [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]] (''Bugeranus carunculatus'') wey dem list am for de IUCN Red List insyd as vulnerable. Nombas of wattled crane for de flats insyd drop from between 2000 den 3000 for de 1970s insyd to less dan 1000 by 2002. Oda important species wey dem find for de Kafue Flats dey include de [[:en:Crowned_crane|crowned crane]], [[:en:Slaty_egret|slaty egret]], [[:en:Lappet_faced_vulture|lappet faced vulture]], [[:en:Lesser_kestrel|lesser kestrel]] den [[:en:Corn_crake|corn crake]].    

Threats to de bird life of de Kafue Flats dey include changes to de intensity den timing of floods wey de dam upstream at Itezhi-Tezhi cause am, de spread of invasive weed species den de impact of increasing human populations.    

== References ==</text>
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De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obrdlik |first1=P |last2=Mumeka |first2=A |last3=Kasonde |first3=J.M. |date=1989 |title=Regulated Rivers in Zambia - The Case Study of the Kafue River |journal=Regulated Rivers: Research and Management |volume=3 |pages=371–380 |doi=10.1002/rrr.3450030135}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mumba |first1=M |last2=Thompson |first2=J.R. |date=2005 |title=Hydrological and ecological impacts of dams on the Kafue Flats floodplain system, southern Zambia |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=30 |issue=6–7 |pages=442–447 |bibcode=2005PCE....30..442M |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.009}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam dey very different to de historical flows wey dem experience within de Kafue River plus de smooth annual rise den fall for discharge insyd wey dem already replace am by sudden increases as dem release large volumes of water from de dam. A substantial discharge rydee dem maintain am thruout de dry season whereas naturally dem associate dis period plus lower river flows. Although dem go fi already reduce maximum floods as a result of de dam, de almost year-round dey release means dat parts of de flats, for instance Chunga Lagoon, rydee e remain permanently flooded. In addition, de Kafue Gorge Dam create a large reservoir wey e back up into de eastern end of de flats wey e lead to areas of permanent inundation.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot; /&gt;

== Protected areas ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Kafue Flats dey include two [[:en:National_parks|national parks]] ([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category II [[:en:Protected_area|protected areas]]), de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]]. Dem establish both parks for de 1970s insyd for land wey dem formerly use give cattle ranching top. De 428 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (165 sq mi) Lochinvar National Park, famous give large nombas of [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]], wey dey sit south of de Kafue River den e be accessible from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Livingstone,_Zambia|Livingstone]] road at [[:en:Monze|Monze]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lochinvar National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/lochinvar-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lochinvar National Park get one of de highest nombas of vulnerable wattled crane for Africa insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands - Fafue Flats |author=Zambia Wildlife Authority |date=2006 |publisher=Ramsar |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003321/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Blue Lagoon National Park, north of de Kafue, dem fi access am from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Mongu|Mongu]] road west of Lusaka. De 500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (190 sq mi) park be home to a large abundance den variety of waterbirds as well as [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|lechwe]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Zebra|zebra]] den [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Blue Lagoon National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/blue-lagoon-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{convert|6000|km2}} of de Kafue Flats outside of dem cover de two national parks by de Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA)([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category VI [[:en:Protected_area|protected area]]). De GMA dey afford protection to de environment den wildlife whilst still e dey allow give de sustainable use of natural resources.    

Dem enter de Kafue Flats onto de [[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar]] list of Wetlands of International Importance for 1991 insyd wey e cover an area of 6,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,300 sq mi) coincident plus de Kafue Flats GMA.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_zambia&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Zambia |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list-anno-zambia/main/ramsar/1-31-218%5E15789_4000_0__ |access-date=23 August 2014 |website=ramsar.org |publisher=The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|De Kafue Flats, [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]], [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA).]]

== Agriculture ==
De land around de Kafue Flats be an important agricultural area for [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] insyd. As well as supporting a large number of subsistence den small-scale farmers, de flats sanso be a source of irrigation water give three large commercial farming operations wey concentrate around de eastern end of de flats. 

De oldest commercial farming operation for de Kafue Flats top be de [[:en:Nakambala|Nakambala]] Sugar Estate wey dem locate am for de southern edge of de flats top at [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]]. De Nakambala estate, wey [[:en:Zambia_Sugar|Zambia Sugar]] Plc a subsidiary of South African company [[:en:Illovo_Sugar|Illovo Sugar]] own am, along plus outgrowers den [[:en:Smallholding|smallholder]] farmers be de largest sugar producer for Zambia insyd den dem operate am for approximately 20,000 hectares of irrigated farmland top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |url=http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |title=Zambia Sugar Plc Annual Report 2014 |date=2014 |publisher=Zambia Sugar Plc |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033749/http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

North of de Kafue Flats, Consolidated Farming Ltd., a Zambian company, dey produce sugar under de Kafue Sugar brand from a 9,000-hectare estate pumping water from de Kafue Flats.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Commercial Farming |url=http://www.sabletransport.com/farming.html |website=sabletransport.com |publisher=Sable Transport}}&lt;/ref&gt; To de east of Consolidated Farming, de Chiansi irrigation scheme dey grow wheat den oda irrigated crops for 200 hectares top plus plans to expand to 2,500 hectares.  

== Ecology ==
De Kafue Flats dey consist of a complex pattern of [[:en:Floodplain|floodplain]], [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]], [[:en:Ox-bow_lake|ox-bow lakes]], wey dey abandon river channels, [[:en:Marsh|marshes]] den [[:en:Levee|levees]] wey grasslands den woodlands surround am.

De flats dey comprise two [[:en:Ecoregion|ecoregions]]. De central seasonally- den permanently flooded areas be part of de [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|Zambezian flooded grasslands]] ecoregion, den de surrounding grasslands de woodlands be for de [[:en:Zambezian_and_mopane_woodlands|Zambezian den mopane woodlands]] ecoregion insyd. 

De soils of de flats dey heavy for texture insyd den dey tend to crack widely wen dry, wey e becam very sticky den plastic wen wet. Dem soils be mainly black anaa dark gray den produce an irregular surface relief known as [[:en:Gilgai|gilgai]] wey e consist of a series of small ridges wey dey stand 20–60&amp;#x20;cm above circular depressions about 2–7 meters for diameter insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot; /&gt; 

=== Vegetation ===
De main vegetation types of de Kafue Flats be [[:en:Woodland|woodland]] ([[:en:Miombo|miombo]], [[:en:Mopane|mopane]], [[:en:Acacia|Acacia]], den ''[[:en:Combretum|Combretum]]''), [[:en:Termitaria|termitaria]] grassland, flooded grasslands, permanent swamps den levees den lagoons.

=== Wildlife ===
[[File:Wattled_Crane_1400.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wattled_Crane_1400.jpg|right|thumb|Wattled crane.]]De [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]] (''Kobus leche kafuensis''), an antelope wey dem specialise give dey live for de marshy conditions of de flats insyd, be endemic to de area. Dem estimate dem to be 250,000 lechwe wey dey live for de Kafue Flats for 1931 insyd, one of de highest animals wey dey carry capacities for de world insyd at 11,000 kg/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (63,000 lb/sq mi).&lt;ref name=&quot;Schuster&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Schuster |first1=Richard |date=1980 |title=Will the Kafue Lechwe Survive the Kafue Dams? |journal=Oryx |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=476–489 |doi=10.1017/s0030605300029203 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

By 2005 dem estimate de nomba of lechwe to already fall to 38,000, a nomba wey remain mostly stable until de next census wey dem complete am for 2009 insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lechwe_Population&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chansa |first1=Wilbroad |last2=Kampamba |first2=George |date=2010 |title=The population status of the Kafue lechwe in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=837–840 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01188.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem already attribute de declining nombas of Kafue lechwe to de building of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] den subsequent change for intensity den timing of flooding insyd as well as illegal poaching den de pressures of rising nombas of pippoe den cattle.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lechwe_Population&quot; /&gt;  

Along plus lechwe, [[:en:Grant's_zebra|Grant]] [[:en:Grant's_zebra|ein zebras]] be de dominant species of large mammal wey dem find for de flats insyd. [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|Blue wildebeest]], [[:en:African_buffalo|Cape buffalo]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippo]] dey present for limited nombas insyd particularly for den around de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] insyd den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot; /&gt;

=== Birds ===
De Kafue Flats area dey support more dan 450 species of threatened, endangered den migratory bird species&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot; /&gt; den dem designate de area an Important Bird den Biodiversity Area (IBA) by [[:en:Birdlife_International|Birdlife International]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Important Bird Areas factsheet: Kafue Flats |url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/kafue-flats-iba-zambia |access-date=9 January 2024 |website=birdlife.org |publisher=Birdlife International}}&lt;/ref&gt; De flats be home to large concentrations of resident den migratory waterbirds wey dey include significant breeding colonies deep within de swamps. De flats sanso dey host a high diversity den density of breeding raptors particularly vultures.&lt;ref name=&quot;ibas&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Leonard |first1=Peter |title=Important bird areas in Zambia: priority sites for conservation |date=2005 |publisher=Zambian Ornithological Society |isbn=9982-811-01-0 |location=Lusaka}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De flats be an extremely important habitat give de [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]] (''Bugeranus carunculatus'') wey dem list am for de IUCN Red List insyd as vulnerable.&lt;ref name=&quot;iucn&quot;&gt;[[:en:BirdLife_International|BirdLife International]] (2018). [https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22692129/129880815 &quot;''Bugeranus carunculatus''&quot;]. ''[[:en:IUCN_Red_List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]''. '''2018''' e.T22692129A129880815. doi:[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22692129A129880815.en|10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22692129A129880815.en]]. Retrieved 9 January 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; Nombas of wattled crane for de flats insyd drop from between 2000 den 3000 for de 1970s insyd to less dan 1000 by 2002. Oda important species wey dem find for de Kafue Flats dey include de [[:en:Crowned_crane|crowned crane]], [[:en:Slaty_egret|slaty egret]], [[:en:Lappet_faced_vulture|lappet faced vulture]], [[:en:Lesser_kestrel|lesser kestrel]] den [[:en:Corn_crake|corn crake]].    

Threats to de bird life of de Kafue Flats dey include changes to de intensity den timing of floods wey de dam upstream at Itezhi-Tezhi cause am, de spread of invasive weed species den de impact of increasing human populations.    

== References ==</text>
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De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obrdlik |first1=P |last2=Mumeka |first2=A |last3=Kasonde |first3=J.M. |date=1989 |title=Regulated Rivers in Zambia - The Case Study of the Kafue River |journal=Regulated Rivers: Research and Management |volume=3 |pages=371–380 |doi=10.1002/rrr.3450030135}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mumba |first1=M |last2=Thompson |first2=J.R. |date=2005 |title=Hydrological and ecological impacts of dams on the Kafue Flats floodplain system, southern Zambia |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=30 |issue=6–7 |pages=442–447 |bibcode=2005PCE....30..442M |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.009}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam dey very different to de historical flows wey dem experience within de Kafue River plus de smooth annual rise den fall for discharge insyd wey dem already replace am by sudden increases as dem release large volumes of water from de dam. A substantial discharge rydee dem maintain am thruout de dry season whereas naturally dem associate dis period plus lower river flows. Although dem go fi already reduce maximum floods as a result of de dam, de almost year-round dey release means dat parts of de flats, for instance Chunga Lagoon, rydee e remain permanently flooded. In addition, de Kafue Gorge Dam create a large reservoir wey e back up into de eastern end of de flats wey e lead to areas of permanent inundation.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot; /&gt;

== Protected areas ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Kafue Flats dey include two [[:en:National_parks|national parks]] ([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category II [[:en:Protected_area|protected areas]]), de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]]. Dem establish both parks for de 1970s insyd for land wey dem formerly use give cattle ranching top. De 428 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (165 sq mi) Lochinvar National Park, famous give large nombas of [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]], wey dey sit south of de Kafue River den e be accessible from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Livingstone,_Zambia|Livingstone]] road at [[:en:Monze|Monze]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lochinvar National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/lochinvar-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lochinvar National Park get one of de highest nombas of vulnerable wattled crane for Africa insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands - Fafue Flats |author=Zambia Wildlife Authority |date=2006 |publisher=Ramsar |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003321/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Blue Lagoon National Park, north of de Kafue, dem fi access am from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Mongu|Mongu]] road west of Lusaka. De 500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (190 sq mi) park be home to a large abundance den variety of waterbirds as well as [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|lechwe]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Zebra|zebra]] den [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Blue Lagoon National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/blue-lagoon-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{convert|6000|km2}} of de Kafue Flats outside of dem cover de two national parks by de Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA)([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category VI [[:en:Protected_area|protected area]]). De GMA dey afford protection to de environment den wildlife whilst still e dey allow give de sustainable use of natural resources.    

Dem enter de Kafue Flats onto de [[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar]] list of Wetlands of International Importance for 1991 insyd wey e cover an area of 6,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,300 sq mi) coincident plus de Kafue Flats GMA.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_zambia&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Zambia |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list-anno-zambia/main/ramsar/1-31-218%5E15789_4000_0__ |access-date=23 August 2014 |website=ramsar.org |publisher=The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|De Kafue Flats, [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]], [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA).]]

== Agriculture ==
De land around de Kafue Flats be an important agricultural area for [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] insyd. As well as supporting a large number of subsistence den small-scale farmers, de flats sanso be a source of irrigation water give three large commercial farming operations wey concentrate around de eastern end of de flats. 

De oldest commercial farming operation for de Kafue Flats top be de [[:en:Nakambala|Nakambala]] Sugar Estate wey dem locate am for de southern edge of de flats top at [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]]. De Nakambala estate, wey [[:en:Zambia_Sugar|Zambia Sugar]] Plc a subsidiary of South African company [[:en:Illovo_Sugar|Illovo Sugar]] own am, along plus outgrowers den [[:en:Smallholding|smallholder]] farmers be de largest sugar producer for Zambia insyd den dem operate am for approximately 20,000 hectares of irrigated farmland top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |url=http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |title=Zambia Sugar Plc Annual Report 2014 |date=2014 |publisher=Zambia Sugar Plc |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033749/http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

North of de Kafue Flats, Consolidated Farming Ltd., a Zambian company, dey produce sugar under de Kafue Sugar brand from a 9,000-hectare estate pumping water from de Kafue Flats.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Commercial Farming |url=http://www.sabletransport.com/farming.html |website=sabletransport.com |publisher=Sable Transport}}&lt;/ref&gt; To de east of Consolidated Farming, de Chiansi irrigation scheme dey grow wheat den oda irrigated crops for 200 hectares top plus plans to expand to 2,500 hectares.  

== Ecology ==
De Kafue Flats dey consist of a complex pattern of [[:en:Floodplain|floodplain]], [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]], [[:en:Ox-bow_lake|ox-bow lakes]], wey dey abandon river channels, [[:en:Marsh|marshes]] den [[:en:Levee|levees]] wey grasslands den woodlands surround am.

De flats dey comprise two [[:en:Ecoregion|ecoregions]]. De central seasonally- den permanently flooded areas be part of de [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|Zambezian flooded grasslands]] ecoregion, den de surrounding grasslands de woodlands be for de [[:en:Zambezian_and_mopane_woodlands|Zambezian den mopane woodlands]] ecoregion insyd. 

De soils of de flats dey heavy for texture insyd den dey tend to crack widely wen dry, wey e becam very sticky den plastic wen wet. Dem soils be mainly black anaa dark gray den produce an irregular surface relief known as [[:en:Gilgai|gilgai]] wey e consist of a series of small ridges wey dey stand 20–60&amp;#x20;cm above circular depressions about 2–7 meters for diameter insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot; /&gt; 

=== Vegetation ===
De main vegetation types of de Kafue Flats be [[:en:Woodland|woodland]] ([[:en:Miombo|miombo]], [[:en:Mopane|mopane]], [[:en:Acacia|Acacia]], den ''[[:en:Combretum|Combretum]]''), [[:en:Termitaria|termitaria]] grassland, flooded grasslands, permanent swamps den levees den lagoons.

=== Wildlife ===
[[File:Wattled_Crane_1400.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wattled_Crane_1400.jpg|right|thumb|Wattled crane.]]De [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]] (''Kobus leche kafuensis''), an antelope wey dem specialise give dey live for de marshy conditions of de flats insyd, be endemic to de area. Dem estimate dem to be 250,000 lechwe wey dey live for de Kafue Flats for 1931 insyd, one of de highest animals wey dey carry capacities for de world insyd at 11,000 kg/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (63,000 lb/sq mi).&lt;ref name=&quot;Schuster&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Schuster |first1=Richard |date=1980 |title=Will the Kafue Lechwe Survive the Kafue Dams? |journal=Oryx |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=476–489 |doi=10.1017/s0030605300029203 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

By 2005 dem estimate de nomba of lechwe to already fall to 38,000, a nomba wey remain mostly stable until de next census wey dem complete am for 2009 insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lechwe_Population&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chansa |first1=Wilbroad |last2=Kampamba |first2=George |date=2010 |title=The population status of the Kafue lechwe in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=837–840 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01188.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem already attribute de declining nombas of Kafue lechwe to de building of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] den subsequent change for intensity den timing of flooding insyd as well as illegal poaching den de pressures of rising nombas of pippoe den cattle.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lechwe_Population&quot; /&gt;  

Along plus lechwe, [[:en:Grant's_zebra|Grant]] [[:en:Grant's_zebra|ein zebras]] be de dominant species of large mammal wey dem find for de flats insyd. [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|Blue wildebeest]], [[:en:African_buffalo|Cape buffalo]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippo]] dey present for limited nombas insyd particularly for den around de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] insyd den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot; /&gt;

=== Birds ===
De Kafue Flats area dey support more dan 450 species of threatened, endangered den migratory bird species&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot; /&gt; den dem designate de area an Important Bird den Biodiversity Area (IBA) by [[:en:Birdlife_International|Birdlife International]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Important Bird Areas factsheet: Kafue Flats |url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/kafue-flats-iba-zambia |access-date=9 January 2024 |website=birdlife.org |publisher=Birdlife International}}&lt;/ref&gt; De flats be home to large concentrations of resident den migratory waterbirds wey dey include significant breeding colonies deep within de swamps. De flats sanso dey host a high diversity den density of breeding raptors particularly vultures.&lt;ref name=&quot;ibas&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Leonard |first1=Peter |title=Important bird areas in Zambia: priority sites for conservation |date=2005 |publisher=Zambian Ornithological Society |isbn=9982-811-01-0 |location=Lusaka}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De flats be an extremely important habitat give de [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]] (''Bugeranus carunculatus'') wey dem list am for de IUCN Red List insyd as vulnerable.&lt;ref name=&quot;iucn&quot;&gt;[[:en:BirdLife_International|BirdLife International]] (2018). [https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22692129/129880815 &quot;''Bugeranus carunculatus''&quot;]. ''[[:en:IUCN_Red_List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]''. '''2018''' e.T22692129A129880815. doi:[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22692129A129880815.en|10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22692129A129880815.en]]. Retrieved 9 January 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; Nombas of wattled crane for de flats insyd drop from between 2000 den 3000 for de 1970s insyd to less dan 1000 by 2002.&lt;ref name=&quot;ibas&quot; /&gt; Oda important species wey dem find for de Kafue Flats dey include de [[:en:Crowned_crane|crowned crane]], [[:en:Slaty_egret|slaty egret]], [[:en:Lappet_faced_vulture|lappet faced vulture]], [[:en:Lesser_kestrel|lesser kestrel]] den [[:en:Corn_crake|corn crake]].    

Threats to de bird life of de Kafue Flats dey include changes to de intensity den timing of floods wey de dam upstream at Itezhi-Tezhi cause am, de spread of invasive weed species den de impact of increasing human populations.    

== References ==</text>
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De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obrdlik |first1=P |last2=Mumeka |first2=A |last3=Kasonde |first3=J.M. |date=1989 |title=Regulated Rivers in Zambia - The Case Study of the Kafue River |journal=Regulated Rivers: Research and Management |volume=3 |pages=371–380 |doi=10.1002/rrr.3450030135}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mumba |first1=M |last2=Thompson |first2=J.R. |date=2005 |title=Hydrological and ecological impacts of dams on the Kafue Flats floodplain system, southern Zambia |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=30 |issue=6–7 |pages=442–447 |bibcode=2005PCE....30..442M |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.009}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam dey very different to de historical flows wey dem experience within de Kafue River plus de smooth annual rise den fall for discharge insyd wey dem already replace am by sudden increases as dem release large volumes of water from de dam. A substantial discharge rydee dem maintain am thruout de dry season whereas naturally dem associate dis period plus lower river flows. Although dem go fi already reduce maximum floods as a result of de dam, de almost year-round dey release means dat parts of de flats, for instance Chunga Lagoon, rydee e remain permanently flooded. In addition, de Kafue Gorge Dam create a large reservoir wey e back up into de eastern end of de flats wey e lead to areas of permanent inundation.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot; /&gt;

== Protected areas ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Kafue Flats dey include two [[:en:National_parks|national parks]] ([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category II [[:en:Protected_area|protected areas]]), de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]]. Dem establish both parks for de 1970s insyd for land wey dem formerly use give cattle ranching top. De 428 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (165 sq mi) Lochinvar National Park, famous give large nombas of [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]], wey dey sit south of de Kafue River den e be accessible from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Livingstone,_Zambia|Livingstone]] road at [[:en:Monze|Monze]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lochinvar National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/lochinvar-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lochinvar National Park get one of de highest nombas of vulnerable wattled crane for Africa insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands - Fafue Flats |author=Zambia Wildlife Authority |date=2006 |publisher=Ramsar |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003321/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Blue Lagoon National Park, north of de Kafue, dem fi access am from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Mongu|Mongu]] road west of Lusaka. De 500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (190 sq mi) park be home to a large abundance den variety of waterbirds as well as [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|lechwe]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Zebra|zebra]] den [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Blue Lagoon National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/blue-lagoon-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{convert|6000|km2}} of de Kafue Flats outside of dem cover de two national parks by de Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA)([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category VI [[:en:Protected_area|protected area]]). De GMA dey afford protection to de environment den wildlife whilst still e dey allow give de sustainable use of natural resources.    

Dem enter de Kafue Flats onto de [[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar]] list of Wetlands of International Importance for 1991 insyd wey e cover an area of 6,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,300 sq mi) coincident plus de Kafue Flats GMA.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_zambia&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Zambia |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list-anno-zambia/main/ramsar/1-31-218%5E15789_4000_0__ |access-date=23 August 2014 |website=ramsar.org |publisher=The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|De Kafue Flats, [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]], [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA).]]

== Agriculture ==
De land around de Kafue Flats be an important agricultural area for [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] insyd. As well as supporting a large number of subsistence den small-scale farmers, de flats sanso be a source of irrigation water give three large commercial farming operations wey concentrate around de eastern end of de flats. 

De oldest commercial farming operation for de Kafue Flats top be de [[:en:Nakambala|Nakambala]] Sugar Estate wey dem locate am for de southern edge of de flats top at [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]]. De Nakambala estate, wey [[:en:Zambia_Sugar|Zambia Sugar]] Plc a subsidiary of South African company [[:en:Illovo_Sugar|Illovo Sugar]] own am, along plus outgrowers den [[:en:Smallholding|smallholder]] farmers be de largest sugar producer for Zambia insyd den dem operate am for approximately 20,000 hectares of irrigated farmland top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |url=http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |title=Zambia Sugar Plc Annual Report 2014 |date=2014 |publisher=Zambia Sugar Plc |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033749/http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

North of de Kafue Flats, Consolidated Farming Ltd., a Zambian company, dey produce sugar under de Kafue Sugar brand from a 9,000-hectare estate pumping water from de Kafue Flats.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Commercial Farming |url=http://www.sabletransport.com/farming.html |website=sabletransport.com |publisher=Sable Transport}}&lt;/ref&gt; To de east of Consolidated Farming, de Chiansi irrigation scheme dey grow wheat den oda irrigated crops for 200 hectares top plus plans to expand to 2,500 hectares.  

== Ecology ==
De Kafue Flats dey consist of a complex pattern of [[:en:Floodplain|floodplain]], [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]], [[:en:Ox-bow_lake|ox-bow lakes]], wey dey abandon river channels, [[:en:Marsh|marshes]] den [[:en:Levee|levees]] wey grasslands den woodlands surround am.

De flats dey comprise two [[:en:Ecoregion|ecoregions]]. De central seasonally- den permanently flooded areas be part of de [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|Zambezian flooded grasslands]] ecoregion, den de surrounding grasslands de woodlands be for de [[:en:Zambezian_and_mopane_woodlands|Zambezian den mopane woodlands]] ecoregion insyd. 

De soils of de flats dey heavy for texture insyd den dey tend to crack widely wen dry, wey e becam very sticky den plastic wen wet. Dem soils be mainly black anaa dark gray den produce an irregular surface relief known as [[:en:Gilgai|gilgai]] wey e consist of a series of small ridges wey dey stand 20–60&amp;#x20;cm above circular depressions about 2–7 meters for diameter insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot; /&gt; 

=== Vegetation ===
De main vegetation types of de Kafue Flats be [[:en:Woodland|woodland]] ([[:en:Miombo|miombo]], [[:en:Mopane|mopane]], [[:en:Acacia|Acacia]], den ''[[:en:Combretum|Combretum]]''), [[:en:Termitaria|termitaria]] grassland, flooded grasslands, permanent swamps den levees den lagoons.

=== Wildlife ===
[[File:Wattled_Crane_1400.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wattled_Crane_1400.jpg|right|thumb|Wattled crane.]]De [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]] (''Kobus leche kafuensis''), an antelope wey dem specialise give dey live for de marshy conditions of de flats insyd, be endemic to de area. Dem estimate dem to be 250,000 lechwe wey dey live for de Kafue Flats for 1931 insyd, one of de highest animals wey dey carry capacities for de world insyd at 11,000 kg/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (63,000 lb/sq mi).&lt;ref name=&quot;Schuster&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Schuster |first1=Richard |date=1980 |title=Will the Kafue Lechwe Survive the Kafue Dams? |journal=Oryx |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=476–489 |doi=10.1017/s0030605300029203 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

By 2005 dem estimate de nomba of lechwe to already fall to 38,000, a nomba wey remain mostly stable until de next census wey dem complete am for 2009 insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lechwe_Population&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chansa |first1=Wilbroad |last2=Kampamba |first2=George |date=2010 |title=The population status of the Kafue lechwe in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=837–840 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01188.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem already attribute de declining nombas of Kafue lechwe to de building of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] den subsequent change for intensity den timing of flooding insyd as well as illegal poaching den de pressures of rising nombas of pippoe den cattle.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lechwe_Population&quot; /&gt;  

Along plus lechwe, [[:en:Grant's_zebra|Grant]] [[:en:Grant's_zebra|ein zebras]] be de dominant species of large mammal wey dem find for de flats insyd. [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|Blue wildebeest]], [[:en:African_buffalo|Cape buffalo]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippo]] dey present for limited nombas insyd particularly for den around de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] insyd den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot; /&gt;

=== Birds ===
De Kafue Flats area dey support more dan 450 species of threatened, endangered den migratory bird species&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot; /&gt; den dem designate de area an Important Bird den Biodiversity Area (IBA) by [[:en:Birdlife_International|Birdlife International]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Important Bird Areas factsheet: Kafue Flats |url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/kafue-flats-iba-zambia |access-date=9 January 2024 |website=birdlife.org |publisher=Birdlife International}}&lt;/ref&gt; De flats be home to large concentrations of resident den migratory waterbirds wey dey include significant breeding colonies deep within de swamps. De flats sanso dey host a high diversity den density of breeding raptors particularly vultures.&lt;ref name=&quot;ibas&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Leonard |first1=Peter |title=Important bird areas in Zambia: priority sites for conservation |date=2005 |publisher=Zambian Ornithological Society |isbn=9982-811-01-0 |location=Lusaka}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De flats be an extremely important habitat give de [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]] (''Bugeranus carunculatus'') wey dem list am for de IUCN Red List insyd as vulnerable.&lt;ref name=&quot;iucn&quot;&gt;[[:en:BirdLife_International|BirdLife International]] (2018). [https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22692129/129880815 &quot;''Bugeranus carunculatus''&quot;]. ''[[:en:IUCN_Red_List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]''. '''2018''' e.T22692129A129880815. doi:[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22692129A129880815.en|10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22692129A129880815.en]]. Retrieved 9 January 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; Nombas of wattled crane for de flats insyd drop from between 2000 den 3000 for de 1970s insyd to less dan 1000 by 2002.&lt;ref name=&quot;ibas&quot; /&gt; Oda important species wey dem find for de Kafue Flats dey include de [[:en:Crowned_crane|crowned crane]], [[:en:Slaty_egret|slaty egret]], [[:en:Lappet_faced_vulture|lappet faced vulture]], [[:en:Lesser_kestrel|lesser kestrel]] den [[:en:Corn_crake|corn crake]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ibas&quot; /&gt;    

Threats to de bird life of de Kafue Flats dey include changes to de intensity den timing of floods wey de dam upstream at Itezhi-Tezhi cause am, de spread of invasive weed species den de impact of increasing human populations.    

== References ==</text>
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      <text bytes="19847" sha1="mluor79k8uvefl6w2xu420dfkyp6rx1" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] top for de [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern]] insyd, [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central]] den [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka]] provinces of [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|flood plain]] 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], to [[:en:Kafue| Kafue town]] den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]] den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of [[:en:Namwala|Namwala]] at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA [[:en:Terra_(satellite)|MODIS]] image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] den [[:en:Mumbwa_District|Mumbwa]] Districts for[[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]], [[:en:Kafue_District|Kafue District]] insyd for [[:en:Lusaka_Province,_Zambia|Lusaka Province]] insyd den [[:en:Monze_District|Monze]], [[:en:Namwala_District|Namwala]] den [[:en:Mazabuka_District|Mazabuka]] districts for [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] (anaa [[:en:Twa|Twa]]) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de [[:en:Batwa|Batwa]] to be de surviving remnants of nomadic [[:en:Bushmen|Bushmen]] wey inhabit Zambia long before de [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu pippoe]] begin to arrive from de [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by [[:en:Ila_language|Ila]] den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau [[:en:Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dem already alter de hydrology of de [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge]] downstream of de flats den at [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]], plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem complete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem complete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obrdlik |first1=P |last2=Mumeka |first2=A |last3=Kasonde |first3=J.M. |date=1989 |title=Regulated Rivers in Zambia - The Case Study of the Kafue River |journal=Regulated Rivers: Research and Management |volume=3 |pages=371–380 |doi=10.1002/rrr.3450030135}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de [[:en:Kafue_Gorge_Dam|Kafue Gorge Dam]] den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mumba |first1=M |last2=Thompson |first2=J.R. |date=2005 |title=Hydrological and ecological impacts of dams on the Kafue Flats floodplain system, southern Zambia |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=30 |issue=6–7 |pages=442–447 |bibcode=2005PCE....30..442M |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.009}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam dey very different to de historical flows wey dem experience within de Kafue River plus de smooth annual rise den fall for discharge insyd wey dem already replace am by sudden increases as dem release large volumes of water from de dam. A substantial discharge rydee dem maintain am thruout de dry season whereas naturally dem associate dis period plus lower river flows. Although dem go fi already reduce maximum floods as a result of de dam, de almost year-round dey release means dat parts of de flats, for instance Chunga Lagoon, rydee e remain permanently flooded. In addition, de Kafue Gorge Dam create a large reservoir wey e back up into de eastern end of de flats wey e lead to areas of permanent inundation.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot; /&gt;

== Protected areas ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Kafue Flats dey include two [[:en:National_parks|national parks]] ([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category II [[:en:Protected_area|protected areas]]), de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]]. Dem establish both parks for de 1970s insyd for land wey dem formerly use give cattle ranching top. De 428 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (165 sq mi) Lochinvar National Park, famous give large nombas of [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]], wey dey sit south of de Kafue River den e be accessible from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Livingstone,_Zambia|Livingstone]] road at [[:en:Monze|Monze]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lochinvar National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/lochinvar-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lochinvar National Park get one of de highest nombas of vulnerable wattled crane for Africa insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands - Fafue Flats |author=Zambia Wildlife Authority |date=2006 |publisher=Ramsar |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003321/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Blue Lagoon National Park, north of de Kafue, dem fi access am from de [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]-[[:en:Mongu|Mongu]] road west of Lusaka. De 500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (190 sq mi) park be home to a large abundance den variety of waterbirds as well as [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|lechwe]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]], [[:en:Zebra|zebra]] den [[:en:African_buffalo|African buffalo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Blue Lagoon National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/blue-lagoon-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{convert|6000|km2}} of de Kafue Flats outside of dem cover de two national parks by de Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA)([[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] Category VI [[:en:Protected_area|protected area]]). De GMA dey afford protection to de environment den wildlife whilst still e dey allow give de sustainable use of natural resources.    

Dem enter de Kafue Flats onto de [[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar]] list of Wetlands of International Importance for 1991 insyd wey e cover an area of 6,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,300 sq mi) coincident plus de Kafue Flats GMA.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_zambia&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Zambia |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list-anno-zambia/main/ramsar/1-31-218%5E15789_4000_0__ |access-date=23 August 2014 |website=ramsar.org |publisher=The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|De Kafue Flats, [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]], [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA).]]

== Agriculture ==
De land around de Kafue Flats be an important agricultural area for [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] insyd. As well as supporting a large number of subsistence den small-scale farmers, de flats sanso be a source of irrigation water give three large commercial farming operations wey concentrate around de eastern end of de flats. 

De oldest commercial farming operation for de Kafue Flats top be de [[:en:Nakambala|Nakambala]] Sugar Estate wey dem locate am for de southern edge of de flats top at [[:en:Mazabuka|Mazabuka]]. De Nakambala estate, wey [[:en:Zambia_Sugar|Zambia Sugar]] Plc a subsidiary of South African company [[:en:Illovo_Sugar|Illovo Sugar]] own am, along plus outgrowers den [[:en:Smallholding|smallholder]] farmers be de largest sugar producer for Zambia insyd den dem operate am for approximately 20,000 hectares of irrigated farmland top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |url=http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |title=Zambia Sugar Plc Annual Report 2014 |date=2014 |publisher=Zambia Sugar Plc |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033749/http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

North of de Kafue Flats, Consolidated Farming Ltd., a Zambian company, dey produce sugar under de Kafue Sugar brand from a 9,000-hectare estate pumping water from de Kafue Flats.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Commercial Farming |url=http://www.sabletransport.com/farming.html |website=sabletransport.com |publisher=Sable Transport}}&lt;/ref&gt; To de east of Consolidated Farming, de Chiansi irrigation scheme dey grow wheat den oda irrigated crops for 200 hectares top plus plans to expand to 2,500 hectares.  

== Ecology ==
De Kafue Flats dey consist of a complex pattern of [[:en:Floodplain|floodplain]], [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]], [[:en:Ox-bow_lake|ox-bow lakes]], wey dey abandon river channels, [[:en:Marsh|marshes]] den [[:en:Levee|levees]] wey grasslands den woodlands surround am.

De flats dey comprise two [[:en:Ecoregion|ecoregions]]. De central seasonally- den permanently flooded areas be part of de [[:en:Zambezian_flooded_grasslands|Zambezian flooded grasslands]] ecoregion, den de surrounding grasslands de woodlands be for de [[:en:Zambezian_and_mopane_woodlands|Zambezian den mopane woodlands]] ecoregion insyd. 

De soils of de flats dey heavy for texture insyd den dey tend to crack widely wen dry, wey e becam very sticky den plastic wen wet. Dem soils be mainly black anaa dark gray den produce an irregular surface relief known as [[:en:Gilgai|gilgai]] wey e consist of a series of small ridges wey dey stand 20–60&amp;#x20;cm above circular depressions about 2–7 meters for diameter insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot; /&gt; 

=== Vegetation ===
De main vegetation types of de Kafue Flats be [[:en:Woodland|woodland]] ([[:en:Miombo|miombo]], [[:en:Mopane|mopane]], [[:en:Acacia|Acacia]], den ''[[:en:Combretum|Combretum]]''), [[:en:Termitaria|termitaria]] grassland, flooded grasslands, permanent swamps den levees den lagoons.

=== Wildlife ===
[[File:Wattled_Crane_1400.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wattled_Crane_1400.jpg|right|thumb|Wattled crane.]]De [[:en:Kafue_lechwe|Kafue lechwe]] (''Kobus leche kafuensis''), an antelope wey dem specialise give dey live for de marshy conditions of de flats insyd, be endemic to de area. Dem estimate dem to be 250,000 lechwe wey dey live for de Kafue Flats for 1931 insyd, one of de highest animals wey dey carry capacities for de world insyd at 11,000 kg/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (63,000 lb/sq mi).&lt;ref name=&quot;Schuster&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Schuster |first1=Richard |date=1980 |title=Will the Kafue Lechwe Survive the Kafue Dams? |journal=Oryx |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=476–489 |doi=10.1017/s0030605300029203 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

By 2005 dem estimate de nomba of lechwe to already fall to 38,000, a nomba wey remain mostly stable until de next census wey dem complete am for 2009 insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lechwe_Population&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chansa |first1=Wilbroad |last2=Kampamba |first2=George |date=2010 |title=The population status of the Kafue lechwe in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=837–840 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01188.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem already attribute de declining nombas of Kafue lechwe to de building of de [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] den subsequent change for intensity den timing of flooding insyd as well as illegal poaching den de pressures of rising nombas of pippoe den cattle.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lechwe_Population&quot; /&gt;  

Along plus lechwe, [[:en:Grant's_zebra|Grant]] [[:en:Grant's_zebra|ein zebras]] be de dominant species of large mammal wey dem find for de flats insyd. [[:en:Blue_wildebeest|Blue wildebeest]], [[:en:African_buffalo|Cape buffalo]], [[:en:Roan_antelope|roan]], [[:en:Greater_kudu|greater kudu]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippo]] dey present for limited nombas insyd particularly for den around de [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar]] insyd den [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Parks]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot; /&gt;

=== Birds ===
De Kafue Flats area dey support more dan 450 species of threatened, endangered den migratory bird species&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot; /&gt; den dem designate de area an Important Bird den Biodiversity Area (IBA) by [[:en:Birdlife_International|Birdlife International]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Important Bird Areas factsheet: Kafue Flats |url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/kafue-flats-iba-zambia |access-date=9 January 2024 |website=birdlife.org |publisher=Birdlife International}}&lt;/ref&gt; De flats be home to large concentrations of resident den migratory waterbirds wey dey include significant breeding colonies deep within de swamps. De flats sanso dey host a high diversity den density of breeding raptors particularly vultures.&lt;ref name=&quot;ibas&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Leonard |first1=Peter |title=Important bird areas in Zambia: priority sites for conservation |date=2005 |publisher=Zambian Ornithological Society |isbn=9982-811-01-0 |location=Lusaka}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De flats be an extremely important habitat give de [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]] (''Bugeranus carunculatus'') wey dem list am for de IUCN Red List insyd as vulnerable.&lt;ref name=&quot;iucn&quot;&gt;[[:en:BirdLife_International|BirdLife International]] (2018). [https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22692129/129880815 &quot;''Bugeranus carunculatus''&quot;]. ''[[:en:IUCN_Red_List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]''. '''2018''' e.T22692129A129880815. doi:[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22692129A129880815.en|10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22692129A129880815.en]]. Retrieved 9 January 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; Nombas of wattled crane for de flats insyd drop from between 2000 den 3000 for de 1970s insyd to less dan 1000 by 2002.&lt;ref name=&quot;ibas&quot; /&gt; Oda important species wey dem find for de Kafue Flats dey include de [[:en:Crowned_crane|crowned crane]], [[:en:Slaty_egret|slaty egret]], [[:en:Lappet_faced_vulture|lappet faced vulture]], [[:en:Lesser_kestrel|lesser kestrel]] den [[:en:Corn_crake|corn crake]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ibas&quot; /&gt;    

Threats to de bird life of de Kafue Flats dey include changes to de intensity den timing of floods wey de dam upstream at Itezhi-Tezhi cause am, de spread of invasive weed species den de impact of increasing human populations.&lt;ref name=&quot;ibas&quot; /&gt;    

== References ==</text>
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    <title>Ancient Egyptian agriculture</title>
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[[File: Maler der Grabkammer des Sennudem 001.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Ploughing plus a yoke of horned cattle insyd ancient Egypt. Painting from de burial chamber of Sennedjem, c. 1200 BC]]</text>
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[[File: Maler der Grabkammer des Sennudem 001.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Ploughing plus a yoke of horned cattle insyd ancient Egypt. Painting from de burial chamber of Sennedjem, c. 1200 BC]]
De civilization of ancient Egypt was indebted to de Nile River den its dependable seasonal flooding. De river's predictability den fertile soil allow de Egyptians to build an empire on de basis of great agricultural wealth. Egyptians are credited as being one of de first groups of people to practice agriculture on a large scale. Dis be possible because of de ingenuity of de Egyptians as they developed basin irrigation.&lt;ref name= &quot;book&quot;&gt;Kees,Herman.  &quot;Ancient Egypt: A Cultural Topography.&quot;  Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961.  Print.&lt;/ref&gt;  Their farming practices allow dem to grow staple food crops, especially grains such as wheat den barley, den industrial crops, such as flax den papyrus.&lt;ref name= &quot;Origins&quot;/&gt;  

== References ==</text>
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[[File: Maler der Grabkammer des Sennudem 001.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Ploughing plus a yoke of horned cattle insyd ancient Egypt. Painting from de burial chamber of Sennedjem, c. 1200 BC]]
De civilization of ancient Egypt was indebted to de Nile River den its dependable seasonal flooding. De river's predictability den fertile soil allow de Egyptians to build an empire on de basis of great agricultural wealth. Egyptians are credited as being one of de first groups of people to practice agriculture on a large scale. Dis be possible because of de ingenuity of de Egyptians as they developed basin irrigation.&lt;ref name= &quot;book&quot;&gt;Kees,Herman.  &quot;Ancient Egypt: A Cultural Topography.&quot;  Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961.  Print.&lt;/ref&gt;  Their farming practices allow dem to grow staple food crops, especially grains such as wheat den barley, den industrial crops, such as flax den papyrus.&lt;ref name= &quot;Origins&quot;/&gt;  
== Beginnings of agriculture ==
== References ==</text>
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[[File: Maler der Grabkammer des Sennudem 001.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Ploughing plus a yoke of horned cattle insyd ancient Egypt. Painting from de burial chamber of Sennedjem, c. 1200 BC]]
De civilization of ancient Egypt was indebted to de Nile River den its dependable seasonal flooding. De river's predictability den fertile soil allow de Egyptians to build an empire on de basis of great agricultural wealth. Egyptians are credited as being one of de first groups of people to practice agriculture on a large scale. Dis be possible because of de ingenuity of de Egyptians as they developed basin irrigation.&lt;ref name= &quot;book&quot;&gt;Kees,Herman.  &quot;Ancient Egypt: A Cultural Topography.&quot;  Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961.  Print.&lt;/ref&gt;  Their farming practices allow dem to grow staple food crops, especially grains such as wheat den barley, den industrial crops, such as flax den papyrus.&lt;ref name= &quot;Origins&quot;/&gt;  
== Beginnings of agriculture ==
To de west of Nile Valley, eastern Sahara be de home of several Neolithic cultures. During de African humid period, dis be de area plus rich vegetation, den de human population insyd de Sahara had increased considerably by about 8000 years BC. They lived by hunting den fishing insyd de local lakes,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=White|first1=Kevin H.|last2=Bristow|first2=Charlie S.|last3=Armitage|first3=Simon J.|last4=Blench|first4=Roger M.|last5=Drake|first5=Nick A.|title=Ancient watercourses and biogeography of the Sahara explain the peopling of the desert|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date=11 January 2011|volume=108|issue=2|pages=458–462|doi=10.1073/pnas.1012231108|pmid=21187416|pmc=3021035|issn=1091-6490|bibcode=2011PNAS..108..458D |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; den by gathering wild cereals of de Sahara, dat were abundant. De cereals such as brachiaria, sorghum den urochloa were an important source of food.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Tafuri|first1=Mary Anne|last2=Bentley|first2=R. Alexander|last3=Manzi|first3=Giorgio|last4=di Lernia|first4=Savino|title=Mobility and kinship in the prehistoric Sahara: Strontium isotope analysis of Holocene human skeletons from the Acacus Mts. (southwestern Libya)|journal=Journal of Anthropological Archaeology|date=September 2006|volume=25|issue=3|pages=390–402|doi=10.1016/j.jaa.2006.01.002|issn=0278-4165}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
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[[File: Maler der Grabkammer des Sennudem 001.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Ploughing plus a yoke of horned cattle insyd ancient Egypt. Painting from de burial chamber of Sennedjem, c. 1200 BC]]
De civilization of ancient Egypt was indebted to de Nile River den its dependable seasonal flooding. De river's predictability den fertile soil allow de Egyptians to build an empire on de basis of great agricultural wealth. Egyptians are credited as being one of de first groups of people to practice agriculture on a large scale. Dis be possible because of de ingenuity of de Egyptians as they developed basin irrigation.&lt;ref name= &quot;book&quot;&gt;Kees,Herman.  &quot;Ancient Egypt: A Cultural Topography.&quot;  Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961.  Print.&lt;/ref&gt;  Their farming practices allow dem to grow staple food crops, especially grains such as wheat den barley, den industrial crops, such as flax den papyrus.&lt;ref name= &quot;Origins&quot;/&gt;  
== Beginnings of agriculture ==
To de west of Nile Valley, eastern Sahara be de home of several Neolithic cultures. During de African humid period, dis be de area plus rich vegetation, den de human population insyd de Sahara had increased considerably by about 8000 years BC. They lived by hunting den fishing insyd de local lakes,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=White|first1=Kevin H.|last2=Bristow|first2=Charlie S.|last3=Armitage|first3=Simon J.|last4=Blench|first4=Roger M.|last5=Drake|first5=Nick A.|title=Ancient watercourses and biogeography of the Sahara explain the peopling of the desert|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date=11 January 2011|volume=108|issue=2|pages=458–462|doi=10.1073/pnas.1012231108|pmid=21187416|pmc=3021035|issn=1091-6490|bibcode=2011PNAS..108..458D |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; den by gathering wild cereals of de Sahara, dat were abundant. De cereals such as brachiaria, sorghum den urochloa were an important source of food.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Tafuri|first1=Mary Anne|last2=Bentley|first2=R. Alexander|last3=Manzi|first3=Giorgio|last4=di Lernia|first4=Savino|title=Mobility and kinship in the prehistoric Sahara: Strontium isotope analysis of Holocene human skeletons from the Acacus Mts. (southwestern Libya)|journal=Journal of Anthropological Archaeology|date=September 2006|volume=25|issue=3|pages=390–402|doi=10.1016/j.jaa.2006.01.002|issn=0278-4165}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De African humid period was gradually coming to an end, den by about 6,000–5,000 years ago e be over. Well before dat time, de migrating herders were going to other parts of Africa, but sanso coming to de Nile delta, where there were relatively few indications of agriculture before dat.
== References ==</text>
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    <title>Zamfara River</title>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;Zamfara River na one river wey dey northern Nigeria. E start for Zamfara State, then e waka like 250 kilometre go west enter Kebbi State. From there e join Sokoto River about 50 kilometre southwest of Birnin Kebbi.&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="214" sha1="bfl1jnf0qwfl1qy4x3mdua6bnt7sq20" xml:space="preserve">Zamfara River na one river wey dey northern Nigeria. E start for Zamfara State, then e waka like 250 kilometre go west enter Kebbi State. From there e join Sokoto River about 50 kilometre southwest of Birnin Kebbi.</text>
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      <text bytes="362" sha1="lbvic6hmormadmz5ann0ivfxohb7lzi" xml:space="preserve">Zamfara River na one river wey dey northern Nigeria. E start for Zamfara State, then e waka like 250 kilometre go west enter Kebbi State. From there e join Sokoto River about 50 kilometre southwest of Birnin Kebbi.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Pathway-of-nutrient-flow-and-cycling-in-the-along-the-section-of-River-Zamfara-a-vital_fig4_345259475&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:30:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Naula Ayisabun Aningore</username>
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      <text bytes="522" sha1="5py0xe6zpamrtzs7o73zijypf7evvq0" xml:space="preserve">Zamfara River na one river wey dey northern Nigeria. E start for Zamfara State, then e waka like 250 kilometre go west enter Kebbi State. From there e join Sokoto River about 50 kilometre southwest of Birnin Kebbi.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Pathway-of-nutrient-flow-and-cycling-in-the-along-the-section-of-River-Zamfara-a-vital_fig4_345259475&lt;/ref&gt;

For the highest point, Zamfara River dey pass area wey high reach 188 metre above sea level. As e dey waka, different region dey call am with different names.</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Naula Ayisabun Aningore</username>
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      <text bytes="644" sha1="oihxeuw251q8f3sy5sfcismwx91lfb9" xml:space="preserve">Zamfara River na one river wey dey northern Nigeria. E start for Zamfara State, then e waka like 250 kilometre go west enter Kebbi State. From there e join Sokoto River about 50 kilometre southwest of Birnin Kebbi.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Pathway-of-nutrient-flow-and-cycling-in-the-along-the-section-of-River-Zamfara-a-vital_fig4_345259475&lt;/ref&gt;

For the highest point, Zamfara River dey pass area wey high reach 188 metre above sea level. As e dey waka, different region dey call am with different names. Some of the common names wey people dey call Zamfara River be Gulbi Gindi, Gulbi Zamfara, River Zamfara, and River Gindi.</text>
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      <id>103004</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:32:51Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="742" sha1="a06k86y94th1eyu0flnr28j39u6i37a" xml:space="preserve">Zamfara River na one river wey dey northern Nigeria. E start for Zamfara State, then e waka like 250 kilometre go west enter Kebbi State. From there e join Sokoto River about 50 kilometre southwest of Birnin Kebbi.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Pathway-of-nutrient-flow-and-cycling-in-the-along-the-section-of-River-Zamfara-a-vital_fig4_345259475&lt;/ref&gt;

For the highest point, Zamfara River dey pass area wey high reach 188 metre above sea level. As e dey waka, different region dey call am with different names. Some of the common names wey people dey call Zamfara River be Gulbi Gindi, Gulbi Zamfara, River Zamfara, and River Gindi.&lt;ref&gt;[https://ng.geoview.info/river_zamfara,2317855 &quot;River Zamfara stream, Kebbi, Nigeria&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="760" sha1="71y25hc0xiqef0fb0qabnjbcdmvvws0" xml:space="preserve">Zamfara River na one river wey dey northern Nigeria. E start for Zamfara State, then e waka like 250 kilometre go west enter Kebbi State. From there e join Sokoto River about 50 kilometre southwest of Birnin Kebbi.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Pathway-of-nutrient-flow-and-cycling-in-the-along-the-section-of-River-Zamfara-a-vital_fig4_345259475&lt;/ref&gt;

For the highest point, Zamfara River dey pass area wey high reach 188 metre above sea level. As e dey waka, different region dey call am with different names. Some of the common names wey people dey call Zamfara River be Gulbi Gindi, Gulbi Zamfara, River Zamfara, and River Gindi.&lt;ref&gt;[https://ng.geoview.info/river_zamfara,2317855 &quot;River Zamfara stream, Kebbi, Nigeria&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>71y25hc0xiqef0fb0qabnjbcdmvvws0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>103011</id>
      <parentid>103006</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:36:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Naula Ayisabun Aningore</username>
        <id>2564</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>103011</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="853" sha1="qlvlmo27c4s5xkxob3x128px053hpeq" xml:space="preserve">Zamfara River na one river wey dey northern Nigeria. E start for Zamfara State, then e waka like 250 kilometre go west enter Kebbi State. From there e join Sokoto River about 50 kilometre southwest of Birnin Kebbi.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Pathway-of-nutrient-flow-and-cycling-in-the-along-the-section-of-River-Zamfara-a-vital_fig4_345259475&lt;/ref&gt;

For the highest point, Zamfara River dey pass area wey high reach 188 metre above sea level. As e dey waka, different region dey call am with different names. Some of the common names wey people dey call Zamfara River be Gulbi Gindi, Gulbi Zamfara, River Zamfara, and River Gindi.&lt;ref&gt;[https://ng.geoview.info/river_zamfara,2317855 &quot;River Zamfara stream, Kebbi, Nigeria&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Zamfara State Nigeria.png|thumb|The Zamfara State wey the Zamfara River originates ]]

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>qlvlmo27c4s5xkxob3x128px053hpeq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>103013</id>
      <parentid>103011</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:38:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Naula Ayisabun Aningore</username>
        <id>2564</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>103013</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="927" sha1="3hjcjwqyspvpoh410g5mbf96i8xsstf" xml:space="preserve">Zamfara River na one river wey dey northern Nigeria. E start for Zamfara State, then e waka like 250 kilometre go west enter Kebbi State. From there e join Sokoto River about 50 kilometre southwest of Birnin Kebbi.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Pathway-of-nutrient-flow-and-cycling-in-the-along-the-section-of-River-Zamfara-a-vital_fig4_345259475&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Nigeriamap.png|thumb|Map wey dey show the major rivers of Nigeria]]
For the highest point, Zamfara River dey pass area wey high reach 188 metre above sea level. As e dey waka, different region dey call am with different names. Some of the common names wey people dey call Zamfara River be Gulbi Gindi, Gulbi Zamfara, River Zamfara, and River Gindi.&lt;ref&gt;[https://ng.geoview.info/river_zamfara,2317855 &quot;River Zamfara stream, Kebbi, Nigeria&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Zamfara State Nigeria.png|thumb|The Zamfara State wey the Zamfara River originates ]]

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>3hjcjwqyspvpoh410g5mbf96i8xsstf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>103016</id>
      <parentid>103013</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:41:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Naula Ayisabun Aningore</username>
        <id>2564</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>103016</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="951" sha1="iqf1tm9ys8gwxzd7qsc8u8tl76rfhri" xml:space="preserve">Zamfara River na one river wey dey northern Nigeria. E start for Zamfara State, then e waka like 250 kilometre go west enter Kebbi State. From there e join Sokoto River about 50 kilometre southwest of Birnin Kebbi.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Pathway-of-nutrient-flow-and-cycling-in-the-along-the-section-of-River-Zamfara-a-vital_fig4_345259475&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Nigeriamap.png|thumb|Map wey dey show the major rivers of Nigeria]]
For the highest point, Zamfara River dey pass area wey high reach 188 metre above sea level. As e dey waka, different region dey call am with different names. Some of the common names wey people dey call Zamfara River be Gulbi Gindi, Gulbi Zamfara, River Zamfara, and River Gindi.&lt;ref&gt;[https://ng.geoview.info/river_zamfara,2317855 &quot;River Zamfara stream, Kebbi, Nigeria&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Zamfara State Nigeria.png|thumb|The Zamfara State wey the Zamfara River originates ]]

== Terrorist attack ==

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>iqf1tm9ys8gwxzd7qsc8u8tl76rfhri</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>103017</id>
      <parentid>103016</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:41:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Naula Ayisabun Aningore</username>
        <id>2564</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Terrorist attack */</comment>
      <origin>103017</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1078" sha1="h4znyhg7wctzzd1dva4faiqpc29or8s" xml:space="preserve">Zamfara River na one river wey dey northern Nigeria. E start for Zamfara State, then e waka like 250 kilometre go west enter Kebbi State. From there e join Sokoto River about 50 kilometre southwest of Birnin Kebbi.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Pathway-of-nutrient-flow-and-cycling-in-the-along-the-section-of-River-Zamfara-a-vital_fig4_345259475&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Nigeriamap.png|thumb|Map wey dey show the major rivers of Nigeria]]
For the highest point, Zamfara River dey pass area wey high reach 188 metre above sea level. As e dey waka, different region dey call am with different names. Some of the common names wey people dey call Zamfara River be Gulbi Gindi, Gulbi Zamfara, River Zamfara, and River Gindi.&lt;ref&gt;[https://ng.geoview.info/river_zamfara,2317855 &quot;River Zamfara stream, Kebbi, Nigeria&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Zamfara State Nigeria.png|thumb|The Zamfara State wey the Zamfara River originates ]]

== Terrorist attack ==
On top 6 October 2022, dem confirm say villagers wey dey live near the river drown as dem dey try run escape terrorist attack.

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>h4znyhg7wctzzd1dva4faiqpc29or8s</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>103019</id>
      <parentid>103017</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:42:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Naula Ayisabun Aningore</username>
        <id>2564</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Terrorist attack */</comment>
      <origin>103019</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1296" sha1="om39mr15f645se9d95f2fqloazvsgrn" xml:space="preserve">Zamfara River na one river wey dey northern Nigeria. E start for Zamfara State, then e waka like 250 kilometre go west enter Kebbi State. From there e join Sokoto River about 50 kilometre southwest of Birnin Kebbi.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Pathway-of-nutrient-flow-and-cycling-in-the-along-the-section-of-River-Zamfara-a-vital_fig4_345259475&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Nigeriamap.png|thumb|Map wey dey show the major rivers of Nigeria]]
For the highest point, Zamfara River dey pass area wey high reach 188 metre above sea level. As e dey waka, different region dey call am with different names. Some of the common names wey people dey call Zamfara River be Gulbi Gindi, Gulbi Zamfara, River Zamfara, and River Gindi.&lt;ref&gt;[https://ng.geoview.info/river_zamfara,2317855 &quot;River Zamfara stream, Kebbi, Nigeria&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Zamfara State Nigeria.png|thumb|The Zamfara State wey the Zamfara River originates ]]

== Terrorist attack ==
On top 6 October 2022, dem confirm say villagers wey dey live near the river drown as dem dey try run escape terrorist attack.&lt;ref&gt;Ramalan, Ibrahim (6 October 2022). [https://dailynigerian.com/villagers-drown-zamfara-river/ &quot;26 villagers drown in Zamfara river while fleeing from terrorist attack&quot;]. Daily Nigerian. Retrieved 5 July 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>om39mr15f645se9d95f2fqloazvsgrn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>103020</id>
      <parentid>103019</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:45:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Naula Ayisabun Aningore</username>
        <id>2564</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Terrorist attack */</comment>
      <origin>103020</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1569" sha1="8drsn18urqyhdd6lah9g6tn64k7nied" xml:space="preserve">Zamfara River na one river wey dey northern Nigeria. E start for Zamfara State, then e waka like 250 kilometre go west enter Kebbi State. From there e join Sokoto River about 50 kilometre southwest of Birnin Kebbi.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Pathway-of-nutrient-flow-and-cycling-in-the-along-the-section-of-River-Zamfara-a-vital_fig4_345259475&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Nigeriamap.png|thumb|Map wey dey show the major rivers of Nigeria]]
For the highest point, Zamfara River dey pass area wey high reach 188 metre above sea level. As e dey waka, different region dey call am with different names. Some of the common names wey people dey call Zamfara River be Gulbi Gindi, Gulbi Zamfara, River Zamfara, and River Gindi.&lt;ref&gt;[https://ng.geoview.info/river_zamfara,2317855 &quot;River Zamfara stream, Kebbi, Nigeria&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Zamfara State Nigeria.png|thumb|The Zamfara State wey the Zamfara River originates ]]

== Terrorist attack ==
On top 6 October 2022, dem confirm say villagers wey dey live near the river drown as dem dey try run escape terrorist attack.&lt;ref&gt;Ramalan, Ibrahim (6 October 2022). [https://dailynigerian.com/villagers-drown-zamfara-river/ &quot;26 villagers drown in Zamfara river while fleeing from terrorist attack&quot;]. Daily Nigerian. Retrieved 5 July 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Hadejia stream hydrological pattern plus surface spillover varieties 

Dem check di river catchment with data wey cover 36 years (1980–2015) for proper planning and management of water resources inside di basin. Di research bring new hydrological insight for di region.

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>8drsn18urqyhdd6lah9g6tn64k7nied</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>103021</id>
      <parentid>103020</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:45:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Naula Ayisabun Aningore</username>
        <id>2564</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Terrorist attack */</comment>
      <origin>103021</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1575" sha1="6z9nunehvotf3vanm8gj21b3ke7ra9i" xml:space="preserve">Zamfara River na one river wey dey northern Nigeria. E start for Zamfara State, then e waka like 250 kilometre go west enter Kebbi State. From there e join Sokoto River about 50 kilometre southwest of Birnin Kebbi.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Pathway-of-nutrient-flow-and-cycling-in-the-along-the-section-of-River-Zamfara-a-vital_fig4_345259475&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Nigeriamap.png|thumb|Map wey dey show the major rivers of Nigeria]]
For the highest point, Zamfara River dey pass area wey high reach 188 metre above sea level. As e dey waka, different region dey call am with different names. Some of the common names wey people dey call Zamfara River be Gulbi Gindi, Gulbi Zamfara, River Zamfara, and River Gindi.&lt;ref&gt;[https://ng.geoview.info/river_zamfara,2317855 &quot;River Zamfara stream, Kebbi, Nigeria&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Zamfara State Nigeria.png|thumb|The Zamfara State wey the Zamfara River originates ]]

== Terrorist attack ==
On top 6 October 2022, dem confirm say villagers wey dey live near the river drown as dem dey try run escape terrorist attack.&lt;ref&gt;Ramalan, Ibrahim (6 October 2022). [https://dailynigerian.com/villagers-drown-zamfara-river/ &quot;26 villagers drown in Zamfara river while fleeing from terrorist attack&quot;]. Daily Nigerian. Retrieved 5 July 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hadejia stream hydrological pattern plus surface spillover varieties ===
Dem check di river catchment with data wey cover 36 years (1980–2015) for proper planning and management of water resources inside di basin. Di research bring new hydrological insight for di region.

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>6z9nunehvotf3vanm8gj21b3ke7ra9i</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>103023</id>
      <parentid>103021</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:46:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Naula Ayisabun Aningore</username>
        <id>2564</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Hadejia stream hydrological pattern plus surface spillover varieties */</comment>
      <origin>103023</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1768" sha1="ikh6c6kwhzq78f84al56mlacdfg05vw" xml:space="preserve">Zamfara River na one river wey dey northern Nigeria. E start for Zamfara State, then e waka like 250 kilometre go west enter Kebbi State. From there e join Sokoto River about 50 kilometre southwest of Birnin Kebbi.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Pathway-of-nutrient-flow-and-cycling-in-the-along-the-section-of-River-Zamfara-a-vital_fig4_345259475&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Nigeriamap.png|thumb|Map wey dey show the major rivers of Nigeria]]
For the highest point, Zamfara River dey pass area wey high reach 188 metre above sea level. As e dey waka, different region dey call am with different names. Some of the common names wey people dey call Zamfara River be Gulbi Gindi, Gulbi Zamfara, River Zamfara, and River Gindi.&lt;ref&gt;[https://ng.geoview.info/river_zamfara,2317855 &quot;River Zamfara stream, Kebbi, Nigeria&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Zamfara State Nigeria.png|thumb|The Zamfara State wey the Zamfara River originates ]]

== Terrorist attack ==
On top 6 October 2022, dem confirm say villagers wey dey live near the river drown as dem dey try run escape terrorist attack.&lt;ref&gt;Ramalan, Ibrahim (6 October 2022). [https://dailynigerian.com/villagers-drown-zamfara-river/ &quot;26 villagers drown in Zamfara river while fleeing from terrorist attack&quot;]. Daily Nigerian. Retrieved 5 July 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hadejia stream hydrological pattern plus surface spillover varieties ===
Dem check di river catchment with data wey cover 36 years (1980–2015) for proper planning and management of water resources inside di basin. Di research bring new hydrological insight for di region: Dem don identify say Hadejia stream catchment get worldly and spatial abnormality for di spillover. Dem observe say water release don drop serious from two out of di three downstream stations.

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>ikh6c6kwhzq78f84al56mlacdfg05vw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>103026</id>
      <parentid>103023</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:48:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Naula Ayisabun Aningore</username>
        <id>2564</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Hadejia stream hydrological pattern plus surface spillover varieties */</comment>
      <origin>103026</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2031" sha1="rpjg541st8t8brnre6v0nq17mjam2u2" xml:space="preserve">Zamfara River na one river wey dey northern Nigeria. E start for Zamfara State, then e waka like 250 kilometre go west enter Kebbi State. From there e join Sokoto River about 50 kilometre southwest of Birnin Kebbi.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Pathway-of-nutrient-flow-and-cycling-in-the-along-the-section-of-River-Zamfara-a-vital_fig4_345259475&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Nigeriamap.png|thumb|Map wey dey show the major rivers of Nigeria]]
For the highest point, Zamfara River dey pass area wey high reach 188 metre above sea level. As e dey waka, different region dey call am with different names. Some of the common names wey people dey call Zamfara River be Gulbi Gindi, Gulbi Zamfara, River Zamfara, and River Gindi.&lt;ref&gt;[https://ng.geoview.info/river_zamfara,2317855 &quot;River Zamfara stream, Kebbi, Nigeria&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Zamfara State Nigeria.png|thumb|The Zamfara State wey the Zamfara River originates ]]

== Terrorist attack ==
On top 6 October 2022, dem confirm say villagers wey dey live near the river drown as dem dey try run escape terrorist attack.&lt;ref&gt;Ramalan, Ibrahim (6 October 2022). [https://dailynigerian.com/villagers-drown-zamfara-river/ &quot;26 villagers drown in Zamfara river while fleeing from terrorist attack&quot;]. Daily Nigerian. Retrieved 5 July 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hadejia stream hydrological pattern plus surface spillover varieties ===
Dem check di river catchment with data wey cover 36 years (1980–2015) for proper planning and management of water resources inside di basin. Di research bring new hydrological insight for di region: Dem don identify say Hadejia stream catchment get worldly and spatial abnormality for di spillover. Dem observe say water release don drop serious from two out of di three downstream stations. Even though, water release dey show rising trend from all three upstream stations, but di increase no strong for statistics. Di ANOVA [F (5,210) = 106.226, P &lt; 0.05] plus group analysis results show say upstream and downstream stations get big spatial variation.

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>rpjg541st8t8brnre6v0nq17mjam2u2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>103029</id>
      <parentid>103026</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:50:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Naula Ayisabun Aningore</username>
        <id>2564</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Hadejia stream hydrological pattern plus surface spillover varieties */</comment>
      <origin>103029</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2403" sha1="hkrdp596gb93tvfsrnfogkb6agfja08" xml:space="preserve">Zamfara River na one river wey dey northern Nigeria. E start for Zamfara State, then e waka like 250 kilometre go west enter Kebbi State. From there e join Sokoto River about 50 kilometre southwest of Birnin Kebbi.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Pathway-of-nutrient-flow-and-cycling-in-the-along-the-section-of-River-Zamfara-a-vital_fig4_345259475&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Nigeriamap.png|thumb|Map wey dey show the major rivers of Nigeria]]
For the highest point, Zamfara River dey pass area wey high reach 188 metre above sea level. As e dey waka, different region dey call am with different names. Some of the common names wey people dey call Zamfara River be Gulbi Gindi, Gulbi Zamfara, River Zamfara, and River Gindi.&lt;ref&gt;[https://ng.geoview.info/river_zamfara,2317855 &quot;River Zamfara stream, Kebbi, Nigeria&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Zamfara State Nigeria.png|thumb|The Zamfara State wey the Zamfara River originates ]]

== Terrorist attack ==
On top 6 October 2022, dem confirm say villagers wey dey live near the river drown as dem dey try run escape terrorist attack.&lt;ref&gt;Ramalan, Ibrahim (6 October 2022). [https://dailynigerian.com/villagers-drown-zamfara-river/ &quot;26 villagers drown in Zamfara river while fleeing from terrorist attack&quot;]. Daily Nigerian. Retrieved 5 July 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hadejia stream hydrological pattern plus surface spillover varieties ===
Dem check di river catchment with data wey cover 36 years (1980–2015) for proper planning and management of water resources inside di basin. Di research bring new hydrological insight for di region: Dem don identify say Hadejia stream catchment get worldly and spatial abnormality for di spillover. Dem observe say water release don drop serious from two out of di three downstream stations. Even though, water release dey show rising trend from all three upstream stations, but di increase no strong for statistics. Di ANOVA [F (5,210) = 106.226, P &lt; 0.05] plus group analysis results show say upstream and downstream stations get big spatial variation. Di rising trend of water release for upstream stations dey happen because rainfall mean high plus urbanization don increase for di area. But downstream, di big decline for water release dey connect with many factors like high evaporation rate from high temperature, low rainfall mean, and di high infiltration rate wey sandy soil and sedimentary land formation dey cause.

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>hkrdp596gb93tvfsrnfogkb6agfja08</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>103035</id>
      <parentid>103029</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:51:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Naula Ayisabun Aningore</username>
        <id>2564</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Hadejia stream hydrological pattern plus surface spillover varieties */</comment>
      <origin>103035</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2548" sha1="b44etl3anzs5b9xe7enktwgquz7g64j" xml:space="preserve">Zamfara River na one river wey dey northern Nigeria. E start for Zamfara State, then e waka like 250 kilometre go west enter Kebbi State. From there e join Sokoto River about 50 kilometre southwest of Birnin Kebbi.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Pathway-of-nutrient-flow-and-cycling-in-the-along-the-section-of-River-Zamfara-a-vital_fig4_345259475&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Nigeriamap.png|thumb|Map wey dey show the major rivers of Nigeria]]
For the highest point, Zamfara River dey pass area wey high reach 188 metre above sea level. As e dey waka, different region dey call am with different names. Some of the common names wey people dey call Zamfara River be Gulbi Gindi, Gulbi Zamfara, River Zamfara, and River Gindi.&lt;ref&gt;[https://ng.geoview.info/river_zamfara,2317855 &quot;River Zamfara stream, Kebbi, Nigeria&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Zamfara State Nigeria.png|thumb|The Zamfara State wey the Zamfara River originates ]]

== Terrorist attack ==
On top 6 October 2022, dem confirm say villagers wey dey live near the river drown as dem dey try run escape terrorist attack.&lt;ref&gt;Ramalan, Ibrahim (6 October 2022). [https://dailynigerian.com/villagers-drown-zamfara-river/ &quot;26 villagers drown in Zamfara river while fleeing from terrorist attack&quot;]. Daily Nigerian. Retrieved 5 July 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hadejia stream hydrological pattern plus surface spillover varieties ===
Dem check di river catchment with data wey cover 36 years (1980–2015) for proper planning and management of water resources inside di basin. Di research bring new hydrological insight for di region: Dem don identify say Hadejia stream catchment get worldly and spatial abnormality for di spillover. Dem observe say water release don drop serious from two out of di three downstream stations. Even though, water release dey show rising trend from all three upstream stations, but di increase no strong for statistics. Di ANOVA [F (5,210) = 106.226, P &lt; 0.05] plus group analysis results show say upstream and downstream stations get big spatial variation. Di rising trend of water release for upstream stations dey happen because rainfall mean high plus urbanization don increase for di area. But downstream, di big decline for water release dey connect with many factors like high evaporation rate from high temperature, low rainfall mean, and di high infiltration rate wey sandy soil and sedimentary land formation dey cause. Water supply and irrigation, especially for downstream areas, dey under threat because of di hydrological trends and variations wey dem observe.

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>b44etl3anzs5b9xe7enktwgquz7g64j</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>103037</id>
      <parentid>103035</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:52:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Naula Ayisabun Aningore</username>
        <id>2564</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Hadejia stream hydrological pattern plus surface spillover varieties */</comment>
      <origin>103037</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="2747" sha1="nnf5jlttn5xqzfvyhmi5czmkq31zhdt" xml:space="preserve">Zamfara River na one river wey dey northern Nigeria. E start for Zamfara State, then e waka like 250 kilometre go west enter Kebbi State. From there e join Sokoto River about 50 kilometre southwest of Birnin Kebbi.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Pathway-of-nutrient-flow-and-cycling-in-the-along-the-section-of-River-Zamfara-a-vital_fig4_345259475&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Nigeriamap.png|thumb|Map wey dey show the major rivers of Nigeria]]
For the highest point, Zamfara River dey pass area wey high reach 188 metre above sea level. As e dey waka, different region dey call am with different names. Some of the common names wey people dey call Zamfara River be Gulbi Gindi, Gulbi Zamfara, River Zamfara, and River Gindi.&lt;ref&gt;[https://ng.geoview.info/river_zamfara,2317855 &quot;River Zamfara stream, Kebbi, Nigeria&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Zamfara State Nigeria.png|thumb|The Zamfara State wey the Zamfara River originates ]]

== Terrorist attack ==
On top 6 October 2022, dem confirm say villagers wey dey live near the river drown as dem dey try run escape terrorist attack.&lt;ref&gt;Ramalan, Ibrahim (6 October 2022). [https://dailynigerian.com/villagers-drown-zamfara-river/ &quot;26 villagers drown in Zamfara river while fleeing from terrorist attack&quot;]. Daily Nigerian. Retrieved 5 July 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hadejia stream hydrological pattern plus surface spillover varieties ===
Dem check di river catchment with data wey cover 36 years (1980–2015) for proper planning and management of water resources inside di basin. Di research bring new hydrological insight for di region: Dem don identify say Hadejia stream catchment get worldly and spatial abnormality for di spillover. Dem observe say water release don drop serious from two out of di three downstream stations. Even though, water release dey show rising trend from all three upstream stations, but di increase no strong for statistics. Di ANOVA [F (5,210) = 106.226, P &lt; 0.05] plus group analysis results show say upstream and downstream stations get big spatial variation. Di rising trend of water release for upstream stations dey happen because rainfall mean high plus urbanization don increase for di area. But downstream, di big decline for water release dey connect with many factors like high evaporation rate from high temperature, low rainfall mean, and di high infiltration rate wey sandy soil and sedimentary land formation dey cause. Water supply and irrigation, especially for downstream areas, dey under threat because of di hydrological trends and variations wey dem observe. As result, integrated basin study wey go use hydrological modeling go help to show di different impact of di factors wey dey contribute, plus predict how di river go behave when dem factors dey act.

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>nnf5jlttn5xqzfvyhmi5czmkq31zhdt</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>103038</id>
      <parentid>103037</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:53:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Naula Ayisabun Aningore</username>
        <id>2564</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>103038</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2764" sha1="k90s29k6btwne01c1jltjekacczj6hf" xml:space="preserve">Zamfara River na one river wey dey northern Nigeria. E start for Zamfara State, then e waka like 250 kilometre go west enter Kebbi State. From there e join Sokoto River about 50 kilometre southwest of Birnin Kebbi.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Pathway-of-nutrient-flow-and-cycling-in-the-along-the-section-of-River-Zamfara-a-vital_fig4_345259475&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Nigeriamap.png|thumb|Map wey dey show the major rivers of Nigeria]]
For the highest point, Zamfara River dey pass area wey high reach 188 metre above sea level. As e dey waka, different region dey call am with different names. Some of the common names wey people dey call Zamfara River be Gulbi Gindi, Gulbi Zamfara, River Zamfara, and River Gindi.&lt;ref&gt;[https://ng.geoview.info/river_zamfara,2317855 &quot;River Zamfara stream, Kebbi, Nigeria&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Zamfara State Nigeria.png|thumb|The Zamfara State wey the Zamfara River originates ]]

== Terrorist attack ==
On top 6 October 2022, dem confirm say villagers wey dey live near the river drown as dem dey try run escape terrorist attack.&lt;ref&gt;Ramalan, Ibrahim (6 October 2022). [https://dailynigerian.com/villagers-drown-zamfara-river/ &quot;26 villagers drown in Zamfara river while fleeing from terrorist attack&quot;]. Daily Nigerian. Retrieved 5 July 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hadejia stream hydrological pattern plus surface spillover varieties ===
Dem check di river catchment with data wey cover 36 years (1980–2015) for proper planning and management of water resources inside di basin. Di research bring new hydrological insight for di region: Dem don identify say Hadejia stream catchment get worldly and spatial abnormality for di spillover. Dem observe say water release don drop serious from two out of di three downstream stations. Even though, water release dey show rising trend from all three upstream stations, but di increase no strong for statistics. Di ANOVA [F (5,210) = 106.226, P &lt; 0.05] plus group analysis results show say upstream and downstream stations get big spatial variation. Di rising trend of water release for upstream stations dey happen because rainfall mean high plus urbanization don increase for di area. But downstream, di big decline for water release dey connect with many factors like high evaporation rate from high temperature, low rainfall mean, and di high infiltration rate wey sandy soil and sedimentary land formation dey cause. Water supply and irrigation, especially for downstream areas, dey under threat because of di hydrological trends and variations wey dem observe. As result, integrated basin study wey go use hydrological modeling go help to show di different impact of di factors wey dey contribute, plus predict how di river go behave when dem factors dey act.

== Pollution ==

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>k90s29k6btwne01c1jltjekacczj6hf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>103040</id>
      <parentid>103038</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:54:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Naula Ayisabun Aningore</username>
        <id>2564</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Pollution */</comment>
      <origin>103040</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2931" sha1="jsqr1z6l5cwqgn9r2ue19htf1kmqezk" xml:space="preserve">Zamfara River na one river wey dey northern Nigeria. E start for Zamfara State, then e waka like 250 kilometre go west enter Kebbi State. From there e join Sokoto River about 50 kilometre southwest of Birnin Kebbi.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Pathway-of-nutrient-flow-and-cycling-in-the-along-the-section-of-River-Zamfara-a-vital_fig4_345259475&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Nigeriamap.png|thumb|Map wey dey show the major rivers of Nigeria]]
For the highest point, Zamfara River dey pass area wey high reach 188 metre above sea level. As e dey waka, different region dey call am with different names. Some of the common names wey people dey call Zamfara River be Gulbi Gindi, Gulbi Zamfara, River Zamfara, and River Gindi.&lt;ref&gt;[https://ng.geoview.info/river_zamfara,2317855 &quot;River Zamfara stream, Kebbi, Nigeria&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Zamfara State Nigeria.png|thumb|The Zamfara State wey the Zamfara River originates ]]

== Terrorist attack ==
On top 6 October 2022, dem confirm say villagers wey dey live near the river drown as dem dey try run escape terrorist attack.&lt;ref&gt;Ramalan, Ibrahim (6 October 2022). [https://dailynigerian.com/villagers-drown-zamfara-river/ &quot;26 villagers drown in Zamfara river while fleeing from terrorist attack&quot;]. Daily Nigerian. Retrieved 5 July 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hadejia stream hydrological pattern plus surface spillover varieties ===
Dem check di river catchment with data wey cover 36 years (1980–2015) for proper planning and management of water resources inside di basin. Di research bring new hydrological insight for di region: Dem don identify say Hadejia stream catchment get worldly and spatial abnormality for di spillover. Dem observe say water release don drop serious from two out of di three downstream stations. Even though, water release dey show rising trend from all three upstream stations, but di increase no strong for statistics. Di ANOVA [F (5,210) = 106.226, P &lt; 0.05] plus group analysis results show say upstream and downstream stations get big spatial variation. Di rising trend of water release for upstream stations dey happen because rainfall mean high plus urbanization don increase for di area. But downstream, di big decline for water release dey connect with many factors like high evaporation rate from high temperature, low rainfall mean, and di high infiltration rate wey sandy soil and sedimentary land formation dey cause. Water supply and irrigation, especially for downstream areas, dey under threat because of di hydrological trends and variations wey dem observe. As result, integrated basin study wey go use hydrological modeling go help to show di different impact of di factors wey dey contribute, plus predict how di river go behave when dem factors dey act.

== Pollution ==
For Northern Nigeria inside Zamfara State, because outbreak happen for two villages, one team travel go there begin investigation to find out wetin cause di outbreak.

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>jsqr1z6l5cwqgn9r2ue19htf1kmqezk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>103042</id>
      <parentid>103040</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:55:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Naula Ayisabun Aningore</username>
        <id>2564</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Pollution */</comment>
      <origin>103042</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3048" sha1="oldwadu9uxc8wy711sp6289lqlwd2mr" xml:space="preserve">Zamfara River na one river wey dey northern Nigeria. E start for Zamfara State, then e waka like 250 kilometre go west enter Kebbi State. From there e join Sokoto River about 50 kilometre southwest of Birnin Kebbi.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Pathway-of-nutrient-flow-and-cycling-in-the-along-the-section-of-River-Zamfara-a-vital_fig4_345259475&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Nigeriamap.png|thumb|Map wey dey show the major rivers of Nigeria]]
For the highest point, Zamfara River dey pass area wey high reach 188 metre above sea level. As e dey waka, different region dey call am with different names. Some of the common names wey people dey call Zamfara River be Gulbi Gindi, Gulbi Zamfara, River Zamfara, and River Gindi.&lt;ref&gt;[https://ng.geoview.info/river_zamfara,2317855 &quot;River Zamfara stream, Kebbi, Nigeria&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Zamfara State Nigeria.png|thumb|The Zamfara State wey the Zamfara River originates ]]

== Terrorist attack ==
On top 6 October 2022, dem confirm say villagers wey dey live near the river drown as dem dey try run escape terrorist attack.&lt;ref&gt;Ramalan, Ibrahim (6 October 2022). [https://dailynigerian.com/villagers-drown-zamfara-river/ &quot;26 villagers drown in Zamfara river while fleeing from terrorist attack&quot;]. Daily Nigerian. Retrieved 5 July 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hadejia stream hydrological pattern plus surface spillover varieties ===
Dem check di river catchment with data wey cover 36 years (1980–2015) for proper planning and management of water resources inside di basin. Di research bring new hydrological insight for di region: Dem don identify say Hadejia stream catchment get worldly and spatial abnormality for di spillover. Dem observe say water release don drop serious from two out of di three downstream stations. Even though, water release dey show rising trend from all three upstream stations, but di increase no strong for statistics. Di ANOVA [F (5,210) = 106.226, P &lt; 0.05] plus group analysis results show say upstream and downstream stations get big spatial variation. Di rising trend of water release for upstream stations dey happen because rainfall mean high plus urbanization don increase for di area. But downstream, di big decline for water release dey connect with many factors like high evaporation rate from high temperature, low rainfall mean, and di high infiltration rate wey sandy soil and sedimentary land formation dey cause. Water supply and irrigation, especially for downstream areas, dey under threat because of di hydrological trends and variations wey dem observe. As result, integrated basin study wey go use hydrological modeling go help to show di different impact of di factors wey dey contribute, plus predict how di river go behave when dem factors dey act.

== Pollution ==
For Northern Nigeria inside Zamfara State, because outbreak happen for two villages, one team travel go there begin investigation to find out wetin cause di outbreak. Residents for each village report say one‑fourth of all di children for their communities die inside di last year.

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>oldwadu9uxc8wy711sp6289lqlwd2mr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>103043</id>
      <parentid>103042</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:56:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Naula Ayisabun Aningore</username>
        <id>2564</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Pollution */</comment>
      <origin>103043</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3176" sha1="crl4jnswdxa0rnwwq3wj1286u1geco7" xml:space="preserve">Zamfara River na one river wey dey northern Nigeria. E start for Zamfara State, then e waka like 250 kilometre go west enter Kebbi State. From there e join Sokoto River about 50 kilometre southwest of Birnin Kebbi.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Pathway-of-nutrient-flow-and-cycling-in-the-along-the-section-of-River-Zamfara-a-vital_fig4_345259475&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Nigeriamap.png|thumb|Map wey dey show the major rivers of Nigeria]]
For the highest point, Zamfara River dey pass area wey high reach 188 metre above sea level. As e dey waka, different region dey call am with different names. Some of the common names wey people dey call Zamfara River be Gulbi Gindi, Gulbi Zamfara, River Zamfara, and River Gindi.&lt;ref&gt;[https://ng.geoview.info/river_zamfara,2317855 &quot;River Zamfara stream, Kebbi, Nigeria&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Zamfara State Nigeria.png|thumb|The Zamfara State wey the Zamfara River originates ]]

== Terrorist attack ==
On top 6 October 2022, dem confirm say villagers wey dey live near the river drown as dem dey try run escape terrorist attack.&lt;ref&gt;Ramalan, Ibrahim (6 October 2022). [https://dailynigerian.com/villagers-drown-zamfara-river/ &quot;26 villagers drown in Zamfara river while fleeing from terrorist attack&quot;]. Daily Nigerian. Retrieved 5 July 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hadejia stream hydrological pattern plus surface spillover varieties ===
Dem check di river catchment with data wey cover 36 years (1980–2015) for proper planning and management of water resources inside di basin. Di research bring new hydrological insight for di region: Dem don identify say Hadejia stream catchment get worldly and spatial abnormality for di spillover. Dem observe say water release don drop serious from two out of di three downstream stations. Even though, water release dey show rising trend from all three upstream stations, but di increase no strong for statistics. Di ANOVA [F (5,210) = 106.226, P &lt; 0.05] plus group analysis results show say upstream and downstream stations get big spatial variation. Di rising trend of water release for upstream stations dey happen because rainfall mean high plus urbanization don increase for di area. But downstream, di big decline for water release dey connect with many factors like high evaporation rate from high temperature, low rainfall mean, and di high infiltration rate wey sandy soil and sedimentary land formation dey cause. Water supply and irrigation, especially for downstream areas, dey under threat because of di hydrological trends and variations wey dem observe. As result, integrated basin study wey go use hydrological modeling go help to show di different impact of di factors wey dey contribute, plus predict how di river go behave when dem factors dey act.

== Pollution ==
For Northern Nigeria inside Zamfara State, because outbreak happen for two villages, one team travel go there begin investigation to find out wetin cause di outbreak. Residents for each village report say one‑fourth of all di children for their communities die inside di last year. Community wells get high lead level, and because of that, di children for both villages get high lead level inside their blood.

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>crl4jnswdxa0rnwwq3wj1286u1geco7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>103044</id>
      <parentid>103043</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:57:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Naula Ayisabun Aningore</username>
        <id>2564</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Hadejia stream hydrological pattern plus surface spillover varieties */</comment>
      <origin>103044</origin>
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      <text bytes="3568" sha1="q80gip7ji05ngdgc1gmdudyluvu4wzc" xml:space="preserve">Zamfara River na one river wey dey northern Nigeria. E start for Zamfara State, then e waka like 250 kilometre go west enter Kebbi State. From there e join Sokoto River about 50 kilometre southwest of Birnin Kebbi.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Pathway-of-nutrient-flow-and-cycling-in-the-along-the-section-of-River-Zamfara-a-vital_fig4_345259475&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Nigeriamap.png|thumb|Map wey dey show the major rivers of Nigeria]]
For the highest point, Zamfara River dey pass area wey high reach 188 metre above sea level. As e dey waka, different region dey call am with different names. Some of the common names wey people dey call Zamfara River be Gulbi Gindi, Gulbi Zamfara, River Zamfara, and River Gindi.&lt;ref&gt;[https://ng.geoview.info/river_zamfara,2317855 &quot;River Zamfara stream, Kebbi, Nigeria&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Zamfara State Nigeria.png|thumb|The Zamfara State wey the Zamfara River originates ]]

== Terrorist attack ==
On top 6 October 2022, dem confirm say villagers wey dey live near the river drown as dem dey try run escape terrorist attack.&lt;ref&gt;Ramalan, Ibrahim (6 October 2022). [https://dailynigerian.com/villagers-drown-zamfara-river/ &quot;26 villagers drown in Zamfara river while fleeing from terrorist attack&quot;]. Daily Nigerian. Retrieved 5 July 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hadejia stream hydrological pattern plus surface spillover varieties ===
Dem check di river catchment with data wey cover 36 years (1980–2015) for proper planning and management of water resources inside di basin. Di research bring new hydrological insight for di region: Dem don identify say Hadejia stream catchment get worldly and spatial abnormality for di spillover. Dem observe say water release don drop serious from two out of di three downstream stations. Even though, water release dey show rising trend from all three upstream stations, but di increase no strong for statistics. Di ANOVA [F (5,210) = 106.226, P &lt; 0.05] plus group analysis results show say upstream and downstream stations get big spatial variation. Di rising trend of water release for upstream stations dey happen because rainfall mean high plus urbanization don increase for di area. But downstream, di big decline for water release dey connect with many factors like high evaporation rate from high temperature, low rainfall mean, and di high infiltration rate wey sandy soil and sedimentary land formation dey cause. Water supply and irrigation, especially for downstream areas, dey under threat because of di hydrological trends and variations wey dem observe. As result, integrated basin study wey go use hydrological modeling go help to show di different impact of di factors wey dey contribute, plus predict how di river go behave when dem factors dey act.&lt;ref&gt;Umar, Da'u Abba; Ramli, Mohammad Firuz; Aris, Ahmad Zaharin; Jamil, Nor Rohaizah; Abdulkareem, Jabir Haruna (2018). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328840837 &quot;Runoff irregularities, trends, and variations in tropical semi-arid river catchment&quot;]. ''Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies''. '''19''': 335–348. Bibcode:2018JHyRS..19..335U. doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2018.10.008.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pollution ==
For Northern Nigeria inside Zamfara State, because outbreak happen for two villages, one team travel go there begin investigation to find out wetin cause di outbreak. Residents for each village report say one‑fourth of all di children for their communities die inside di last year. Community wells get high lead level, and because of that, di children for both villages get high lead level inside their blood.

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>q80gip7ji05ngdgc1gmdudyluvu4wzc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>103045</id>
      <parentid>103044</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:58:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Naula Ayisabun Aningore</username>
        <id>2564</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Pollution */</comment>
      <origin>103045</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3771" sha1="4c56mv0ij5s6nb5ipseesujxfo3xehu" xml:space="preserve">Zamfara River na one river wey dey northern Nigeria. E start for Zamfara State, then e waka like 250 kilometre go west enter Kebbi State. From there e join Sokoto River about 50 kilometre southwest of Birnin Kebbi.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Pathway-of-nutrient-flow-and-cycling-in-the-along-the-section-of-River-Zamfara-a-vital_fig4_345259475&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Nigeriamap.png|thumb|Map wey dey show the major rivers of Nigeria]]
For the highest point, Zamfara River dey pass area wey high reach 188 metre above sea level. As e dey waka, different region dey call am with different names. Some of the common names wey people dey call Zamfara River be Gulbi Gindi, Gulbi Zamfara, River Zamfara, and River Gindi.&lt;ref&gt;[https://ng.geoview.info/river_zamfara,2317855 &quot;River Zamfara stream, Kebbi, Nigeria&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Zamfara State Nigeria.png|thumb|The Zamfara State wey the Zamfara River originates ]]

== Terrorist attack ==
On top 6 October 2022, dem confirm say villagers wey dey live near the river drown as dem dey try run escape terrorist attack.&lt;ref&gt;Ramalan, Ibrahim (6 October 2022). [https://dailynigerian.com/villagers-drown-zamfara-river/ &quot;26 villagers drown in Zamfara river while fleeing from terrorist attack&quot;]. Daily Nigerian. Retrieved 5 July 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hadejia stream hydrological pattern plus surface spillover varieties ===
Dem check di river catchment with data wey cover 36 years (1980–2015) for proper planning and management of water resources inside di basin. Di research bring new hydrological insight for di region: Dem don identify say Hadejia stream catchment get worldly and spatial abnormality for di spillover. Dem observe say water release don drop serious from two out of di three downstream stations. Even though, water release dey show rising trend from all three upstream stations, but di increase no strong for statistics. Di ANOVA [F (5,210) = 106.226, P &lt; 0.05] plus group analysis results show say upstream and downstream stations get big spatial variation. Di rising trend of water release for upstream stations dey happen because rainfall mean high plus urbanization don increase for di area. But downstream, di big decline for water release dey connect with many factors like high evaporation rate from high temperature, low rainfall mean, and di high infiltration rate wey sandy soil and sedimentary land formation dey cause. Water supply and irrigation, especially for downstream areas, dey under threat because of di hydrological trends and variations wey dem observe. As result, integrated basin study wey go use hydrological modeling go help to show di different impact of di factors wey dey contribute, plus predict how di river go behave when dem factors dey act.&lt;ref&gt;Umar, Da'u Abba; Ramli, Mohammad Firuz; Aris, Ahmad Zaharin; Jamil, Nor Rohaizah; Abdulkareem, Jabir Haruna (2018). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328840837 &quot;Runoff irregularities, trends, and variations in tropical semi-arid river catchment&quot;]. ''Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies''. '''19''': 335–348. Bibcode:2018JHyRS..19..335U. doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2018.10.008.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pollution ==
For Northern Nigeria inside Zamfara State, because outbreak happen for two villages, one team travel go there begin investigation to find out wetin cause di outbreak. Residents for each village report say one‑fourth of all di children for their communities die inside di last year. Community wells get high lead level, and because of that, di children for both villages get high lead level inside their blood.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cdc.gov/onehealth/in-action/lead-poisoning.html &quot;Lead Poisoning Investigation in Northern Nigeria | One Health | CDC&quot;]. www.cdc.gov. 28 November 2022. Retrieved 26 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>4c56mv0ij5s6nb5ipseesujxfo3xehu</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>103046</id>
      <parentid>103045</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:59:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Naula Ayisabun Aningore</username>
        <id>2564</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>103046</origin>
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      <text bytes="3787" sha1="d4k8uj1jmtmsg9fme42os4zm5xppw25" xml:space="preserve">Zamfara River na one river wey dey northern Nigeria. E start for Zamfara State, then e waka like 250 kilometre go west enter Kebbi State. From there e join Sokoto River about 50 kilometre southwest of Birnin Kebbi.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Pathway-of-nutrient-flow-and-cycling-in-the-along-the-section-of-River-Zamfara-a-vital_fig4_345259475&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Nigeriamap.png|thumb|Map wey dey show the major rivers of Nigeria]]
For the highest point, Zamfara River dey pass area wey high reach 188 metre above sea level. As e dey waka, different region dey call am with different names. Some of the common names wey people dey call Zamfara River be Gulbi Gindi, Gulbi Zamfara, River Zamfara, and River Gindi.&lt;ref&gt;[https://ng.geoview.info/river_zamfara,2317855 &quot;River Zamfara stream, Kebbi, Nigeria&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Zamfara State Nigeria.png|thumb|The Zamfara State wey the Zamfara River originates ]]

== Terrorist attack ==
On top 6 October 2022, dem confirm say villagers wey dey live near the river drown as dem dey try run escape terrorist attack.&lt;ref&gt;Ramalan, Ibrahim (6 October 2022). [https://dailynigerian.com/villagers-drown-zamfara-river/ &quot;26 villagers drown in Zamfara river while fleeing from terrorist attack&quot;]. Daily Nigerian. Retrieved 5 July 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hadejia stream hydrological pattern plus surface spillover varieties ===
Dem check di river catchment with data wey cover 36 years (1980–2015) for proper planning and management of water resources inside di basin. Di research bring new hydrological insight for di region: Dem don identify say Hadejia stream catchment get worldly and spatial abnormality for di spillover. Dem observe say water release don drop serious from two out of di three downstream stations. Even though, water release dey show rising trend from all three upstream stations, but di increase no strong for statistics. Di ANOVA [F (5,210) = 106.226, P &lt; 0.05] plus group analysis results show say upstream and downstream stations get big spatial variation. Di rising trend of water release for upstream stations dey happen because rainfall mean high plus urbanization don increase for di area. But downstream, di big decline for water release dey connect with many factors like high evaporation rate from high temperature, low rainfall mean, and di high infiltration rate wey sandy soil and sedimentary land formation dey cause. Water supply and irrigation, especially for downstream areas, dey under threat because of di hydrological trends and variations wey dem observe. As result, integrated basin study wey go use hydrological modeling go help to show di different impact of di factors wey dey contribute, plus predict how di river go behave when dem factors dey act.&lt;ref&gt;Umar, Da'u Abba; Ramli, Mohammad Firuz; Aris, Ahmad Zaharin; Jamil, Nor Rohaizah; Abdulkareem, Jabir Haruna (2018). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328840837 &quot;Runoff irregularities, trends, and variations in tropical semi-arid river catchment&quot;]. ''Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies''. '''19''': 335–348. Bibcode:2018JHyRS..19..335U. doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2018.10.008.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pollution ==
For Northern Nigeria inside Zamfara State, because outbreak happen for two villages, one team travel go there begin investigation to find out wetin cause di outbreak. Residents for each village report say one‑fourth of all di children for their communities die inside di last year. Community wells get high lead level, and because of that, di children for both villages get high lead level inside their blood.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cdc.gov/onehealth/in-action/lead-poisoning.html &quot;Lead Poisoning Investigation in Northern Nigeria | One Health | CDC&quot;]. www.cdc.gov. 28 November 2022. Retrieved 26 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== See also ==

== References ==</text>
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      <text bytes="3816" sha1="fo3dk0rty2graqrua2yilxmg9lglrvo" xml:space="preserve">Zamfara River na one river wey dey northern Nigeria. E start for Zamfara State, then e waka like 250 kilometre go west enter Kebbi State. From there e join Sokoto River about 50 kilometre southwest of Birnin Kebbi.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Pathway-of-nutrient-flow-and-cycling-in-the-along-the-section-of-River-Zamfara-a-vital_fig4_345259475&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Nigeriamap.png|thumb|Map wey dey show the major rivers of Nigeria]]
For the highest point, Zamfara River dey pass area wey high reach 188 metre above sea level. As e dey waka, different region dey call am with different names. Some of the common names wey people dey call Zamfara River be Gulbi Gindi, Gulbi Zamfara, River Zamfara, and River Gindi.&lt;ref&gt;[https://ng.geoview.info/river_zamfara,2317855 &quot;River Zamfara stream, Kebbi, Nigeria&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Zamfara State Nigeria.png|thumb|The Zamfara State wey the Zamfara River originates ]]

== Terrorist attack ==
On top 6 October 2022, dem confirm say villagers wey dey live near the river drown as dem dey try run escape terrorist attack.&lt;ref&gt;Ramalan, Ibrahim (6 October 2022). [https://dailynigerian.com/villagers-drown-zamfara-river/ &quot;26 villagers drown in Zamfara river while fleeing from terrorist attack&quot;]. Daily Nigerian. Retrieved 5 July 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hadejia stream hydrological pattern plus surface spillover varieties ===
Dem check di river catchment with data wey cover 36 years (1980–2015) for proper planning and management of water resources inside di basin. Di research bring new hydrological insight for di region: Dem don identify say Hadejia stream catchment get worldly and spatial abnormality for di spillover. Dem observe say water release don drop serious from two out of di three downstream stations. Even though, water release dey show rising trend from all three upstream stations, but di increase no strong for statistics. Di ANOVA [F (5,210) = 106.226, P &lt; 0.05] plus group analysis results show say upstream and downstream stations get big spatial variation. Di rising trend of water release for upstream stations dey happen because rainfall mean high plus urbanization don increase for di area. But downstream, di big decline for water release dey connect with many factors like high evaporation rate from high temperature, low rainfall mean, and di high infiltration rate wey sandy soil and sedimentary land formation dey cause. Water supply and irrigation, especially for downstream areas, dey under threat because of di hydrological trends and variations wey dem observe. As result, integrated basin study wey go use hydrological modeling go help to show di different impact of di factors wey dey contribute, plus predict how di river go behave when dem factors dey act.&lt;ref&gt;Umar, Da'u Abba; Ramli, Mohammad Firuz; Aris, Ahmad Zaharin; Jamil, Nor Rohaizah; Abdulkareem, Jabir Haruna (2018). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328840837 &quot;Runoff irregularities, trends, and variations in tropical semi-arid river catchment&quot;]. ''Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies''. '''19''': 335–348. Bibcode:2018JHyRS..19..335U. doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2018.10.008.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pollution ==
For Northern Nigeria inside Zamfara State, because outbreak happen for two villages, one team travel go there begin investigation to find out wetin cause di outbreak. Residents for each village report say one‑fourth of all di children for their communities die inside di last year. Community wells get high lead level, and because of that, di children for both villages get high lead level inside their blood.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cdc.gov/onehealth/in-action/lead-poisoning.html &quot;Lead Poisoning Investigation in Northern Nigeria | One Health | CDC&quot;]. www.cdc.gov. 28 November 2022. Retrieved 26 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== See also ==

* List of rivers of Nigeria

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>fo3dk0rty2graqrua2yilxmg9lglrvo</sha1>
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    <revision>
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        <id>2564</id>
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      <text bytes="3862" sha1="4ka36s4nhs27r74mwkzmxhu2t6prxtn" xml:space="preserve">Zamfara River na one river wey dey northern Nigeria. E start for Zamfara State, then e waka like 250 kilometre go west enter Kebbi State. From there e join Sokoto River about 50 kilometre southwest of Birnin Kebbi.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Pathway-of-nutrient-flow-and-cycling-in-the-along-the-section-of-River-Zamfara-a-vital_fig4_345259475&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Nigeriamap.png|thumb|Map wey dey show the major rivers of Nigeria]]
For the highest point, Zamfara River dey pass area wey high reach 188 metre above sea level. As e dey waka, different region dey call am with different names. Some of the common names wey people dey call Zamfara River be Gulbi Gindi, Gulbi Zamfara, River Zamfara, and River Gindi.&lt;ref&gt;[https://ng.geoview.info/river_zamfara,2317855 &quot;River Zamfara stream, Kebbi, Nigeria&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Zamfara State Nigeria.png|thumb|The Zamfara State wey the Zamfara River originates ]]

== Terrorist attack ==
On top 6 October 2022, dem confirm say villagers wey dey live near the river drown as dem dey try run escape terrorist attack.&lt;ref&gt;Ramalan, Ibrahim (6 October 2022). [https://dailynigerian.com/villagers-drown-zamfara-river/ &quot;26 villagers drown in Zamfara river while fleeing from terrorist attack&quot;]. Daily Nigerian. Retrieved 5 July 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hadejia stream hydrological pattern plus surface spillover varieties ===
Dem check di river catchment with data wey cover 36 years (1980–2015) for proper planning and management of water resources inside di basin. Di research bring new hydrological insight for di region: Dem don identify say Hadejia stream catchment get worldly and spatial abnormality for di spillover. Dem observe say water release don drop serious from two out of di three downstream stations. Even though, water release dey show rising trend from all three upstream stations, but di increase no strong for statistics. Di ANOVA [F (5,210) = 106.226, P &lt; 0.05] plus group analysis results show say upstream and downstream stations get big spatial variation. Di rising trend of water release for upstream stations dey happen because rainfall mean high plus urbanization don increase for di area. But downstream, di big decline for water release dey connect with many factors like high evaporation rate from high temperature, low rainfall mean, and di high infiltration rate wey sandy soil and sedimentary land formation dey cause. Water supply and irrigation, especially for downstream areas, dey under threat because of di hydrological trends and variations wey dem observe. As result, integrated basin study wey go use hydrological modeling go help to show di different impact of di factors wey dey contribute, plus predict how di river go behave when dem factors dey act.&lt;ref&gt;Umar, Da'u Abba; Ramli, Mohammad Firuz; Aris, Ahmad Zaharin; Jamil, Nor Rohaizah; Abdulkareem, Jabir Haruna (2018). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328840837 &quot;Runoff irregularities, trends, and variations in tropical semi-arid river catchment&quot;]. ''Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies''. '''19''': 335–348. Bibcode:2018JHyRS..19..335U. doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2018.10.008.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pollution ==
For Northern Nigeria inside Zamfara State, because outbreak happen for two villages, one team travel go there begin investigation to find out wetin cause di outbreak. Residents for each village report say one‑fourth of all di children for their communities die inside di last year. Community wells get high lead level, and because of that, di children for both villages get high lead level inside their blood.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cdc.gov/onehealth/in-action/lead-poisoning.html &quot;Lead Poisoning Investigation in Northern Nigeria | One Health | CDC&quot;]. www.cdc.gov. 28 November 2022. Retrieved 26 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== See also ==

* List of rivers of Nigeria

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Rivers of Nigeria]]</text>
      <sha1>4ka36s4nhs27r74mwkzmxhu2t6prxtn</sha1>
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    <revision>
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        <id>2564</id>
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      <text bytes="3896" sha1="sk5tqp3al929j7iyt0z6pjxfu2ao02b" xml:space="preserve">Zamfara River na one river wey dey northern Nigeria. E start for Zamfara State, then e waka like 250 kilometre go west enter Kebbi State. From there e join Sokoto River about 50 kilometre southwest of Birnin Kebbi.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Pathway-of-nutrient-flow-and-cycling-in-the-along-the-section-of-River-Zamfara-a-vital_fig4_345259475&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Nigeriamap.png|thumb|Map wey dey show the major rivers of Nigeria]]
For the highest point, Zamfara River dey pass area wey high reach 188 metre above sea level. As e dey waka, different region dey call am with different names. Some of the common names wey people dey call Zamfara River be Gulbi Gindi, Gulbi Zamfara, River Zamfara, and River Gindi.&lt;ref&gt;[https://ng.geoview.info/river_zamfara,2317855 &quot;River Zamfara stream, Kebbi, Nigeria&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Zamfara State Nigeria.png|thumb|The Zamfara State wey the Zamfara River originates ]]

== Terrorist attack ==
On top 6 October 2022, dem confirm say villagers wey dey live near the river drown as dem dey try run escape terrorist attack.&lt;ref&gt;Ramalan, Ibrahim (6 October 2022). [https://dailynigerian.com/villagers-drown-zamfara-river/ &quot;26 villagers drown in Zamfara river while fleeing from terrorist attack&quot;]. Daily Nigerian. Retrieved 5 July 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hadejia stream hydrological pattern plus surface spillover varieties ===
Dem check di river catchment with data wey cover 36 years (1980–2015) for proper planning and management of water resources inside di basin. Di research bring new hydrological insight for di region: Dem don identify say Hadejia stream catchment get worldly and spatial abnormality for di spillover. Dem observe say water release don drop serious from two out of di three downstream stations. Even though, water release dey show rising trend from all three upstream stations, but di increase no strong for statistics. Di ANOVA [F (5,210) = 106.226, P &lt; 0.05] plus group analysis results show say upstream and downstream stations get big spatial variation. Di rising trend of water release for upstream stations dey happen because rainfall mean high plus urbanization don increase for di area. But downstream, di big decline for water release dey connect with many factors like high evaporation rate from high temperature, low rainfall mean, and di high infiltration rate wey sandy soil and sedimentary land formation dey cause. Water supply and irrigation, especially for downstream areas, dey under threat because of di hydrological trends and variations wey dem observe. As result, integrated basin study wey go use hydrological modeling go help to show di different impact of di factors wey dey contribute, plus predict how di river go behave when dem factors dey act.&lt;ref&gt;Umar, Da'u Abba; Ramli, Mohammad Firuz; Aris, Ahmad Zaharin; Jamil, Nor Rohaizah; Abdulkareem, Jabir Haruna (2018). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328840837 &quot;Runoff irregularities, trends, and variations in tropical semi-arid river catchment&quot;]. ''Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies''. '''19''': 335–348. Bibcode:2018JHyRS..19..335U. doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2018.10.008.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pollution ==
For Northern Nigeria inside Zamfara State, because outbreak happen for two villages, one team travel go there begin investigation to find out wetin cause di outbreak. Residents for each village report say one‑fourth of all di children for their communities die inside di last year. Community wells get high lead level, and because of that, di children for both villages get high lead level inside their blood.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cdc.gov/onehealth/in-action/lead-poisoning.html &quot;Lead Poisoning Investigation in Northern Nigeria | One Health | CDC&quot;]. www.cdc.gov. 28 November 2022. Retrieved 26 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== See also ==

* [[:en:List_of_rivers_of_Nigeria|List of rivers of Nigeria]]

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Rivers of Nigeria]]</text>
      <sha1>sk5tqp3al929j7iyt0z6pjxfu2ao02b</sha1>
    </revision>
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      <text bytes="3908" sha1="d65fy6nslp5ospxpje01adm65dzmtmb" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Zamfara River na one river wey dey northern Nigeria. E start for Zamfara State, then e waka like 250 kilometre go west enter Kebbi State. From there e join Sokoto River about 50 kilometre southwest of Birnin Kebbi.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Pathway-of-nutrient-flow-and-cycling-in-the-along-the-section-of-River-Zamfara-a-vital_fig4_345259475&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Nigeriamap.png|thumb|Map wey dey show the major rivers of Nigeria]]
For the highest point, Zamfara River dey pass area wey high reach 188 metre above sea level. As e dey waka, different region dey call am with different names. Some of the common names wey people dey call Zamfara River be Gulbi Gindi, Gulbi Zamfara, River Zamfara, and River Gindi.&lt;ref&gt;[https://ng.geoview.info/river_zamfara,2317855 &quot;River Zamfara stream, Kebbi, Nigeria&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Zamfara State Nigeria.png|thumb|The Zamfara State wey the Zamfara River originates ]]

== Terrorist attack ==
On top 6 October 2022, dem confirm say villagers wey dey live near the river drown as dem dey try run escape terrorist attack.&lt;ref&gt;Ramalan, Ibrahim (6 October 2022). [https://dailynigerian.com/villagers-drown-zamfara-river/ &quot;26 villagers drown in Zamfara river while fleeing from terrorist attack&quot;]. Daily Nigerian. Retrieved 5 July 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hadejia stream hydrological pattern plus surface spillover varieties ===
Dem check di river catchment with data wey cover 36 years (1980–2015) for proper planning and management of water resources inside di basin. Di research bring new hydrological insight for di region: Dem don identify say Hadejia stream catchment get worldly and spatial abnormality for di spillover. Dem observe say water release don drop serious from two out of di three downstream stations. Even though, water release dey show rising trend from all three upstream stations, but di increase no strong for statistics. Di ANOVA [F (5,210) = 106.226, P &lt; 0.05] plus group analysis results show say upstream and downstream stations get big spatial variation. Di rising trend of water release for upstream stations dey happen because rainfall mean high plus urbanization don increase for di area. But downstream, di big decline for water release dey connect with many factors like high evaporation rate from high temperature, low rainfall mean, and di high infiltration rate wey sandy soil and sedimentary land formation dey cause. Water supply and irrigation, especially for downstream areas, dey under threat because of di hydrological trends and variations wey dem observe. As result, integrated basin study wey go use hydrological modeling go help to show di different impact of di factors wey dey contribute, plus predict how di river go behave when dem factors dey act.&lt;ref&gt;Umar, Da'u Abba; Ramli, Mohammad Firuz; Aris, Ahmad Zaharin; Jamil, Nor Rohaizah; Abdulkareem, Jabir Haruna (2018). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328840837 &quot;Runoff irregularities, trends, and variations in tropical semi-arid river catchment&quot;]. ''Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies''. '''19''': 335–348. Bibcode:2018JHyRS..19..335U. doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2018.10.008.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pollution ==
For Northern Nigeria inside Zamfara State, because outbreak happen for two villages, one team travel go there begin investigation to find out wetin cause di outbreak. Residents for each village report say one‑fourth of all di children for their communities die inside di last year. Community wells get high lead level, and because of that, di children for both villages get high lead level inside their blood.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cdc.gov/onehealth/in-action/lead-poisoning.html &quot;Lead Poisoning Investigation in Northern Nigeria | One Health | CDC&quot;]. www.cdc.gov. 28 November 2022. Retrieved 26 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== See also ==

* [[:en:List_of_rivers_of_Nigeria|List of rivers of Nigeria]]

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Rivers of Nigeria]]</text>
      <sha1>d65fy6nslp5ospxpje01adm65dzmtmb</sha1>
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    <id>27583</id>
    <revision>
      <id>103097</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T20:51:58Z</timestamp>
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        <id>9</id>
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    <id>27584</id>
    <revision>
      <id>103098</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T20:52:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
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    <title>Category:Ivory Coast–Liberia border</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27585</id>
    <revision>
      <id>103101</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T21:15:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
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      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
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    <title>Category:Rivers of Equatorial Guinea</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>103103</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T21:31:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
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      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
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    <title>Category:Betsiboka</title>
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    <id>27587</id>
    <revision>
      <id>103105</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T21:56:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
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      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>103105</origin>
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    <title>Category:Bongolava</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27588</id>
    <revision>
      <id>103106</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T21:57:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
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      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
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    <title>Category:Boeny</title>
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    <id>27589</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-15T21:57:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
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      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
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