Wikipedia gpewiki https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.6 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 2773 103172 79742 2026-06-16T14:37:56Z MABRIZA 6452 word correction 103172 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Akosombo Dam''', wey dem sanso dey bell am '''Volta Dam''', be sam hydroelectric dam wey dey de Volta River top for southeastern [[Ghana]] wey dey Akosombo gorge inside den part of de Volta River Authority.<ref>[https://www.myjoyonline.com/akosombo-dam-could-serve-ghana-for-another-50-years-if-well-maintained-kweku-awotwi/ "Akosombo Dam could serve Ghana for another 50 years if well maintained – Kweku Awotwi - MyJoyOnline.com".] ''www.myjoyonline.com''. Retrieved 18 May 2021.</ref> De construction of de dam flood part of de Volta River Basin wey elead go de subsequent creation of Lake Volta. Lake Volta be de largest man-made lake for de world insyd by surface area. It covers 8,502 square kilometres (3,283 sq mi), wey be 3.6% of Ghana ein land area. Plus de volume of 148 cubic kilometers, Lake Volta be de world ein third largest man-made lake by volume; de largest wey be Lake Kariba wey get 185 cubic kilometers of water.<ref name=":0">[[:en:Akosombo_Dam#CITEREFFobil2003|Fobil 2003]]</ref> Na de primary purpose of de Akosombo Dam be say ego provide electricity for de aluminium industry.<ref>[[:en:Akosombo_Dam#CITEREFZakhary1997|Zakhary 1997]]</ref> Na dem dey bell Akosombo Dam as "de largest single investment for de economic development plans of Ghana."<ref name=":1">[http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/history/akosombo_dam.php "History of Akosombo dam".] Ghana Home Page. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110516134942/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/history/akosombo_dam.php Archived] from the original on 16 May 2011. Retrieved 8 May 2011.</ref> De dam be significant for providing de majority of both [[Togo]] den [[Benin]] ein electricity, although de construction of de [[Adjarala Dam]] (for Togo ein [[Mono River]]) dey hope say ego reduce dese countries' reliance for imported electricity top.<ref>Europa Publications (2014). ''Africa South of the Sahara 2014''. Routledge. p. 112. ISBN 9781857436983.</ref> Na de dam ein original electrical output be 912 megawatts (1,223,000 hp), wey dem upgrade go 1,020 megawatts (1,370,000 hp) for sam retrofit project insyd wey dem fini for 2006 insyd.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070808064226/http://www.vra.com/Power/retrofit.html "Akosombo Hydro Power Plant Retrofit".] Volta River Authority. Archived from [http://www.vra.com/Power/retrofit.html the original] on 8 August 2007. Retrieved 30 July 2007.</ref> De flood wey create de Lake Volta reservoir displace chaw menners wey na eget significant impact for de local environment top,<ref name=":2">[[:en:Akosombo_Dam#CITEREFGyau-Boakye2001|Gyau-Boakye 2001]]</ref> edey include seismic activity wey lead go coastal erosion; sam hydrology wey echange cause microclimatic changes plus less rain den higher temperatures. De soil wey dey surround de lake be less fertile than de soil wey dey ein unders, wey heavy agricultural use dey require de use of fertilizers, wey elater dey lead am go eutrophication, wey cause, among others, de explosive growth of sam invasive weed wey dey render water navigation den transportation difficult, wey edey form sam habitat for de vectors of water-borne illnesses such as bilharzia, river blindness den malaria. Resettlement of de inhabitants wey edisplace prove complex wey for sam cases ebe unsuccessful; traditional farming practices disappear wey emake poverty increase. == Ein Design == Geologist Albert Kitson wey he conceive de dam for 1915 insyd, but dem no draw any plan till de 1940s insyd.<ref>Okoampa-Ahoofe, Kwame (16 July 2009). [http://www.thestatesmanonline.com/pages/news_detail.php?newsid=8696&section=1 "The False Ghanaian History of Paa Kwesi Nduom".] ''The Statesman''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110930095101/http://www.thestatesmanonline.com/pages/news_detail.php?newsid=8696&section=1 Archived] from the original on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 11 October 2023.</ref> Dem propose de development of de Volta River Basin for 1949 insyd, bah secof na funds no chaw, de American company Volta Aluminum Company (Valco) lend Ghana money so say dem go fi construct de dam. Presido [[Kwame Nkrumah]] adopt de Volta River hydropower project.<ref name=":1" /> == Ein Construction == [[File:Akosombo_Dam_is_spilling_water,_Ghana.JPG|left|thumb|Akosombo dam plus open spillways]] For May 1960 insyd, de Ghana government call for tenders for construction of de hydroelectric dam. For 1961 insyd, sam Italian consortium, Impregilo wey na ecomplete de Kariba Dam, win de contract. For 1961 insyd, Ghana ein Parliament establish Volta River Authority (VRA) through de passage of de Volta River Development Act. Six Board members den Nkrumah as chairman wey structure VRA ein fundamental operations. VRA ein primary task be say ego manage de development of de Volta River Basin, wey na edey include de construction den supervision of de dam, de power station den de power transmission network. De VRA be responsible for de reservoir wey dem impound by de dam, fishing for de lake insyd, lake transportation den communication, den de welfare of menners wey dey surround de lake.<ref name=":0" /> [[File:1_Ghana_Cedi.png|left|thumb|Akosombo Dam for de reverse of sam 2007 1 [[Ghanaian cedi|Cedi]] specimen banknote]] == Ein Power generation == De dam dey provide electricity go Ghana den ein neighboring West African countries, wey dey include [[Togo]] den [[Benin]].<ref>[[:en:Akosombo_Dam#CITEREFSuave2002|Suave 2002]]</ref> Initially na 20% of Akosombo Dam ein electric output (wey dey serve 70% of national demand) be wat Ghanaians dey get for form of electricity, na dem dey generate de remaining 80% give Valco.<ref>Kwame Okoampa-Ahoofe (28 August 2007). [https://archive.today/20120530185104/http://www.thestatesmanonline.com/pages/news_detail.php?section=11&newsid=4580 "NPP cuts sod for Bui Dam".] Statesman online. Archived from [http://www.thestatesmanonline.com/pages/news_detail.php?section=11&newsid=4580 the original] on 30 May 2012. Retrieved 13 October 2007.</ref> == Ein Impacts == [[File:Akosombo_Dam_hydroelectric_plant.jpg|left|thumb|De hydroelectric power plant for Lake Volta top]] De Akosombo Dam dey benefit sam industrial den economic activities from de addition of lake transportation, fishing wey e increase, fresh farming activities for de shoreline, den tourism.<ref name=":2" /> === Biological habitat === [[File:Volta_lake.jpg|right|thumb|Lake Volta from space]] == References == [[Category:Ghana]] [[Category:Dams insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Lake Volta]] [[Category:Dams for de Volta River top]] [[Category:Volta River Authority]] [[Category:Dams dem plete insyd 1965]] [[Category:1965 establishments insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Eastern Region (Ghana)]] [[Category:Dams insyd Africa]] [[Category:Pages plus maps]] kac8237o499yr33rhqxsvtxy9ixd1vt 0 26449 103149 96818 2026-06-16T13:31:40Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 103149 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nitroglycerin''' ('''NG''') (alternative spelling nitroglycerine), dem sanso know as '''trinitroglycerol''' ('''TNG'''), '''nitro''', '''glyceryl trinitrate''' ('''GTN'''), anaa '''1,2,3-trinitroxypropane''', be a dense, colorless anaa pale yellow, oily, explosive liquid wey most commonly nitrating glycerol produce plus white fuming nitric acid under conditions appropriate to de formation of de nitric acid ester. Chemically, de substance be a nitrate ester rather dan a nitro compound, buh de traditional name be retained. Discovered insyd 1846 by Ascanio Sobrero,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ascanio Sobrero |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100514852 |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=Oxford Reference |language=en }}</ref> nitroglycerin be used as an active ingredient insyd de manufacture of explosives, namely dynamite, den as such e be employed insyd de construction, demolition, den mining industries. E be combined plus nitrocellulose to form double-based smokeless powder, dem use as a propellant insyd artillery den firearms since de 1880s. As be de case give chaw oda explosives, nitroglycerin cam be more den more prone to exploding (i.e., spontaneous decomposition) as de temperature be increased. Upon exposure to heat above 218 °C at sea-level atmospheric pressure, nitroglycerin cam be extremely unstable den dey tend to explode. Wen dem place insyd vacuum, e get an autoignition temperature of 270 °C instead.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2013-05-16 |title=Occupational Safety and Health Guideline for Nitroglycerin |url=http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/healthguidelines/nitroglycerin/recognition.html |access-date=2024-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516192244/http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/healthguidelines/nitroglycerin/recognition.html |archive-date=16 May 2013 }}</ref> Plus a melting point of 12.8 °C, de chemical almost be always encountered as a thick den viscous fluid, wey dey change to a crystalline solid wen frozen.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Haynes |first=W. M. |title=CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics |publisher=CRC Press |edition=97th |pages=3–540}}</ref> Although de pure compound einself be colorless, in practice de presence of nitric oxide impurities left over during production dey tend to give am a slight yellowish tint. Secof ein high boiling point den consequently low vapor pressure (0.00026 mmHg at 20 °C),<ref name=":0" /> pure nitroglycerin practically get no odor at room temperature, plus a sweet den burning taste wen dem ingest. Unintentional detonation fi ensue wen dem drop am, shake am, lit for fire top, dem rapidly heat, dem expose to sunlight den ozone, dem subject to sparks den electrical discharges, anaa dem roughly handle am.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nitroglycerin, desensitized, liquid |url=https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/12100 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826040417/https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/12100 |archive-date=August 26, 2023 |access-date=July 9, 2024 |website=CAMEO Chemicals {{!}} NOAA}}</ref> Ein sensitivity to exploding be responsible for numerous devastating industrial accidents thru out ein history. De chemical ein characteristic reactivity fi be reduced thru de addition of desensitizing agents, wich dey make am less likely to explode. Clay (diatomaceous earth) be an example of such an agent, dey form dynamite, a much more easily handled composition. De addition of oda desensitizing agents dey give birth to de various formulations of dynamite. Nitroglycerin as a medication be used since 1878 as a potent vasodilator (wey dey cause dilation of de vascular system) to treat [[heart]] conditions, such as angina pectoris den chronic heart failure. Though e be previously known say dese beneficial effects be secof nitroglycerin be converted to nitric oxide, a potent vasodilator, de enzyme for dis conversion na e only be discovered to be mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) insyd 2002.<ref name="Chen et al. 2005 12159–12164">{{cite journal | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | year = 2005 | volume = 102 | pages = 12159–12164 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0503723102 | pmid = 16103363 | last2 = Foster | first2 = M. W. | last3 = Zhang | first3 = J. | last4 = Mao | first4 = L. | last5 = Rockman | first5 = H. A. | last6 = Kawamoto | first6 = T. | last7 = Kitagawa | first7 = K. | last8 = Nakayama | first8 = K. I. | last9 = Hess | first9 = D. T. | last10 = Stamler | first10 = J. S. | title = An essential role for mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase in nitroglycerin bioactivation | issue = 34 | pmc = 1189320 | last1 = Chen |first1=Z.| bibcode = 2005PNAS..10212159C | doi-access = free }}</ref> Nitroglycerin be available insyd sublingual tablets, sprays, ointments, den patches.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://web.ebscohost.com/src/detail?vid=17&hid=7&sid=7e55c0c3-4b92-4b24-ac2d-b2091791a502@sessionmgr14&bdata=JnNpdGU9c3JjLWxpdmU= |title=Unknown, behind paywall, archived |access-date=14 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510141029/http://web.ebscohost.com/src/detail?vid=17&hid=7&sid=7e55c0c3-4b92-4b24-ac2d-b2091791a502%40sessionmgr14&bdata=JnNpdGU9c3JjLWxpdmU%3d#db=hxh&AN=9703191987 |archive-date=10 May 2017 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> == References == <references /> ==External links== {{Commons}} *{{cite web|url=http://CPRR.org/Museum/Newspapers/Nitroglycerine.html | work=Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum | title=Nitroglycerine! Terrible Explosion and Loss of Lives in San Francisco | access-date=2005-03-23 }} – 1866 Newspaper article *[http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C55630 WebBook page for C₃H₅N₃O₉] *[https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0456.html CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120719041722/http://www.logwell.com/tales/menu/index.html The Tallini Tales of Destruction] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719041722/http://www.logwell.com/tales/menu/index.html |date=19 July 2012 }} Detailed and horrific stories of the historical use of nitroglycerin-filled torpedoes to restart petroleum wells. *[http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/mv_dynamite.htm Dynamite and TNT] at ''The Periodic Table of Videos'' (University of Nottingham) {{Authority control}} [[Category:Aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitors]] [[Category:Disulfiram-like drugs]] [[Category:Nitrate esters]] [[Category:Explosive chemicals]] [[Category:Liquid explosives]] [[Category:Sugar alcohol explosives]] [[Category:Italian inventions]] [[Category:Glycerol esters]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] mqlmuy1b7uoc8dfqjc7ns9vqjikgkh4 0 27327 103151 100760 2026-06-16T13:53:20Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 103151 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Mangoro River''' be de largest river on de east coast of [[Madagascar]] by basin size den water volume, wey e be 300&nbsp;km in length.<ref>{{Cite web| title = Mangoro River (Madagascar)| work = LC Linked Data Service (Library of Congress)| accessdate = 2013-03-05| url = http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh88005391.html}}</ref> ==Wildlife== Der be small populations of crocodiles insyd de more placid sections of de river, buh dema population be minimal den dey continue to plummet.<ref name="Mangoro river 22">{{cite web |title=Mangoro river |url=http://www.grapner.ch/e_Mangoro.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402110439/http://www.grapner.ch/e_Mangoro.html |archive-date=2 April 2015 |accessdate=5 March 2013}}</ref> ==References== <references /> == External links == 3r5rchjpqu0epnz7lz5fiez8r6urjr8 103152 103151 2026-06-16T13:58:39Z DaSupremo 9 /* Overview */ Improve article 103152 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Mangoro River''' be de largest river on de east coast of [[Madagascar]] by basin size den water volume, wey e be 300&nbsp;km in length.<ref>{{Cite web| title = Mangoro River (Madagascar)| work = LC Linked Data Service (Library of Congress)| accessdate = 2013-03-05| url = http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh88005391.html}}</ref> ==Overview== De Mangoro dey begin northeast of de town of Anjozorobe insyd de Analamanga region, at approximately 1,100 meters. Ein primary tributaries be de Onive River (wich dey join on de right bank at 200&nbsp;km from de river source) den Nosivolo River.<ref>{{Cite web | title = MADAGASCAR: New Livelihoods to Protect A River's Life | work = Global Issues, Inter Press Service| accessdate = 2013-03-05| date = 2010-11-25| url = http://www.globalissues.org/news/2010/11/25/7760}}</ref><ref name="mission">Campbell, Gwynn. [https://books.google.com/books?id=7pDNL4apVpgC&pg=PA488 David Griffiths and the Missionary "History of Madagascar"], p. 488–89 ([[Brill Publishers|Brill]] 2012) (citing Aldegheri, Marius. ''The Rivers and Streams on Madagascar'', in Battistini, Rene & G. Richard-Vindard (ed.), ''Biogeography and Ecology in Madagascar'' (1972))</ref> Ein mouth be at de Indian Ocean near de town of Ambodiharina. Owing to ein chaw tributaries, de Mangoro dey maintain a high flow year round, wey dey make am an ideal river for rafting.<ref name="Mangoro river 22" /> As of 2012, de Sherritt International Corporation plan to use de Mangoro River as a source of water for a slurry pipeline wey dey carry ore give de Ambatovy project mines, wey dey raise environmental concerns.<ref>{{Cite web| title = Another Mining Horror Story? Sherritt International Corporation's Ambatovy Project in Madagascar| publisher = [[MiningWatch Canada]]| accessdate = 2013-03-05| date = 2012-04-10| url = http://www.miningwatch.ca/article/another-mining-horror-story-sherritt-international-corporation-s-ambatovy-project-madagascar| archive-date = 2012-04-18| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120418004337/http://www.miningwatch.ca/article/another-mining-horror-story-sherritt-international-corporation-s-ambatovy-project-madagascar| url-status = dead}}</ref> ==Wildlife== Der be small populations of crocodiles insyd de more placid sections of de river, buh dema population be minimal den dey continue to plummet.<ref name="Mangoro river 22">{{cite web |title=Mangoro river |url=http://www.grapner.ch/e_Mangoro.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402110439/http://www.grapner.ch/e_Mangoro.html |archive-date=2 April 2015 |accessdate=5 March 2013}}</ref> ==References== <references /> == External links == bzp0w9jly7wfxjjbrdv7w8dmg11p7ol 103153 103152 2026-06-16T14:00:29Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 103153 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Mangoro River''' be de largest river on de east coast of [[Madagascar]] by basin size den water volume, wey e be 300&nbsp;km in length.<ref>{{Cite web| title = Mangoro River (Madagascar)| work = LC Linked Data Service (Library of Congress)| accessdate = 2013-03-05| url = http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh88005391.html}}</ref> ==Overview== De Mangoro dey begin northeast of de town of Anjozorobe insyd de Analamanga region, at approximately 1,100 meters. Ein primary tributaries be de Onive River (wich dey join on de right bank at 200&nbsp;km from de river source) den Nosivolo River.<ref>{{Cite web | title = MADAGASCAR: New Livelihoods to Protect A River's Life | work = Global Issues, Inter Press Service| accessdate = 2013-03-05| date = 2010-11-25| url = http://www.globalissues.org/news/2010/11/25/7760}}</ref><ref name="mission">Campbell, Gwynn. [https://books.google.com/books?id=7pDNL4apVpgC&pg=PA488 David Griffiths and the Missionary "History of Madagascar"], p. 488–89 ([[Brill Publishers|Brill]] 2012) (citing Aldegheri, Marius. ''The Rivers and Streams on Madagascar'', in Battistini, Rene & G. Richard-Vindard (ed.), ''Biogeography and Ecology in Madagascar'' (1972))</ref> Ein mouth be at de Indian Ocean near de town of Ambodiharina. Owing to ein chaw tributaries, de Mangoro dey maintain a high flow year round, wey dey make am an ideal river for rafting.<ref name="Mangoro river 22" /> As of 2012, de Sherritt International Corporation plan to use de Mangoro River as a source of water for a slurry pipeline wey dey carry ore give de Ambatovy project mines, wey dey raise environmental concerns.<ref>{{Cite web| title = Another Mining Horror Story? Sherritt International Corporation's Ambatovy Project in Madagascar| publisher = [[MiningWatch Canada]]| accessdate = 2013-03-05| date = 2012-04-10| url = http://www.miningwatch.ca/article/another-mining-horror-story-sherritt-international-corporation-s-ambatovy-project-madagascar| archive-date = 2012-04-18| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120418004337/http://www.miningwatch.ca/article/another-mining-horror-story-sherritt-international-corporation-s-ambatovy-project-madagascar| url-status = dead}}</ref> ==Wildlife== Der be small populations of crocodiles insyd de more placid sections of de river, buh dema population be minimal den dey continue to plummet.<ref name="Mangoro river 22">{{cite web |title=Mangoro river |url=http://www.grapner.ch/e_Mangoro.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402110439/http://www.grapner.ch/e_Mangoro.html |archive-date=2 April 2015 |accessdate=5 March 2013}}</ref> ==References== <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Rivers of Madagascar]] [[Category:Atsinanana]] [[Category:Rivers of Analamanga]] [[Category:Rivers of Atsinanana]] a80tc8ce0lw3yg37dgp0rigt5t68gtq 0 27328 103165 100765 2026-06-16T14:17:21Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 103165 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Licungo''' be a river of [[Mozambique]] insyd Zambezia Province. De river dey begin north of Gurúè den dey flow south to de Indian Ocean. Leaving Gurué District, de river dey form de border between Namarroi den Ile den then de southern border of Lugela District before e dey enter Mocuba District. At de city of Mocuba, de Licungo be joined by de Lugela river wey dey flow from near de border plus [[Malawi]]. De river then dey form de border between Namacurra den Maganja da Costa districts. Flooding be a recurring issue, wey dey include insyd de 2000 Mozambique flood.<ref>[http://www.poptel.org.uk/mozambique-news/newsletter/floods2.html Kariba warns that floodgates will open this week] Mozambique News Agency</ref> Na floods insyd January 2015 get 64 fatalities den de bridge for National Road 1 insyd Mocuba collapse.<ref>{{cite web |title=País dividido: Águas do rio Licungo inundam distrito de Mocuba |url=http://infodiario.co.mz/articles/detail_article/4389 |website=infodiario.co.mz |language=Portuguese}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Vale de lágrimas na bacia do Licungo |url=http://www.jornaldomingo.co.mz/index.php/reportagem/4650-vale-de-lagrimas-na-bacia-do-licungo |website=www.jornaldomingo.co.mz |language=Portuguese}}</ref> Insyd 2018, de basin be de focus of mapping initiative by de National Institute for Disaster Management (INGC),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rm.co.mz/index.php/component/k2/item/2247-ingc-lanca-projecto-atlas-de-resposta-aos-desastres-na-bacia-do-licungo.html|title=INGC lança Projecto Atlas de resposta aos desastres na Bacia do Licungo|trans-title=INGC launches Atlas Project to respond to disasters in the Licungo Basin|date=2018-07-17|publisher=Rádio Moçambique|language=pt|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221135235/http://www.rm.co.mz/index.php/component/k2/item/2247-ingc-lanca-projecto-atlas-de-resposta-aos-desastres-na-bacia-do-licungo.html|archive-date=2018-12-21}}</ref> wey de World Food Programme support.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/wfp_mozambique/status/1004659850587099136?s=19|title=#HappeningNow : National Institute for Disaster Management (INGC) holds the 1st technical meeting for the mapping of the Licungo River Basin, in Zambézia province, to reduce disaster risks and facilitate emergency response planning. With @WFP in #Mozambique support.|date=2018-06-07}}</ref> De basin sanso be assessed by de Dutch Risk Reduction team.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drrteam-dsswater.nl/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/DRR-report-Mozambique-Licungo-Final-Report-15-June-2015.pdf|title=Dutch Risk Reduction Team: Reducing the risk of water related disasters|date=2015-06-15|publisher=Kingdom of the Netherlands|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322234648/http://www.drrteam-dsswater.nl/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/DRR-report-Mozambique-Licungo-Final-Report-15-June-2015.pdf|archive-date=2016-03-22}}</ref> Agricultural areas dey include de Munda Munda plain<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dutchwatersector.com/solutions/projects/71-munda-munda-irrigation-project.html|title=Munda Munda Irrigation Project|date=2010-11-01|publisher=Dutch Water Sector|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221134707/https://www.dutchwatersector.com/solutions/projects/71-munda-munda-irrigation-project.html|archive-date=2018-12-21}}</ref> den Sena sugar estates. == References == etgy4m0850ih7lqcwhrwkj8a6zlny8s 103166 103165 2026-06-16T14:19:24Z DaSupremo 9 Add category 103166 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Licungo''' be a river of [[Mozambique]] insyd Zambezia Province. De river dey begin north of Gurúè den dey flow south to de Indian Ocean. Leaving Gurué District, de river dey form de border between Namarroi den Ile den then de southern border of Lugela District before e dey enter Mocuba District. At de city of Mocuba, de Licungo be joined by de Lugela river wey dey flow from near de border plus [[Malawi]]. De river then dey form de border between Namacurra den Maganja da Costa districts. Flooding be a recurring issue, wey dey include insyd de 2000 Mozambique flood.<ref>[http://www.poptel.org.uk/mozambique-news/newsletter/floods2.html Kariba warns that floodgates will open this week] Mozambique News Agency</ref> Na floods insyd January 2015 get 64 fatalities den de bridge for National Road 1 insyd Mocuba collapse.<ref>{{cite web |title=País dividido: Águas do rio Licungo inundam distrito de Mocuba |url=http://infodiario.co.mz/articles/detail_article/4389 |website=infodiario.co.mz |language=Portuguese}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Vale de lágrimas na bacia do Licungo |url=http://www.jornaldomingo.co.mz/index.php/reportagem/4650-vale-de-lagrimas-na-bacia-do-licungo |website=www.jornaldomingo.co.mz |language=Portuguese}}</ref> Insyd 2018, de basin be de focus of mapping initiative by de National Institute for Disaster Management (INGC),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rm.co.mz/index.php/component/k2/item/2247-ingc-lanca-projecto-atlas-de-resposta-aos-desastres-na-bacia-do-licungo.html|title=INGC lança Projecto Atlas de resposta aos desastres na Bacia do Licungo|trans-title=INGC launches Atlas Project to respond to disasters in the Licungo Basin|date=2018-07-17|publisher=Rádio Moçambique|language=pt|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221135235/http://www.rm.co.mz/index.php/component/k2/item/2247-ingc-lanca-projecto-atlas-de-resposta-aos-desastres-na-bacia-do-licungo.html|archive-date=2018-12-21}}</ref> wey de World Food Programme support.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/wfp_mozambique/status/1004659850587099136?s=19|title=#HappeningNow : National Institute for Disaster Management (INGC) holds the 1st technical meeting for the mapping of the Licungo River Basin, in Zambézia province, to reduce disaster risks and facilitate emergency response planning. With @WFP in #Mozambique support.|date=2018-06-07}}</ref> De basin sanso be assessed by de Dutch Risk Reduction team.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drrteam-dsswater.nl/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/DRR-report-Mozambique-Licungo-Final-Report-15-June-2015.pdf|title=Dutch Risk Reduction Team: Reducing the risk of water related disasters|date=2015-06-15|publisher=Kingdom of the Netherlands|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322234648/http://www.drrteam-dsswater.nl/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/DRR-report-Mozambique-Licungo-Final-Report-15-June-2015.pdf|archive-date=2016-03-22}}</ref> Agricultural areas dey include de Munda Munda plain<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dutchwatersector.com/solutions/projects/71-munda-munda-irrigation-project.html|title=Munda Munda Irrigation Project|date=2010-11-01|publisher=Dutch Water Sector|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221134707/https://www.dutchwatersector.com/solutions/projects/71-munda-munda-irrigation-project.html|archive-date=2018-12-21}}</ref> den Sena sugar estates. == References == <references /> [[Category:Rivers of Mozambique]] pgurqsi5obmyl66vv55m146uhlzy3yj 0 27330 103167 100775 2026-06-16T14:31:21Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 103167 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Mano River''' be a river insyd [[West Africa]]. E dey rise insyd de Guinea Highlands insyd [[Liberia]] den dey form part of de Liberia-[[Sierra Leone]] border.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mano-River|title=Mano River {{!}} river, West Africa|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2017-06-30|language=en}}</ref> De districts thru wich de river dey flow dey include de Parrot's Beak area of [[Guinea]], Liberia ein Lofa County den de Kono den Kailahun District of Sierra Leone. Diamond mining be a major industry insyd dese areas. Control of de area ein wealth den de instability of de national governments of all three countries lead to a series of violent conflicts wey dey involve dese districts insyd de 1990s (Spy Sierra Leone Civil War, First Liberian Civil War, Second Liberian Civil War). Liberia den Sierra Leone found de Mano River Union insyd 1973.<ref name="Declaration">{{cite web|url=http://wits.worldbank.org/GPTAD/PDF/archive/MRU.pdf|title=No. 13608 (Mano River Declaration)|publisher=[[World Bank]]}}</ref> Guinea join insyd 1980. Na dem reactivate am insyd 2004 as a customs den economic union; Côte d'Ivoire join insyd 2008.<ref name="ADBG">{{cite web|url=http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-and-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-z1-kf0-019/|title=MANO River Union Capacity Building and Technical Assistance for Institutional Strengthening|publisher=[[African Development Bank|African Development Bank Group]]}}</ref> == References == nzmagjzim7153ikptfm2hv9lp6z0wt5 103168 103167 2026-06-16T14:33:57Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 103168 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Mano River''' be a river insyd [[West Africa]]. E dey rise insyd de Guinea Highlands insyd [[Liberia]] den dey form part of de Liberia-[[Sierra Leone]] border.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mano-River|title=Mano River {{!}} river, West Africa|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2017-06-30|language=en}}</ref> De districts thru wich de river dey flow dey include de Parrot's Beak area of [[Guinea]], Liberia ein Lofa County den de Kono den Kailahun District of Sierra Leone. Diamond mining be a major industry insyd dese areas. Control of de area ein wealth den de instability of de national governments of all three countries lead to a series of violent conflicts wey dey involve dese districts insyd de 1990s (Spy Sierra Leone Civil War, First Liberian Civil War, Second Liberian Civil War). Liberia den Sierra Leone found de Mano River Union insyd 1973.<ref name="Declaration">{{cite web|url=http://wits.worldbank.org/GPTAD/PDF/archive/MRU.pdf|title=No. 13608 (Mano River Declaration)|publisher=[[World Bank]]}}</ref> Guinea join insyd 1980. Na dem reactivate am insyd 2004 as a customs den economic union; Côte d'Ivoire join insyd 2008.<ref name="ADBG">{{cite web|url=http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-and-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-z1-kf0-019/|title=MANO River Union Capacity Building and Technical Assistance for Institutional Strengthening|publisher=[[African Development Bank|African Development Bank Group]]}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Authority control}} [[Category:Rivers of Guinea]] [[Category:Rivers of Liberia]] [[Category:Rivers of Sierra Leone]] [[Category:Liberia–Sierra Leone border]] [[Category:International rivers of Africa]] [[Category:Border rivers]] 0ayfrsir94uu2ly40nls9255pjktx6p 0 27331 103175 100771 2026-06-16T14:42:22Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 103175 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Rokel River''' (sanso be '''Seli River'''; previously '''Pamoronkoh River''') be de largest river wey de Republic of [[Sierra Leone]] insyd West Africa. De river basin dey measure 10,622 km² (4,101 mi²) in size, plus de drainage be divided by de Gbengbe den Kabala hills den de Sula Mountains. De estuary wich dey extend over an area of 2,950 km² (1,140 mi²) cam be a Ramsar wetland site of importance insyd 1999.<ref name="Ramsar">{{Cite web |title=Sierra Leone Estuary: Proposed Ramsar Site |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1SL001en_part1.pdf |access-date=3 July 2013 |publisher=Wetland Organization}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 1999 |title=1014, Sierra Leone River Estuary |url=http://www.ramsar.org/pdf/sitelist_order.pdf |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=Ramsar organization}}</ref> == Geography == De Rokel rises in de 900-metre-high (3,000 ft) interior plateau of de Loma Mountains, in de Guinea Highlands of north central Sierra Leone, wey dey flow southwest about  240 miles (390 km) through hill ranges den, together with a smaller, parallel stream called [[Port Loko Creek]], feeds into de Rokel estuary before entering the [[Atlantic Ocean]].[4] De estuary, wey efini join the Bankasoka River, esaana be de Sierra Leone River, be 25 miles (40 km) in length plus ehas a width of 4–10 miles (6.4–16.1 km). Freetown and Pepel are the two ports located on the shores of the estuary. As the estuary widens and joins the Atlantic its width is about 11 km (6.8 mi). The southern shore is the deepest and forms a natural harbour, which is reported to be the third largest in the world.<ref name="Ramsar">{{Cite web |title=Sierra Leone Estuary: Proposed Ramsar Site |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1SL001en_part1.pdf |access-date=3 July 2013 |publisher=Wetland Organization}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1SL001en_part1.pdf "Sierra Leone Estuary: Proposed Ramsar Site"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> Mangrove swamps plus de mud flats be de dominant ecosystem (accounting for 19% of the mangrove forest in de country)<ref name="Ramsar">{{Cite web |title=Sierra Leone Estuary: Proposed Ramsar Site |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1SL001en_part1.pdf |access-date=3 July 2013 |publisher=Wetland Organization}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1SL001en_part1.pdf "Sierra Leone Estuary: Proposed Ramsar Site"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> wey ebe known around de river's ria.[4] The river basin measures 10,622 square kilometres (4,101 sq mi) in size, with the drainage divided by de Gbengbe and Kabala hills and de Sula Mountains. De Rokel drops 15 metres (49 ft) at de Bumbuna waterfalls.[7] Mangrove species recorded are ''Rhizophora'', ''Avicennia'', ''Laguncularia'', and ''Conocarpus'', which cover an area of 34.23 hectares (84.6 acres).<ref name="Ramsar" /> Sierra Leone's capital city of Freetown lies at de entrance to de Sierra Leone River, about 25 miles (40 km) from de port of Pepel. == Geology == Rokel River plus its tributaries be defined as de "Rokel River Group" for geological study. De geological formation in this group is reported to be of de [[Tabe formation]] plus glacial sediments dominating its eastern edge be exposed along de river insyde some stretches; de geological formation noted in the river be granite rocks. De formation be broadly categorized as folded sedimentary rocks. Esaana be reported say demma orogeny belongs to de Pan African thermo-tectonic age of about 550 Ma.[8] Geologically ebe tectonically controlled basin den formations of Precambrian, Infra-Cambrian plus Pleistocene age. De river be hemmed between de Sula Mountains on de southeast plus de grantoid hills of de Gbengbe plus Kabal hills on de west. De notable cascade in de river be known as de Bumbuna water falls where de river drops by 15 metres (49 ft) providing for building a hydroelectric project.[9] == History == John MacCormac, an Irish businessman, settled on Timbo Island insyde 1816 and started exporting African Oak from de Rokel River.<ref name="DACB">{{Cite web |title=McCormack, John |url=http://www.dacb.org/stories/sierraleone/mccormack_john.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011223122/http://www.dacb.org/stories/sierraleone/mccormack_john.html |archive-date=11 October 2016 |access-date=10 October 2016 |website=Dictionary of African Christian Biography |publisher=Center for Global Christianity and Mission |df=dmy-all}}</ref> De trade be quite substantial for a while but eventually e enter decline. Iron ore and alluvial gold mining began in de late 1920s plus early 1930s, while de Bumbuna Falls hydroelectric project be underway.[7] De Yalunka people established demma capital, Falaba, wey b3nk3 de source of de Rokel.[11] De estuary, wey e extends over an area of 2,950 square kilometres (1,140 sq mi), be listed as Ramsar site of wetland importance insyde 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2000 |title=Sierra Leone becomes Ramsar's 118th Contracting Party |url=https://www.ramsar.org/news/sierra-leone-becomes-ramsars-118th-contracting-party |website=ramsar.org}}</ref> De site is bounded by Cape Point on de western side of de Freetown, by de [[Bunce River]] on one of demma banks, plus de Tagrin Point where areas of de Rokel joins at de southern end of demma mouth.<ref name="Ramsar">{{Cite web |title=Sierra Leone Estuary: Proposed Ramsar Site |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1SL001en_part1.pdf |access-date=3 July 2013 |publisher=Wetland Organization}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1SL001en_part1.pdf "Sierra Leone Estuary: Proposed Ramsar Site"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> Insyde February 2025, Thomas Mariee completed a 365km solo packraft descent of de Rokel River in 17 days. == Development == De Rokel river flow has been measured at three gauge stations. De reported maximum and minimum discharge at Magbass, one of de three stations, be 1,905 cubic metres (67,300 cu ft) plus 2 cubic metres (71 cu ft) respectively. There are many projects developed in de river basin wey ederive demma water supply requirements from dis river.[9] De iron ore mining at Marampa be dependent on pumped water supply from de river. A Rokel River Water Rights Agreement (Ratification) Act be signed with the developers of the mines; the mines are in operation since 1933 to 1975 by Sierra Leone Development Company (DELCO) and Astro Minerals from 1983. De water agreement provides "exclusive and preferential rights to the use of the Rokel waters by special agreement" for a period of 89 years from 1 January 1938. De environmental impacts on the downstream users plus disposal of tailings from de mining operations have not been addressed. De iron extracted has resulted in reduction of de height of one of de ore bearing hills by 24.4 metres (80 ft).[14] Gold mining in de Sula Mountains plus isyde de Rokel river sediments be an extensive operation undertaken since 1929 insyde de river plus demma tributaries after gold be found in the mountains. Steam sediment studies were carried out for assessing the mineral concentration of arsenic. De panning operation insyde de river using manual labour be based on paddocking. Dis alluvial gold mining operation be described as environmentally destructive as forest denudation for de purpose of mining caused extensive erosion of de hills plus consequent sedimentation of de river plus demma tributaries.[15] De Bumbuna Dam dem be developed on de river by building a 93 metres (305 ft) high dam in de narrow reach of de river, wey ecreate a lake wey estretche 30 kilometres (19 mi) upstream.[16] De Magbass Irrigation Project was implemented downstream of de dam. De project implementation be assisted by China for sugarcane cultivation. De project, implemented insyde 1980, is located at Magbass on de banks of de river plus eget an irrigation command of 880 square kilometres (340 sq mi).[17] == Flora and fauna == De flora insyde de estuary consists of mangrove forest. De avifauna in de area consists of 10,000 birds of 36 species (1995 record). Esaana be reported say there be eight winter wader species reported wey eaccounts for 1% of demma world population. De eight species of palaearctic migrant waders recorded be:<ref name="Ramsar">{{Cite web |title=Sierra Leone Estuary: Proposed Ramsar Site |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1SL001en_part1.pdf |access-date=3 July 2013 |publisher=Wetland Organization}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1SL001en_part1.pdf "Sierra Leone Estuary: Proposed Ramsar Site"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> == References == == Bibliography == [[Category:Short description matches Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] lk29bcsyk0jvjgu2c5nlujlx5ljb5qz 103206 103175 2026-06-16T15:06:52Z DaSupremo 9 /* Geography */ Make sum corrections 103206 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Rokel River''' (sanso be '''Seli River'''; previously '''Pamoronkoh River''') be de largest river wey de Republic of [[Sierra Leone]] insyd West Africa. De river basin dey measure 10,622 km² (4,101 mi²) in size, plus de drainage be divided by de Gbengbe den Kabala hills den de Sula Mountains. De estuary wich dey extend over an area of 2,950 km² (1,140 mi²) cam be a Ramsar wetland site of importance insyd 1999.<ref name="Ramsar">{{Cite web |title=Sierra Leone Estuary: Proposed Ramsar Site |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1SL001en_part1.pdf |access-date=3 July 2013 |publisher=Wetland Organization}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 1999 |title=1014, Sierra Leone River Estuary |url=http://www.ramsar.org/pdf/sitelist_order.pdf |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=Ramsar organization}}</ref> == Geography == De Rokel dey rise insyd de {{convert|900|m|ft|adj=mid|-high}} interior plateau of de Loma Mountains, insyd de Guinea Highlands of north central Sierra Leone, dey flow southwest about {{convert|240|mi}} thru hill ranges den, togeda plus a smaller, parallel stream dem call Port Loko Creek, dey feed into de Rokel estuary before entering de [[Atlantic Ocean]].{{sfn|Bird|2010|p=933}}<ref name=River>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/506982/Rokel-River|title=Rokel River|accessdate=3 July 2013|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> De estuary, after e join de Bankasoka River, sanso be called de Sierra Leone River, be {{convert|25| miles|abbr=on}} in length wey e get a width of {{convert|4|–|10|mi}}. Freetown den Pepel be de two ports dey locate on de shores of de estuary.<ref name=Brit>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/543405/Sierra-Leone-River|title=Sierra Leone River| accessdate=3 July 2013|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> As de estuary dey widen den dey join de Atlantic ein width be about {{convert|11|km|abbr=on}}. De southern shore be de deepest den dey form a natural harbour, wich dem report e be de third largest insyd de world.<ref name=Ramsar/> Mangrove swamps den de mud flats be de dominant ecosystem (wey dey account for 19% of de mangrove forest insyd de country)<ref name=Ramsar/> dem note around de river ein ria.{{sfn|Bird|2010|p=933}} De river basin dey measure {{convert|10622|km2}} in size, wey dem divide de drainage by de Gbengbe and Kabala hills den de Sula Mountains. De Rokel dey drop {{convert|15|m}} at de Bumbuna waterfalls.{{sfn|Brebbia|Popov|2013|p=45}} Mangrove species dem record be ''Rhizophora'', ''Avicennia'', ''Laguncularia'', den ''Conocarpus'', wich dey cover an area of {{Convert|34.23|ha}}.<ref name=Ramsar/> Sierra Leone ein capital city of Freetown dey lie at de entrance to de Sierra Leone River, about {{convert|25|mi}} from de port of Pepel. == Geology == Rokel River plus its tributaries be defined as de "Rokel River Group" for geological study. De geological formation in this group is reported to be of de [[Tabe formation]] plus glacial sediments dominating its eastern edge be exposed along de river insyde some stretches; de geological formation noted in the river be granite rocks. De formation be broadly categorized as folded sedimentary rocks. Esaana be reported say demma orogeny belongs to de Pan African thermo-tectonic age of about 550 Ma.[8] Geologically ebe tectonically controlled basin den formations of Precambrian, Infra-Cambrian plus Pleistocene age. De river be hemmed between de Sula Mountains on de southeast plus de grantoid hills of de Gbengbe plus Kabal hills on de west. De notable cascade in de river be known as de Bumbuna water falls where de river drops by 15 metres (49 ft) providing for building a hydroelectric project.[9] == History == John MacCormac, an Irish businessman, settled on Timbo Island insyde 1816 and started exporting African Oak from de Rokel River.<ref name="DACB">{{Cite web |title=McCormack, John |url=http://www.dacb.org/stories/sierraleone/mccormack_john.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011223122/http://www.dacb.org/stories/sierraleone/mccormack_john.html |archive-date=11 October 2016 |access-date=10 October 2016 |website=Dictionary of African Christian Biography |publisher=Center for Global Christianity and Mission |df=dmy-all}}</ref> De trade be quite substantial for a while but eventually e enter decline. Iron ore and alluvial gold mining began in de late 1920s plus early 1930s, while de Bumbuna Falls hydroelectric project be underway.[7] De Yalunka people established demma capital, Falaba, wey b3nk3 de source of de Rokel.[11] De estuary, wey e extends over an area of 2,950 square kilometres (1,140 sq mi), be listed as Ramsar site of wetland importance insyde 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2000 |title=Sierra Leone becomes Ramsar's 118th Contracting Party |url=https://www.ramsar.org/news/sierra-leone-becomes-ramsars-118th-contracting-party |website=ramsar.org}}</ref> De site is bounded by Cape Point on de western side of de Freetown, by de [[Bunce River]] on one of demma banks, plus de Tagrin Point where areas of de Rokel joins at de southern end of demma mouth. Insyde February 2025, Thomas Mariee completed a 365km solo packraft descent of de Rokel River in 17 days. == Development == De Rokel river flow has been measured at three gauge stations. De reported maximum and minimum discharge at Magbass, one of de three stations, be 1,905 cubic metres (67,300 cu ft) plus 2 cubic metres (71 cu ft) respectively. There are many projects developed in de river basin wey ederive demma water supply requirements from dis river.[9] De iron ore mining at Marampa be dependent on pumped water supply from de river. A Rokel River Water Rights Agreement (Ratification) Act be signed with the developers of the mines; the mines are in operation since 1933 to 1975 by Sierra Leone Development Company (DELCO) and Astro Minerals from 1983. De water agreement provides "exclusive and preferential rights to the use of the Rokel waters by special agreement" for a period of 89 years from 1 January 1938. De environmental impacts on the downstream users plus disposal of tailings from de mining operations have not been addressed. De iron extracted has resulted in reduction of de height of one of de ore bearing hills by 24.4 metres (80 ft). Gold mining in de Sula Mountains plus isyde de Rokel river sediments be an extensive operation undertaken since 1929 insyde de river plus demma tributaries after gold be found in the mountains. Steam sediment studies were carried out for assessing the mineral concentration of arsenic. De panning operation insyde de river using manual labour be based on paddocking. Dis alluvial gold mining operation be described as environmentally destructive as forest denudation for de purpose of mining caused extensive erosion of de hills plus consequent sedimentation of de river plus demma tributaries. De Bumbuna Dam dem be developed on de river by building a 93 metres (305 ft) high dam in de narrow reach of de river, wey ecreate a lake wey estretche 30 kilometres (19 mi) upstream.[16] De Magbass Irrigation Project was implemented downstream of de dam. De project implementation be assisted by China for sugarcane cultivation. De project, implemented insyde 1980, is located at Magbass on de banks of de river plus eget an irrigation command of 880 square kilometres (340 sq mi). == Flora and fauna == De flora insyde de estuary consists of mangrove forest. De avifauna in de area consists of 10,000 birds of 36 species (1995 record). Esaana be reported say there be eight winter wader species reported wey eaccounts for 1% of demma world population. De eight species of palaearctic migrant waders recorded be: == References == [[Category:Short description matches Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] <references /> == Bibliography == ro7x3j6orzu115xaw0hqdhb8enjyfcg 103215 103206 2026-06-16T15:17:54Z DaSupremo 9 /* Geology */ Make sum corrections 103215 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Rokel River''' (sanso be '''Seli River'''; previously '''Pamoronkoh River''') be de largest river wey de Republic of [[Sierra Leone]] insyd West Africa. De river basin dey measure 10,622 km² (4,101 mi²) in size, plus de drainage be divided by de Gbengbe den Kabala hills den de Sula Mountains. De estuary wich dey extend over an area of 2,950 km² (1,140 mi²) cam be a Ramsar wetland site of importance insyd 1999.<ref name="Ramsar">{{Cite web |title=Sierra Leone Estuary: Proposed Ramsar Site |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1SL001en_part1.pdf |access-date=3 July 2013 |publisher=Wetland Organization}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 1999 |title=1014, Sierra Leone River Estuary |url=http://www.ramsar.org/pdf/sitelist_order.pdf |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=Ramsar organization}}</ref> == Geography == De Rokel dey rise insyd de {{convert|900|m|ft|adj=mid|-high}} interior plateau of de Loma Mountains, insyd de Guinea Highlands of north central Sierra Leone, dey flow southwest about {{convert|240|mi}} thru hill ranges den, togeda plus a smaller, parallel stream dem call Port Loko Creek, dey feed into de Rokel estuary before entering de [[Atlantic Ocean]].{{sfn|Bird|2010|p=933}}<ref name=River>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/506982/Rokel-River|title=Rokel River|accessdate=3 July 2013|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> De estuary, after e join de Bankasoka River, sanso be called de Sierra Leone River, be {{convert|25| miles|abbr=on}} in length wey e get a width of {{convert|4|–|10|mi}}. Freetown den Pepel be de two ports dey locate on de shores of de estuary.<ref name=Brit>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/543405/Sierra-Leone-River|title=Sierra Leone River| accessdate=3 July 2013|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> As de estuary dey widen den dey join de Atlantic ein width be about {{convert|11|km|abbr=on}}. De southern shore be de deepest den dey form a natural harbour, wich dem report e be de third largest insyd de world.<ref name=Ramsar/> Mangrove swamps den de mud flats be de dominant ecosystem (wey dey account for 19% of de mangrove forest insyd de country)<ref name=Ramsar/> dem note around de river ein ria.{{sfn|Bird|2010|p=933}} De river basin dey measure {{convert|10622|km2}} in size, wey dem divide de drainage by de Gbengbe and Kabala hills den de Sula Mountains. De Rokel dey drop {{convert|15|m}} at de Bumbuna waterfalls.{{sfn|Brebbia|Popov|2013|p=45}} Mangrove species dem record be ''Rhizophora'', ''Avicennia'', ''Laguncularia'', den ''Conocarpus'', wich dey cover an area of {{Convert|34.23|ha}}.<ref name=Ramsar/> Sierra Leone ein capital city of Freetown dey lie at de entrance to de Sierra Leone River, about {{convert|25|mi}} from de port of Pepel. == Geology == Rokel River den ein tributaries be defined as de "Rokel River Group" for geological study. De geological formation insyd dis group dem report to be of de Tabe formation plus glacial sediments wey dey dominate ein eastern edge wey be exposed along de river insyd sam stretches; de geological formation dem note insyd de river be granite rocks. De formation be broadly categorized as folded sedimentary rocks. E sanso be reported say ein orogeny dey belong to de Pan African thermo-tectonic age of about 550 Ma.{{sfn|Hambrey|Harland|2011|pp=132, 133}} Geologically e be a tectonically controlled basin plus formations of Precambrian, Infra-Cambrian den Pleistocene age. De river be hemmed between de Sula Mountains on de southeast den de grantoid hills of de Gbengbe and Kabal hills on de west. De notable cascade insyd de river be known as de Bumbuna water falls wer de river dey drop by {{Convert|15|m}} wey dey provide for building a hydroelectric project.{{Sfn|Rosbjerg|1997|p=496}} == History == John MacCormac, an Irish businessman, settled on Timbo Island insyde 1816 and started exporting African Oak from de Rokel River.<ref name="DACB">{{Cite web |title=McCormack, John |url=http://www.dacb.org/stories/sierraleone/mccormack_john.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011223122/http://www.dacb.org/stories/sierraleone/mccormack_john.html |archive-date=11 October 2016 |access-date=10 October 2016 |website=Dictionary of African Christian Biography |publisher=Center for Global Christianity and Mission |df=dmy-all}}</ref> De trade be quite substantial for a while but eventually e enter decline. Iron ore and alluvial gold mining began in de late 1920s plus early 1930s, while de Bumbuna Falls hydroelectric project be underway.[7] De Yalunka people established demma capital, Falaba, wey b3nk3 de source of de Rokel.[11] De estuary, wey e extends over an area of 2,950 square kilometres (1,140 sq mi), be listed as Ramsar site of wetland importance insyde 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2000 |title=Sierra Leone becomes Ramsar's 118th Contracting Party |url=https://www.ramsar.org/news/sierra-leone-becomes-ramsars-118th-contracting-party |website=ramsar.org}}</ref> De site is bounded by Cape Point on de western side of de Freetown, by de [[Bunce River]] on one of demma banks, plus de Tagrin Point where areas of de Rokel joins at de southern end of demma mouth. Insyde February 2025, Thomas Mariee completed a 365km solo packraft descent of de Rokel River in 17 days. == Development == De Rokel river flow has been measured at three gauge stations. De reported maximum and minimum discharge at Magbass, one of de three stations, be 1,905 cubic metres (67,300 cu ft) plus 2 cubic metres (71 cu ft) respectively. There are many projects developed in de river basin wey ederive demma water supply requirements from dis river.[9] De iron ore mining at Marampa be dependent on pumped water supply from de river. A Rokel River Water Rights Agreement (Ratification) Act be signed with the developers of the mines; the mines are in operation since 1933 to 1975 by Sierra Leone Development Company (DELCO) and Astro Minerals from 1983. De water agreement provides "exclusive and preferential rights to the use of the Rokel waters by special agreement" for a period of 89 years from 1 January 1938. De environmental impacts on the downstream users plus disposal of tailings from de mining operations have not been addressed. De iron extracted has resulted in reduction of de height of one of de ore bearing hills by 24.4 metres (80 ft). Gold mining in de Sula Mountains plus isyde de Rokel river sediments be an extensive operation undertaken since 1929 insyde de river plus demma tributaries after gold be found in the mountains. Steam sediment studies were carried out for assessing the mineral concentration of arsenic. De panning operation insyde de river using manual labour be based on paddocking. Dis alluvial gold mining operation be described as environmentally destructive as forest denudation for de purpose of mining caused extensive erosion of de hills plus consequent sedimentation of de river plus demma tributaries. De Bumbuna Dam dem be developed on de river by building a 93 metres (305 ft) high dam in de narrow reach of de river, wey ecreate a lake wey estretche 30 kilometres (19 mi) upstream.[16] De Magbass Irrigation Project was implemented downstream of de dam. De project implementation be assisted by China for sugarcane cultivation. De project, implemented insyde 1980, is located at Magbass on de banks of de river plus eget an irrigation command of 880 square kilometres (340 sq mi). == Flora and fauna == De flora insyde de estuary consists of mangrove forest. De avifauna in de area consists of 10,000 birds of 36 species (1995 record). Esaana be reported say there be eight winter wader species reported wey eaccounts for 1% of demma world population. De eight species of palaearctic migrant waders recorded be: == References == [[Category:Short description matches Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] <references /> == Bibliography == h7eloze5b3fi5h2r7sqjqd64t7zccbs 103216 103215 2026-06-16T15:27:51Z DaSupremo 9 /* History */ Make sum corrections 103216 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Rokel River''' (sanso be '''Seli River'''; previously '''Pamoronkoh River''') be de largest river wey de Republic of [[Sierra Leone]] insyd West Africa. De river basin dey measure 10,622 km² (4,101 mi²) in size, plus de drainage be divided by de Gbengbe den Kabala hills den de Sula Mountains. De estuary wich dey extend over an area of 2,950 km² (1,140 mi²) cam be a Ramsar wetland site of importance insyd 1999.<ref name="Ramsar">{{Cite web |title=Sierra Leone Estuary: Proposed Ramsar Site |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1SL001en_part1.pdf |access-date=3 July 2013 |publisher=Wetland Organization}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 1999 |title=1014, Sierra Leone River Estuary |url=http://www.ramsar.org/pdf/sitelist_order.pdf |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=Ramsar organization}}</ref> == Geography == De Rokel dey rise insyd de {{convert|900|m|ft|adj=mid|-high}} interior plateau of de Loma Mountains, insyd de Guinea Highlands of north central Sierra Leone, dey flow southwest about {{convert|240|mi}} thru hill ranges den, togeda plus a smaller, parallel stream dem call Port Loko Creek, dey feed into de Rokel estuary before entering de [[Atlantic Ocean]].{{sfn|Bird|2010|p=933}}<ref name=River>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/506982/Rokel-River|title=Rokel River|accessdate=3 July 2013|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> De estuary, after e join de Bankasoka River, sanso be called de Sierra Leone River, be {{convert|25| miles|abbr=on}} in length wey e get a width of {{convert|4|–|10|mi}}. Freetown den Pepel be de two ports dey locate on de shores of de estuary.<ref name=Brit>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/543405/Sierra-Leone-River|title=Sierra Leone River| accessdate=3 July 2013|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> As de estuary dey widen den dey join de Atlantic ein width be about {{convert|11|km|abbr=on}}. De southern shore be de deepest den dey form a natural harbour, wich dem report e be de third largest insyd de world.<ref name=Ramsar/> Mangrove swamps den de mud flats be de dominant ecosystem (wey dey account for 19% of de mangrove forest insyd de country)<ref name=Ramsar/> dem note around de river ein ria.{{sfn|Bird|2010|p=933}} De river basin dey measure {{convert|10622|km2}} in size, wey dem divide de drainage by de Gbengbe and Kabala hills den de Sula Mountains. De Rokel dey drop {{convert|15|m}} at de Bumbuna waterfalls.{{sfn|Brebbia|Popov|2013|p=45}} Mangrove species dem record be ''Rhizophora'', ''Avicennia'', ''Laguncularia'', den ''Conocarpus'', wich dey cover an area of {{Convert|34.23|ha}}.<ref name=Ramsar/> Sierra Leone ein capital city of Freetown dey lie at de entrance to de Sierra Leone River, about {{convert|25|mi}} from de port of Pepel. == Geology == Rokel River den ein tributaries be defined as de "Rokel River Group" for geological study. De geological formation insyd dis group dem report to be of de Tabe formation plus glacial sediments wey dey dominate ein eastern edge wey be exposed along de river insyd sam stretches; de geological formation dem note insyd de river be granite rocks. De formation be broadly categorized as folded sedimentary rocks. E sanso be reported say ein orogeny dey belong to de Pan African thermo-tectonic age of about 550 Ma.{{sfn|Hambrey|Harland|2011|pp=132, 133}} Geologically e be a tectonically controlled basin plus formations of Precambrian, Infra-Cambrian den Pleistocene age. De river be hemmed between de Sula Mountains on de southeast den de grantoid hills of de Gbengbe and Kabal hills on de west. De notable cascade insyd de river be known as de Bumbuna water falls wer de river dey drop by {{Convert|15|m}} wey dey provide for building a hydroelectric project.{{Sfn|Rosbjerg|1997|p=496}} == History == [[John MacCormac (merchant)|John MacCormac]], an Irish businessman, settle on [[Timbo Island, Sierra Leone|Timbo Island]] insyd 1816 wey he start dey export [[Oldfieldia africana|African Oak]] from de Rokel River.<ref name="DACB">{{cite web|title=McCormack, John|url=http://www.dacb.org/stories/sierraleone/mccormack_john.html|website=Dictionary of African Christian Biography|publisher=Center for Global Christianity and Mission|accessdate=10 October 2016|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011223122/http://www.dacb.org/stories/sierraleone/mccormack_john.html|archivedate=11 October 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Na de trade be quite substantial for a while buh e eventually go into decline. Iron ore den alluvial gold mining begin insyd de late 1920s plus early 1930s, while de Bumbuna Falls hydroelectric project be underway.{{sfn|Brebbia|Popov|2013|p=45}} De Yalunka people establish demma capital, Falaba, wey b3nk3 de source of de Rokel.{{sfn|Shillington|2004|p=922}} De estuary, wey dey extend over an area of 2,950 square kilometres (1,140 sq mi), be listed as Ramsar site of wetland importance insyd 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2000 |title=Sierra Leone becomes Ramsar's 118th Contracting Party |url=https://www.ramsar.org/news/sierra-leone-becomes-ramsars-118th-contracting-party |website=ramsar.org}}</ref> De site be bounded by Cape Point on de western side of de Freetown, by de Bunce River on one of demma banks, plus de Tagrin Point wer areas of de Rokel dey join at de southern end of ein mouth. Insyd February 2025, Thomas Mariee plete a 365km solo packraft descent of de Rokel River insyd 17 days. == Development == De Rokel river flow has been measured at three gauge stations. De reported maximum and minimum discharge at Magbass, one of de three stations, be 1,905 cubic metres (67,300 cu ft) plus 2 cubic metres (71 cu ft) respectively. There are many projects developed in de river basin wey ederive demma water supply requirements from dis river.[9] De iron ore mining at Marampa be dependent on pumped water supply from de river. A Rokel River Water Rights Agreement (Ratification) Act be signed with the developers of the mines; the mines are in operation since 1933 to 1975 by Sierra Leone Development Company (DELCO) and Astro Minerals from 1983. De water agreement provides "exclusive and preferential rights to the use of the Rokel waters by special agreement" for a period of 89 years from 1 January 1938. De environmental impacts on the downstream users plus disposal of tailings from de mining operations have not been addressed. De iron extracted has resulted in reduction of de height of one of de ore bearing hills by 24.4 metres (80 ft). Gold mining in de Sula Mountains plus isyde de Rokel river sediments be an extensive operation undertaken since 1929 insyde de river plus demma tributaries after gold be found in the mountains. Steam sediment studies were carried out for assessing the mineral concentration of arsenic. De panning operation insyde de river using manual labour be based on paddocking. Dis alluvial gold mining operation be described as environmentally destructive as forest denudation for de purpose of mining caused extensive erosion of de hills plus consequent sedimentation of de river plus demma tributaries. De Bumbuna Dam dem be developed on de river by building a 93 metres (305 ft) high dam in de narrow reach of de river, wey ecreate a lake wey estretche 30 kilometres (19 mi) upstream.[16] De Magbass Irrigation Project was implemented downstream of de dam. De project implementation be assisted by China for sugarcane cultivation. De project, implemented insyde 1980, is located at Magbass on de banks of de river plus eget an irrigation command of 880 square kilometres (340 sq mi). == Flora and fauna == De flora insyde de estuary consists of mangrove forest. De avifauna in de area consists of 10,000 birds of 36 species (1995 record). Esaana be reported say there be eight winter wader species reported wey eaccounts for 1% of demma world population. De eight species of palaearctic migrant waders recorded be: == References == [[Category:Short description matches Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] <references /> == Bibliography == 79x5blspb6uljpe042bu8plsz8p0779 103252 103216 2026-06-16T16:50:45Z DaSupremo 9 /* Development */ Make sum corrections 103252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Rokel River''' (sanso be '''Seli River'''; previously '''Pamoronkoh River''') be de largest river wey de Republic of [[Sierra Leone]] insyd West Africa. De river basin dey measure 10,622 km² (4,101 mi²) in size, plus de drainage be divided by de Gbengbe den Kabala hills den de Sula Mountains. De estuary wich dey extend over an area of 2,950 km² (1,140 mi²) cam be a Ramsar wetland site of importance insyd 1999.<ref name="Ramsar">{{Cite web |title=Sierra Leone Estuary: Proposed Ramsar Site |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1SL001en_part1.pdf |access-date=3 July 2013 |publisher=Wetland Organization}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 1999 |title=1014, Sierra Leone River Estuary |url=http://www.ramsar.org/pdf/sitelist_order.pdf |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=Ramsar organization}}</ref> == Geography == De Rokel dey rise insyd de {{convert|900|m|ft|adj=mid|-high}} interior plateau of de Loma Mountains, insyd de Guinea Highlands of north central Sierra Leone, dey flow southwest about {{convert|240|mi}} thru hill ranges den, togeda plus a smaller, parallel stream dem call Port Loko Creek, dey feed into de Rokel estuary before entering de [[Atlantic Ocean]].{{sfn|Bird|2010|p=933}}<ref name=River>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/506982/Rokel-River|title=Rokel River|accessdate=3 July 2013|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> De estuary, after e join de Bankasoka River, sanso be called de Sierra Leone River, be {{convert|25| miles|abbr=on}} in length wey e get a width of {{convert|4|–|10|mi}}. Freetown den Pepel be de two ports dey locate on de shores of de estuary.<ref name=Brit>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/543405/Sierra-Leone-River|title=Sierra Leone River| accessdate=3 July 2013|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> As de estuary dey widen den dey join de Atlantic ein width be about {{convert|11|km|abbr=on}}. De southern shore be de deepest den dey form a natural harbour, wich dem report e be de third largest insyd de world.<ref name=Ramsar/> Mangrove swamps den de mud flats be de dominant ecosystem (wey dey account for 19% of de mangrove forest insyd de country)<ref name=Ramsar/> dem note around de river ein ria.{{sfn|Bird|2010|p=933}} De river basin dey measure {{convert|10622|km2}} in size, wey dem divide de drainage by de Gbengbe and Kabala hills den de Sula Mountains. De Rokel dey drop {{convert|15|m}} at de Bumbuna waterfalls.{{sfn|Brebbia|Popov|2013|p=45}} Mangrove species dem record be ''Rhizophora'', ''Avicennia'', ''Laguncularia'', den ''Conocarpus'', wich dey cover an area of {{Convert|34.23|ha}}.<ref name=Ramsar/> Sierra Leone ein capital city of Freetown dey lie at de entrance to de Sierra Leone River, about {{convert|25|mi}} from de port of Pepel. == Geology == Rokel River den ein tributaries be defined as de "Rokel River Group" for geological study. De geological formation insyd dis group dem report to be of de Tabe formation plus glacial sediments wey dey dominate ein eastern edge wey be exposed along de river insyd sam stretches; de geological formation dem note insyd de river be granite rocks. De formation be broadly categorized as folded sedimentary rocks. E sanso be reported say ein orogeny dey belong to de Pan African thermo-tectonic age of about 550 Ma.{{sfn|Hambrey|Harland|2011|pp=132, 133}} Geologically e be a tectonically controlled basin plus formations of Precambrian, Infra-Cambrian den Pleistocene age. De river be hemmed between de Sula Mountains on de southeast den de grantoid hills of de Gbengbe and Kabal hills on de west. De notable cascade insyd de river be known as de Bumbuna water falls wer de river dey drop by {{Convert|15|m}} wey dey provide for building a hydroelectric project.{{Sfn|Rosbjerg|1997|p=496}} == History == John MacCormac, an Irish businessman, settle on Timbo Island insyd 1816 wey he start dey export African Oak from de Rokel River.<ref name="DACB">{{cite web|title=McCormack, John|url=http://www.dacb.org/stories/sierraleone/mccormack_john.html|website=Dictionary of African Christian Biography|publisher=Center for Global Christianity and Mission|accessdate=10 October 2016|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011223122/http://www.dacb.org/stories/sierraleone/mccormack_john.html|archivedate=11 October 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Na de trade be quite substantial for a while buh e eventually go into decline. Iron ore den alluvial gold mining begin insyd de late 1920s plus early 1930s, while de Bumbuna Falls hydroelectric project be underway.{{sfn|Brebbia|Popov|2013|p=45}} De Yalunka people establish demma capital, Falaba, wey b3nk3 de source of de Rokel.{{sfn|Shillington|2004|p=922}} De estuary, wey dey extend over an area of 2,950 square kilometres (1,140 sq mi), be listed as Ramsar site of wetland importance insyd 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2000 |title=Sierra Leone becomes Ramsar's 118th Contracting Party |url=https://www.ramsar.org/news/sierra-leone-becomes-ramsars-118th-contracting-party |website=ramsar.org}}</ref> De site be bounded by Cape Point on de western side of de Freetown, by de Bunce River on one of demma banks, plus de Tagrin Point wer areas of de Rokel dey join at de southern end of ein mouth. Insyd February 2025, Thomas Mariee plete a 365km solo packraft descent of de Rokel River insyd 17 days. == Development == De Rokel river flow be measured at three gauge stations. De reported maximum den minimum discharge at Magbass, one of de three stations, be {{Convert|1905|m3}} den {{Convert|2|m3}} respectively. Der be chaw projects dem develop insyd de river basin wich dey derive dema water supply requirements from dis river.{{Sfn|Rosbjerg|1997|p=496}} De iron ore mining at Marampa be dependent on pumped water supply from de river. A Rokel River Water Rights Agreement (Ratification) Act be signed plus de developers of de mines; de mines dey in operation since 1933 to 1975 by Sierra Leone Development Company (DELCO) den Astro Minerals from 1983. De water agreement dey provide "exclusive den preferential rights to de use of de Rokel waters by special agreement" for a period of 89 years from 1 January 1938. De environmental impacts on de downstream users plus disposal of tailings from de mining operations no be addressed. De iron dem extract result in reduction of de height of one of de ore bearing hills by {{Convert|24.4|m}}.{{Sfn|Rosbjerg|1997|pp=497-98}} Gold mining insyd de Sula Mountains den insyd de Rokel river sediments be an extensive operation dem undertake since 1929 insyd de river den ein tributaries after na dem find gold insyd de mountains. Steam sediment studies be carried out for assessing de mineral concentration of arsenic. De panning operation insyd de river using manual labour be based on paddocking. Dis alluvial gold mining operation be described as environmentally destructive as forest denudation for de purpose of mining cause extensive erosion of de hills den consequent sedimentation of de river den ein tributaries.{{Sfn|Rosbjerg|1997|p=497}} De Bumbuna Dam be developed on de river by building a {{Convert|93|m}} high dam insyd de narrow reach of de river, wich create a lake wey dey stretch {{Convert|30|km}} upstream.{{Sfn|Rosbjerg|1997|pp=498-99}} De Magbass Irrigation Project be implemented downstream of de dam. De project implementation be assisted by China for sugarcane cultivation. De project, dem implement insyd 1980, dey locate at Magbass on de banks of de river wey e get an irrigation command of {{Convert|880|km2}}.{{Sfn|Rosbjerg|1997|p=499}} == Flora and fauna == De flora insyde de estuary consists of mangrove forest. De avifauna in de area consists of 10,000 birds of 36 species (1995 record). Esaana be reported say there be eight winter wader species reported wey eaccounts for 1% of demma world population. De eight species of palaearctic migrant waders recorded be: == References == [[Category:Short description matches Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] <references /> == Bibliography == eivs8ux9yazjoypwnrkdmzgn33il6ig 103253 103252 2026-06-16T16:53:36Z DaSupremo 9 /* Flora den fauna */ Improve article 103253 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Rokel River''' (sanso be '''Seli River'''; previously '''Pamoronkoh River''') be de largest river wey de Republic of [[Sierra Leone]] insyd West Africa. De river basin dey measure 10,622 km² (4,101 mi²) in size, plus de drainage be divided by de Gbengbe den Kabala hills den de Sula Mountains. De estuary wich dey extend over an area of 2,950 km² (1,140 mi²) cam be a Ramsar wetland site of importance insyd 1999.<ref name="Ramsar">{{Cite web |title=Sierra Leone Estuary: Proposed Ramsar Site |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1SL001en_part1.pdf |access-date=3 July 2013 |publisher=Wetland Organization}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 1999 |title=1014, Sierra Leone River Estuary |url=http://www.ramsar.org/pdf/sitelist_order.pdf |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=Ramsar organization}}</ref> == Geography == De Rokel dey rise insyd de {{convert|900|m|ft|adj=mid|-high}} interior plateau of de Loma Mountains, insyd de Guinea Highlands of north central Sierra Leone, dey flow southwest about {{convert|240|mi}} thru hill ranges den, togeda plus a smaller, parallel stream dem call Port Loko Creek, dey feed into de Rokel estuary before entering de [[Atlantic Ocean]].{{sfn|Bird|2010|p=933}}<ref name=River>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/506982/Rokel-River|title=Rokel River|accessdate=3 July 2013|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> De estuary, after e join de Bankasoka River, sanso be called de Sierra Leone River, be {{convert|25| miles|abbr=on}} in length wey e get a width of {{convert|4|–|10|mi}}. Freetown den Pepel be de two ports dey locate on de shores of de estuary.<ref name=Brit>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/543405/Sierra-Leone-River|title=Sierra Leone River| accessdate=3 July 2013|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> As de estuary dey widen den dey join de Atlantic ein width be about {{convert|11|km|abbr=on}}. De southern shore be de deepest den dey form a natural harbour, wich dem report e be de third largest insyd de world.<ref name=Ramsar/> Mangrove swamps den de mud flats be de dominant ecosystem (wey dey account for 19% of de mangrove forest insyd de country)<ref name=Ramsar/> dem note around de river ein ria.{{sfn|Bird|2010|p=933}} De river basin dey measure {{convert|10622|km2}} in size, wey dem divide de drainage by de Gbengbe and Kabala hills den de Sula Mountains. De Rokel dey drop {{convert|15|m}} at de Bumbuna waterfalls.{{sfn|Brebbia|Popov|2013|p=45}} Mangrove species dem record be ''Rhizophora'', ''Avicennia'', ''Laguncularia'', den ''Conocarpus'', wich dey cover an area of {{Convert|34.23|ha}}.<ref name=Ramsar/> Sierra Leone ein capital city of Freetown dey lie at de entrance to de Sierra Leone River, about {{convert|25|mi}} from de port of Pepel. == Geology == Rokel River den ein tributaries be defined as de "Rokel River Group" for geological study. De geological formation insyd dis group dem report to be of de Tabe formation plus glacial sediments wey dey dominate ein eastern edge wey be exposed along de river insyd sam stretches; de geological formation dem note insyd de river be granite rocks. De formation be broadly categorized as folded sedimentary rocks. E sanso be reported say ein orogeny dey belong to de Pan African thermo-tectonic age of about 550 Ma.{{sfn|Hambrey|Harland|2011|pp=132, 133}} Geologically e be a tectonically controlled basin plus formations of Precambrian, Infra-Cambrian den Pleistocene age. De river be hemmed between de Sula Mountains on de southeast den de grantoid hills of de Gbengbe and Kabal hills on de west. De notable cascade insyd de river be known as de Bumbuna water falls wer de river dey drop by {{Convert|15|m}} wey dey provide for building a hydroelectric project.{{Sfn|Rosbjerg|1997|p=496}} == History == John MacCormac, an Irish businessman, settle on Timbo Island insyd 1816 wey he start dey export African Oak from de Rokel River.<ref name="DACB">{{cite web|title=McCormack, John|url=http://www.dacb.org/stories/sierraleone/mccormack_john.html|website=Dictionary of African Christian Biography|publisher=Center for Global Christianity and Mission|accessdate=10 October 2016|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011223122/http://www.dacb.org/stories/sierraleone/mccormack_john.html|archivedate=11 October 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Na de trade be quite substantial for a while buh e eventually go into decline. Iron ore den alluvial gold mining begin insyd de late 1920s plus early 1930s, while de Bumbuna Falls hydroelectric project be underway.{{sfn|Brebbia|Popov|2013|p=45}} De Yalunka people establish demma capital, Falaba, wey b3nk3 de source of de Rokel.{{sfn|Shillington|2004|p=922}} De estuary, wey dey extend over an area of 2,950 square kilometres (1,140 sq mi), be listed as Ramsar site of wetland importance insyd 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2000 |title=Sierra Leone becomes Ramsar's 118th Contracting Party |url=https://www.ramsar.org/news/sierra-leone-becomes-ramsars-118th-contracting-party |website=ramsar.org}}</ref> De site be bounded by Cape Point on de western side of de Freetown, by de Bunce River on one of demma banks, plus de Tagrin Point wer areas of de Rokel dey join at de southern end of ein mouth. Insyd February 2025, Thomas Mariee plete a 365km solo packraft descent of de Rokel River insyd 17 days. == Development == De Rokel river flow be measured at three gauge stations. De reported maximum den minimum discharge at Magbass, one of de three stations, be {{Convert|1905|m3}} den {{Convert|2|m3}} respectively. Der be chaw projects dem develop insyd de river basin wich dey derive dema water supply requirements from dis river.{{Sfn|Rosbjerg|1997|p=496}} De iron ore mining at Marampa be dependent on pumped water supply from de river. A Rokel River Water Rights Agreement (Ratification) Act be signed plus de developers of de mines; de mines dey in operation since 1933 to 1975 by Sierra Leone Development Company (DELCO) den Astro Minerals from 1983. De water agreement dey provide "exclusive den preferential rights to de use of de Rokel waters by special agreement" for a period of 89 years from 1 January 1938. De environmental impacts on de downstream users plus disposal of tailings from de mining operations no be addressed. De iron dem extract result in reduction of de height of one of de ore bearing hills by {{Convert|24.4|m}}.{{Sfn|Rosbjerg|1997|pp=497-98}} Gold mining insyd de Sula Mountains den insyd de Rokel river sediments be an extensive operation dem undertake since 1929 insyd de river den ein tributaries after na dem find gold insyd de mountains. Steam sediment studies be carried out for assessing de mineral concentration of arsenic. De panning operation insyd de river using manual labour be based on paddocking. Dis alluvial gold mining operation be described as environmentally destructive as forest denudation for de purpose of mining cause extensive erosion of de hills den consequent sedimentation of de river den ein tributaries.{{Sfn|Rosbjerg|1997|p=497}} De Bumbuna Dam be developed on de river by building a {{Convert|93|m}} high dam insyd de narrow reach of de river, wich create a lake wey dey stretch {{Convert|30|km}} upstream.{{Sfn|Rosbjerg|1997|pp=498-99}} De Magbass Irrigation Project be implemented downstream of de dam. De project implementation be assisted by China for sugarcane cultivation. De project, dem implement insyd 1980, dey locate at Magbass on de banks of de river wey e get an irrigation command of {{Convert|880|km2}}.{{Sfn|Rosbjerg|1997|p=499}} == Flora den fauna == De flora insyd de estuary dey consist of mangrove forest. De avifauna insyd de area dey consist of 10,000 birds of 36 species (1995 record). E sanso be reported say der be eight winter wader species dem report wich dey account for 1% of ein world population. De eight species of palaearctic migrant waders dem record be:<ref name=Ramsar/> * Ringed plover (''Charadrius hiaticula'') * Kentish plover (''Pluvialis squatarola'') * Sanderling (''Calidris alba'') * Curlew sandpiper (''Calidris ferruginea'') * Eurasian whimbrel (''Numeniusphaeopus'') * green shank (''Tringa nebularia'') * red shank (''Tringa totanus'') * Western reef heron (''Egrette gularis'') == References == [[Category:Short description matches Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] <references /> == Bibliography == 2ofmbl34aspkt0wh53evle9lk490xf8 103257 103253 2026-06-16T16:56:10Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 103257 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Rokel River''' (sanso be '''Seli River'''; previously '''Pamoronkoh River''') be de largest river wey de Republic of [[Sierra Leone]] insyd West Africa. De river basin dey measure 10,622 km² (4,101 mi²) in size, plus de drainage be divided by de Gbengbe den Kabala hills den de Sula Mountains. De estuary wich dey extend over an area of 2,950 km² (1,140 mi²) cam be a Ramsar wetland site of importance insyd 1999.<ref name="Ramsar">{{Cite web |title=Sierra Leone Estuary: Proposed Ramsar Site |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1SL001en_part1.pdf |access-date=3 July 2013 |publisher=Wetland Organization}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 1999 |title=1014, Sierra Leone River Estuary |url=http://www.ramsar.org/pdf/sitelist_order.pdf |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=Ramsar organization}}</ref> == Geography == De Rokel dey rise insyd de {{convert|900|m|ft|adj=mid|-high}} interior plateau of de Loma Mountains, insyd de Guinea Highlands of north central Sierra Leone, dey flow southwest about {{convert|240|mi}} thru hill ranges den, togeda plus a smaller, parallel stream dem call Port Loko Creek, dey feed into de Rokel estuary before entering de [[Atlantic Ocean]].{{sfn|Bird|2010|p=933}}<ref name=River>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/506982/Rokel-River|title=Rokel River|accessdate=3 July 2013|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> De estuary, after e join de Bankasoka River, sanso be called de Sierra Leone River, be {{convert|25| miles|abbr=on}} in length wey e get a width of {{convert|4|–|10|mi}}. Freetown den Pepel be de two ports dey locate on de shores of de estuary.<ref name=Brit>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/543405/Sierra-Leone-River|title=Sierra Leone River| accessdate=3 July 2013|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> As de estuary dey widen den dey join de Atlantic ein width be about {{convert|11|km|abbr=on}}. De southern shore be de deepest den dey form a natural harbour, wich dem report e be de third largest insyd de world.<ref name=Ramsar/> Mangrove swamps den de mud flats be de dominant ecosystem (wey dey account for 19% of de mangrove forest insyd de country)<ref name=Ramsar/> dem note around de river ein ria.{{sfn|Bird|2010|p=933}} De river basin dey measure {{convert|10622|km2}} in size, wey dem divide de drainage by de Gbengbe and Kabala hills den de Sula Mountains. De Rokel dey drop {{convert|15|m}} at de Bumbuna waterfalls.{{sfn|Brebbia|Popov|2013|p=45}} Mangrove species dem record be ''Rhizophora'', ''Avicennia'', ''Laguncularia'', den ''Conocarpus'', wich dey cover an area of {{Convert|34.23|ha}}.<ref name=Ramsar/> Sierra Leone ein capital city of Freetown dey lie at de entrance to de Sierra Leone River, about {{convert|25|mi}} from de port of Pepel. == Geology == Rokel River den ein tributaries be defined as de "Rokel River Group" for geological study. De geological formation insyd dis group dem report to be of de Tabe formation plus glacial sediments wey dey dominate ein eastern edge wey be exposed along de river insyd sam stretches; de geological formation dem note insyd de river be granite rocks. De formation be broadly categorized as folded sedimentary rocks. E sanso be reported say ein orogeny dey belong to de Pan African thermo-tectonic age of about 550 Ma.{{sfn|Hambrey|Harland|2011|pp=132, 133}} Geologically e be a tectonically controlled basin plus formations of Precambrian, Infra-Cambrian den Pleistocene age. De river be hemmed between de Sula Mountains on de southeast den de grantoid hills of de Gbengbe and Kabal hills on de west. De notable cascade insyd de river be known as de Bumbuna water falls wer de river dey drop by {{Convert|15|m}} wey dey provide for building a hydroelectric project.{{Sfn|Rosbjerg|1997|p=496}} == History == John MacCormac, an Irish businessman, settle on Timbo Island insyd 1816 wey he start dey export African Oak from de Rokel River.<ref name="DACB">{{cite web|title=McCormack, John|url=http://www.dacb.org/stories/sierraleone/mccormack_john.html|website=Dictionary of African Christian Biography|publisher=Center for Global Christianity and Mission|accessdate=10 October 2016|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011223122/http://www.dacb.org/stories/sierraleone/mccormack_john.html|archivedate=11 October 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Na de trade be quite substantial for a while buh e eventually go into decline. Iron ore den alluvial gold mining begin insyd de late 1920s plus early 1930s, while de Bumbuna Falls hydroelectric project be underway.{{sfn|Brebbia|Popov|2013|p=45}} De Yalunka people establish demma capital, Falaba, wey b3nk3 de source of de Rokel.{{sfn|Shillington|2004|p=922}} De estuary, wey dey extend over an area of 2,950 square kilometres (1,140 sq mi), be listed as Ramsar site of wetland importance insyd 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2000 |title=Sierra Leone becomes Ramsar's 118th Contracting Party |url=https://www.ramsar.org/news/sierra-leone-becomes-ramsars-118th-contracting-party |website=ramsar.org}}</ref> De site be bounded by Cape Point on de western side of de Freetown, by de Bunce River on one of demma banks, plus de Tagrin Point wer areas of de Rokel dey join at de southern end of ein mouth. Insyd February 2025, Thomas Mariee plete a 365km solo packraft descent of de Rokel River insyd 17 days. == Development == De Rokel river flow be measured at three gauge stations. De reported maximum den minimum discharge at Magbass, one of de three stations, be {{Convert|1905|m3}} den {{Convert|2|m3}} respectively. Der be chaw projects dem develop insyd de river basin wich dey derive dema water supply requirements from dis river.{{Sfn|Rosbjerg|1997|p=496}} De iron ore mining at Marampa be dependent on pumped water supply from de river. A Rokel River Water Rights Agreement (Ratification) Act be signed plus de developers of de mines; de mines dey in operation since 1933 to 1975 by Sierra Leone Development Company (DELCO) den Astro Minerals from 1983. De water agreement dey provide "exclusive den preferential rights to de use of de Rokel waters by special agreement" for a period of 89 years from 1 January 1938. De environmental impacts on de downstream users plus disposal of tailings from de mining operations no be addressed. De iron dem extract result in reduction of de height of one of de ore bearing hills by {{Convert|24.4|m}}.{{Sfn|Rosbjerg|1997|pp=497-98}} Gold mining insyd de Sula Mountains den insyd de Rokel river sediments be an extensive operation dem undertake since 1929 insyd de river den ein tributaries after na dem find gold insyd de mountains. Steam sediment studies be carried out for assessing de mineral concentration of arsenic. De panning operation insyd de river using manual labour be based on paddocking. Dis alluvial gold mining operation be described as environmentally destructive as forest denudation for de purpose of mining cause extensive erosion of de hills den consequent sedimentation of de river den ein tributaries.{{Sfn|Rosbjerg|1997|p=497}} De Bumbuna Dam be developed on de river by building a {{Convert|93|m}} high dam insyd de narrow reach of de river, wich create a lake wey dey stretch {{Convert|30|km}} upstream.{{Sfn|Rosbjerg|1997|pp=498-99}} De Magbass Irrigation Project be implemented downstream of de dam. De project implementation be assisted by China for sugarcane cultivation. De project, dem implement insyd 1980, dey locate at Magbass on de banks of de river wey e get an irrigation command of {{Convert|880|km2}}.{{Sfn|Rosbjerg|1997|p=499}} == Flora den fauna == De flora insyd de estuary dey consist of mangrove forest. De avifauna insyd de area dey consist of 10,000 birds of 36 species (1995 record). E sanso be reported say der be eight winter wader species dem report wich dey account for 1% of ein world population. De eight species of palaearctic migrant waders dem record be:<ref name=Ramsar/> * Ringed plover (''Charadrius hiaticula'') * Kentish plover (''Pluvialis squatarola'') * Sanderling (''Calidris alba'') * Curlew sandpiper (''Calidris ferruginea'') * Eurasian whimbrel (''Numeniusphaeopus'') * green shank (''Tringa nebularia'') * red shank (''Tringa totanus'') * Western reef heron (''Egrette gularis'') == References == <references /> ==Bibliography== *{{cite book|last=Bird|first=Eric|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Coastal Landforms|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mfo5TPb7SDsC&pg=PA933|date=8 April 2010|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4020-8638-0}} *{{cite book|last1=Brebbia|first1=C. A.|last2=Popov|first2=V.|title=Food and Environment II: The Quest for a Sustainable Future|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LsGsLmjUU2EC&pg=PA45|date=2013|publisher=WIT Press|isbn=978-1-84564-703-2}} *{{cite book|first1=M. J. |last1=Hambrey|first2=W. B. |last2=Harland|title=Earth's Pre-Pleistocene Glacial Record|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Iw-gQf4_LYC&pg=PA132|year=2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-17230-1}} *{{cite book|first=Dan |last=Rosbjerg|title=Sustainability of Water Resources Under Increasing Uncertainty|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gPDr7HLdSt4C&pg=PA496|year=1997|publisher=International Association for Hydrological Sciences|isbn=978-1-901502-05-3}} *{{cite book|last=Shillington|first=Kevin|title=Encyclopedia of African History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ftz_gtO-pngC&pg=PA922|year=2004|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-57958-245-6}} *{{cite book|title=Mangroves of Western and Central Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xdrMCcDQaaoC&pg=PA41|year=2007|publisher=UNEP/Earthprint|isbn=978-92-807-2792-0|pages=41–}} == External links == ccl67scmdn3iu9h05y7nreefqm6ulf9 103259 103257 2026-06-16T16:57:41Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 103259 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Rokel River''' (sanso be '''Seli River'''; previously '''Pamoronkoh River''') be de largest river wey de Republic of [[Sierra Leone]] insyd West Africa. De river basin dey measure 10,622 km² (4,101 mi²) in size, plus de drainage be divided by de Gbengbe den Kabala hills den de Sula Mountains. De estuary wich dey extend over an area of 2,950 km² (1,140 mi²) cam be a Ramsar wetland site of importance insyd 1999.<ref name="Ramsar">{{Cite web |title=Sierra Leone Estuary: Proposed Ramsar Site |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1SL001en_part1.pdf |access-date=3 July 2013 |publisher=Wetland Organization}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 1999 |title=1014, Sierra Leone River Estuary |url=http://www.ramsar.org/pdf/sitelist_order.pdf |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=Ramsar organization}}</ref> == Geography == De Rokel dey rise insyd de {{convert|900|m|ft|adj=mid|-high}} interior plateau of de Loma Mountains, insyd de Guinea Highlands of north central Sierra Leone, dey flow southwest about {{convert|240|mi}} thru hill ranges den, togeda plus a smaller, parallel stream dem call Port Loko Creek, dey feed into de Rokel estuary before entering de [[Atlantic Ocean]].{{sfn|Bird|2010|p=933}}<ref name=River>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/506982/Rokel-River|title=Rokel River|accessdate=3 July 2013|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> De estuary, after e join de Bankasoka River, sanso be called de Sierra Leone River, be {{convert|25| miles|abbr=on}} in length wey e get a width of {{convert|4|–|10|mi}}. Freetown den Pepel be de two ports dey locate on de shores of de estuary.<ref name=Brit>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/543405/Sierra-Leone-River|title=Sierra Leone River| accessdate=3 July 2013|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> As de estuary dey widen den dey join de Atlantic ein width be about {{convert|11|km|abbr=on}}. De southern shore be de deepest den dey form a natural harbour, wich dem report e be de third largest insyd de world.<ref name=Ramsar/> Mangrove swamps den de mud flats be de dominant ecosystem (wey dey account for 19% of de mangrove forest insyd de country)<ref name=Ramsar/> dem note around de river ein ria.{{sfn|Bird|2010|p=933}} De river basin dey measure {{convert|10622|km2}} in size, wey dem divide de drainage by de Gbengbe and Kabala hills den de Sula Mountains. De Rokel dey drop {{convert|15|m}} at de Bumbuna waterfalls.{{sfn|Brebbia|Popov|2013|p=45}} Mangrove species dem record be ''Rhizophora'', ''Avicennia'', ''Laguncularia'', den ''Conocarpus'', wich dey cover an area of {{Convert|34.23|ha}}.<ref name=Ramsar/> Sierra Leone ein capital city of Freetown dey lie at de entrance to de Sierra Leone River, about {{convert|25|mi}} from de port of Pepel. == Geology == Rokel River den ein tributaries be defined as de "Rokel River Group" for geological study. De geological formation insyd dis group dem report to be of de Tabe formation plus glacial sediments wey dey dominate ein eastern edge wey be exposed along de river insyd sam stretches; de geological formation dem note insyd de river be granite rocks. De formation be broadly categorized as folded sedimentary rocks. E sanso be reported say ein orogeny dey belong to de Pan African thermo-tectonic age of about 550 Ma.{{sfn|Hambrey|Harland|2011|pp=132, 133}} Geologically e be a tectonically controlled basin plus formations of Precambrian, Infra-Cambrian den Pleistocene age. De river be hemmed between de Sula Mountains on de southeast den de grantoid hills of de Gbengbe and Kabal hills on de west. De notable cascade insyd de river be known as de Bumbuna water falls wer de river dey drop by {{Convert|15|m}} wey dey provide for building a hydroelectric project.{{Sfn|Rosbjerg|1997|p=496}} == History == John MacCormac, an Irish businessman, settle on Timbo Island insyd 1816 wey he start dey export African Oak from de Rokel River.<ref name="DACB">{{cite web|title=McCormack, John|url=http://www.dacb.org/stories/sierraleone/mccormack_john.html|website=Dictionary of African Christian Biography|publisher=Center for Global Christianity and Mission|accessdate=10 October 2016|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011223122/http://www.dacb.org/stories/sierraleone/mccormack_john.html|archivedate=11 October 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Na de trade be quite substantial for a while buh e eventually go into decline. Iron ore den alluvial gold mining begin insyd de late 1920s plus early 1930s, while de Bumbuna Falls hydroelectric project be underway.{{sfn|Brebbia|Popov|2013|p=45}} De Yalunka people establish demma capital, Falaba, wey b3nk3 de source of de Rokel.{{sfn|Shillington|2004|p=922}} De estuary, wey dey extend over an area of 2,950 square kilometres (1,140 sq mi), be listed as Ramsar site of wetland importance insyd 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2000 |title=Sierra Leone becomes Ramsar's 118th Contracting Party |url=https://www.ramsar.org/news/sierra-leone-becomes-ramsars-118th-contracting-party |website=ramsar.org}}</ref> De site be bounded by Cape Point on de western side of de Freetown, by de Bunce River on one of demma banks, plus de Tagrin Point wer areas of de Rokel dey join at de southern end of ein mouth. Insyd February 2025, Thomas Mariee plete a 365km solo packraft descent of de Rokel River insyd 17 days. == Development == De Rokel river flow be measured at three gauge stations. De reported maximum den minimum discharge at Magbass, one of de three stations, be {{Convert|1905|m3}} den {{Convert|2|m3}} respectively. Der be chaw projects dem develop insyd de river basin wich dey derive dema water supply requirements from dis river.{{Sfn|Rosbjerg|1997|p=496}} De iron ore mining at Marampa be dependent on pumped water supply from de river. A Rokel River Water Rights Agreement (Ratification) Act be signed plus de developers of de mines; de mines dey in operation since 1933 to 1975 by Sierra Leone Development Company (DELCO) den Astro Minerals from 1983. De water agreement dey provide "exclusive den preferential rights to de use of de Rokel waters by special agreement" for a period of 89 years from 1 January 1938. De environmental impacts on de downstream users plus disposal of tailings from de mining operations no be addressed. De iron dem extract result in reduction of de height of one of de ore bearing hills by {{Convert|24.4|m}}.{{Sfn|Rosbjerg|1997|pp=497-98}} Gold mining insyd de Sula Mountains den insyd de Rokel river sediments be an extensive operation dem undertake since 1929 insyd de river den ein tributaries after na dem find gold insyd de mountains. Steam sediment studies be carried out for assessing de mineral concentration of arsenic. De panning operation insyd de river using manual labour be based on paddocking. Dis alluvial gold mining operation be described as environmentally destructive as forest denudation for de purpose of mining cause extensive erosion of de hills den consequent sedimentation of de river den ein tributaries.{{Sfn|Rosbjerg|1997|p=497}} De Bumbuna Dam be developed on de river by building a {{Convert|93|m}} high dam insyd de narrow reach of de river, wich create a lake wey dey stretch {{Convert|30|km}} upstream.{{Sfn|Rosbjerg|1997|pp=498-99}} De Magbass Irrigation Project be implemented downstream of de dam. De project implementation be assisted by China for sugarcane cultivation. De project, dem implement insyd 1980, dey locate at Magbass on de banks of de river wey e get an irrigation command of {{Convert|880|km2}}.{{Sfn|Rosbjerg|1997|p=499}} == Flora den fauna == De flora insyd de estuary dey consist of mangrove forest. De avifauna insyd de area dey consist of 10,000 birds of 36 species (1995 record). E sanso be reported say der be eight winter wader species dem report wich dey account for 1% of ein world population. De eight species of palaearctic migrant waders dem record be:<ref name=Ramsar/> * Ringed plover (''Charadrius hiaticula'') * Kentish plover (''Pluvialis squatarola'') * Sanderling (''Calidris alba'') * Curlew sandpiper (''Calidris ferruginea'') * Eurasian whimbrel (''Numeniusphaeopus'') * green shank (''Tringa nebularia'') * red shank (''Tringa totanus'') * Western reef heron (''Egrette gularis'') == References == <references /> ==Bibliography== *{{cite book|last=Bird|first=Eric|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Coastal Landforms|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mfo5TPb7SDsC&pg=PA933|date=8 April 2010|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4020-8638-0}} *{{cite book|last1=Brebbia|first1=C. A.|last2=Popov|first2=V.|title=Food and Environment II: The Quest for a Sustainable Future|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LsGsLmjUU2EC&pg=PA45|date=2013|publisher=WIT Press|isbn=978-1-84564-703-2}} *{{cite book|first1=M. J. |last1=Hambrey|first2=W. B. |last2=Harland|title=Earth's Pre-Pleistocene Glacial Record|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Iw-gQf4_LYC&pg=PA132|year=2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-17230-1}} *{{cite book|first=Dan |last=Rosbjerg|title=Sustainability of Water Resources Under Increasing Uncertainty|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gPDr7HLdSt4C&pg=PA496|year=1997|publisher=International Association for Hydrological Sciences|isbn=978-1-901502-05-3}} *{{cite book|last=Shillington|first=Kevin|title=Encyclopedia of African History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ftz_gtO-pngC&pg=PA922|year=2004|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-57958-245-6}} *{{cite book|title=Mangroves of Western and Central Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xdrMCcDQaaoC&pg=PA41|year=2007|publisher=UNEP/Earthprint|isbn=978-92-807-2792-0|pages=41–}} == External links == {{Commons}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Rivers of Sierra Leone]] [[Category:Ramsar sites insyd Sierra Leone]] 3woatpjmhcuraf9gsmutz209k4uott2 0 27332 103272 100773 2026-06-16T17:09:20Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 103272 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Imo River''' (Igbo:Imo) dey locate insyd southeastern [[Nigeria]] den dey flow {{convert|150|mi|km|disp=flip}} into de [[Atlantic Ocean]]. Ein estuary be around {{convert|40|km|mi}} wide,<ref>{{cite book|title=Bulletin de l'Institut français d'Afrique noire |author=Institut français d'Afrique noire |page=29 |location=Niger Delta |publisher=IFAN |year=1976}}</ref> wey de river get an annual discharge of {{convert|4|km3|mi3|1}}<ref>{{Cite book|title=Irrigation potential in Africa |author=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Land and Water Development Division |page=92 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org |year=1997 |isbn=92-5-103966-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VzqBfdeSjgQC&pg=PA92}}</ref> plus 26,000 ha (100 sq mi; 64,000 acres) of wetland.<ref>{{cite book|title=Sustainable Food Production in Sub-Saharan Africa: Constraints and opportunities |first=Nathan C. |last=Russell |page=57 |publisher=IITA |year=1993 |isbn=978-131-096-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XuXK2VofYKsC&pg=PA57}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Nigerian rivers among top 20 polluting rivers - Daily Trust |url=https://dailytrust.com/nigerian-rivers-among-top-20-polluting-rivers/ |access-date=2023-09-25 |newspaper=[[Daily Trust]]}}</ref> De Imo ein tributary rivers be de Otamiri den [[Oramiriukwa River|Oramirukwa]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Estimation of natural groundwater recharge |first=Ian |last=Simmers |page=436 |editor=NATO |editor-link=NATO |publisher=Springer |year=1988 |isbn=90-277-2632-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W0uvL96OaMoC&pg=PA436}}</ref> Na dem clear de Imo River under de British colonial administration of Nigeria insyd 1907–1908 den 1911; first to Aba den then to Udo near Umuahia.<ref>{{cite book|title=Igbo women and economic transformation in southeastern Nigeria, 1900-1960 |first=Gloria |last=Chuku |page=152 |publisher=Routledge |year=2005 |isbn=0-415-97210-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3jouPZxPC4C&pg=PA152}}</ref> E dey feature an {{convert|830|m|ft|adj=on}} bridge at de crossing between Rivers State den Akwa Ibom State.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Report: Nigeria 2010 |page=213 |publisher=Oxford Business Group |isbn=1-907065-14-8}}</ref> == Cultural Significance == Insyd Akwa Ibom State, de Imo River be known as '''Imoh River''' anaa '''Inyang Imoh''' wich dey translate to ''River of Wealth'' (Ibibio: ''Inyang'' dey mean ''river'' anaa ''ocean'', den {{lang|ibb|Imoh}} dey mean ''wealth''). De deity, anaa Alusi, of de river be de female ''Imo'', wey communities dey surround de river honour as de owner of de river. Dem dey hold a festival give de Alusi annually between May den July.<ref>{{cite book|title=The traditional African concept of God and the Christian concept of God |first=Peter Chiehiụra |last=Uzor |page=310 |publisher=Peter Lang |year=2004 |isbn=3-631-52145-6}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == 65sd2xr0eacbg0cckdpepmch4n4fc0k 103275 103272 2026-06-16T17:11:20Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 103275 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Imo River''' (Igbo:Imo) dey locate insyd southeastern [[Nigeria]] den dey flow {{convert|150|mi|km|disp=flip}} into de [[Atlantic Ocean]]. Ein estuary be around {{convert|40|km|mi}} wide,<ref>{{cite book|title=Bulletin de l'Institut français d'Afrique noire |author=Institut français d'Afrique noire |page=29 |location=Niger Delta |publisher=IFAN |year=1976}}</ref> wey de river get an annual discharge of {{convert|4|km3|mi3|1}}<ref>{{Cite book|title=Irrigation potential in Africa |author=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Land and Water Development Division |page=92 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org |year=1997 |isbn=92-5-103966-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VzqBfdeSjgQC&pg=PA92}}</ref> plus 26,000 ha (100 sq mi; 64,000 acres) of wetland.<ref>{{cite book|title=Sustainable Food Production in Sub-Saharan Africa: Constraints and opportunities |first=Nathan C. |last=Russell |page=57 |publisher=IITA |year=1993 |isbn=978-131-096-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XuXK2VofYKsC&pg=PA57}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Nigerian rivers among top 20 polluting rivers - Daily Trust |url=https://dailytrust.com/nigerian-rivers-among-top-20-polluting-rivers/ |access-date=2023-09-25 |newspaper=[[Daily Trust]]}}</ref> De Imo ein tributary rivers be de Otamiri den [[Oramiriukwa River|Oramirukwa]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Estimation of natural groundwater recharge |first=Ian |last=Simmers |page=436 |editor=NATO |editor-link=NATO |publisher=Springer |year=1988 |isbn=90-277-2632-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W0uvL96OaMoC&pg=PA436}}</ref> Na dem clear de Imo River under de British colonial administration of Nigeria insyd 1907–1908 den 1911; first to Aba den then to Udo near Umuahia.<ref>{{cite book|title=Igbo women and economic transformation in southeastern Nigeria, 1900-1960 |first=Gloria |last=Chuku |page=152 |publisher=Routledge |year=2005 |isbn=0-415-97210-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3jouPZxPC4C&pg=PA152}}</ref> E dey feature an {{convert|830|m|ft|adj=on}} bridge at de crossing between Rivers State den Akwa Ibom State.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Report: Nigeria 2010 |page=213 |publisher=Oxford Business Group |isbn=1-907065-14-8}}</ref> == Cultural Significance == Insyd Akwa Ibom State, de Imo River be known as '''Imoh River''' anaa '''Inyang Imoh''' wich dey translate to ''River of Wealth'' (Ibibio: ''Inyang'' dey mean ''river'' anaa ''ocean'', den {{lang|ibb|Imoh}} dey mean ''wealth''). De deity, anaa Alusi, of de river be de female ''Imo'', wey communities dey surround de river honour as de owner of de river. Dem dey hold a festival give de Alusi annually between May den July.<ref>{{cite book|title=The traditional African concept of God and the Christian concept of God |first=Peter Chiehiụra |last=Uzor |page=310 |publisher=Peter Lang |year=2004 |isbn=3-631-52145-6}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} [[Category:Rivers of Nigeria]] [[Category:Imo State]] i02q8tsgh0v4j9hf77idw0xie1puhx5 0 27347 103295 100798 2026-06-16T17:34:39Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 103295 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Mbridge''' anaa '''Mebridege''' be a river insyd northern [[Angola]]. Ein mouth be at de Atlantic Ocean near de town of N'Zeto insyd Zaire Province. Ein origin be near de city of Cuimba, wey e dey form part of de boundary between Zaire den Uige Provinces. Ein tributaries dey include de Lufunde, de Lucunga, de Luqueia, den Lufua. Dem dey expect make dem plete construction of a bridge over de river near N'Zeto insyd late 2013.<ref>[http://pt.angolaglobal.com/20121120/ponte-sobre-rio-mbridge-pronta-em-novembro-de-2013-angolapress/ Ponte sobre rio Mbridge pronta em Novembro de 2013], AngolaPress, 20 November 2012</ref> Na dem feature de river mouth den sand spit on a 2008 stamp wey Angola issue. ==References== <references /> [[Category:Rivers of Angola]] mc2yvytsvlsbsyjxsdx5l46nyvym8xw 0 27348 103337 100803 2026-06-16T19:02:27Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 103337 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[File:Borewell digging.ogv|thumb|Borehole drilling process]] [[File:Drilling boreholes for clean water (9084603915).jpg|thumb|Woman for Uganda dey fetch water from borehole plus hand pump]] [[File:Borehole 01.jpg|thumb|Drilled well for Ghana; borehole itself no dey show]] A '''borehole''' be narrow hole wey dem drill insyd ground. E fit go straight down anaa sideway. Dem dey construct boreholes for different purposes, like to fetch water, petroleum, natural gas, environmental investigations, mineral exploration, temperature measurement, geothermal work, den underground storage of materials. == Importance == Engineers den environmental consultants dey use de word borehole to describe different kinds of drilled holes during ground investigations den environmental assessments. Dem dey drill dese holes to collect soil samples, water samples, rock samples, den to install monitoring equipment for underground studies. Samples from boreholes dey go laboratory for testing. De tests dey help to know soil den rock properties den sanso detect any chemicals anaa contaminants. When borehole dey serve as water source, dem usually install casing pipes den screens insyd am. Dis one dey stop de hole from collapsing den prevent dirty surface water from entering. E sanso dey protect pumps from sand den sediment. Oil den gas wells too dey use similar method, although dem dey more complex. Scientists sanso dey use borehole temperature readings at different depths to estimate past surface temperatures over long periods. Some boreholes get plastic heat exchanger pipes wey fit store heat anaa cold underground between seasons. Dem dey call dis system seasonal thermal energy storage. E fit use gravel anaa solid rock, den boreholes fit be few anaa chaw, plus depths from about 150 to 1,000 feet.<ref>Hellström G. (2008). Large-Scale Applications of Ground-Source Heat Pumps in Sweden. IEA HP Annex 29 Workshop, Zurich.</ref><ref>Stiles, Lynn (1998). Underground Thermal Energy Storage in the US.</ref> == History == Borehole drilling get long history. For Han Dynasty period (202 BC–220 AD), Chinese people already dey use deep drilling for mining den oda work. Some boreholes reach about 600 metres deep.<ref>Loewe (1968), p. 194.</ref> Chinese drilling method involve people wey dey jump on beam to drive drilling tool while animals like buffalo dey rotate de system.<ref>Tom (1989), p. 103.</ref> Dis same idea later appear for oil drilling insyd California during de 1860s.<ref>Tom (1989), p. 103.</ref><ref>Hobson (2004), p. 215.</ref> Archaeologists find Western Han Dynasty bronze site for Xinglong, Hebei, plus mining shafts around 100 metres deep, plus timber supports den iron tools.<ref>Loewe (1968), p. 191.</ref><ref>Wang (1982), p. 105.</ref> By first century BC, Chinese craftsmen already dey make iron drill bits den fit drill up to about 1,500 metres deep.<ref>Hossain & Al-Majed (2015).</ref><ref>Rezende (2007), p. 40.</ref><ref>Conner (2005), p. 175.</ref> By eleventh century AD, dem fit drill up to about 3,000 feet deep, but e dey take chaw years to plete one borehole—sometimes nearly ten years.<ref>Tom (1989), p. 103.</ref> Europe den Western world no catch up until nineteenth century.<ref>Conner (2005), p. 175.</ref><ref>Hobson (2004), p. 215.</ref> For chaw years, de deepest borehole for de world be de Kola Superdeep Borehole for [[Russia]]. Later Sakhalin-I well take de record plus 12,345 metres.<ref>Sakhalin-1 Project Drills World's Longest Extended-Reach Well.</ref> By 2012, Chayvo Z-44 well cam be de deepest plus 12,376 metres. For 2023, China start new deep borehole projects—one for Sichuan Basin (10,520 m) den anoda for Tarim Basin (11,100 m).<ref>CNN (2023). China deep drilling report.</ref><ref>9News (2023).</ref> == Methodology == Drillers dey use drilling rigs anaa hand rigs to create boreholes. De method depend on ground type, equipment, den purpose. For offshore drilling, dem dey use floating rigs anaa platforms on seabed. == Hand Digging == For chaw developing countries, some boreholes still dey dig by hand. Workers dey use simple tools like shovel den pickaxe to remove soil layer by layer. De work dey slow den require teamwork. To prevent collapse den protect water quality, dem dey line boreholes plus bricks, stones, anaa concrete rings. Sometimes dem dey add concrete slab for bottom den cover top to prevent contamination.<ref>Transformative Borehole Drilling Projects – 2050 Paris (2023).</ref> == References == <references /> ==External links== {{sister project links||d=Q502102|c=Category:Boreholes|n=no|q=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=borehole|species=no}} *[https://webapps.usgs.gov/nibi/ NIBI - National Index of Borehole Information] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200920064331/https://www.geologieportal.ch/en/themes/fundamentals-of-geology/boreholes.html Boreholes: Swiss Geological Survey] * [https://madimaboreholeandsolargeysers.co.za Drilling Boreholes in Africa] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Chinese inventions]] [[Category:Drilling technology]] [[Category:Hole making]] 8d7ormbbxmf3h66lo5wube24kkut3bq 103339 103337 2026-06-16T19:05:27Z DaSupremo 9 Add category 103339 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[File:Borewell digging.ogv|thumb|Borehole drilling process]] [[File:Drilling boreholes for clean water (9084603915).jpg|thumb|Woman for Uganda dey fetch water from borehole plus hand pump]] [[File:Borehole 01.jpg|thumb|Drilled well for Ghana; borehole itself no dey show]] A '''borehole''' be narrow hole wey dem drill insyd ground. E fit go straight down anaa sideway. Dem dey construct boreholes for different purposes, like to fetch water, petroleum, natural gas, environmental investigations, mineral exploration, temperature measurement, geothermal work, den underground storage of materials. == Importance == Engineers den environmental consultants dey use de word borehole to describe different kinds of drilled holes during ground investigations den environmental assessments. Dem dey drill dese holes to collect soil samples, water samples, rock samples, den to install monitoring equipment for underground studies. Samples from boreholes dey go laboratory for testing. De tests dey help to know soil den rock properties den sanso detect any chemicals anaa contaminants. When borehole dey serve as water source, dem usually install casing pipes den screens insyd am. Dis one dey stop de hole from collapsing den prevent dirty surface water from entering. E sanso dey protect pumps from sand den sediment. Oil den gas wells too dey use similar method, although dem dey more complex. Scientists sanso dey use borehole temperature readings at different depths to estimate past surface temperatures over long periods. Some boreholes get plastic heat exchanger pipes wey fit store heat anaa cold underground between seasons. Dem dey call dis system seasonal thermal energy storage. E fit use gravel anaa solid rock, den boreholes fit be few anaa chaw, plus depths from about 150 to 1,000 feet.<ref>Hellström G. (2008). Large-Scale Applications of Ground-Source Heat Pumps in Sweden. IEA HP Annex 29 Workshop, Zurich.</ref><ref>Stiles, Lynn (1998). Underground Thermal Energy Storage in the US.</ref> == History == Borehole drilling get long history. For Han Dynasty period (202 BC–220 AD), Chinese people already dey use deep drilling for mining den oda work. Some boreholes reach about 600 metres deep.<ref>Loewe (1968), p. 194.</ref> Chinese drilling method involve people wey dey jump on beam to drive drilling tool while animals like buffalo dey rotate de system.<ref>Tom (1989), p. 103.</ref> Dis same idea later appear for oil drilling insyd California during de 1860s.<ref>Tom (1989), p. 103.</ref><ref>Hobson (2004), p. 215.</ref> Archaeologists find Western Han Dynasty bronze site for Xinglong, Hebei, plus mining shafts around 100 metres deep, plus timber supports den iron tools.<ref>Loewe (1968), p. 191.</ref><ref>Wang (1982), p. 105.</ref> By first century BC, Chinese craftsmen already dey make iron drill bits den fit drill up to about 1,500 metres deep.<ref>Hossain & Al-Majed (2015).</ref><ref>Rezende (2007), p. 40.</ref><ref>Conner (2005), p. 175.</ref> By eleventh century AD, dem fit drill up to about 3,000 feet deep, but e dey take chaw years to plete one borehole—sometimes nearly ten years.<ref>Tom (1989), p. 103.</ref> Europe den Western world no catch up until nineteenth century.<ref>Conner (2005), p. 175.</ref><ref>Hobson (2004), p. 215.</ref> For chaw years, de deepest borehole for de world be de Kola Superdeep Borehole for [[Russia]]. Later Sakhalin-I well take de record plus 12,345 metres.<ref>Sakhalin-1 Project Drills World's Longest Extended-Reach Well.</ref> By 2012, Chayvo Z-44 well cam be de deepest plus 12,376 metres. For 2023, China start new deep borehole projects—one for Sichuan Basin (10,520 m) den anoda for Tarim Basin (11,100 m).<ref>CNN (2023). China deep drilling report.</ref><ref>9News (2023).</ref> == Methodology == Drillers dey use drilling rigs anaa hand rigs to create boreholes. De method depend on ground type, equipment, den purpose. For offshore drilling, dem dey use floating rigs anaa platforms on seabed. == Hand Digging == For chaw developing countries, some boreholes still dey dig by hand. Workers dey use simple tools like shovel den pickaxe to remove soil layer by layer. De work dey slow den require teamwork. To prevent collapse den protect water quality, dem dey line boreholes plus bricks, stones, anaa concrete rings. Sometimes dem dey add concrete slab for bottom den cover top to prevent contamination.<ref>Transformative Borehole Drilling Projects – 2050 Paris (2023).</ref> == References == <references /> ==External links== {{sister project links||d=Q502102|c=Category:Boreholes|n=no|q=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=borehole|species=no}} *[https://webapps.usgs.gov/nibi/ NIBI - National Index of Borehole Information] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200920064331/https://www.geologieportal.ch/en/themes/fundamentals-of-geology/boreholes.html Boreholes: Swiss Geological Survey] * [https://madimaboreholeandsolargeysers.co.za Drilling Boreholes in Africa] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Chinese inventions]] [[Category:Drilling technology]] [[Category:Hole making]] [[Category:Articles wey dey contain video clips]] l1zbfvsl6q7f7xgdio47fxyufjxczb8 0 27349 103296 100804 2026-06-16T17:41:07Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 103296 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cross River''' (native name: '''Oyono''')<ref>{{Cite book |last=Reclus |author-link=Élisée Reclus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D1pAa9idGX0C&pg=PA341 |title=Africa |publisher=Forgotten Books |year=1892 |isbn=1-4400-9130-7 |edition=reprint |volume=3 |page=341|first=Élisée|date=1892}}</ref> be de main river insyd southeastern [[Nigeria]] den dey give ein name to Cross River State. E dey originate insyd [[Cameroon]], wer e dey take de name of de Manyu River.<ref>{{Cite web |last=L. Zapfack |last2=J. S. O. Ayeni |last3=S. Besong |last4=M. Mdaihli |date=November 2001 |title=ETHNOBOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE TAKAMANDA FOREST RESERVE |url=http://cameroun-foret.com/system/files/18_18_01.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708112712/http://cameroun-foret.com/system/files/18_18_01.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-08 |access-date=2011-02-05}}</ref> Although no be long by African standards ein catchment get high rainfall wey e cam be very wide. Over ein last 80 kilometres (50 mi) to de sea e dey flow thru swampy rainforest plus numerous creeks den dey form an inland delta near ein confluence plus de Calabar River,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maritime Organisation of West and Central Africa, Nigeria |url=http://www.mowca.org/new%20design/member-states/nigeria.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505220021/http://www.mowca.org/new%20design/member-states/nigeria.html |archive-date=2010-05-05 |access-date=2009-01-25}}</ref> about 20 kilometres (12 mi) wide den 50 kilometres (31 mi) long between de cities of Oron on de west bank den Calabar, on de east bank, more dan 30 kilometres (19 mi) from de open sea. De delta dey empty into a broad estuary<ref>{{Cite web |title=1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Cross River - Wikisource, the free online library |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Cross_River |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=en.wikisource.org |language=en}}</ref> wich e dey share plus a few smaller rivers. At ein mouth insyd de [[Atlantic Ocean]], de estuary be 24 kilometres (15 mi) wide. De eastern side of de estuary dey insyd de neighboring country of Cameroon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-12 |title=Cross River {{!}} Nigeria, Map, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Cross-River-state-Nigeria |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> De major tributary of Cross River be de river Aloma, wey dey cam from Benue State to merge plus Cross River insyd Cross River State. Cross River State be connected plus a major highway to ein sisto state Akwa Ibom. De distance between Oron den Calabar be 21 kilometres (13 mi) by boat den about 200 kilometres (120 mi) by road. De population of de lower Cross River traditionally dey use water transport wey na Calabar get a major seaport, insyd de Calabar River about 10 kilometres (6 mi) from ein confluence plus de Cross River den about 55 kilometres (34 mi) from de sea. De Itu bridge on de Cross River dey along Itu-Calabar highway wey dem report e be one of de landmark achievements of de Gowon administration wen na dem plete am insyd 1975.<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |title=Major Rivers in Nigeria (Details and Pictures) – Sea Empowerment and Research |url=https://seaempowerment.org/?p=981 |access-date=2023-09-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> [[File:Кросс-ривер.png|alt=A Map of Cross River|frame|De Cross River, wey dey flow thru Cameroon den Nigeria]] De Cross River dey form a boundary between two tropical moist forest ecoregions: de Cross-Niger transition forests, wich dey lie west of de river between de Cross den [[Niger River|Niger]] Rivers, den de Cross-Sanaga-Bioko coastal forests, wich dey lie to de east between de Cross River den de [[Sanaga River]] of Cameroon. De average annual rainfall dey vary from 1,760 mm insyd de northern part of de state to 3,100 mm insyd de southern part (WSSSRP II 2016).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nkpa M. |first=Ogarekpe |last2=Ekpe A. |first2=Obio |last3=Imokhai T. |first3=Tenebe |last4=Praise God C. |first4=Emenike |last5=Chidozie C. |first5=Nnaji |date=23 Jul 2020 |title=Flood vulnerability assessment of the upper Cross River basin using morphometric analysis |journal=Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=1378–1403 |bibcode=2020GNHR...11.1378O |doi=10.1080/19475705.2020.1785954 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[File:Cross_River_state_contingent.jpg|thumb|Dancers insyd Cross river state attire]] Cross River sanso dey gives ein name to a national park den a family of languages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brief History of Cross River National Park |url=https://www.traveldigest.com.ng/index.php/travel-and-tourism-events/item/664-brief-history-of-cross-river-national-park |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=www.traveldigest.com.ng |language=en-gb}}</ref> De Cross River Region be of great historical importance, e be a) within de likely homeland from wich Bantu speaking people dem migrate across chaw of Sub-Saharan Africa 3000–5000 years ago, b) de location of wer dem create de Nsibidi Script, den c) de location of Calabar, one of de largest centers during de [[Atlantic slave trade]]. == Pollution == During sam months of monitoring, dem identify iron, manganese, lead, arsenic, den chromium insyd de water at levels hazardous for drinking; thus, dem pollute de water plus dese heavy metals wey dem no fi be relied on to serve as a potable water supply give Nigerians. == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090624072650/http://www.nigeriantourism.com/cross-rivers.htm Nigerian Tourism, Cross Rivers State] *[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2867817/ Little genetic differentiation as assessed by uniparental markers in the presence of substantial language variation in peoples of the Cross River region of Nigeria] *[https://web.archive.org/web/19991023140023/http://www.library.cornell.edu/africana/Writing_Systems/Nsibidi.html Nsibidi Script] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Cross River (Nigeria)| ]] [[Category:Rivers of Nigeria]] [[Category:Cross River State]] [[Category:Rivers of Cameroon]] if9rylunb6iaxlcgtg8t4e2kr6ufcfa 0 27350 103351 100810 2026-06-16T19:20:47Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 103351 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Waterborne diseases''' be diseases wey pathogenic micro-organisms like bacteria, viruses, protozoa, den parasitic worms dey cause. Dem dey spread thru water wey get contamination. Chaw of dese micro-organisms be intestinal parasites wey fit enter body tissues anaa circulatory system thru de walls of digestive tract. Some oda waterborne diseases dey come from viruses too. Oda important types of waterborne diseases dey cam from metazoan parasites. Common examples dey include sam nematoda (roundworms), wey fit cause sickness like dracunculiasis anaa guinea worm disease. Oda types of metazoan pathogens dey include Schistosomatidae, family of blood flukes. Apart from pathogens, water contamination sanso fi cam from chemical pollutants like volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Dis one dey include benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, den xylenes, wey fit enter water lines thru industrial dumping, pipeline leaks, jet fuel spills, anaa plastic pipes wey heat damage. Dese diseases fit spread wen person bath, wash, drink, anaa chop chow wey touch contaminated water. E dey very common for developing countries wey no get clean water, sanitation, den hygiene (WASH). Even though [[diarrhea]] den vomiting be de most common symptoms, oda symptoms include nausea, stomach cramps, fever, den problems for skin, ear, breathing system, anaa eyes. When water get VOC contamination, e link to headaches, nausea, tumor formation, den even increase cancer risk, wey dey include [[leukemia]]. So, de best way to prevent waterborne diseases be make people get reliable access to clean drinking water den proper sanitation. Dis one include better sanitation systems, chlorination, vaccination, den sustainable technology like solar-powered desalination. Infrastructure improvement like changing bad plastic pipes to metal ones for wildfire-prone areas sanso fi reduce contamination. Billions of people still no get access to clean water, so prevention be very important. Waterborne diseases dey cause plenty death den disability, especially for developing regions, den e sanso dey put economic pressure on affected communities. [[Climate change]] dey increase risk too secof droughts den flooding wey fit spread contamination den affect vulnerable people badly. Surveillance systems like de ones for [[United States]] dey help monitor den prevent disease outbreaks. Historically, improvement insyd sanitation, filtration, chlorination, den microbiology help understand den control these diseases. == Terminology == [[File:Red blood cells infected with malaria.jpg|thumb|Red blood cells of an organism which has contracted malaria, a water borne disease ]] The term waterborne disease dey mostly refer to infections wey dey spread mainly through contact with or drinking water wey microbes don pollute. Some infections fit still enter water by accident under special conditions. But just because occasional infection happen no mean say we suppose classify am as waterborne disease. Disease like malaria dem dey sometimes confuse as waterborne because mosquito, wey be vector, get water stage inside their life cycle. Controlling stagnant water fit reduce mosquito population, but that no mean say water dey directly transmit malaria through drinking or contact.<ref>{{Citation |last=Atangana |first=Abdon |title=Groundwater Pollution |date=2018 |work=Fractional Operators with Constant and Variable Order with Application to Geo-Hydrology |pages=49–72 |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780128096703000035 |access-date=2026-02-27 |publisher=Elsevier |language=en |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-809670-3.00003-5 |isbn=978-0-12-809670-3 |pmc=7149999}}</ref> Another related term be "water-related disease", wey mean any serious or widespread bad effect on human health like death, disability, sickness, or disorder wey water condition or change in water quantity or quality cause directly or indirectly.<ref name="Marcos">{{Cite journal |last=Von Sperling |first=M. |date=2015 |title=Wastewater Characteristics, Treatment and Disposal |url=https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book/72/ |journal=Water Intelligence Online |language=en |volume=6 |doi=10.2166/9781780402086 |issn=1476-1777 |url-access=subscription |doi-access=free |article-number=9781780402086}}</ref>{{rp|47}} Water-related diseases dey group according to how dem dey spread: water borne, water hygiene, water based, and water related.<ref name="Marcos" />{{rp|47}} Main way wey waterborne diseases dey spread be when people drink contaminated water.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Waterborne illness and disease {{!}} Life Sciences {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCO Research |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=EBSCO |language=en}}</ref> == Causes == No clean water supply, poor sanitation, and poor hygiene (WASH) be major reason why waterborne diseases dey spread inside community. Fecal–oral route be main way wey these diseases dey transmit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The United Nations World Water Development Report 2023: partnerships and cooperation for water; facts, figures and action examples |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000384659 |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org}}</ref> Poverty too dey increase risk for waterborne diseases. For example, how rich or poor community be fit affect their ability to get clean water.<ref>{{cite journal|display-authors=6|vauthors=Adelodun B, Ajibade FO, Ighalo JO, Odey G, Ibrahim RG, Kareem KY, Bakare HO, Tiamiyu AO, Ajibade TF, Abdulkadir TS, Adeniran KA, Choi KS|date=October 2020|title=Assessment of socioeconomic inequality based on virus-contaminated water usage in developing countries: A review|url= |journal=Environmental Research|volume=192|article-number=110309|doi=10.1016/j.envres.2020.110309|pmc=7546968|pmid=33045227}}</ref> Less developed countries dey face higher risk of outbreaks, but even developed countries too fit still experience waterborne disease outbreaks.<ref name=":4">{{cite journal|vauthors=Smith A, Reacher M, Smerdon W, Adak GK, Nichols G, Chalmers RM|date=December 2006|title=Outbreaks of waterborne infectious intestinal disease in England and Wales, 1992-2003|url= |journal=Epidemiology and Infection|volume=134|issue=6|pages=1141–9|doi=10.1017/S0950268806006406|pmc=2870523|pmid=16690002}}</ref> Plus, about 1 in 4 people worldwide (around 2.1 billion people) still no get access to safe drinking water.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1 in 4 people globally still lack access to safe drinking water – WHO, UNICEF |url=https://www.who.int/news/item/26-08-2025-1-in-4-people-globally-still-lack-access-to-safe-drinking-water---who--unicef |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> === Socioeconomic factors === No proper education inside poor communities be one of the main things wey dey cause waterborne disease problem. When society get better education on any issue, dem fit understand am well and take action solve am locally instead of depending on foreign countries for help. Plenty countries for [[Middle East]], [[South East Asia]], and [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey suffer these problems because education level no be too advanced in some areas.<ref name=":3" /> For example, [[Morocco]] no get enough skilled labour force to fully improve food production and other sectors wey fit boost the economy. Because of this, the [[United States]] and Morocco, together with other agencies, start program called H2O Maghreb. The program dey educate Moroccan people on clean water and sanitation through water treatment simulations. The virtual reality systems no just dey help people learn how to handle emergency situations, but e also dey create jobs for poorer communities to support the economy too.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |url=https://doi.org/10.18356/9789210026208 |title=The United Nations World Water Development Report 2023 |date=2023-03-22 |publisher=United Nations |isbn=978-92-1-002620-8 |doi=10.18356/9789210026208 }}</ref> Political instability and war too dey increase how waterborne diseases dey spread, apart from lack of education. Countries inside the [[WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean|Eastern Mediterranean Region]] dey face this problem plenty.<ref name=":7" /> The World Bank classify countries like [[Yemen]] and other Eastern Mediterranean countries as “fragile and conflict-affected states.” Countries like [[Syria]] and [[Lebanon]] had no major cholera outbreak for almost 30 years, but dem still experience outbreak again in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=emhj |title=WHO EMRO - Resurgence of cholera in Lebanon |url=https://www.emro.who.int/in-press/commentaries/resurgence-of-cholera-in-lebanon.html |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=www.emro.who.int |language=en-gb}}</ref> War dey destroy important infrastructure like clean water systems and sanitation facilities, and this one create perfect condition for disease spread. Two years ago, World Health Organization change cholera status to Grade 3 global public health emergency. Between 2016 and 2022, Yemen alone record about 2.5 million cholera cases.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ABDEL HAY, Ihab Fouad |title=WHO EMRO - Mitigating the increasing threat of cholera in Yemen and other conflict-affected countries in the Eastern Mediterranean Region |url=https://www.emro.who.int/emhj-volume-31-2025/volume-31-issue-7/mitigating-the-increasing-threat-of-cholera-in-yemen-and-other-conflict-affected-countries-in-the-eastern-mediterranean-region.html |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=www.emro.who.int |language=en-gb}}</ref> These outbreaks dey closely linked to ongoing conflict for the region. War also dey damage hospitals and medical facilities, making am hard to treat people wey don catch waterborne diseases. For Eastern Mediterranean Region, some countries no dey deal just with pandemic again, but permanent endemic disease situation instead.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Balkhy |first=Hanan H. |date=2025-08-04 |title=Mitigating the increasing threat of cholera in Yemen and other conflict-affected countries in the Eastern Mediterranean Region |journal=Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal |volume=31 |issue=7 |pages=423–425 |doi=10.26719/2025.31.7.423 |issn=1020-3397|doi-access=free |pmid=40832862 }}</ref> Other war-affected areas like [[Gaza war|Gaza]] dey manage very complex water systems wey still dey put water quality at risk and increase chance of disease. Gaza dey get most of their water from underground sources, some from [[Israel]], and dem also get desalination plants around the area.<ref name=":8" /> Water pipeline workers dey try repair damaged systems wey war artillery don destroy, but sometimes dem dey lose their lives during the process.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Ebeid |first=Claudine |date=2025-03-13 |title=Water Is Not Political |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2025/03/water-is-not-political/682016/ |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> For comparison, people for United States dey use about 300 litres of water per day, while people for Gaza dey use around 80 litres per day. By 2024, almost all parts of Gaza water system don suffer damage, and this one lead to outbreak of waterborne diseases, including about 600,000 cases of acute diarrhoea and even a 10-month-old baby with polio.<ref name=":8" /> Additionally, a 2022 study published in Nature Communications show say there be link between race and ethnicity and level of contaminants in drinking water for United States between 2000 and 2011. Areas with higher percentage of Hispanic and American Indian populations get higher levels of arsenic and uranium in drinking water, while non-Hispanic White communities get lower exposure. The researchers conclude say inequality for drinking water quality dey vary based on region and population makeup, showing environmental injustice in access to safe water.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Martinez-Morata |first=Irene |last2=Bostick |first2=Benjamin C. |last3=Conroy-Ben |first3=Otakuye |last4=Duncan |first4=Dustin T. |last5=Jones |first5=Miranda R. |last6=Spaur |first6=Maya |last7=Patterson |first7=Kevin P. |last8=Prins |first8=Seth J. |last9=Navas-Acien |first9=Ana |last10=Nigra |first10=Anne E. |date=2022-12-03 |title=Nationwide geospatial analysis of county racial and ethnic composition and public drinking water arsenic and uranium |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-35185-6 |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=7461 |doi=10.1038/s41467-022-35185-6 |issn=2041-1723}}</ref> === Influence of climate change === {{See also|Climate change and infectious diseases}} Climate change dey affect how bacteria and oda pathogens dey grow and survive for food and water systems.<ref name=":022">{{cite journal |last1=Van de Vuurst |first1=Paige |last2=Escobar |first2=Luis E. |date=2023 |title=Climate change and infectious disease: a review of evidence and research trends |journal=Infectious Diseases of Poverty |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=51 |doi=10.1186/s40249-023-01102-2 |hdl=10919/115131 |pmc=10186327 |pmid=37194092 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":12">IPCC, 2022: https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_SummaryForPolicymakers.pdf Summary for Policymakers ... Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability ... doi:10.1017/9781009325844.001.</ref><ref name="Romanello20212">{{cite journal |last1=Romanello |first1=Marina |last2=McGushin |first2=Alice |last3=Di Napoli |first3=Claudia |last4=Drummond |first4=Paul |last5=Hughes |first5=Nick |last6=Jamart |first6=Louis |last7=Kennard |first7=Harry |last8=Lampard |first8=Pete |last9=Solano Rodriguez |first9=Baltazar |last10=Arnell |first10=Nigel |last11=Ayeb-Karlsson |first11=Sonja |last12=Belesova |first12=Kristine |last13=Cai |first13=Wenjia |last14=Campbell-Lendrum |first14=Diarmid |last15=Capstick |first15=Stuart |display-authors=40 |date=October 2021 |title=The 2021 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: code red for a healthy future |url=http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/102413/1/2021%20Report%20of%20the%20Lancet%20Countdown%20revised%20_no%20refs%20ES_clean.pdf |journal=The Lancet |volume=398 |issue=10311 |pages=1619–1662 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01787-6}}</ref> E dey also affect waterborne diseases by changing water temperature, water quality, sanitation, and microbial ecology.<ref name=":162">Cissé, G., R. McLeman, H. Adams, P. Aldunce, K. Bowen, D. Campbell-Lendrum, S. Clayton, K.L. Ebi, J. Hess, C. Huang, Q. Liu, G. McGregor, J. Semenza, and M.C. Tirado, 2022: https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter07.pdf Chapter 7: Health, Wellbeing, and the Changing Structure of Communities ... pp. 1041–1170, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.009.</ref>{{rp|1107}}<ref name="Romanello202122">{{cite journal |last1=Romanello |first1=Marina |last2=McGushin |first2=Alice |last3=Di Napoli |first3=Claudia |last4=Drummond |first4=Paul |last5=Hughes |first5=Nick |last6=Jamart |first6=Louis |last7=Kennard |first7=Harry |last8=Lampard |first8=Pete |last9=Solano Rodriguez |first9=Baltazar |last10=Arnell |first10=Nigel |last11=Ayeb-Karlsson |first11=Sonja |last12=Belesova |first12=Kristine |last13=Cai |first13=Wenjia |last14=Campbell-Lendrum |first14=Diarmid |last15=Capstick |first15=Stuart |display-authors=40 |date=October 2021 |title=The 2021 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: code red for a healthy future |journal=The Lancet |volume=398 |issue=10311 |pages=1619–1662 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01787-6}}</ref>{{rp|12}} Climate change get big socioeconomic impact on waterborne diseases, especially for informal settlements. Over 60% of Africa urban population dey live areas wey water and sanitation infrastructure no strong well. Drought don cause cholera outbreaks for Nairobi, while flooding dey spread disease organisms through dirty water.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Informal settlements and climate change in the ‘last mile of urbanization’ |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/informal-settlements-and-climate-change-in-the-last-mile-of-urbanization/ |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=Brookings |language=en-US}}</ref> Warmer water, more flooding, rainfall, and humidity dey help bacteria like Vibrio cholerae grow fast, wey dey cause cholera, plus other organisms wey dey cause gastroenteritis, wound infections, and diarrheal diseases.<ref name=":162" />{{rp|1107}}<ref name="Romanello202122" />{{rp|12}}^{<ref name="(Levy et al., 2016)2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Levy K, Woster AP, Goldstein RS, Carlton EJ |date=May 2016 |title=Untangling the Impacts of Climate Change on Waterborne Diseases: a Systematic Review of Relationships between Diarrheal Diseases and Temperature, Rainfall, Flooding, and Drought |journal=Environmental Science & Technology |volume=50 |issue=10 |pages=4905–4922 |doi=10.1021/acs.est.5b06186 |pmc=5468171 |pmid=27058059}}</ref>} When water temperature go high, bacteria for drinking water systems fit increase, and people self dey drink more water for hot periods. This combination increase chance say person go swallow pathogen and get infection.<ref name="(Levy et al., 2016)">{{cite journal |vauthors=Levy K, Woster AP, Goldstein RS, Carlton EJ |date=May 2016 |title=Untangling the Impacts of Climate Change on Waterborne Diseases: a Systematic Review of Relationships between Diarrheal Diseases and Temperature, Rainfall, Flooding, and Drought |journal=Environmental Science & Technology |volume=50 |issue=10 |pages=4905–4922 |doi=10.1021/acs.est.5b06186 |pmc=5468171 |pmid=27058059}}</ref> Heavy rain and flood wey climate change cause fit spoil sanitation systems and drinking water treatment systems. E fit contaminate drinking water sources or food. Flood fit even push dirty water back inside systems, causing backflow wey go spoil groundwater and other drinking water sources.^{<ref name="(Levy et al., 2016)2" />} ==Diseases by type of pathogen== ===Protozoa=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Disease and transmission<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Guidelines for drinking-water quality.|others=World Health Organization|year=2017|isbn=978-92-4-154995-0|edition=Fourth edition incorporating the first addendum|location=Geneva|oclc=975491910}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Baldursson S, Karanis P|date=December 2011|title=Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: review of worldwide outbreaks - an update 2004-2010|journal=Water Research|volume=45|issue=20|pages=6603–14|doi=10.1016/j.watres.2011.10.013|pmid=22048017|bibcode=2011WatRe..45.6603B }}</ref> ! Microbial agent ! Sources of agent in water supply ! General symptoms |- |[[Acanthamoeba keratitis]] (cleaning of contact lenses with contaminated water) |[[Acanthamoeba|''Acanthamoeba'' spp.]] (''A. castellanii'' and ''A. polyphaga'') |widely distributed free-living amoebae found in many types of aquatic environments, including surface water, tap water, swimming pools, and contact lens solutions |Eye pain, eye redness, blurred vision, sensitivity to light, sensation of something in the eye, and excessive tearing |- | [[Amoebiasis]] (hand-to-mouth) | Protozoan (''[[Entamoeba histolytica]]'') (Cyst-like appearance) | [[Sewage]], [[water treatment|non-treated drinking water]], [[flies]] in water supply, saliva transfer(if the other person has the disease) | Abdominal discomfort, [[fatigue (medical)|fatigue]], weight loss, [[diarrhea]], [[bloating]], [[fever]] |- | [[Cryptosporidiosis]] (oral) | Protozoan (''[[Cryptosporidium parvum]]'') | Collects on water filters and membranes that cannot be [[disinfected]], [[manure|animal manure]], seasonal [[Surface runoff|runoff]] of water. | [[Flu-like symptoms]], watery diarrhea, loss of appetite, substantial loss of weight, [[bloating]], increased gas, [[nausea]] |- | [[Cyclosporiasis]] | Protozoan parasite (''[[Cyclospora cayetanensis]]'') | [[Sewage]], [[water treatment|non-treated drinking water]] | [[cramps]], nausea, [[vomiting]], muscle aches, fever, and fatigue |- | [[Giardiasis]] (fecal-oral) (hand-to-mouth) | Protozoan (''[[Giardia lamblia]]'') Most common intestinal parasite | Untreated water, poor disinfection, pipe breaks, leaks, [[groundwater]] contamination, [[campgrounds]] where humans and wildlife use same source of water. [[Beavers]] and [[muskrats]] create [[ponds]] that act as [[reservoirs]] for Giardia. | Diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, [[bloating]], and [[flatulence]] |- | [[Microsporidiosis]] | Protozoan phylum (''[[Microsporidia]]''), but closely related to [[fungi]] | ''[[Encephalitozoon intestinalis]]'' has been detected in [[groundwater]], the origin of drinking water<ref name="ewpcw">{{cite journal|vauthors=Nwachcuku N, Gerba CP|date=June 2004|title=Emerging waterborne pathogens: can we kill them all?|url=http://env1.gist.ac.kr/~aeml/paper/papers(pdf)/27-waterborne_pathogens.pdf|journal=Current Opinion in Biotechnology|volume=15|issue=3|pages=175–80|doi=10.1016/j.copbio.2004.04.010|pmc=7134665|pmid=15193323|bibcode=2004COBt...15..175N |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307190853/http://env1.gist.ac.kr/~aeml/paper/papers(pdf)/27-waterborne_pathogens.pdf|archive-date=2008-03-07|access-date=2007-08-09}}</ref> | Diarrhea and [[wasting]] in [[immunocompromised]] individuals. |- | [[Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis|Naegleriasis]] ([[primary amebic meningoencephalitis]] [PAM]) (nasal) | Protozoan (''[[Naegleria fowleri]]'') (Cyst-like appearance) | [[Watersport]]s, [[Water chlorination|non-chlorinated water]] | Headache, vomiting, confusion, loss of balance, light sensitivity, [[hallucination]]s, [[fatigue (medical)|fatigue]], weight loss, [[fever]], and coma |} ===Bacteria=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Disease and transmission<ref name="swdo">{{cite journal|display-authors=6|vauthors=Dziuban EJ, Liang JL, Craun GF, Hill V, Yu PA, Painter J, Moore MR, Calderon RL, Roy SL, Beach MJ|date=December 2006|title=Surveillance for waterborne disease and outbreaks associated with recreational water--United States, 2003-2004|url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss5512a1.htm|url-status=live|journal=Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Surveillance Summaries|volume=55|issue=12|pages=1–30|pmid=17183230|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029121311/https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss5512a1.htm|archive-date=29 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="mmuawg">{{cite journal|vauthors=Petrini B|date=October 2006|title=Mycobacterium marinum: ubiquitous agent of waterborne granulomatous skin infections|journal=European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases|volume=25|issue=10|pages=609–13|doi=10.1007/s10096-006-0201-4|pmid=17047903|s2cid=7485002}}</ref> ! Microbial agent ! Sources of agent in water supply ! General symptoms |- | [[Botulism]] | ''[[Clostridium botulinum]]'' | Bacteria can enter an open wound from contaminated water sources. Can enter the gastrointestinal tract through consumption of contaminated [[drinking water]] or (more commonly) food | Dry mouth, [[blurred vision|blurred]] and/or [[Diplopia|double vision]], difficulty swallowing, muscle weakness, difficulty breathing, slurred speech, [[vomiting]] and sometimes [[diarrhea]]. Death is usually caused by [[respiratory failure]]. |- | [[Campylobacteriosis]] | Most commonly caused by ''[[Campylobacter jejuni]]'' | Drinking water contaminated with [[feces]] | Produces [[dysentery]]-like symptoms along with a [[fever|high fever]]. Usually lasts 2–10 days. |- | [[Cholera]] | Spread by the bacterium ''[[Vibrio cholerae]]'' | Drinking water contaminated with the bacterium | In severe forms it is known to be one of the most rapidly fatal illnesses known. Symptoms include very watery diarrhea, [[nausea]], [[cramps]], [[nosebleed]], rapid [[pulse]], vomiting, and [[hypovolemic shock]] (in severe cases), at which point death can occur in 12–18 hours. |- | [[E. coli|''E. coli'' Infection]] | Certain strains of ''[[Escherichia coli]]'' (commonly ''E. coli'') | Water contaminated with the bacteria | Mostly diarrhea. Can cause death in [[immunocompromised]] individuals, the very young, and the elderly due to [[dehydration]] from prolonged illness. |- | [[Mycobacterium marinum|''M. marinum'' infection]] | ''[[Mycobacterium marinum]]'' | Naturally occurs in water, most cases from exposure in [[swimming pools]] or more frequently [[aquariums]]; rare infection since it mostly infects [[immunocompromised]] individuals | Symptoms include [[lesions]] typically located on the elbows, knees, and feet (from [[swimming pools]]) or lesions on the hands ([[aquariums]]). Lesions may be painless or painful. |- | [[Dysentery]] | Caused by a number of species in the genera ''[[Shigella]]'' and ''[[Salmonella]]'' with the most common being ''[[Shigella dysenteriae]]'' | Water contaminated with the bacterium | Frequent passage of [[feces]] with [[blood]] and/or [[mucus]] and in some cases vomiting of blood. |- | [[Legionellosis]] (two distinct forms: Legionnaires' disease and Pontiac fever) | Caused by bacteria belonging to genus ''[[Legionella]]'' (90% of cases caused by ''[[Legionella pneumophila]]'') | Legionella is a very common organism that reproduces to high numbers in warm water;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/legionnaires/faq.html|title=Legionnaires' Disease eTool: Facts and FAQs|website=www.osha.gov|access-date=29 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115083526/https://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/legionnaires/faq.html|archive-date=15 November 2017}}</ref> but only causes severe disease when aerosolized.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/legionella/about/causes-transmission.html|title=Legionella - Causes and Transmission - Legionnaires - CDC|date=8 December 2017|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=29 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325023304/http://www.cdc.gov/legionella/about/causes-transmission.html|archive-date=25 March 2016}}</ref> | Pontiac fever produces milder symptoms resembling acute [[influenza]] without [[pneumonia]]. Legionnaires' disease has severe symptoms such as [[fever]], [[chills]], pneumonia (with cough that sometimes produces [[sputum]]), [[ataxia]], [[Anorexia (symptom)|anorexia]], muscle aches, [[malaise]] and occasionally diarrhea and vomiting |- | [[Leptospirosis]] | Caused by bacterium of genus ''[[Leptospira]]'' | Water contaminated by the animal urine carrying the bacteria | Begins with [[flu-like symptoms]] then resolves. The second phase then occurs involving [[meningitis]], [[liver]] damage (causes [[jaundice]]), and [[kidney failure]] |- | [[Otitis Externa]] (swimmer's ear) | Caused by a number of [[bacteria]]l and [[fungus|fungal]] species. | Swimming in water contaminated by the responsible pathogens | [[Ear canal]] swells, causing pain and tenderness to the touch |- | [[Salmonellosis]] | Caused by many bacteria of genus ''[[Salmonella]]'' | Drinking water contaminated with the bacteria. More common as a [[food borne illness]]. | Symptoms include [[diarrhea]], [[fever]], vomiting, and abdominal cramps |- | [[Typhoid fever]] | [[Salmonella enterica|''Salmonella typhi'']] | Ingestion of water contaminated with [[feces]] of an infected person | Characterized by sustained fever up to 40&nbsp;°C (104&nbsp;°F), profuse [[sweating]]; diarrhea, muscle aches, fatigue, and constipation may occur. Symptoms progress to [[delirium]], and the [[spleen]] and [[liver]] enlarge if untreated. In this case, it can last up to four weeks and cause death. Some people with typhoid fever develop a rash called "rose spots", small red spots on the abdomen and chest. |- | [[Vibrio|Vibrio Illness]] | ''[[Vibrio vulnificus]]'', ''[[Vibrio alginolyticus]]'', and ''[[Vibrio parahaemolyticus]]'' | Can enter [[wounds]] from contaminated water. Also acquired by drinking contaminated water or eating undercooked [[oysters]]. | Symptoms include abdominal tenderness, agitation, bloody stools, chills, confusion, difficulty paying attention (attention deficit), delirium, fluctuating mood, hallucination, nosebleeds, severe fatigue, slow, sluggish, lethargic feeling, weakness. |} ===Viruses=== [[File:Hepatitis A virus 01.jpg|alt=Hepatitis A is one of waterborne diseases and its symptoms are only acute. Symptoms include fatigue, fever, etc.|thumb|197x197px|'''Hepatitis A virus'''Hepatitis A is one of waterborne diseases and its symptoms are only acute. Symptoms include fatigue, fever, etc.]] {| class="wikitable" |- ! Disease and transmission<ref name="ewpcw" /><ref name="ciasuv">{{cite journal|vauthors=Nwachuku N, Gerba CP, Oswald A, Mashadi FD|date=September 2005|title=Comparative inactivation of adenovirus serotypes by UV light disinfection|url= http://aem.asm.org/cgi/reprint/71/9/5633.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology|volume=71|issue=9|pages=5633–6|doi=10.1128/AEM.71.9.5633-5636.2005|pmc=1214670|pmid=16151167|bibcode=2005ApEnM..71.5633N|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926101329/http://aem.asm.org/cgi/reprint/71/9/5633.pdf|archive-date=2007-09-26}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Gall AM, Mariñas BJ, Lu Y, Shisler JL|date=June 2015|title=Waterborne Viruses: A Barrier to Safe Drinking Water|journal=PLOS Pathogens|volume=11|issue=6|article-number=e1004867|doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1004867|pmc=4482390|pmid=26110535 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hepatitis A|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-a|access-date=2020-11-19|website=www.who.int|language=en}}</ref> ! Viral agent ! Sources of agent in water supply ! General symptoms |- | [[Hepatitis A]] | Hepatitis A virus (HAV) | Can manifest itself in water (and food) | Symptoms are only [[acute (medicine)|acute]] (no [[chronic (medicine)|chronic]] stage to the virus) and include [[Fatigue (medical)|Fatigue]], fever, [[malaise]], abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea, weight loss, itching, [[jaundice]], and [[depression (mood)|depression]]. |- |Hepatitis E ([[Fecal–oral route|fecal-oral]]) |[[Hepatitis E virus]] (HEV) |Enters water through the [[feces]] of infected individuals |Symptoms of acute [[hepatitis]] (liver disease), including [[fever]], [[fatigue]], loss of appetite, [[nausea]], vomiting, abdominal pain, [[jaundice]], dark urine, clay-colored stool, and joint pain |- |Acute gastrointestinal illness [AGI] ([[Fecal–oral route|fecal-oral]]; spread by food, water, person-to-person, and fomites) |[[Norovirus]] |Enters water through the [[feces]] of infected individuals |[[Diarrhea]], vomiting, [[nausea]], stomach pain |- | [[Poliomyelitis]] (Polio) | [[Poliovirus]] | Enters water through the [[feces]] of infected individuals | 90–95% of patients show no symptoms, 4–8% have minor symptoms (comparatively) with [[delirium]], [[headache]], [[fever]], and occasional [[seizures]], and [[spastic paralysis]], 1% have symptoms of non-paralytic [[aseptic meningitis]]. The rest have serious symptoms resulting in [[paralysis]] or death |- | [[Polyomavirus|Polyomavirus infection]] | Two of [[Polyomavirus]]: [[JC virus]] and [[BK virus]] | Very widespread, can manifest itself in water, ~80% of the population has [[antibodies]] to Polyomavirus | BK virus produces a mild [[respiratory infection]] and can infect the [[kidneys]] of [[immunosuppressed]] [[Organ transplant|transplant]] patients. JC virus infects the [[respiratory system]], kidneys or can cause [[progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy]] in the [[brain]] (which is fatal). |} ===Algae=== {| class="wikitable" !Disease and transmission<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Westblade LF, Ranganath S, Dunne WM, Burnham CA, Fader R, Ford BA|date=March 2015|title=Infection with a chlorophyllic eukaryote after a traumatic freshwater injury|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=372|issue=10|pages=982–4|doi=10.1056/NEJMc1401816|pmid=25738686|doi-access=free}}</ref> !Microbial agent !Sources of agent in water supply !General symptoms |- |[[Desmodesmus]] infection |[[desmodesmus]] armatus |Naturally occurs in water. Can enter open wounds. |Similar to fungal infection. |} === Parasitic worms === {| class="wikitable" !Disease and transmission<ref name="isbn0-697-26071-2">{{cite book | vauthors = Janovy J, Schmidt GD, Roberts LS |title=Gerald D. Schmidt & Larry S. Roberts' Foundations of parasitology |publisher=Wm. C. Brown |location=Dubuque, Iowa |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-697-26071-0 }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> !Agent !Sources of agent in water supply !General symptoms |- |[[Dracunculiasis]] [Guinea worm disease] (ingestion of contaminated water.) |''[[Dracunculus medinensis]]'' |Female worm emerges from host skin and releases larvae in water. |Slight [[fever]], itchy [[rash]], [[nausea]], [[vomiting]], [[diarrhea]], dizziness, followed by formation of painful blister (typically on lower body parts) |- |Schistosomiasis [an infection with the parasitic worm [[Schistosoma]]](ingestion or swimming in contaminated water.) <ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Cleveland Clinic |title=Schistosomiasis |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22631-schistosomiasis}}</ref> |''[[Schistosoma]]'' |The worm enters your body through the skin and spreads throughout your body through the blood stream. <ref name=":10" /> |Rash, itching, flu-like symptoms, stomach pain, muscle aches, loss of appetite, [[Hematemesis|vomiting blood]], and [[Neurological disorder|neurological symptoms]]. <ref name=":10" /> |} === Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) === {| class="wikitable" !Disease and transmission !VOC !Sources of agent in water supply !General symptoms |- |Leukemia |Any volatile compounds such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=AJPH |url=http://ajph.aphapublications.org/ |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=American Journal of Public Health |language=en |doi=10.2105/AJPH.80.10.1209}}</ref> |Water used as dumping grounds of VOCs, causing contamination; pipeline bursts; jet fuel leakage. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Crane-Murdoch |first=Sierra |date=2014-04-05 |title=Looking for Answers in a Town Known for Leukemia |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2014/04/looking-for-answers-in-a-town-known-for-leukemia/284385/ |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> |Headache, fever, nausea, formation of tumors. <ref name=":6" /> |} == Prevention == Reliable access to clean, no-contaminate [[drinking water]] and proper [[sanitation]] na the main ways wey people fit prevent waterborne diseases. Vaccination too be another way wey fit stop body from catch water-borne diseases<ref name="WHO">{{cite web|title=Burden of disease and cost-effectiveness estimates|url=https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/diseases/burden/en/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140213190013/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/diseases/burden/en/index.html|archive-date=February 13, 2014|access-date=April 5, 2014|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]}}</ref>. The aim be to break the [[fecal–oral route]] wey disease dey take spread.<ref name="WHO" /> [[Solar energy]] don become clean and efficient way wey people dey use now take [[Distillation|distill]] and [[Desalination|desalinate]] water. This method safe for environment because e no dey release plenty carbon dioxide wey fit spoil the planet. In fact, the carbon dioxide emission almost zero when you use solar energy distill or desalinate water.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manimaran |first=Renganathan |title=A comprehensive review of solar-assisted technologies in India for clean water and clean energy |url=https://academic.oup.com/ce/article/9/2/12/7950472#507002734}}</ref> Desalination na the process wey dem dey remove salt from water make am fit drink. Because water na [[scarce resource]], meaning say e no dey plenty for everybody for earth to share, research for better sustainable ways to increase amount of [[potable]] water dey very important.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Patel |first1=Suresh G. |last2=Bhatnagar |first2=Shilpi |last3=Vardia |first3=Jitendra |last4=Ameta |first4=Suresh C. |date=2006-03-01 |title=Use of photocatalysts in solar desalination |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011916406001007 |journal=Desalination |series=Selected paper from the 10th Aachen Membrane Colloquium |volume=189 |issue=1 |pages=287–291 |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2005.07.010 |bibcode=2006Desal.189..287P |issn=0011-9164|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Since salt water plenty for earth, the [[solar desalination]] method dey innovative and get potential. E dey work by using [[Solar panel|solar panels]] wey dey collect solar energy from sun, then use am take remove salt from water through process wey dem dey call reverse [[osmosis]]. The solar energy dem convert am to electricity through the solar panels. This electricity then dey push the water under high pressure go through filters wey go block salt but allow water pass.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=How does solar desalination work? |url=https://www.elementalwatermakers.com/knowledge-base/solar-desalination/how-does-solar-desalination-work/ |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=Elemental Water Makers |language=en-US}}</ref> This desalination method still dey helpful to society because dem fit use am for remote places. E no need connection to big pipeline system wey normally dey produce plenty carbon emissions. Especially, this method dey work well where salt water dey plenty, sun dey shine well, and fresh drinking water no dey available.<ref name=":02" /> Other policies and precautions too fit help prevent disease spread through contaminated water. For example, correct amount of chlorine fit dey added to potable water pipes to kill viruses. Normal household precautions like using disinfection wipes and sanitization sprays too dey important, especially for places where clean water use matter pass like bathrooms and kitchens.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Adelodun |first1=Bashir |last2=Ajibade |first2=Fidelis Odedishemi |last3=Ighalo |first3=Joshua O. |last4=Odey |first4=Golden |last5=Ibrahim |first5=Rahmat Gbemisola |last6=Kareem |first6=Kola Yusuff |last7=Bakare |first7=Hashim Olalekan |last8=Tiamiyu |first8=AbdulGafar Olatunji |last9=Ajibade |first9=Temitope F. |last10=Abdulkadir |first10=Taofeeq Sholagberu |last11=Adeniran |first11=Kamoru Akanni |last12=Choi |first12=Kyung Sook |date=January 2021 |title=Assessment of socioeconomic inequality based on virus-contaminated water usage in developing countries: A review |journal=Environmental Research |volume=192 |article-number=110309 |doi=10.1016/j.envres.2020.110309 |issn=1096-0953 |pmc=7546968 |pmid=33045227 |bibcode=2021ER....19210309A }}</ref> Also, dem don note say plastic pipes fit release benzene and other VOCs enter drinking water when heat damage happen from wildfire. So, installing metal pipes for high-risk areas fit reduce future contamination risk.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Amisha |last2=Whelton |first2=Andrew J. |last3=Isaacson |first3=Kristofer P. |date=2020-12-14 |title=Plastic pipes are polluting drinking water systems after wildfires – it’s a risk in urban fires, too |url=http://theconversation.com/plastic-pipes-are-polluting-drinking-water-systems-after-wildfires-its-a-risk-in-urban-fires-too-150923 |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}</ref> == Epidemiology == According to the [[World Health Organization]], waterborne diseases dey cause about 3.6% of total global disease burden (DALY – disability-adjusted life years), and e dey lead to around 1.5 million deaths every year. WHO estimate say 58% of this burden, around 842,000 deaths per year, come from lack of safe drinking water, proper sanitation, and hygiene (we dey call am [[WASH]]).<ref name="WHO" /> === United States === The [[Waterborne Disease and Outbreak Reporting System|Waterborne Disease and Outbreak Surveillance System (WBDOSS)]] na the main database wey dem dey use track the main causes, faults, water systems, and sources wey dey linked to waterborne disease outbreaks for United States.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2017-10-16|title=Waterborne Disease & Outbreak Surveillance Reporting {{!}} Water-related Topics {{!}} Healthy Water {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/surveillance/index.html|access-date=2018-12-07|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> Since 1971, the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)]], the [[Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists|Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE)]], and the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)]] don dey run this surveillance system to collect and report data on “waterborne disease and outbreaks wey dey come from recreational water, drinking water, environment, and other unclear water exposures.”<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Methods for the investigation and prevention of waterborne disease outbreaks; EPA/600/1-90/005A|vauthors=Craun GF|date=2004|publisher=Health Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency|oclc=41657130}}</ref> Data from WBDOSS don help EPA to design drinking water regulations, and e still dey guide CDC work on recreational water safety.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> WBDOSS dey depend on correct and complete reports from public health departments for each state, territory, and other US regions about waterborne disease outbreaks.<ref name=":1" /> For 2009, dem move from paper reporting system go electronic system wey dem call [[National Outbreak Reporting System|National Outbreak Reporting System (NORS)]].<ref name=":1" /> Every year or every two years, dem dey publish surveillance reports from this data inside CDC reports from 1971 go 1984, and from 1985 onwards, dem dey publish am inside the [[Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report|Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)]].<ref name=":1" /> WBDOSS and public health workers dey work together to find out the causes of contaminated water wey dey lead to outbreaks and how to control am. Public health teams dey investigate outbreaks, while WBDOSS dey collect and compile the reports.<ref name=":1" /> == Society and culture == === Socioeconomic impact === Waterborne diseases fit affect the economy in big way. People wey catch waterborne disease normally dey face medical bills and other healthcare costs. This one dey worse for developing countries. On average, one family fit spend about 10% of their monthly household income for each person wey get the sickness.<ref>{{cite web|last=Schnabel|first=Bastian|title=Drastic consequences of diarrhoeal disease|date=30 March 2009 |url=http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/drastic-consequences-diarrhoeal-disease|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923213627/http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/drastic-consequences-diarrhoeal-disease|archive-date=2015-09-23|name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> Socioeconomic impact mean the way waterborne disease dey affect society—like people quality of life, medical care, economy, and even education sustainability.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Adelodun |first1=Bashir |last2=Ajibade |first2=Fidelis Odedishemi |last3=Ighalo |first3=Joshua O. |last4=Odey |first4=Golden |last5=Ibrahim |first5=Rahmat Gbemisola |last6=Kareem |first6=Kola Yusuff |last7=Bakare |first7=Hashim Olalekan |last8=Tiamiyu |first8=AbdulGafar Olatunji |last9=Ajibade |first9=Temitope F. |last10=Abdulkadir |first10=Taofeeq Sholagberu |last11=Adeniran |first11=Kamoru Akanni |last12=Choi |first12=Kyung Sook |date=January 2021 |title=Assessment of socioeconomic inequality based on virus-contaminated water usage in developing countries: A review |journal=Environmental Research |volume=192 |article-number=110309 |doi=10.1016/j.envres.2020.110309 |issn=1096-0953 |pmc=7546968 |pmid=33045227 |bibcode=2021ER....19210309A }}</ref> [[Sustainable Development Goal 6]], wey talk about clean water and proper sanitation for everybody by 2030, na one of the key foundation wey dey support other sustainable development goals for society and economy.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tortajada |first=Cecilia |date=2020-04-30 |title=Contributions of recycled wastewater to clean water and sanitation Sustainable Development Goals |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41545-020-0069-3 |journal=npj Clean Water |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |article-number=22 |doi=10.1038/s41545-020-0069-3 |bibcode=2020npjCW...3...22T |issn=2059-7037}}</ref> Agriculture industries especially dey suffer pass because cities dey grow fast and dey take plenty water from farming areas. Clean water and sanitation dey very important because without am, there no fit be steady food production. Clean water na wetin dem dey use grow healthy crops wey people go chop. If irrigation water dirty, the food wey go come from am fit carry serious diseases go reach people. About one-third of cities worldwide depend on freshwater wey agriculture too need. But pressure dey the freshwater system because as urban population dey increase, dem dey demand more water. This demand for freshwater fit increase by about 80% for the next 25 years, and this one dey add more stress on water resources because farming alone dey use about 72% of available freshwater.<ref name=":9" /> One example of effort to help achieve Sustainable Development Goal 6 be the Adopt-a-River Project for Nairobi, Kenya. The United Nations Environment Programme work with other partners to set traps along Athi River to catch solid waste. Dem still plan to build recycling centres, and industries wey dey dump waste into water sources go also join the program. This project dey help reduce pollution for water wey people go later use for farming irrigation, so e reduce risk of water contamination.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=The United Nations World Water Development Report 2023 |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000384659/PDF/384659eng.pdf.multi |access-date=2025-10-12 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org}}</ref> == History == Before-before, people dey explain waterborne diseases wrongly under something dem dey call [[miasma theory]]. This theory talk say bad air be the cause wey diseases dey spread.<ref name="Juuti_20072">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pZDbCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA103|title=Environmental History of Water|vauthors=Juuti PS, Katko T, Vuorinen H|date=2007-02-01|publisher=IWA Publishing|isbn=978-1-84339-110-4|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=ESSAI {{!}} College Publications {{!}} College of DuPage|url=https://dc.cod.edu/essai/|access-date=2020-11-24|website=dc.cod.edu}}</ref> But later on, people begin notice say there be strong link between [[water quality]] and waterborne diseases. This understanding lead to development of different [[water purification]] methods like [[sand filter]]ing and adding chlorine ([[Water chlorination|chlorination]]) to drinking water. People like founders of [[microscopy]], [[Antonie van Leeuwenhoek]] and [[Robert Hooke]], use the new [[microscope]] wey dem invent that time take observe small tiny particles wey dey inside water for the first time. This discovery help lay foundation for better understanding of waterborne pathogens and how waterborne diseases dey spread.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Use of the Microscope in Water Filter History|url=http://www.historyofwaterfilters.com/microscope-in-water.html|access-date=2012-12-17}}</ref> == References == 37aw7zm80xp7a9rhozl8xo5zjz7lym2 103373 103351 2026-06-16T22:49:12Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 103373 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Waterborne diseases''' be diseases wey pathogenic micro-organisms like bacteria, viruses, protozoa, den parasitic worms dey cause. Dem dey spread thru water wey get contamination. Chaw of dese micro-organisms be intestinal parasites wey fit enter body tissues anaa circulatory system thru de walls of digestive tract. Some oda waterborne diseases dey come from viruses too. Oda important types of waterborne diseases dey cam from metazoan parasites. Common examples dey include sam nematoda (roundworms), wey fit cause sickness like dracunculiasis anaa guinea worm disease. Oda types of metazoan pathogens dey include Schistosomatidae, family of blood flukes. Apart from pathogens, water contamination sanso fi cam from chemical pollutants like volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Dis one dey include benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, den xylenes, wey fit enter water lines thru industrial dumping, pipeline leaks, jet fuel spills, anaa plastic pipes wey heat damage. Dese diseases fit spread wen person bath, wash, drink, anaa chop chow wey touch contaminated water. E dey very common for developing countries wey no get clean water, sanitation, den hygiene (WASH). Even though [[diarrhea]] den vomiting be de most common symptoms, oda symptoms include nausea, stomach cramps, fever, den problems for skin, ear, breathing system, anaa eyes. When water get VOC contamination, e link to headaches, nausea, tumor formation, den even increase cancer risk, wey dey include [[leukemia]]. So, de best way to prevent waterborne diseases be make people get reliable access to clean drinking water den proper sanitation. Dis one include better sanitation systems, chlorination, vaccination, den sustainable technology like solar-powered desalination. Infrastructure improvement like changing bad plastic pipes to metal ones for wildfire-prone areas sanso fi reduce contamination. Billions of people still no get access to clean water, so prevention be very important. Waterborne diseases dey cause plenty death den disability, especially for developing regions, den e sanso dey put economic pressure on affected communities. [[Climate change]] dey increase risk too secof droughts den flooding wey fit spread contamination den affect vulnerable people badly. Surveillance systems like de ones for [[United States]] dey help monitor den prevent disease outbreaks. Historically, improvement insyd sanitation, filtration, chlorination, den microbiology help understand den control these diseases. ==Diseases by type of pathogen== ===Protozoa=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Disease den transmission<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Guidelines for drinking-water quality.|others=World Health Organization|year=2017|isbn=978-92-4-154995-0|edition=Fourth edition incorporating the first addendum|location=Geneva|oclc=975491910}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Baldursson S, Karanis P|date=December 2011|title=Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: review of worldwide outbreaks - an update 2004-2010|journal=Water Research|volume=45|issue=20|pages=6603–14|doi=10.1016/j.watres.2011.10.013|pmid=22048017|bibcode=2011WatRe..45.6603B }}</ref> ! Microbial agent ! Sources of agent insyd water supply ! General symptoms |- |[[Acanthamoeba keratitis]] (cleaning of contact lenses with contaminated water) |[[Acanthamoeba|''Acanthamoeba'' spp.]] (''A. castellanii'' and ''A. polyphaga'') |widely distributed free-living amoebae dem find insyd chaw types of aquatic environments, wey dey include surface water, tap water, swimming pools, den contact lens solutions |Eye pain, eye redness, blurred vision, sensitivity to light, sensation of something insyd de eye, den excessive tearing |- | [[Amoebiasis]] (hand-to-mouth) | Protozoan (''[[Entamoeba histolytica]]'') (Cyst-like appearance) | [[Sewage]], [[water treatment|non-treated drinking water]], [[flies]] insyd water supply, saliva transfer(if de oda person get de disease) | Abdominal discomfort, [[fatigue (medical)|fatigue]], weight loss, [[diarrhea]], [[bloating]], [[fever]] |- | [[Cryptosporidiosis]] (oral) | Protozoan (''[[Cryptosporidium parvum]]'') | Collects on water filters den membranes that cannot be [[disinfected]], [[manure|animal manure]], seasonal [[Surface runoff|runoff]] of water. | [[Flu-like symptoms]], watery diarrhea, loss of appetite, substantial loss of weight, [[bloating]], increased gas, [[nausea]] |- | [[Cyclosporiasis]] | Protozoan parasite (''[[Cyclospora cayetanensis]]'') | [[Sewage]], [[water treatment|non-treated drinking water]] | [[cramps]], nausea, [[vomiting]], muscle aches, fever, and fatigue |- | [[Giardiasis]] (fecal-oral) (hand-to-mouth) | Protozoan (''[[Giardia lamblia]]'') Most common intestinal parasite | Untreated water, poor disinfection, pipe breaks, leaks, [[groundwater]] contamination, [[campgrounds]] where humans and wildlife use same source of water. [[Beavers]] and [[muskrats]] create [[ponds]] that act as [[reservoirs]] for Giardia. | Diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, [[bloating]], and [[flatulence]] |- | [[Microsporidiosis]] | Protozoan phylum (''[[Microsporidia]]''), but closely related to [[fungi]] | ''[[Encephalitozoon intestinalis]]'' has been detected in [[groundwater]], the origin of drinking water<ref name="ewpcw">{{cite journal|vauthors=Nwachcuku N, Gerba CP|date=June 2004|title=Emerging waterborne pathogens: can we kill them all?|url=http://env1.gist.ac.kr/~aeml/paper/papers(pdf)/27-waterborne_pathogens.pdf|journal=Current Opinion in Biotechnology|volume=15|issue=3|pages=175–80|doi=10.1016/j.copbio.2004.04.010|pmc=7134665|pmid=15193323|bibcode=2004COBt...15..175N |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307190853/http://env1.gist.ac.kr/~aeml/paper/papers(pdf)/27-waterborne_pathogens.pdf|archive-date=2008-03-07|access-date=2007-08-09}}</ref> | Diarrhea and [[wasting]] in [[immunocompromised]] individuals. |- | [[Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis|Naegleriasis]] ([[primary amebic meningoencephalitis]] [PAM]) (nasal) | Protozoan (''[[Naegleria fowleri]]'') (Cyst-like appearance) | [[Watersport]]s, [[Water chlorination|non-chlorinated water]] | Headache, vomiting, confusion, loss of balance, light sensitivity, [[hallucination]]s, [[fatigue (medical)|fatigue]], weight loss, [[fever]], and coma |} ===Bacteria=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Disease and transmission<ref name="swdo">{{cite journal|display-authors=6|vauthors=Dziuban EJ, Liang JL, Craun GF, Hill V, Yu PA, Painter J, Moore MR, Calderon RL, Roy SL, Beach MJ|date=December 2006|title=Surveillance for waterborne disease and outbreaks associated with recreational water--United States, 2003-2004|url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss5512a1.htm|url-status=live|journal=Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Surveillance Summaries|volume=55|issue=12|pages=1–30|pmid=17183230|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029121311/https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss5512a1.htm|archive-date=29 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="mmuawg">{{cite journal|vauthors=Petrini B|date=October 2006|title=Mycobacterium marinum: ubiquitous agent of waterborne granulomatous skin infections|journal=European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases|volume=25|issue=10|pages=609–13|doi=10.1007/s10096-006-0201-4|pmid=17047903|s2cid=7485002}}</ref> ! Microbial agent ! Sources of agent in water supply ! General symptoms |- | [[Botulism]] | ''[[Clostridium botulinum]]'' | Bacteria can enter an open wound from contaminated water sources. Can enter the gastrointestinal tract through consumption of contaminated [[drinking water]] or (more commonly) food | Dry mouth, [[blurred vision|blurred]] and/or [[Diplopia|double vision]], difficulty swallowing, muscle weakness, difficulty breathing, slurred speech, [[vomiting]] and sometimes [[diarrhea]]. Death is usually caused by [[respiratory failure]]. |- | [[Campylobacteriosis]] | Most commonly caused by ''[[Campylobacter jejuni]]'' | Drinking water contaminated with [[feces]] | Produces [[dysentery]]-like symptoms along with a [[fever|high fever]]. Usually lasts 2–10 days. |- | [[Cholera]] | Spread by the bacterium ''[[Vibrio cholerae]]'' | Drinking water contaminated with the bacterium | In severe forms it is known to be one of the most rapidly fatal illnesses known. Symptoms include very watery diarrhea, [[nausea]], [[cramps]], [[nosebleed]], rapid [[pulse]], vomiting, and [[hypovolemic shock]] (in severe cases), at which point death can occur in 12–18 hours. |- | [[E. coli|''E. coli'' Infection]] | Certain strains of ''[[Escherichia coli]]'' (commonly ''E. coli'') | Water contaminated with the bacteria | Mostly diarrhea. Can cause death in [[immunocompromised]] individuals, the very young, and the elderly due to [[dehydration]] from prolonged illness. |- | [[Mycobacterium marinum|''M. marinum'' infection]] | ''[[Mycobacterium marinum]]'' | Naturally occurs in water, most cases from exposure in [[swimming pools]] or more frequently [[aquariums]]; rare infection since it mostly infects [[immunocompromised]] individuals | Symptoms include [[lesions]] typically located on the elbows, knees, and feet (from [[swimming pools]]) or lesions on the hands ([[aquariums]]). Lesions may be painless or painful. |- | [[Dysentery]] | Caused by a number of species in the genera ''[[Shigella]]'' and ''[[Salmonella]]'' with the most common being ''[[Shigella dysenteriae]]'' | Water contaminated with the bacterium | Frequent passage of [[feces]] with [[blood]] and/or [[mucus]] and in some cases vomiting of blood. |- | [[Legionellosis]] (two distinct forms: Legionnaires' disease and Pontiac fever) | Caused by bacteria belonging to genus ''[[Legionella]]'' (90% of cases caused by ''[[Legionella pneumophila]]'') | Legionella is a very common organism that reproduces to high numbers in warm water;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/legionnaires/faq.html|title=Legionnaires' Disease eTool: Facts and FAQs|website=www.osha.gov|access-date=29 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115083526/https://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/legionnaires/faq.html|archive-date=15 November 2017}}</ref> but only causes severe disease when aerosolized.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/legionella/about/causes-transmission.html|title=Legionella - Causes and Transmission - Legionnaires - CDC|date=8 December 2017|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=29 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325023304/http://www.cdc.gov/legionella/about/causes-transmission.html|archive-date=25 March 2016}}</ref> | Pontiac fever produces milder symptoms resembling acute [[influenza]] without [[pneumonia]]. Legionnaires' disease has severe symptoms such as [[fever]], [[chills]], pneumonia (with cough that sometimes produces [[sputum]]), [[ataxia]], [[Anorexia (symptom)|anorexia]], muscle aches, [[malaise]] and occasionally diarrhea and vomiting |- | [[Leptospirosis]] | Caused by bacterium of genus ''[[Leptospira]]'' | Water contaminated by the animal urine carrying the bacteria | Begins with [[flu-like symptoms]] then resolves. The second phase then occurs involving [[meningitis]], [[liver]] damage (causes [[jaundice]]), and [[kidney failure]] |- | [[Otitis Externa]] (swimmer's ear) | Caused by a number of [[bacteria]]l and [[fungus|fungal]] species. | Swimming in water contaminated by the responsible pathogens | [[Ear canal]] swells, causing pain and tenderness to the touch |- | [[Salmonellosis]] | Caused by many bacteria of genus ''[[Salmonella]]'' | Drinking water contaminated with the bacteria. More common as a [[food borne illness]]. | Symptoms include [[diarrhea]], [[fever]], vomiting, and abdominal cramps |- | [[Typhoid fever]] | [[Salmonella enterica|''Salmonella typhi'']] | Ingestion of water contaminated with [[feces]] of an infected person | Characterized by sustained fever up to 40&nbsp;°C (104&nbsp;°F), profuse [[sweating]]; diarrhea, muscle aches, fatigue, and constipation may occur. Symptoms progress to [[delirium]], and the [[spleen]] and [[liver]] enlarge if untreated. In this case, it can last up to four weeks and cause death. Some people with typhoid fever develop a rash called "rose spots", small red spots on the abdomen and chest. |- | [[Vibrio|Vibrio Illness]] | ''[[Vibrio vulnificus]]'', ''[[Vibrio alginolyticus]]'', and ''[[Vibrio parahaemolyticus]]'' | Can enter [[wounds]] from contaminated water. Also acquired by drinking contaminated water or eating undercooked [[oysters]]. | Symptoms include abdominal tenderness, agitation, bloody stools, chills, confusion, difficulty paying attention (attention deficit), delirium, fluctuating mood, hallucination, nosebleeds, severe fatigue, slow, sluggish, lethargic feeling, weakness. |} ===Viruses=== [[File:Hepatitis A virus 01.jpg|alt=Hepatitis A is one of waterborne diseases and its symptoms are only acute. Symptoms include fatigue, fever, etc.|thumb|197x197px|'''Hepatitis A virus'''Hepatitis A is one of waterborne diseases and its symptoms are only acute. Symptoms include fatigue, fever, etc.]] {| class="wikitable" |- ! Disease and transmission<ref name="ewpcw" /><ref name="ciasuv">{{cite journal|vauthors=Nwachuku N, Gerba CP, Oswald A, Mashadi FD|date=September 2005|title=Comparative inactivation of adenovirus serotypes by UV light disinfection|url= http://aem.asm.org/cgi/reprint/71/9/5633.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology|volume=71|issue=9|pages=5633–6|doi=10.1128/AEM.71.9.5633-5636.2005|pmc=1214670|pmid=16151167|bibcode=2005ApEnM..71.5633N|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926101329/http://aem.asm.org/cgi/reprint/71/9/5633.pdf|archive-date=2007-09-26}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Gall AM, Mariñas BJ, Lu Y, Shisler JL|date=June 2015|title=Waterborne Viruses: A Barrier to Safe Drinking Water|journal=PLOS Pathogens|volume=11|issue=6|article-number=e1004867|doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1004867|pmc=4482390|pmid=26110535 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hepatitis A|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-a|access-date=2020-11-19|website=www.who.int|language=en}}</ref> ! Viral agent ! Sources of agent in water supply ! General symptoms |- | [[Hepatitis A]] | Hepatitis A virus (HAV) | Can manifest itself in water (and food) | Symptoms are only [[acute (medicine)|acute]] (no [[chronic (medicine)|chronic]] stage to the virus) and include [[Fatigue (medical)|Fatigue]], fever, [[malaise]], abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea, weight loss, itching, [[jaundice]], and [[depression (mood)|depression]]. |- |Hepatitis E ([[Fecal–oral route|fecal-oral]]) |[[Hepatitis E virus]] (HEV) |Enters water through the [[feces]] of infected individuals |Symptoms of acute [[hepatitis]] (liver disease), including [[fever]], [[fatigue]], loss of appetite, [[nausea]], vomiting, abdominal pain, [[jaundice]], dark urine, clay-colored stool, and joint pain |- |Acute gastrointestinal illness [AGI] ([[Fecal–oral route|fecal-oral]]; spread by food, water, person-to-person, and fomites) |[[Norovirus]] |Enters water through the [[feces]] of infected individuals |[[Diarrhea]], vomiting, [[nausea]], stomach pain |- | [[Poliomyelitis]] (Polio) | [[Poliovirus]] | Enters water through the [[feces]] of infected individuals | 90–95% of patients show no symptoms, 4–8% have minor symptoms (comparatively) with [[delirium]], [[headache]], [[fever]], and occasional [[seizures]], and [[spastic paralysis]], 1% have symptoms of non-paralytic [[aseptic meningitis]]. The rest have serious symptoms resulting in [[paralysis]] or death |- | [[Polyomavirus|Polyomavirus infection]] | Two of [[Polyomavirus]]: [[JC virus]] and [[BK virus]] | Very widespread, can manifest itself in water, ~80% of the population has [[antibodies]] to Polyomavirus | BK virus produces a mild [[respiratory infection]] and can infect the [[kidneys]] of [[immunosuppressed]] [[Organ transplant|transplant]] patients. JC virus infects the [[respiratory system]], kidneys or can cause [[progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy]] in the [[brain]] (which is fatal). |} ===Algae=== {| class="wikitable" !Disease and transmission<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Westblade LF, Ranganath S, Dunne WM, Burnham CA, Fader R, Ford BA|date=March 2015|title=Infection with a chlorophyllic eukaryote after a traumatic freshwater injury|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=372|issue=10|pages=982–4|doi=10.1056/NEJMc1401816|pmid=25738686|doi-access=free}}</ref> !Microbial agent !Sources of agent in water supply !General symptoms |- |[[Desmodesmus]] infection |[[desmodesmus]] armatus |Naturally occurs in water. Can enter open wounds. |Similar to fungal infection. |} === Parasitic worms === {| class="wikitable" !Disease and transmission<ref name="isbn0-697-26071-2">{{cite book | vauthors = Janovy J, Schmidt GD, Roberts LS |title=Gerald D. Schmidt & Larry S. Roberts' Foundations of parasitology |publisher=Wm. C. Brown |location=Dubuque, Iowa |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-697-26071-0 }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> !Agent !Sources of agent in water supply !General symptoms |- |[[Dracunculiasis]] [Guinea worm disease] (ingestion of contaminated water.) |''[[Dracunculus medinensis]]'' |Female worm emerges from host skin and releases larvae in water. |Slight [[fever]], itchy [[rash]], [[nausea]], [[vomiting]], [[diarrhea]], dizziness, followed by formation of painful blister (typically on lower body parts) |- |Schistosomiasis [an infection with the parasitic worm [[Schistosoma]]](ingestion or swimming in contaminated water.) <ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Cleveland Clinic |title=Schistosomiasis |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22631-schistosomiasis}}</ref> |''[[Schistosoma]]'' |The worm enters your body through the skin and spreads throughout your body through the blood stream. <ref name=":10" /> |Rash, itching, flu-like symptoms, stomach pain, muscle aches, loss of appetite, [[Hematemesis|vomiting blood]], and [[Neurological disorder|neurological symptoms]]. <ref name=":10" /> |} === Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) === {| class="wikitable" !Disease and transmission !VOC !Sources of agent in water supply !General symptoms |- |Leukemia |Any volatile compounds such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=AJPH |url=http://ajph.aphapublications.org/ |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=American Journal of Public Health |language=en |doi=10.2105/AJPH.80.10.1209}}</ref> |Water used as dumping grounds of VOCs, causing contamination; pipeline bursts; jet fuel leakage. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Crane-Murdoch |first=Sierra |date=2014-04-05 |title=Looking for Answers in a Town Known for Leukemia |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2014/04/looking-for-answers-in-a-town-known-for-leukemia/284385/ |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> |Headache, fever, nausea, formation of tumors. <ref name=":6" /> |} == References == 2t6s5efvj5r7f93oje37s0ctilwacod 103374 103373 2026-06-16T23:09:26Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 103374 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Waterborne diseases''' be diseases wey pathogenic micro-organisms like bacteria, viruses, protozoa, den parasitic worms dey cause. Dem dey spread thru water wey get contamination. Chaw of dese micro-organisms be intestinal parasites wey fit enter body tissues anaa circulatory system thru de walls of digestive tract. Some oda waterborne diseases dey come from viruses too. Oda important types of waterborne diseases dey cam from metazoan parasites. Common examples dey include sam nematoda (roundworms), wey fit cause sickness like dracunculiasis anaa guinea worm disease. Oda types of metazoan pathogens dey include Schistosomatidae, family of blood flukes. Apart from pathogens, water contamination sanso fi cam from chemical pollutants like volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Dis one dey include benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, den xylenes, wey fit enter water lines thru industrial dumping, pipeline leaks, jet fuel spills, anaa plastic pipes wey heat damage. Dese diseases fit spread wen person bath, wash, drink, anaa chop chow wey touch contaminated water. E dey very common for developing countries wey no get clean water, sanitation, den hygiene (WASH). Even though [[diarrhea]] den vomiting be de most common symptoms, oda symptoms include nausea, stomach cramps, fever, den problems for skin, ear, breathing system, anaa eyes. When water get VOC contamination, e link to headaches, nausea, tumor formation, den even increase cancer risk, wey dey include [[leukemia]]. So, de best way to prevent waterborne diseases be make people get reliable access to clean drinking water den proper sanitation. Dis one include better sanitation systems, chlorination, vaccination, den sustainable technology like solar-powered desalination. Infrastructure improvement like changing bad plastic pipes to metal ones for wildfire-prone areas sanso fi reduce contamination. Billions of people still no get access to clean water, so prevention be very important. Waterborne diseases dey cause plenty death den disability, especially for developing regions, den e sanso dey put economic pressure on affected communities. [[Climate change]] dey increase risk too secof droughts den flooding wey fit spread contamination den affect vulnerable people badly. Surveillance systems like de ones for [[United States]] dey help monitor den prevent disease outbreaks. Historically, improvement insyd sanitation, filtration, chlorination, den microbiology help understand den control these diseases. ==Diseases by type of pathogen== ===Protozoa=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Disease den transmission<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Guidelines for drinking-water quality.|others=World Health Organization|year=2017|isbn=978-92-4-154995-0|edition=Fourth edition incorporating the first addendum|location=Geneva|oclc=975491910}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Baldursson S, Karanis P|date=December 2011|title=Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: review of worldwide outbreaks - an update 2004-2010|journal=Water Research|volume=45|issue=20|pages=6603–14|doi=10.1016/j.watres.2011.10.013|pmid=22048017|bibcode=2011WatRe..45.6603B }}</ref> ! Microbial agent ! Sources of agent insyd water supply ! General symptoms |- |[[Acanthamoeba keratitis]] (cleaning of contact lenses with contaminated water) |[[Acanthamoeba|''Acanthamoeba'' spp.]] (''A. castellanii'' and ''A. polyphaga'') |widely distributed free-living amoebae dem find insyd chaw types of aquatic environments, wey dey include surface water, tap water, swimming pools, den contact lens solutions |Eye pain, eye redness, blurred vision, sensitivity to light, sensation of something insyd de eye, den excessive tearing |- | [[Amoebiasis]] (hand-to-mouth) | Protozoan (''[[Entamoeba histolytica]]'') (Cyst-like appearance) | [[Sewage]], [[water treatment|non-treated drinking water]], [[flies]] insyd water supply, saliva transfer(if de oda person get de disease) | Abdominal discomfort, [[fatigue (medical)|fatigue]], weight loss, [[diarrhea]], [[bloating]], [[fever]] |- | [[Cryptosporidiosis]] (oral) | Protozoan (''[[Cryptosporidium parvum]]'') | Collects on water filters den membranes that cannot be [[disinfected]], [[manure|animal manure]], seasonal [[Surface runoff|runoff]] of water. | [[Flu-like symptoms]], watery diarrhea, loss of appetite, substantial loss of weight, [[bloating]], increased gas, [[nausea]] |- | [[Cyclosporiasis]] | Protozoan parasite (''[[Cyclospora cayetanensis]]'') | [[Sewage]], [[water treatment|non-treated drinking water]] | [[cramps]], nausea, [[vomiting]], muscle aches, fever, and fatigue |- | [[Giardiasis]] (fecal-oral) (hand-to-mouth) | Protozoan (''[[Giardia lamblia]]'') Most common intestinal parasite | Untreated water, poor disinfection, pipe breaks, leaks, [[groundwater]] contamination, [[campgrounds]] where humans and wildlife use same source of water. [[Beavers]] and [[muskrats]] create [[ponds]] that act as [[reservoirs]] for Giardia. | Diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, [[bloating]], and [[flatulence]] |- | [[Microsporidiosis]] | Protozoan phylum (''[[Microsporidia]]''), but closely related to [[fungi]] | ''[[Encephalitozoon intestinalis]]'' has been detected in [[groundwater]], the origin of drinking water<ref name="ewpcw">{{cite journal|vauthors=Nwachcuku N, Gerba CP|date=June 2004|title=Emerging waterborne pathogens: can we kill them all?|url=http://env1.gist.ac.kr/~aeml/paper/papers(pdf)/27-waterborne_pathogens.pdf|journal=Current Opinion in Biotechnology|volume=15|issue=3|pages=175–80|doi=10.1016/j.copbio.2004.04.010|pmc=7134665|pmid=15193323|bibcode=2004COBt...15..175N |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307190853/http://env1.gist.ac.kr/~aeml/paper/papers(pdf)/27-waterborne_pathogens.pdf|archive-date=2008-03-07|access-date=2007-08-09}}</ref> | Diarrhea and [[wasting]] in [[immunocompromised]] individuals. |- | [[Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis|Naegleriasis]] ([[primary amebic meningoencephalitis]] [PAM]) (nasal) | Protozoan (''[[Naegleria fowleri]]'') (Cyst-like appearance) | [[Watersport]]s, [[Water chlorination|non-chlorinated water]] | Headache, vomiting, confusion, loss of balance, light sensitivity, [[hallucination]]s, [[fatigue (medical)|fatigue]], weight loss, [[fever]], and coma |} ===Bacteria=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Disease and transmission<ref name="swdo">{{cite journal|display-authors=6|vauthors=Dziuban EJ, Liang JL, Craun GF, Hill V, Yu PA, Painter J, Moore MR, Calderon RL, Roy SL, Beach MJ|date=December 2006|title=Surveillance for waterborne disease and outbreaks associated with recreational water--United States, 2003-2004|url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss5512a1.htm|url-status=live|journal=Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Surveillance Summaries|volume=55|issue=12|pages=1–30|pmid=17183230|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029121311/https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss5512a1.htm|archive-date=29 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="mmuawg">{{cite journal|vauthors=Petrini B|date=October 2006|title=Mycobacterium marinum: ubiquitous agent of waterborne granulomatous skin infections|journal=European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases|volume=25|issue=10|pages=609–13|doi=10.1007/s10096-006-0201-4|pmid=17047903|s2cid=7485002}}</ref> ! Microbial agent ! Sources of agent in water supply ! General symptoms |- | [[Botulism]] | ''[[Clostridium botulinum]]'' | Bacteria can enter an open wound from contaminated water sources. Can enter the gastrointestinal tract through consumption of contaminated [[drinking water]] or (more commonly) food | Dry mouth, [[blurred vision|blurred]] and/or [[Diplopia|double vision]], difficulty swallowing, muscle weakness, difficulty breathing, slurred speech, [[vomiting]] and sometimes [[diarrhea]]. Death is usually caused by [[respiratory failure]]. |- | [[Campylobacteriosis]] | Most commonly caused by ''[[Campylobacter jejuni]]'' | Drinking water contaminated with [[feces]] | Produces [[dysentery]]-like symptoms along with a [[fever|high fever]]. Usually lasts 2–10 days. |- | [[Cholera]] | Spread by the bacterium ''[[Vibrio cholerae]]'' | Drinking water contaminated with the bacterium | In severe forms it is known to be one of the most rapidly fatal illnesses known. Symptoms include very watery diarrhea, [[nausea]], [[cramps]], [[nosebleed]], rapid [[pulse]], vomiting, and [[hypovolemic shock]] (in severe cases), at which point death can occur in 12–18 hours. |- | [[E. coli|''E. coli'' Infection]] | Certain strains of ''[[Escherichia coli]]'' (commonly ''E. coli'') | Water contaminated with the bacteria | Mostly diarrhea. Can cause death in [[immunocompromised]] individuals, the very young, and the elderly due to [[dehydration]] from prolonged illness. |- | [[Mycobacterium marinum|''M. marinum'' infection]] | ''[[Mycobacterium marinum]]'' | Naturally occurs in water, most cases from exposure in [[swimming pools]] or more frequently [[aquariums]]; rare infection since it mostly infects [[immunocompromised]] individuals | Symptoms include [[lesions]] typically located on the elbows, knees, and feet (from [[swimming pools]]) or lesions on the hands ([[aquariums]]). Lesions may be painless or painful. |- | [[Dysentery]] | Caused by a number of species in the genera ''[[Shigella]]'' and ''[[Salmonella]]'' with the most common being ''[[Shigella dysenteriae]]'' | Water contaminated with the bacterium | Frequent passage of [[feces]] with [[blood]] and/or [[mucus]] and in some cases vomiting of blood. |- | [[Legionellosis]] (two distinct forms: Legionnaires' disease and Pontiac fever) | Caused by bacteria belonging to genus ''[[Legionella]]'' (90% of cases caused by ''[[Legionella pneumophila]]'') | Legionella is a very common organism that reproduces to high numbers in warm water;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/legionnaires/faq.html|title=Legionnaires' Disease eTool: Facts and FAQs|website=www.osha.gov|access-date=29 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115083526/https://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/legionnaires/faq.html|archive-date=15 November 2017}}</ref> but only causes severe disease when aerosolized.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/legionella/about/causes-transmission.html|title=Legionella - Causes and Transmission - Legionnaires - CDC|date=8 December 2017|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=29 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325023304/http://www.cdc.gov/legionella/about/causes-transmission.html|archive-date=25 March 2016}}</ref> | Pontiac fever produces milder symptoms resembling acute [[influenza]] without [[pneumonia]]. Legionnaires' disease has severe symptoms such as [[fever]], [[chills]], pneumonia (with cough that sometimes produces [[sputum]]), [[ataxia]], [[Anorexia (symptom)|anorexia]], muscle aches, [[malaise]] and occasionally diarrhea and vomiting |- | [[Leptospirosis]] | Caused by bacterium of genus ''[[Leptospira]]'' | Water contaminated by the animal urine carrying the bacteria | Begins with [[flu-like symptoms]] then resolves. The second phase then occurs involving [[meningitis]], [[liver]] damage (causes [[jaundice]]), and [[kidney failure]] |- | [[Otitis Externa]] (swimmer's ear) | Caused by a number of [[bacteria]]l and [[fungus|fungal]] species. | Swimming in water contaminated by the responsible pathogens | [[Ear canal]] swells, causing pain and tenderness to the touch |- | [[Salmonellosis]] | Caused by many bacteria of genus ''[[Salmonella]]'' | Drinking water contaminated with the bacteria. More common as a [[food borne illness]]. | Symptoms include [[diarrhea]], [[fever]], vomiting, and abdominal cramps |- | [[Typhoid fever]] | [[Salmonella enterica|''Salmonella typhi'']] | Ingestion of water contaminated with [[feces]] of an infected person | Characterized by sustained fever up to 40&nbsp;°C (104&nbsp;°F), profuse [[sweating]]; diarrhea, muscle aches, fatigue, and constipation may occur. Symptoms progress to [[delirium]], and the [[spleen]] and [[liver]] enlarge if untreated. In this case, it can last up to four weeks and cause death. Some people with typhoid fever develop a rash called "rose spots", small red spots on the abdomen and chest. |- | [[Vibrio|Vibrio Illness]] | ''[[Vibrio vulnificus]]'', ''[[Vibrio alginolyticus]]'', and ''[[Vibrio parahaemolyticus]]'' | Can enter [[wounds]] from contaminated water. Also acquired by drinking contaminated water or eating undercooked [[oysters]]. | Symptoms include abdominal tenderness, agitation, bloody stools, chills, confusion, difficulty paying attention (attention deficit), delirium, fluctuating mood, hallucination, nosebleeds, severe fatigue, slow, sluggish, lethargic feeling, weakness. |} ===Viruses=== [[File:Hepatitis A virus 01.jpg|alt=Hepatitis A is one of waterborne diseases and its symptoms are only acute. Symptoms include fatigue, fever, etc.|thumb|197x197px|'''Hepatitis A virus'''Hepatitis A is one of waterborne diseases and its symptoms are only acute. Symptoms include fatigue, fever, etc.]] {| class="wikitable" |- ! Disease and transmission<ref name="ewpcw" /><ref name="ciasuv">{{cite journal|vauthors=Nwachuku N, Gerba CP, Oswald A, Mashadi FD|date=September 2005|title=Comparative inactivation of adenovirus serotypes by UV light disinfection|url= http://aem.asm.org/cgi/reprint/71/9/5633.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology|volume=71|issue=9|pages=5633–6|doi=10.1128/AEM.71.9.5633-5636.2005|pmc=1214670|pmid=16151167|bibcode=2005ApEnM..71.5633N|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926101329/http://aem.asm.org/cgi/reprint/71/9/5633.pdf|archive-date=2007-09-26}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Gall AM, Mariñas BJ, Lu Y, Shisler JL|date=June 2015|title=Waterborne Viruses: A Barrier to Safe Drinking Water|journal=PLOS Pathogens|volume=11|issue=6|article-number=e1004867|doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1004867|pmc=4482390|pmid=26110535 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hepatitis A|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-a|access-date=2020-11-19|website=www.who.int|language=en}}</ref> ! Viral agent ! Sources of agent in water supply ! General symptoms |- | [[Hepatitis A]] | Hepatitis A virus (HAV) | Can manifest itself in water (and food) | Symptoms are only [[acute (medicine)|acute]] (no [[chronic (medicine)|chronic]] stage to the virus) and include [[Fatigue (medical)|Fatigue]], fever, [[malaise]], abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea, weight loss, itching, [[jaundice]], and [[depression (mood)|depression]]. |- |Hepatitis E ([[Fecal–oral route|fecal-oral]]) |[[Hepatitis E virus]] (HEV) |Enters water through the [[feces]] of infected individuals |Symptoms of acute [[hepatitis]] (liver disease), including [[fever]], [[fatigue]], loss of appetite, [[nausea]], vomiting, abdominal pain, [[jaundice]], dark urine, clay-colored stool, and joint pain |- |Acute gastrointestinal illness [AGI] ([[Fecal–oral route|fecal-oral]]; spread by food, water, person-to-person, and fomites) |[[Norovirus]] |Enters water through the [[feces]] of infected individuals |[[Diarrhea]], vomiting, [[nausea]], stomach pain |- | [[Poliomyelitis]] (Polio) | [[Poliovirus]] | Enters water through the [[feces]] of infected individuals | 90–95% of patients show no symptoms, 4–8% have minor symptoms (comparatively) with [[delirium]], [[headache]], [[fever]], and occasional [[seizures]], and [[spastic paralysis]], 1% have symptoms of non-paralytic [[aseptic meningitis]]. The rest have serious symptoms resulting in [[paralysis]] or death |- | [[Polyomavirus|Polyomavirus infection]] | Two of [[Polyomavirus]]: [[JC virus]] and [[BK virus]] | Very widespread, can manifest itself in water, ~80% of the population has [[antibodies]] to Polyomavirus | BK virus produces a mild [[respiratory infection]] and can infect the [[kidneys]] of [[immunosuppressed]] [[Organ transplant|transplant]] patients. JC virus infects the [[respiratory system]], kidneys or can cause [[progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy]] in the [[brain]] (which is fatal). |} ===Algae=== {| class="wikitable" !Disease and transmission<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Westblade LF, Ranganath S, Dunne WM, Burnham CA, Fader R, Ford BA|date=March 2015|title=Infection with a chlorophyllic eukaryote after a traumatic freshwater injury|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=372|issue=10|pages=982–4|doi=10.1056/NEJMc1401816|pmid=25738686|doi-access=free}}</ref> !Microbial agent !Sources of agent in water supply !General symptoms |- |[[Desmodesmus]] infection |[[desmodesmus]] armatus |Naturally occurs in water. Can enter open wounds. |Similar to fungal infection. |} === Parasitic worms === {| class="wikitable" !Disease and transmission<ref name="isbn0-697-26071-2">{{cite book | vauthors = Janovy J, Schmidt GD, Roberts LS |title=Gerald D. Schmidt & Larry S. Roberts' Foundations of parasitology |publisher=Wm. C. Brown |location=Dubuque, Iowa |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-697-26071-0 }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> !Agent !Sources of agent in water supply !General symptoms |- |[[Dracunculiasis]] [Guinea worm disease] (ingestion of contaminated water.) |''[[Dracunculus medinensis]]'' |Female worm emerges from host skin and releases larvae in water. |Slight [[fever]], itchy [[rash]], [[nausea]], [[vomiting]], [[diarrhea]], dizziness, followed by formation of painful blister (typically on lower body parts) |- |Schistosomiasis [an infection with the parasitic worm [[Schistosoma]]](ingestion or swimming in contaminated water.) <ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Cleveland Clinic |title=Schistosomiasis |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22631-schistosomiasis}}</ref> |''[[Schistosoma]]'' |The worm enters your body through the skin and spreads throughout your body through the blood stream. <ref name=":10" /> |Rash, itching, flu-like symptoms, stomach pain, muscle aches, loss of appetite, [[Hematemesis|vomiting blood]], and [[Neurological disorder|neurological symptoms]]. <ref name=":10" /> |} === Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) === {| class="wikitable" !Disease and transmission !VOC !Sources of agent in water supply !General symptoms |- |Leukemia |Any volatile compounds such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=AJPH |url=http://ajph.aphapublications.org/ |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=American Journal of Public Health |language=en |doi=10.2105/AJPH.80.10.1209}}</ref> |Water used as dumping grounds of VOCs, causing contamination; pipeline bursts; jet fuel leakage. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Crane-Murdoch |first=Sierra |date=2014-04-05 |title=Looking for Answers in a Town Known for Leukemia |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2014/04/looking-for-answers-in-a-town-known-for-leukemia/284385/ |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> |Headache, fever, nausea, formation of tumors. <ref name=":6" /> |} == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * [https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/disease/ Water-related Diseases, Contaminants, and Injuries] Listing of water-related diseases, contaminants and injuries with alphabetical index, listing by type of disease (bacterial, parasitic, etc.) and listing by symptoms caused (diarrhea, skin rash, and many more ) including links to other resources (CDC's Healthy Water site) * [https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/diseases-risks/diseases/diarrhoea/en/ World Health Organization (WHO) "Water-Related Diseases"] {{DEFAULTSORT:Waterborne Diseases}} [[Category:Waterborne diseases| ]] [[Category:Drinking water]] [[Category:Sanitation]] [[Category:Environmental health]] r4p7sc7ow2a7p6llmee5htaipzqttop 0 27389 103382 101403 2026-06-17T00:00:43Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 103382 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Nasser''' (Arabic: بحيرة ناصر ''Boħeiret Nāṣer'', Egyptian Arabic: [boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]) be a large reservoir for southern [[Egypt]] den northern [[Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de Aswan High Dam create am den e be one of de largest man-made lakes for de world insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}</ref> Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many Nubian people live wey go get to be resettled.<ref name="ResettlingNubians">{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&q=lake+nasser&pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}</ref> For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries ("Statoids")}}</ref> De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries. Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' (Egyptian Arabic: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}</ref> == Physical characteristics == [[File:Lakenasser oli 2013-2020 lrg.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Lake Nasser]]De lake be sam 479 km (298 mi) long den 16 km (9.9 mi) across at ein widest point, wey dey near de Tropic of Cancer. E dey cover a total surface area of 5,250 km² (2,030 sq mi) den get a storage capacity of sam 132 km³ (32 cu mi) of water.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muala |first1=Eric |last2=Mohamed |first2=Yasir A. |last3=Duan |first3=Zheng |last4=van der Zaag |first4=Pieter |date=13 August 2014 |title=Estimation of Reservoir Discharges from Lake Nasser and Roseires Reservoir in the Nile Basin Using Satellite Altimetry and Imagery Data |url=https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A3113f919-47e7-47b4-bde7-4ec5b9bb523f/datastream/OBJ/download |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=6 |issue=8 |page=7526 |bibcode=2014RemS....6.7522M |doi=10.3390/rs6087522 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == History == === Before de Aswan High Dam den Lake Nasser === Before de construction of de Aswan High Dam den de consequent creation of de Lake Nasser, de area dat de lake rydee dey occupy be a significant part of de region of Nubia, home to several pharaohs of Egypt den empires such as dat of de Kush.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-02 |title=About Nubia |url=https://nubianfoundation.org/about-nubia/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Nubian Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> === Construction of de Aswan High Dam 1960-1970 === [[File:BarragemAssuão.jpg|thumb|Aswan High Dam]]De construction of de Aswan High Dam begin for 1960 insyd at de behest of Lake Nasser ein namesake den de second presido of Egypt, [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. E be Presido Anwar Sadat wey inaugurate de lake den dam for 1971 insyd.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang |title=Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576071120 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang/page/23 23] |quote=president nasser, high dam project. |url-access=registration}}</ref> Wey dem finish for 1970 insyd, dem build de Aswan High Dam across de Nile to replace de insufficient Aswan Low Dam wey dem build for 1902 insyd. De goals of de High Dam den de reservoir wey e create, Lake Nasser, wer to create a more stable source of water, to increase agricultural production, den to produce electricity give Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aswan Dam Completed |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/aswan-dam-completed |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> ==== Controversies ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake be host to several controversies wey relate to ein effects for de environment top den dem pippoe wey dey live for de affected area insyd. ==== Displacement of Nubians ==== As a result of de construction of Aswan High Dam den de subsequent filling of Nasser Lake, dem force tens of thousands of native Nubians to relocate from demma homes den migrate elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beddis |first=R. A. |date=1963 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the Resettlement of the Nubian People |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565511 |journal=Geography |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=77–80 |issn=0016-7487 |jstor=40565511}}</ref> Though sam be already able to resettle for de shores of de new lake top, demma original homes already flood den e lose to de lake. ==== Flooding of ancient ruins den monuments ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake spark an international movement to preserve de history of de region. Sekof de filling of de new Lake Nasser, much of de region go flood den as such, de ancient monuments den artifacts dat lay dey go dey lose already. Sekof dis, dem make an international effort to rescue den relocate many of de ancient sites den artifacts wey dem threaten am wey culminate for de International Campaign to Save de Monuments of Nubia insyd wey [[UNESCO]] leam am.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hassan |first=Fekri A. |date=2007 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the International Rescue Nubia Campaign |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40743449 |journal=The African Archaeological Review |volume=24 |issue=3/4 |pages=73–94 |doi=10.1007/s10437-007-9018-5 |issn=0263-0338 |jstor=40743449 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Though dem save den relocate many sites such as de temples of Kalabsha, Wadi es-Sebua, den Amada, sam sites such as de fortress of Buhen wey dem no able to rescue den rydee dey rest underwater for de lake insyd.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gohary |first=Jocelyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWkuAQAAIAAJ&q=Lake+Nasser |title=Guide to the Nubian Monuments on Lake Nasser |date=1998 |publisher=American University in Cairo Press |isbn=978-977-424-462-9 |language=en}}</ref> De most famous of dem dat dem rescue be temples at Abu Simbel wey dem break down den relocate safely off de coast of Lake Nasser.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Working Together: Abu Simbel |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/story-abu-simbel/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Rescuing Abu Simbel|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1963/11/04/89571304.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> ==== Ecological ramifications ==== De damming of de Nile cam plus several ecological consequences as dem interrupt de natural flow den processes of de river. One effect already be de interruption of de flow of sediments downstream of de dam, wey since ancient times provide many of de nutrients wey dem need give agriculture downstream. Consequently, dem already force Egyptian farmers to resort to mineral fertilizers to maintain arable land give growing crops. De habitat of several native animal species past Lake Nasser den de Aswan High Dam, such as dat of de Nile crocodile, dem sanso affect am greatly as de reduction of water levels dat cam plus de construction of de dam render dem habitats uninhabitable.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bunbury |first1=Judith |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382778 |title=The Egyptian Nile: human transformation of an ancient river |last2=Cooper |first2=John P. |last3=Hoath |first3=Richard |last4=Ikram |first4=Salima |last5=Johnston |first5=Christine |last6=Schneider |first6=Thomas |date=2023 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org |isbn=978-92-3-100540-4 |pages=43–77 |doi=10.54677/mdjn3102 |hdl=10871/132212 |access-date=2024-03-19}}</ref> == Ecological impacts == By providing a reliable source of water give irrigation den agriculture year-round instead of de seasonal den unpredictable floods of de Nile River, Lake Nasser provide a large boon to de agricultural industry of de Egyptian economy. De agricultural industry dey employ about 25% of Egypt ein population. Plus de creation of a more stable water supply for Lake Nasser insyd, Egypt ein arable land increase by about 30%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-08 |title=Fueled by the Nile |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/146932/fueled-by-the-nile |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> Being home to 52 different species of fish wey several different species of tilapia dominate am wey dey make up de vast majority of catches,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Crul |first1=R. C. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Roest |first2=F. C. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=978-92-5-103683-9 |pages=81 |language=en}}</ref> as well as de popular Nile perch, Lake Nasser develop a robust fishing industry plus thousands of fishing boats wey dey sail de lake den fish processing facilities dotting ein shores.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.fao.org/3/i1969e/i1969e.pdf |title=Review of tropical reservoirs and their fisheries: the cases of Lake Nasser, Lake Volta and Indo-Gangetic Basin reservoir |date=2011 |publisher=FAO |isbn=978-92-5-106741-3 |editor-last=Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture |series=FAO fisheries and aquaculture technical paper |location=Rome |pages=39–84}}</ref> Lake Nasser becam a popular tourist destination give recreational fishing, sightseeing cruises, den de many relocated monuments dem save from de initial filling of Lake Nasser, especially examples such as de Abu Simbel temples.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Restored Abu Simbel Keeps Ancient Grandeur|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1967/10/10/83635447.html?pageNumber=49|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> De Aswan High Dam wey dey hold Lake Nasser dey produce about 2.1 gigawatts of hydroelectricity, wey dey provide a significant percentage of Egypt ein electricity needs (up to half wen dem plete am for 1970 insyd).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-08 |title=Aswan High Dam |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/85992/aswan-high-dam#:~:text=Aswan%20High%20Dam%20holds%20back,electricity%20for%20the%20first%20time. |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> == Current den future issues == === Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam === Plus de beginning of construction of de Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) for 2011 insyd, Egypt dey face de threat of water shortage as de new upstream dam go reduce de amount of water wey dey flow downstream to Lake Nasser. As dis flow of water from de Nile into Egypt den Sudan dey constitute a major part for demma economy insyd, ein reduction sekof de construction of de GERD fi potentially dey devastate give de nations. De project be about 90% wey dem complete by 2023; staged filling of de reservoir begin for 2020 insyd. De GERD already begin dey affect Egypt as e reduce de flow of water down de Nile River den decrease available agricultural land give de country.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MENAFN |title=Egyptian agriculture crisis worsens, mainly due to lack of water |url=https://menafn.com/1094975988/Egyptian-agriculture-crisis-worsens-mainly-due-to-lack-of-water |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=menafn.com |language=en}}</ref> If Egypt, Sudan, den Ethiopia dey unable to work out possible solutions give dis water problem, de GERD fi pose an existential threat to Lake Nasser, wey e get a destabilizing effect for Egypt den Sudan top wey dey rely for am top give many sectors for demma economies insyd.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep33478 |title=The Political Deadlock on the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam |last1=Attia |first1=Hana |last2=Saleh |first2=Mona |date=2021 |publisher=German Institute of Global and Area Studies (GIGA)}}</ref> == Gallery == <gallery> File:Lake-nasser.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lake-nasser.jpg|Panoramic view of Lake Nasser File:14.19_Egipto_Nubia_Lago_Nasser.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:14.19_Egipto_Nubia_Lago_Nasser.jpg|Panoramic view of Lake Nasser at dawn File:Abu_Simbel_Temple_May_30_2007.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abu_Simbel_Temple_May_30_2007.jpg|View of Abu Simbel from Lake Nasser </gallery> == Further reading == * [[:en:Helen_Chapin_Metz|Helen Chapin Metz]], ed., ''[http://countrystudies.us/egypt/49.htm Egypt: A Country Study]''. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1990. == References == <references /> == External links == * [https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Nasser Lake Nasser] at [[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica|Encyclopædia Britannica]] * [http://www.360tourist.net/everything-everywhere/toska-from-the-lake 360 Degree Panorama of Lake Nasser] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201172808/http://www.360tourist.net/everything-everywhere/toska-from-the-lake|date=1 February 2014}} * [https://www.livescience.com/37360-abu-simbel.html Abu Simbel: The Temples That Moved] t9sfnyzfw7hcrtwiwhv8od8azye6xus 103383 103382 2026-06-17T00:05:37Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 103383 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Nasser''' (Arabic: بحيرة ناصر ''Boħeiret Nāṣer'', Egyptian Arabic: [boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]) be a large reservoir for southern [[Egypt]] den northern [[Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de Aswan High Dam create am den e be one of de largest man-made lakes for de world insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}</ref> Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many Nubian people live wey go get to be resettled.<ref name="ResettlingNubians">{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&q=lake+nasser&pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}</ref> For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries ("Statoids")}}</ref> De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries. Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' (Egyptian Arabic: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}</ref> == Physical characteristics == [[File:Lakenasser oli 2013-2020 lrg.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Lake Nasser]]De lake be sam 479 km (298 mi) long den 16 km (9.9 mi) across at ein widest point, wey dey near de Tropic of Cancer. E dey cover a total surface area of 5,250 km² (2,030 sq mi) den get a storage capacity of sam 132 km³ (32 cu mi) of water.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muala |first1=Eric |last2=Mohamed |first2=Yasir A. |last3=Duan |first3=Zheng |last4=van der Zaag |first4=Pieter |date=13 August 2014 |title=Estimation of Reservoir Discharges from Lake Nasser and Roseires Reservoir in the Nile Basin Using Satellite Altimetry and Imagery Data |url=https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A3113f919-47e7-47b4-bde7-4ec5b9bb523f/datastream/OBJ/download |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=6 |issue=8 |page=7526 |bibcode=2014RemS....6.7522M |doi=10.3390/rs6087522 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == History == === Before de Aswan High Dam den Lake Nasser === Before de construction of de Aswan High Dam den de consequent creation of de Lake Nasser, de area dat de lake rydee dey occupy be a significant part of de region of Nubia, home to several pharaohs of Egypt den empires such as dat of de Kush.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-02 |title=About Nubia |url=https://nubianfoundation.org/about-nubia/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Nubian Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> === Construction of de Aswan High Dam 1960-1970 === [[File:BarragemAssuão.jpg|thumb|Aswan High Dam]]De construction of de Aswan High Dam begin for 1960 insyd at de behest of Lake Nasser ein namesake den de second presido of Egypt, [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. E be Presido Anwar Sadat wey inaugurate de lake den dam for 1971 insyd.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang |title=Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576071120 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang/page/23 23] |quote=president nasser, high dam project. |url-access=registration}}</ref> Wey dem finish for 1970 insyd, dem build de Aswan High Dam across de Nile to replace de insufficient Aswan Low Dam wey dem build for 1902 insyd. De goals of de High Dam den de reservoir wey e create, Lake Nasser, wer to create a more stable source of water, to increase agricultural production, den to produce electricity give Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aswan Dam Completed |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/aswan-dam-completed |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> ==== Controversies ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake be host to several controversies wey relate to ein effects for de environment top den dem pippoe wey dey live for de affected area insyd. ==== Displacement of Nubians ==== As a result of de construction of Aswan High Dam den de subsequent filling of Nasser Lake, dem force tens of thousands of native Nubians to relocate from demma homes den migrate elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beddis |first=R. A. |date=1963 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the Resettlement of the Nubian People |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565511 |journal=Geography |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=77–80 |issn=0016-7487 |jstor=40565511}}</ref> Though sam be already able to resettle for de shores of de new lake top, demma original homes already flood den e lose to de lake. ==== Flooding of ancient ruins den monuments ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake spark an international movement to preserve de history of de region. Sekof de filling of de new Lake Nasser, much of de region go flood den as such, de ancient monuments den artifacts dat lay dey go dey lose already. Sekof dis, dem make an international effort to rescue den relocate many of de ancient sites den artifacts wey dem threaten am wey culminate for de International Campaign to Save de Monuments of Nubia insyd wey [[UNESCO]] leam am.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hassan |first=Fekri A. |date=2007 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the International Rescue Nubia Campaign |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40743449 |journal=The African Archaeological Review |volume=24 |issue=3/4 |pages=73–94 |doi=10.1007/s10437-007-9018-5 |issn=0263-0338 |jstor=40743449 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Though dem save den relocate many sites such as de temples of Kalabsha, Wadi es-Sebua, den Amada, sam sites such as de fortress of Buhen wey dem no able to rescue den rydee dey rest underwater for de lake insyd.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gohary |first=Jocelyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWkuAQAAIAAJ&q=Lake+Nasser |title=Guide to the Nubian Monuments on Lake Nasser |date=1998 |publisher=American University in Cairo Press |isbn=978-977-424-462-9 |language=en}}</ref> De most famous of dem dat dem rescue be temples at Abu Simbel wey dem break down den relocate safely off de coast of Lake Nasser.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Working Together: Abu Simbel |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/story-abu-simbel/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Rescuing Abu Simbel|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1963/11/04/89571304.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> ==== Ecological ramifications ==== De damming of de Nile cam plus several ecological consequences as dem interrupt de natural flow den processes of de river. One effect already be de interruption of de flow of sediments downstream of de dam, wey since ancient times provide many of de nutrients wey dem need give agriculture downstream. Consequently, dem already force Egyptian farmers to resort to mineral fertilizers to maintain arable land give growing crops. De habitat of several native animal species past Lake Nasser den de Aswan High Dam, such as dat of de Nile crocodile, dem sanso affect am greatly as de reduction of water levels dat cam plus de construction of de dam render dem habitats uninhabitable.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bunbury |first1=Judith |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382778 |title=The Egyptian Nile: human transformation of an ancient river |last2=Cooper |first2=John P. |last3=Hoath |first3=Richard |last4=Ikram |first4=Salima |last5=Johnston |first5=Christine |last6=Schneider |first6=Thomas |date=2023 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org |isbn=978-92-3-100540-4 |pages=43–77 |doi=10.54677/mdjn3102 |hdl=10871/132212 |access-date=2024-03-19}}</ref> == Ecological impacts == By providing a reliable source of water give irrigation den agriculture year-round instead of de seasonal den unpredictable floods of de Nile River, Lake Nasser provide a large boon to de agricultural industry of de Egyptian economy. De agricultural industry dey employ about 25% of Egypt ein population. Plus de creation of a more stable water supply for Lake Nasser insyd, Egypt ein arable land increase by about 30%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-08 |title=Fueled by the Nile |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/146932/fueled-by-the-nile |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> Being home to 52 different species of fish wey several different species of tilapia dominate am wey dey make up de vast majority of catches,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Crul |first1=R. C. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Roest |first2=F. C. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=978-92-5-103683-9 |pages=81 |language=en}}</ref> as well as de popular Nile perch, Lake Nasser develop a robust fishing industry plus thousands of fishing boats wey dey sail de lake den fish processing facilities dotting ein shores.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.fao.org/3/i1969e/i1969e.pdf |title=Review of tropical reservoirs and their fisheries: the cases of Lake Nasser, Lake Volta and Indo-Gangetic Basin reservoir |date=2011 |publisher=FAO |isbn=978-92-5-106741-3 |editor-last=Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture |series=FAO fisheries and aquaculture technical paper |location=Rome |pages=39–84}}</ref> Lake Nasser becam a popular tourist destination give recreational fishing, sightseeing cruises, den de many relocated monuments dem save from de initial filling of Lake Nasser, especially examples such as de Abu Simbel temples.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Restored Abu Simbel Keeps Ancient Grandeur|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1967/10/10/83635447.html?pageNumber=49|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> De Aswan High Dam wey dey hold Lake Nasser dey produce about 2.1 gigawatts of hydroelectricity, wey dey provide a significant percentage of Egypt ein electricity needs (up to half wen dem plete am for 1970 insyd).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-08 |title=Aswan High Dam |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/85992/aswan-high-dam#:~:text=Aswan%20High%20Dam%20holds%20back,electricity%20for%20the%20first%20time. |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> == Current den future issues == === Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam === Plus de beginning of construction of de Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) for 2011 insyd, Egypt dey face de threat of water shortage as de new upstream dam go reduce de amount of water wey dey flow downstream to Lake Nasser. As dis flow of water from de Nile into Egypt den Sudan dey constitute a major part for demma economy insyd, ein reduction sekof de construction of de GERD fi potentially dey devastate give de nations. De project be about 90% wey dem complete by 2023; staged filling of de reservoir begin for 2020 insyd. De GERD already begin dey affect Egypt as e reduce de flow of water down de Nile River den decrease available agricultural land give de country.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MENAFN |title=Egyptian agriculture crisis worsens, mainly due to lack of water |url=https://menafn.com/1094975988/Egyptian-agriculture-crisis-worsens-mainly-due-to-lack-of-water |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=menafn.com |language=en}}</ref> If Egypt, Sudan, den Ethiopia dey unable to work out possible solutions give dis water problem, de GERD fi pose an existential threat to Lake Nasser, wey e get a destabilizing effect for Egypt den Sudan top wey dey rely for am top give many sectors for demma economies insyd.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep33478 |title=The Political Deadlock on the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam |last1=Attia |first1=Hana |last2=Saleh |first2=Mona |date=2021 |publisher=German Institute of Global and Area Studies (GIGA)}}</ref> == Gallery == <gallery> File:Lake-nasser.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lake-nasser.jpg|Panoramic view of Lake Nasser File:14.19_Egipto_Nubia_Lago_Nasser.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:14.19_Egipto_Nubia_Lago_Nasser.jpg|Panoramic view of Lake Nasser at dawn File:Abu_Simbel_Temple_May_30_2007.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abu_Simbel_Temple_May_30_2007.jpg|View of Abu Simbel from Lake Nasser </gallery> == Further reading == * [[:en:Helen_Chapin_Metz|Helen Chapin Metz]], ed., ''[http://countrystudies.us/egypt/49.htm Egypt: A Country Study]''. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1990. == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} *[https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Nasser Lake Nasser] at [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] *[http://www.360tourist.net/everything-everywhere/toska-from-the-lake 360 Degree Panorama of Lake Nasser] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201172808/http://www.360tourist.net/everything-everywhere/toska-from-the-lake |date=1 February 2014 }} *[https://www.livescience.com/37360-abu-simbel.html Abu Simbel: The Temples That Moved] [[Category:Lake Nasser| ]] [[Category:Aswan]] [[Category:Aswan Governorate]] [[Category:Artificial lakes of Egypt|Nasser]] [[Category:Artificial lakes of Sudan|Nasser]] [[Category:Nile]] [[Category:Reservoirs insyd Egypt|Nasser, Lake]] [[Category:Reservoirs insyd Sudan|Nubia, Lake]] [[Category:Egypt–Sudan border crossings]] [[Category:International lakes of Africa|Nasser]] [[Category:River regulation insyd Egypt]] [[Category:Tourist attractions insyd Egypt]] lbotemb0vvrlrfad07l0rb3o2hdmmso 103384 103383 2026-06-17T00:14:51Z DaSupremo 9 /* Ecological ramifications */ Fix reference 103384 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Nasser''' (Arabic: بحيرة ناصر ''Boħeiret Nāṣer'', Egyptian Arabic: [boˈħeiɾet ˈnɑːseɾ]) be a large reservoir for southern [[Egypt]] den northern [[Sudan]] insyd. De construction of de Aswan High Dam create am den e be one of de largest man-made lakes for de world insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}</ref> Before ein creation, de project face opposition from Sudan as e go encroach for land top for de northern part of de country insyd, wey many Nubian people live wey go get to be resettled.<ref name="ResettlingNubians">{{cite book |last1=Scudder |first1=Thayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNTMDAAAQBAJ&q=Research+Aswan++Egypt&pg=PA1 |title=Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811019357 |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sofer |first1=Amon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&q=lake+nasser&pg=PA36 |title=Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780847685110 |page=36}}</ref> For de end insyd Sudan ein land near de area of Lake Nasser mostly flood by de lake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries ("Statoids")}}</ref> De lake becam an important economic resource for Egypt insyd, wey e improve agriculture den touting robust fishing den tourism industries. Strictly speaking, ''Lake Nasser'' dey refer only to de much larger portion of de lake dat be for Egyptian territory insyd (83% of de total), plus de Sudanese wey dey prefer to call demma smaller body of water '''''Lake Nubia''''' (Egyptian Arabic: بحيرة النوبية ''Boħēret Nubeya'', [boˈħeːɾet nʊˈbejjæ]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roest |first1=F.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Crul |first2=R. C. M. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=9789251036839 |page=81}}</ref> == Physical characteristics == [[File:Lakenasser oli 2013-2020 lrg.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Lake Nasser]]De lake be sam 479 km (298 mi) long den 16 km (9.9 mi) across at ein widest point, wey dey near de Tropic of Cancer. E dey cover a total surface area of 5,250 km² (2,030 sq mi) den get a storage capacity of sam 132 km³ (32 cu mi) of water.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muala |first1=Eric |last2=Mohamed |first2=Yasir A. |last3=Duan |first3=Zheng |last4=van der Zaag |first4=Pieter |date=13 August 2014 |title=Estimation of Reservoir Discharges from Lake Nasser and Roseires Reservoir in the Nile Basin Using Satellite Altimetry and Imagery Data |url=https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A3113f919-47e7-47b4-bde7-4ec5b9bb523f/datastream/OBJ/download |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=6 |issue=8 |page=7526 |bibcode=2014RemS....6.7522M |doi=10.3390/rs6087522 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == History == === Before de Aswan High Dam den Lake Nasser === Before de construction of de Aswan High Dam den de consequent creation of de Lake Nasser, de area dat de lake rydee dey occupy be a significant part of de region of Nubia, home to several pharaohs of Egypt den empires such as dat of de Kush.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-02 |title=About Nubia |url=https://nubianfoundation.org/about-nubia/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Nubian Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> === Construction of de Aswan High Dam 1960-1970 === [[File:BarragemAssuão.jpg|thumb|Aswan High Dam]]De construction of de Aswan High Dam begin for 1960 insyd at de behest of Lake Nasser ein namesake den de second presido of Egypt, [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. E be Presido Anwar Sadat wey inaugurate de lake den dam for 1971 insyd.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang |title=Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576071120 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang/page/23 23] |quote=president nasser, high dam project. |url-access=registration}}</ref> Wey dem finish for 1970 insyd, dem build de Aswan High Dam across de Nile to replace de insufficient Aswan Low Dam wey dem build for 1902 insyd. De goals of de High Dam den de reservoir wey e create, Lake Nasser, wer to create a more stable source of water, to increase agricultural production, den to produce electricity give Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aswan Dam Completed |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/aswan-dam-completed |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> ==== Controversies ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake be host to several controversies wey relate to ein effects for de environment top den dem pippoe wey dey live for de affected area insyd. ==== Displacement of Nubians ==== As a result of de construction of Aswan High Dam den de subsequent filling of Nasser Lake, dem force tens of thousands of native Nubians to relocate from demma homes den migrate elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beddis |first=R. A. |date=1963 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the Resettlement of the Nubian People |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565511 |journal=Geography |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=77–80 |issn=0016-7487 |jstor=40565511}}</ref> Though sam be already able to resettle for de shores of de new lake top, demma original homes already flood den e lose to de lake. ==== Flooding of ancient ruins den monuments ==== De construction of de Aswan High Dam den Nasser Lake spark an international movement to preserve de history of de region. Sekof de filling of de new Lake Nasser, much of de region go flood den as such, de ancient monuments den artifacts dat lay dey go dey lose already. Sekof dis, dem make an international effort to rescue den relocate many of de ancient sites den artifacts wey dem threaten am wey culminate for de International Campaign to Save de Monuments of Nubia insyd wey [[UNESCO]] leam am.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hassan |first=Fekri A. |date=2007 |title=The Aswan High Dam and the International Rescue Nubia Campaign |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40743449 |journal=The African Archaeological Review |volume=24 |issue=3/4 |pages=73–94 |doi=10.1007/s10437-007-9018-5 |issn=0263-0338 |jstor=40743449 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Though dem save den relocate many sites such as de temples of Kalabsha, Wadi es-Sebua, den Amada, sam sites such as de fortress of Buhen wey dem no able to rescue den rydee dey rest underwater for de lake insyd.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gohary |first=Jocelyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWkuAQAAIAAJ&q=Lake+Nasser |title=Guide to the Nubian Monuments on Lake Nasser |date=1998 |publisher=American University in Cairo Press |isbn=978-977-424-462-9 |language=en}}</ref> De most famous of dem dat dem rescue be temples at Abu Simbel wey dem break down den relocate safely off de coast of Lake Nasser.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Working Together: Abu Simbel |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/story-abu-simbel/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Rescuing Abu Simbel|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1963/11/04/89571304.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> ==== Ecological ramifications ==== De damming of de Nile cam plus several ecological consequences as dem interrupt de natural flow den processes of de river. One effect already be de interruption of de flow of sediments downstream of de dam, wey since ancient times provide many of de nutrients wey dem need give agriculture downstream. Consequently, dem already force Egyptian farmers to resort to mineral fertilizers to maintain arable land give growing crops. De habitat of several native animal species past Lake Nasser den de Aswan High Dam, such as dat of de Nile crocodile, dem sanso affect am greatly as de reduction of water levels dat cam plus de construction of de dam render dem habitats uninhabitable.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bunbury |first1=Judith |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382778 |title=The Egyptian Nile: human transformation of an ancient river |last2=Cooper |first2=John P. |last3=Hoath |first3=Richard |last4=Ikram |first4=Salima |last5=Johnston |first5=Christine |last6=Schneider |first6=Thomas |date=2023 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org |isbn=978-92-3-100540-4 |pages=43–77 |doi=10.54677/mdjn3102 |hdl=10871/132212 |access-date=2024-03-19}}</ref> == Ecological impacts == By providing a reliable source of water give irrigation den agriculture year-round instead of de seasonal den unpredictable floods of de Nile River, Lake Nasser provide a large boon to de agricultural industry of de Egyptian economy. De agricultural industry dey employ about 25% of Egypt ein population. Plus de creation of a more stable water supply for Lake Nasser insyd, Egypt ein arable land increase by about 30%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-08 |title=Fueled by the Nile |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/146932/fueled-by-the-nile |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> Being home to 52 different species of fish wey several different species of tilapia dominate am wey dey make up de vast majority of catches,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Crul |first1=R. C. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xExMDWP_rQcC&q=lake+nubia&pg=PA81 |title=Current Status of Fisheries and Fish Stocks of the Four Largest African Reservoirs: Kainji, Kariba, Nasser/Nubia and Volta |last2=Roest |first2=F. C. |date=1995 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=978-92-5-103683-9 |pages=81 |language=en}}</ref> as well as de popular Nile perch, Lake Nasser develop a robust fishing industry plus thousands of fishing boats wey dey sail de lake den fish processing facilities dotting ein shores.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.fao.org/3/i1969e/i1969e.pdf |title=Review of tropical reservoirs and their fisheries: the cases of Lake Nasser, Lake Volta and Indo-Gangetic Basin reservoir |date=2011 |publisher=FAO |isbn=978-92-5-106741-3 |editor-last=Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture |series=FAO fisheries and aquaculture technical paper |location=Rome |pages=39–84}}</ref> Lake Nasser becam a popular tourist destination give recreational fishing, sightseeing cruises, den de many relocated monuments dem save from de initial filling of Lake Nasser, especially examples such as de Abu Simbel temples.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Restored Abu Simbel Keeps Ancient Grandeur|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1967/10/10/83635447.html?pageNumber=49|access-date=2024-03-19|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> De Aswan High Dam wey dey hold Lake Nasser dey produce about 2.1 gigawatts of hydroelectricity, wey dey provide a significant percentage of Egypt ein electricity needs (up to half wen dem plete am for 1970 insyd).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-08 |title=Aswan High Dam |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/85992/aswan-high-dam#:~:text=Aswan%20High%20Dam%20holds%20back,electricity%20for%20the%20first%20time. |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> == Current den future issues == === Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam === Plus de beginning of construction of de Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) for 2011 insyd, Egypt dey face de threat of water shortage as de new upstream dam go reduce de amount of water wey dey flow downstream to Lake Nasser. As dis flow of water from de Nile into Egypt den Sudan dey constitute a major part for demma economy insyd, ein reduction sekof de construction of de GERD fi potentially dey devastate give de nations. De project be about 90% wey dem complete by 2023; staged filling of de reservoir begin for 2020 insyd. De GERD already begin dey affect Egypt as e reduce de flow of water down de Nile River den decrease available agricultural land give de country.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MENAFN |title=Egyptian agriculture crisis worsens, mainly due to lack of water |url=https://menafn.com/1094975988/Egyptian-agriculture-crisis-worsens-mainly-due-to-lack-of-water |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=menafn.com |language=en}}</ref> If Egypt, Sudan, den Ethiopia dey unable to work out possible solutions give dis water problem, de GERD fi pose an existential threat to Lake Nasser, wey e get a destabilizing effect for Egypt den Sudan top wey dey rely for am top give many sectors for demma economies insyd.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep33478 |title=The Political Deadlock on the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam |last1=Attia |first1=Hana |last2=Saleh |first2=Mona |date=2021 |publisher=German Institute of Global and Area Studies (GIGA)}}</ref> == Gallery == <gallery> File:Lake-nasser.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lake-nasser.jpg|Panoramic view of Lake Nasser File:14.19_Egipto_Nubia_Lago_Nasser.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:14.19_Egipto_Nubia_Lago_Nasser.jpg|Panoramic view of Lake Nasser at dawn File:Abu_Simbel_Temple_May_30_2007.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abu_Simbel_Temple_May_30_2007.jpg|View of Abu Simbel from Lake Nasser </gallery> == Further reading == * [[:en:Helen_Chapin_Metz|Helen Chapin Metz]], ed., ''[http://countrystudies.us/egypt/49.htm Egypt: A Country Study]''. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1990. == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} *[https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Nasser Lake Nasser] at [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] *[http://www.360tourist.net/everything-everywhere/toska-from-the-lake 360 Degree Panorama of Lake Nasser] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201172808/http://www.360tourist.net/everything-everywhere/toska-from-the-lake |date=1 February 2014 }} *[https://www.livescience.com/37360-abu-simbel.html Abu Simbel: The Temples That Moved] [[Category:Lake Nasser| ]] [[Category:Aswan]] [[Category:Aswan Governorate]] [[Category:Artificial lakes of Egypt|Nasser]] [[Category:Artificial lakes of Sudan|Nasser]] [[Category:Nile]] [[Category:Reservoirs insyd Egypt|Nasser, Lake]] [[Category:Reservoirs insyd Sudan|Nubia, Lake]] [[Category:Egypt–Sudan border crossings]] [[Category:International lakes of Africa|Nasser]] [[Category:River regulation insyd Egypt]] [[Category:Tourist attractions insyd Egypt]] 4n3v05892k5ab1e9xtbie8cle56af6h 0 27466 103331 102015 2026-06-16T18:19:15Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 103331 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Pantanal_Sudd,_Sudão_do_Sul.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pantanal_Sudd,_Sud%C3%A3o_do_Sul.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|Satellite image of de swamp around de time of de wet season]]De '''Sudd''' ([[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: السد, <small>[[:en:Romanization_of_Arabic|romanized]]</small>: ''as-Sudd'', [[:en:Nuer_language|Nuer]]: Baki̱ec, [[:en:Dinka_language|Dinka]]: Toc) be a vast [[:en:Swamp|swamp]] for [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] insyd, wey de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] ein ''[[:en:Mountain_Nile|Baḥr al-Jabal]]'' section form am. Dem derive de [[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]] word ''sudd'' from ''sadd'' ({{lang|ar|[[wikt:سد|سد]]}}), wey dey mean "barrier"<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gaudet |first1=John J. |title=Remote sensing for tropical freshwater bodies. The problem of floating islands on Lake Naivasha |last2=Falconer |first2=A. |publisher=Regional Remote Sensing Facility |year=1983 |location=Nairobi, Kenya}}</ref> anaa "obstruction".<ref>The ''[[:en:New_Oxford_American_Dictionary|New Oxford American Dictionary]]'' (''NOAD''), 3rd edition.</ref> De term "the sudd" cam to refer to any large solid floating vegetation island anaa mat. De area wey de swamp covers be one of de world ein largest [[:en:Wetland|wetlands]] den de largest freshwater wetland for de [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]] insyd. Give many centuries de swamp, den especially ein thicket of vegetation, prove an impenetrable barrier to navigation along de Nile. De [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|ancient Egyptians]] fail to penetrate de Sudd den dey reach de areas south of am.<ref name="Dumont2009">{{cite book |title=The Nile Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=Dumont |editor-first=Henri J. |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=1–21 |chapter=A Description of the Nile Basin, and a Synopsis of Its History, Ecology, Biogeography, Hydrology, and Natural Resources}}</ref> For AD 61 insyd, [[:en:Nero's_exploration_of_the_Nile|a party of Roman soldiers]] wey de Emperor [[:en:Nero|Nero]] send am proceed up de White Nile but e no dey able to get beyond de Sudd, wey mark de limit of Roman penetration into [[:en:Equatorial_Africa|equatorial Africa]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kirwan |first=L.P. |author-link=L. P. Kirwan |year=1957 |title=Rome beyond The Southern Egyptian Frontier |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1790717 |journal=[[Geographical Journal]] |volume=123 |issue=1 |pages=13–19 |bibcode=1957GeogJ.123...13K |doi=10.2307/1790717 |jstor=1790717 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Give de same reasons for later times insyd, de [[:en:Nile#Search_for_the_source_of_the_Nile|search]] [[:en:Nile#Search_for_the_source_of_the_Nile|give de source of de Nile]] be particularly difficult; e eventually involve ovaland expeditions from de central African coast, so as to avoid having to travel thru de Sudd. For 2019 insyd, a study suggest say water flows wey e increase into de Sudd go dey partly cause up to a third of de whole [[:en:West_Africa|West African]] rise for [[:en:Atmospheric_methane|atmospheric methane]] levels insyd ova de previous decade.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lunt |first1=Mark F. |last2=Palmer |first2=Paul I. |last3=Feng |first3=Liang |last4=Taylor |first4=Christopher M. |last5=Boesch |first5=Hartmut |last6=Parker |first6=Robert J. |display-authors=3 |year=2019 |title=An increase in methane emissions from tropical Africa between 2010 and 2016 inferred from satellite data |journal=[[Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics]] |volume=19 |issue=23 |pages=14721–14740 |bibcode=2019ACP....1914721L |doi=10.5194/acp-19-14721-2019 |hdl=20.500.11820/013be268-2ebf-478a-a9d0-1e80f8c4b888 |s2cid=198448426 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2019 |title=Climate change: Methane pulse detected from South Sudan wetlands |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-50708544 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> == Location == De Sudd dey stretch from [[:en:Mongalla,_South_Sudan|Mongalla]] to just outside de [[:en:Sobat_River|Sobat River]] [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] plus de White Nile just upstream of [[:en:Malakal|Malakal]] as well as westwards along de [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]]. De shallow den flat [[:en:River_delta|inland delta]] dey lie between 5.5 den 9.5 degrees latitude north den dey cover an area of {{convert|500|km|mi}} south to north den {{convert|200|km|mi}} east to west between Mongalla for de south den Malakal insyd for de north insyd. Ein size be highly variable, wey dey average ova {{convert|30000|km2|sqmi}}. During de [[:en:Wet_season|wet season]] e go fi extend to ova {{convert|130000|km2|sqmi}} wey dey comprise 21% of de country, wey e depend for de inflowing waters top, plus de discharge from [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] wey aleady be de main control factor of flood levels den area inundation. Since de Sudd area dey consist of various [[:en:Meander|meandering]] channels, [[:en:Lagoon|lagoons]], reed den [[:en:Papyrus|papyrus]] fields den dey lose half of ein inflowing water thru [[:en:Evapotranspiration|evapotranspiration]] for de permanent den seasonal floodplains insyd, de complex hydrology get many primary den secondary effects.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sutcliffe |first=J.V. |title=IAHS Special Publication No. 5 |author2=Parks, Y.P. |year=1999 |location=Wallingford, UK}}</ref> A major feature of de area be de incomplete [[:en:Jonglei_Canal|Jonglei Canal]], wey dem plan am to bypass waters from de Sudd to avoid evaporation losses den increase de amount of water wey dem discharge at de outlet of de Sudd. From 1961 to 1963, a great increase for de flooded area insyd occur wen de level of [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] rise, den de outflow increase. Dem relate de total area of de Sudd to de amount of water wey dey reach [[:en:Bor,_South_Sudan|Bor]] from de [[:en:White_Nile#Albert_Nile|Albert Nile]] den from torrents anaa seasonal watercourses dat fi add substantial amounts to de flow for de upstream end of de Sudd insyd. During de 1960s increase for Lake Victoria discharge insyd, wey dey flow at Mongalla roughly doubled, de flows at Malakal at de northern end of de swamps increase by 1.5 times de previous average flow. As a consequence of dem high flows, de areas of permanent swamp den seasonal floodplains wey dem take togeda, increase to 2.5 times demma former size. De swamps increase de most, den de seasonal floodplain be 1.5 times ein previous size.<ref name="mefit">{{cite book |last=Mefit-Babtie Srl |title=Development Studies of the Jonglei Canal Area, Range Ecology Survey, Final Report, Volume 2, Background |publisher=USAID PCE-I-00-96-00002-00 |year=1983 |location=Khartoum, Sudan}}</ref> From de southern inflow of de [[:en:White_Nile#In_South_Sudan|Bahr al Jabal]] ("Sea of de Mountain") at Mongalla, de riverbed wey dem define successively dey widen into a floodplain, wey de waters flow for meandering river stretches insyd den various channels den lagoons thruout de dry season. Plus rising water levels e dey expand ova de semi-flooded grasslands during de flood season. Slightly downstream of Bor, de [[:en:Bahr_el_Zeraf|Bahr el Zeraf]] ("Sea of de [[:en:Giraffe|Giraffes]]") river dey branch off de Bahr al Jabal to de east, wey e divert part of de flow, den again dey join de Bahr al Jabal just before e reach Malakal. During de course of ein flow, de Bahr al Jabal dey pass [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]], wey de [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] ("Sea of de[[:en:Gazelle|Gazelles]]") dey connect to de Bahr al Jabal, wey e contribute an inflow plus seasonal variation. At Malakal, de Sobat River dey join into de system. De flows wey dem combine then dey stream to de north as de White Nile for a defined bed insyd, wey e join plus de Blue Nile waters at Khartoum to form de main Nile. Dem designate Sudd as a [[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar Wetland of International Importance]] for 2006 insyd. Dem designate an area of {{convert|57000|km2|sqmi}}. == Climate == Hydrologically de Sudd dey play an important role for dey store floodwaters insyd den dey trap [[:en:Sediment|sediments]] from de Bahr al Jabal. Roughly 55% of water wey dey enter de area, dem lose am to evaporation.<ref name="baecher">{{cite book |last=Baecher |first=G. |title=The Nile Basin – Environmental transboundary opportunities and constraint analysis |publisher=USAID PCE-I-00-96-00002-00 |year=2000}}</ref> Water levels dey fluctuate by up to 1.5 metres, wey e depend for de intensity of seasonal flooding top.<ref name="mefit" /> De region dey receive less rainfall (typically between 55 den 65 centimetres per year) dan neighbouring areas at de same latitude. [[:en:Orographic_lift|Orographic lifting]] for de eastern den western sides of de Sudd top dey contribute to dat condition.<ref>Zahran, A.B. 1986. Sudan Rainfall Variability – Towards a Drought Assessment Model. Interna. Confer. on water Resources Needs & Planning in Drought Prone Areas, 85–106</ref> == Geomorphology == Dem define de morphology of de area by de channel den lagoon system of de permanent Sudd swamps, de adjacent flood plains, den de surrounding flat terrain. De Bahr al Jabal dey run to de north-northwest den therefore for an angle insyd to de gradient of de [[:en:Floodplain|floodplain]], wey dey slope down to de north, while north of [[:en:Juba|Juba]] de river dey flow for an incised trough insyd. De banks of dis trough dey decrease for height insyd from south to north plus de Bahr al Jabal wey dey approach Bor den dey end for de Sudd flood plain insyd just north of Bor for de eastern bank top den towards Shambe for de western bank top. For de southern part insyd, de river dey meander from side to side for de restraining trough insyd for one anaa more channels insyd, but further north dem no dey limit de swamp by higher ground den de system of river channels dey becam increasingly complex. De characteristics of de river plus ein network of channels den lagoons be distinguishable for satellite imagery den digital elevation models insyd. Dem define de geology of de area by heavy clay soils, highly [[:en:Permeability_(Earth_sciences)|impermeable]] plus a top layer of "black cotton" [[:en:Vertisol|vertisol]] of approximately 500&#x20;mm for average top. Dem find sandy soils only at depths of approximately {{convert|30|m|ft}} den below, as well drilling profiles determine am.<ref>Peterson, 2008</ref> Dis dey indicate a very limited groundwater influence for de area ein hydrology top. == Population == [[:en:Nuer_people|Nuer]] den [[:en:Dinka_people|Dinka]] pastoralists dey use de Sudd den de surrounding areas extensively. Livestock den rain-fed agriculture be de dominant means of support give de largely rural population give wey de seasonal flooded grasslands along de Sudd dey provide valuable grazing lands.<ref name="baecher" /> == Vegetation den ecosystem == Dem fi classify vegetation cover of de area generally for five categories insyd wey dey depend for de elevation of de area top above river flood level: de lakes den rivers, de plant life of de swamp wey dey float, river-flooded grasslands (Toic), rain-flooded grasslands, den wooded grasslands for de fringes top. Local populations already cultivate grassland den woodland areas. De density of de grasslands along de Sudd dey change plus de season, plus tall grass for de rainy season insyd den short dry grass for de dry season insyd, wen frequent fires sanso dey occur. Dem mostly ovagrow fluvial area plus vegetation, plus sam main de side channels as well as lagoons of open water. Dem describe de vegetation distribution for further detail insyd for Sutcliffe (1974) den Petersen (2007) insyd. De main species be: * ''[[:en:Phragmites_communis|Phragmites communis]]'' (shallow flooded, buried roots) * ''[[:en:Echinochloa_pyramidalis|Echinochloa pyramidalis]]'' (shallow flooded, buried roots) * ''[[:en:Oryza_barthii|Oryza barthii]]'' (shallow flooded, buried roots) * ''[[:en:Echinochloa_stagnina|Echinochloa stagnina]]'' (deep flooded, superficial/floating roots) * ''[[:en:Vossia_cuspidata|Vossia cuspidata]]'' (deep flooded, superficial/floating roots) * ''[[:en:Cyperus_papyrus|Cyperus papyrus]]'' (deep flooded, superficial/floating roots) * ''[[:en:Typha_domingensis|Typha domingensis]]'' Dem anchor first three species so dem limit demma distribution to de depth of flooding. Give de last species demma root system dey need to be permanently for water anaa saturated soil insyd, wey be a good indicator of flood patterns. ''P. communis'', ''E. pyramidalis'' den ''O. barthii'' for example dey dominate only for areas insyd wey de depth of flooding no dey exceed 130&#x20;cm ova a period of ten years anaa 118&#x20;cm give one month for de year insyd. Floating vegetation of ''C. papyrus'' cause blockages for de Sudd swamps insyd for a number of occasions top between 1879 den 1900, wen inscrease flooding tear out plants. ''C. papyrus'' dey need saturated conditions den fi tolerate flooding dat no dey more dan 150&#x20;cm deep.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Sutcliffe |first=J.V. |year=1974 |title=A Hydrological Study of the Southern Sudd Region of the Upper Nile |journal=Hydrological Science Bulletin |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=237–255 |doi=10.1080/02626667409493903}}</ref> Wen de matted vegetation dey break free of ein moorings, e dey form floating islands of vegetation up to 30&#x20;km for length insyd. Such islands, for varying stages of decomposition insyd, eventually dey break up. Historically, de fully floating [[:en:Pistia|Nile cabbage]] (''Pistia stratiotes'') be an important plant for de Sudd insyd, but dem already largely replace am de invasive [[:en:Pontederia_crassipes|water hyacinth]] (''Eichhornia crassipes'').<ref name="Green2009">{{cite book |author1=Green, J. |title=The Nile |author2=A.I. El-Moghraby |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V. |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=193–204 |chapter=Swamps of the Upper White Nile}}</ref> De sluggish waters be host to a large population of [[:en:Mosquito|mosquitoes]] den [[:en:Parasite|parasites]] dat dey cause [[:en:Waterborne_diseases|waterborne diseases]]. === Fauna === Including several diverse aquatic habitats like swamps, lakes, channels den floodplains, de Sudd be rich for fish insyd. Dem already record sam 70 species, den dis dey mostly involve fish dat dem find for much of de Nile system insyd such as [[:en:Marbled_lungfish|marbled lungfish]], [[:en:Polypterus_senegalus|Senegal bichir]], [[:en:African_arowana|African arowana]], ''[[:en:Mormyrus_caschive|Mormyrus caschive]]'', [[:en:Nile_carp|Nile carp]], [[:en:Nile_tilapia|Nile tilapia]], [[:en:Mango_tilapia|mango tilapia]], [[:en:Redbelly_tilapia|redbelly tilapia]], [[:en:Nile_perch|Nile perch]], ''[[:en:Distichodus|Distichodus]] rostratus'', [[:en:Hydrocynus_forskahlii|elongate tigerfish]], [[:en:Alestidae|African tetras]], [[:en:Clarias_gariepinus|African sharptooth catfish]], ''[[:en:Synodontis_frontosus|Synodontis frontosus]]'', ''[[:en:Synodontis_schall|S. schall]]'' den odas.<ref name="Green2009" /> Among de few [[:en:Endemism|endemics]] of de Sudd system be ''[[:en:Clarias|Clarias]] engelseni'', ''[[:en:Enteromius_yeiensis|Enteromius yeiensis]]'', ''[[:en:Nothobranchius|Nothobranchius]] nubaensis'', ''N. virgatus'' den two apparently [[:en:Undescribed_taxon|undescribed species]] of ''[[:en:Enteromius|Enteromius]]'', den de fish fauna for significant sections insyd still dem no properly study am.<ref name="Neumann2016">{{cite journal |author1=Neumann, D. |author2=H. Obermaier |author3=T. Moritz |year=2016 |title=Annotated checklist for fishes of the Main Nile Basin in the Sudan and Egypt based on recent specimen records (2006–2015) |journal=Cybium |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=287–317 |doi=10.26028/cybium/2016-404-004}}</ref> Dem find ova 400 species of bird for de Sudd insyd, wey dey include [[:en:Shoebill|shoebills]] (a stronghold give de species plus several thousand individuals), [[:en:Great_white_pelican|great white pelicans]], den [[:en:Black_crowned_crane|black crowned cranes]]. De Sudd dey provide food den water to large populations of [[:en:Bird_migration|migrating birds]]. As de surrounding landscape be a large swath of dry [[:en:Sahel|Sahel]] across Africa, de swamp sanso be a haven give [[:en:Animal_migration|migrating]] mammals, especially [[:en:Antelope|antelopes]], such as de [[:en:Bohor_reedbuck|bohor reedbuck]], [[:en:Sitatunga|sitatunga]] (de most aquatic antelope of the Sudd, mostly inhabiting permanent swampland), the endangered [[:en:Nile_lechwe|Nile lechwe]] (no for permanent swampland insyd, but generally near de water ein edge den often dey walk for shallow water insyd), den de [[:en:Kob|white-eared kob]] (further away from de permanent swampland).<ref name="Green2009" /> White-eared kob, [[:en:Tiang_(antelope)|tiang]] den [[:en:Mongalla_gazelle|Mongalla gazelle]] dey take part for one of de largest mammal migrations insyd for Earth top, wey e nomba about 1.2 million individuals for total insyd.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070614213924/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/06/070611-sudan-animals.html "Massive Animal Herds Flourishing Despite Sudan War, Survey Reveals"]. [[:en:National_Geographic_(magazine)|National Geographic]]. Archived from [http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/06/070611-sudan-animals.html the original] on 14 June 2007. January 2007</ref><ref name="Furniss2010">Furniss, C. (2010) {{cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb3120/is_4_82/ai_n54800827/?tag=content;col1|title=Draining Africa's Eden.|work=Geographical|year=2010}} Geographical, April 2010.</ref> Dem frequent de shallow water [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodiles]] den [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamuses]]. For more upland areas insyd dem know de Sudd as an historic habitat give de endangered [[:en:African_wild_dog|painted hunting dog]], wey howeva go already exterminate for de region insyd.<ref>C. Michael Hogan. 2009. [https://web.archive.org/web/20101209234758/http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=35993 ''Painted Hunting Dog: Lycaon pictus'', GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101209234758/http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=35993|date=9 December 2010}}</ref> == Threats den preservation == De long-running [[:en:Second_Sudanese_Civil_War|civil war in Southern Sudan]] seriously disrupt conservation efforts for de Sudd insyd, especially as de widespread availability of weapons encourage wildlife poaching, wey dey include of elephants. Der dey three game reserves: [[:en:Zeraf_Island|Zeraf Island]] between de [[:en:Zeraf_River|Zeraf River]] den de Nile, [[:en:Shambe|Shambe]] Reserve, den [[:en:Mongalla_Game_Reserve|Mongalla Game Reserve]]. == Jonglei diversion canal == <blockquote>''Main article: [[:en:Jonglei_Canal|Jonglei Canal]]''</blockquote>De early explorers wey dey search give de [[:en:Nile#European_search_for_the_source|source of]] [[:en:Nile#European_search_for_the_source|de Nile]] experience considerable difficulties, samtimes taking months to get thru de Sudd. For ein 1972 book insyd ''The White Nile'', [[:en:Alan_Moorehead|Alan Moorehead]] wey e say of de Sudd, "der dey no more formidable swamp for de world insyd".<ref>{{cite book |last=Moorehead |first=Alan |title=The White Nile |publisher=Book Club Associates |year=1972 |location=London |page=85}}</ref> Dem sustain de Sudd swamp by de water from de southwestern tributaries (de Bahr el Ghazal system) den dey consume a proportion of de main river thru evaporation den transpiration. Sir William Garstin, Undersecretary of State of Public Works of Egypt, create de first detailed proposal give digging a canal east of de Sudd for 1907 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |year=1907 |title=The Egyptian Sudan, its history and monuments |url=https://archive.org/stream/egyptiansudanits02budg#page/484/mode/2up |work=archive.org}}</ref> By bypassing de swamps, evaporation of de Nile ein water go vastly decrease, wey go allow an increase for de area of cultivatable land insyd for Egypt insyd by {{convert|2000000|acres|km2|abbr=on|order=flip|comma=}}. De Egyptian government for de 1930s insyd propose digging a [[:en:Canal|canal]] east of de Sudd to divert water from de Bahr al Jabal above de Sudd to a point farther down de White Nile, wey e bypass de swamps den e carry de White Nile ein water directly to de main channel of de river.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=6CcDAAAAMBAJ&dq=motor+gun+boat&pg=PA34 "Big Canal To Change Course of Nile River"], October 1933, ''[[:en:Popular_Science|Popular Science]]'', short article on top-right of page with map</ref> Dem study de Jonglei Canal scheme by de government of Egypt for 1946 insyd, den dem develop plans between 1954 den 1959. Construction work for de canal top begin for 1978 insyd, but de outbreak of political instability for Sudan insyd hold up work give many years. By 1984 wen de [[:en:Sudan_People's_Liberation_Movement-North|Sudan People's Liberation Army]] bring de works to a halt, dem excavate 240&#x20;km of de canal of a total of 360&#x20;km. De rusting remains of de giant German-built excavation machine—variously dem nickname am either "Sarah" anaa "Lucy"<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,923276-1,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104133215/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,923276-1,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 November 2012|magazine=Time|title=Environment: Sarah Digs a Great Canal|date=10 January 1983|access-date=24 May 2010}}</ref>—dey visible for a [[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] image top at de south end of de canal, wey dem locate am since dem disable am by a missile.<ref>[https://www.google.com/maps?q=jonglei+canal&hl=en&ll=6.932647,31.52824&spn=0.009841,0.016512&sll=9.294596,30.168457&sspn=2.504328,4.22699&t=h&hnear=Jonglei+Canal&z=17 Google Earth image]</ref> Wen dem restore peace for 2000 insyd, speculation grow about a restart of de project. Howeva, for 21 February 2008 top, de Sudanese government say de revival of de project no dey be a priority. Nevertheless, for 2008 insyd, Sudan den Egypt gree to restart de project den finish de canal for 24 years insyd.<ref name="ahmad">Ahmad, A.M. (2008) [http://eau.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/20/2/575?rss=1 Post-Jonglei planning in southern Sudan: combining environment with development] Archived 2 February 2013 at [[:en:Archive.today|archive.today]] [[:en:Environment_and_Urbanization|Environment and Urbanization]], October 2008</ref> South Sudan gain independence for 2011 insyd. Dem estimate am dat de Jonglei canal project go produce 3.5–4.8 billion m³ of water per year (equal to a mean annual discharge of 110–152 m³/s (3 883–5 368&#x20;ft³/s), an increase of around 5–7% of Egypt ein current water supply.<ref name="Furniss2010" /> Dem go share canal ein benefits by Egypt den Sudan, plus de expected damage wey dey fall for South Sudan top.<ref name="ahmad" /> De complex environmental den social issues wey dem involve, dey include de collapse of fisheries, drying of grazing lands,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.gurtong.net/ECM/Editorial/tabid/124/ctl/ArticleView/mid/519/articleId/2718/Jonglei-Canal-Project-is-a-Looming-Catastrophe.aspx|work=Gurtong|title=Jonglei Canal Project Is A Looming Catastrophe|author=Koang Tut Jing|date=8 September 2006|access-date=22 October 2010|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718104443/http://www.gurtong.net/ECM/Editorial/tabid/124/ctl/ArticleView/mid/519/articleId/2718/Jonglei-Canal-Project-is-a-Looming-Catastrophe.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> a drop of groundwater levels, den a reduction of rainfall for de region insyd,<ref>[[:en:De_Villiers,_Marq|De Villiers, Marq]], 2001. ''Water: The Fate of Our Most Precious Resource''. Mariner Books. {{ISBN|978-0-618-12744-3}}</ref> wey e limit de practicality of de project. De draining of de Sudd dey likely to have environmental effects comparable to de drying of [[:en:Lake_Chad|Lake Chad]] anaa de draining of de [[:en:Aral_Sea|Aral Sea]]. == Make you sanso see == * [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]] * [[:en:Draining_of_the_Mesopotamian_Marshes|Draining of]] [[:en:Draining_of_the_Mesopotamian_Marshes|de Mesopotamian Marshes]] == References == <references /> ==== Bibliography ==== * Petersen, G., Abya, J. A., Fohrer, N. (2007) [https://www.adv-geosci.net/11/113/2007/adgeo-11-113-2007.pdf Spatio-temporal water body and vegetation changes in the Nile swamps of southern Sudan] ''Advanced Geoscience 11'', 113–116 * Petersen, G., Sutcliffe, J. V., Fohrer, N. (2008) [https://archive.today/20130105072332/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119139558/abstract Morphological analysis of the Sudd region using land survey and remote sensing data] ''[[:en:Earth_Surface_Processes_and_Landforms|Earth Surface Processes and Landforms]]'', 33 * Petersen, G. (2008) [http://eldiss.uni-kiel.de/macau/receive/dissertation_diss_00003028 ''The Hydrology of the Sudd – Hydrologic Investigation and Evaluation of Water Balances in the Sudd Swamps of Southern Sudan''] University of Kiel, Germany * Sutcliffe, J.V., Parks, Y.P. (1999) ''The Hydrology of the Nile'', IAHS Special Publication No 5. Wallingford. UK == Further reading == * {{cite journal |last=Stanton |first=E.A. |year=1903 |title=The Great Marshes of the White Nile |journal=Journal of the Royal African Society |volume=2 |issue=8 |pages=375–379 |jstor=715130}} * {{cite journal |last1=Mohamed |first1=Y.A. |last2=van den Hurk |first2=B.J.J.M. |last3=Savenije |first3=H.H.G. |last4=Bastiaanssen |first4=W.G.M. |year=2005 |title=Impact of the Sudd wetland on the Nile hydroclimatology |journal=Water Resources Research |volume=41 |issue=8 |pages=W08420 |bibcode=2005WRR....41.8420M |doi=10.1029/2004WR003792 |s2cid=128724157}} * {{cite journal |last1=Mohamed |first1=Y.A. |last2=Savenije |first2=H.H.G. |last3=Bastiaanssen |first3=W.G.M. |last4=van den Hurk |first4=B.J.J.M. |year=2006 |title=New lessons on the Sudd hydrology learned from remote sensing and climate modeling |journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=507–518 |bibcode=2006HESS...10..507M |doi=10.5194/hess-10-507-2006 |s2cid=2958658 |doi-access=free}} == External links == * [https://www.reuters.com/article/scienceNews/idUSL2827708220070528 Elephant herds wey dem find for isolated south Sudan island top] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110419212058/http://www.hydroc.de/index-Dateien/p3ewhite.htm Current hydrological] [https://web.archive.org/web/20110419212058/http://www.hydroc.de/index-Dateien/p3ewhite.htm den ecological research program for de Sudd swamps top] * [https://maps.google.com/?ll=9.400291,30.500793&spn=1.287076,1.873169&t=k Sudd –] [https://maps.google.com/?ll=9.400291,30.500793&spn=1.287076,1.873169&t=k for Google Maps top] 62f3t5vaxssw4fej9h593l0qnogm48b 0 27491 103147 102874 2026-06-16T13:25:32Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 103147 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|thumb|384x384px|View of de Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).]] De '''Niger Delta''' be de [[:en:River_delta|delta]] of de [[:en:Niger_River|Niger River]] wey dey sit directly for de [[Gulf of Guinea]] top for de [[Atlantic Ocean]] top for Nigeria insyd.<ref>C. Michael Hogan, [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166 "Niger River", in M. McGinley (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Earth''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420075935/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Niger_River?topic=78166|date=2013-04-20}}, Washington, DC: National Council for Science and Environment, 2013</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Umoh |first1=Unyime U. |last2=Li |first2=Li |last3=Wang |first3=Junjian |last4=Kauluma |first4=Ndamononghenda |last5=Asuquo |first5=Francis E. |last6=Akpan |first6=Ekom R. |date=August 2022 |title=Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether signatures in tropical mesotidal estuary sediments of Qua Iboe River, Gulf of Guinea |journal=Organic Geochemistry |volume=170 |bibcode=2022OrGeo.17004461U |doi=10.1016/j.orggeochem.2022.104461 |s2cid=249615285 |article-number=104461}}</ref> Dem locate am within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, wey dey include: all six states from de South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone den two states (Abia den Imo) from South East geopolitical zone. De Niger Delta be a very densely populated region wey dem samtimes bell am de '''Oil Rivers''' sekof e once be a major producer of palm oil.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Otoabasi |first=Akpan |title=The Niger Delta Question and the peace plan |publisher=Spectrum Books |year=2011}}</ref> De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De delta be a petroleum-rich region den e already get de center of international concern ova extensive pollution wey dem often use am as an example of ecocide.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title='Ecocide' movement pushes for a new international crime: Environmental destruction |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ecocide-movement-pushes-new-international-crime-environmental-destruction-n1263142 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=5 February 2014 |title=Fighting ecocide in Nigeria |url=https://theecologist.org/2014/feb/05/fighting-ecocide-nigeria |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=theecologist.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=UNPO: Ogoni: An Ecocide in the Making? |url=https://unpo.org/article/19131 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=unpo.org}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=2011-08-22|title=How an ecocide law could prevent another Nigerian oil disaster|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/aug/22/ecocide-law-nigerian-oil-disaster|access-date=2023-07-06|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> De principal cause be major oil spills by multinational corporations of de petroleum industry.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Aghalino |first=S.O |title=Combating the Niger Delta Crisis: an appraisal of Federal Government response to Anti-Oil protect in Niger Delta, 1958-2002. |publisher=Maiduguri journal of Historical studies |year=2004}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dakolo |first=Bubaraye |title=The Riddle of the Oil Thief |publisher=Purple Shelves |year=2021 |isbn=978-978-988-990-7 |location=Lagos |pages=117–170}}</ref> == Geography == De Niger Delta, as rydee dem define am officially by de Nigerian government, dey extend ova 70,000 km² (27,000 sq mi) den dey make up 7.5% of Nigeria ein land mass.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chukwu|first=Ignatius|date=2023-10-01|title=What Nigeria’s independence means for Niger Delta|url=https://businessday.ng/life/article/what-nigerias-independence-means-for-niger-delta/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-11-21|newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Historically den cartographically, e dey consist of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, den Rivers States. For 2000 insyd, howeva, Obasanjo ein regime wey e include Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo den Ondo States for de region insyd.<ref name=":0" /> De Niger Delta den de South-South geopolitical zone (wey dey contain six of de states for de Niger Delta insyd) be two different entities. De Niger Delta dey separate de Bight of Benin from de Bight of Bonny within de larger Gulf of Guinea.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Akpan |first=D. |title=Oil Exploration and environmental degradation in the Niger Delta. A paper presented at the first regional conference. |year=2006}}</ref> == Demographics == De political Niger Delta be home to approximately 31 million pippoe from ova 40 ethnic groups, wey dey include de Ijaws—such as de Kalabari, Okrika, Epie-Atissa, Ogbia, Abua, Obolo, Opobo, Ibani, Apoi, Arogbo, Olodiama, Biseni, Akinima, Ibibio, Urhobo, Annang, Oron, Efik, Ogoni, Edo, Esan, Isoko, Igbo den Okpe among odas. Dem communities dey speak around 250 different dialects. De Ijaw be de largest ethnic group for de Niger Delta insyd, plus a widespread presence across six states for de region insyd. De major language groups wey dem speak for de Niger Delta insyd dey include de Ijaw languages, Ibibio-Efik,<ref name="nigerdeltabudget.org">{{Cite web |title=The Niger Delta – Niger Delta Budget Monitoring Group |url=https://www.nigerdeltabudget.org/the-niger-delta/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |language=en-US}}</ref> Edoid languages.<ref name=":1" /> == History == === Colonial period === De area be de British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 wen dem expand am den becam de Niger Coast Protectorate. De core Niger Delta later becam a part of de eastern region of Nigeria, wey cam into being for 1951 insyd (one of de three regions, den later one of de four regions). De majority of de pippoe be dem pippoe from de colonial Calabar den Ogoja divisions, de present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoni pippoe. De National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) be de ruling political party of de region. De NCNC later becam de National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decide to separate from Nigeria. De ruling party of eastern Nigeria no seek to preclude de separation den even encourage am. De then Eastern Region get de third, fourth, den fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups for de country, wey be de Igbo, Ijaw den Ibibio. For 1953 insyd, de Old Eastern region get a major crisis wen dem expel professor Eyo Ita from office by de majority Igbo tribe of de Old Eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, be one of de pioneer nationalists give Nigerian independence. De non-igbo of den then eastern region, de Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw den Ogoja, wey dem situate along de southeastern coast den for de delta region insyd den demand a state of demma own, wey dem bell am de Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. De Ibibio pippoe of de present Akwa Ibom State den Cross River State wey dem sanso champion give demma state thru de Ibibio State Union. De struggle give de creation of de COR state continue den be a major issue wey dey concern de status of minorities for Nigeria insyd during debates for Europe insyd for Nigerian independence top. As a result of dis crisis, Professor Eyo Ita lef de NCNC to form a new political party wey dem bell am National Independence Party wey be one of de five Nigerian political parties wey dem represent am at de conferences for Nigerian Constitution den Independence top.<ref name="nigerdeltabudget.org" /> === Post-colonial period === For 1961 insyd, anoda major crisis occur wen de then-eastern region of Nigeria allow present-day southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from de region of wat rydee be Akwa Ibom den Cross River states) thru a plebiscite while de leadership of de Northern Region take de necessary steps to keep northwestern Cameroon for Nigeria insyd, for present-day Adamawa den Taraba states insyd. De aftermath of de 1961 plebiscite lead to a dispute between Cameroon den Nigeria ova de small territory of Bakassi. A new phase of de struggle see de declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian presido Ironsi ein administration, just before de Nigerian Civil War.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Writer|first=Guest|date=2018-05-22|title=The revolutionist as the true national knight: Retelling the tale of Isaac Boro 50 years after|url=https://www.thecable.ng/the-revolutionist-as-the-true-national-knight-retelling-major-isaac-boro-fifty-years-after/|access-date=2024-07-04|newspaper=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Sanso just before de Nigerian civil war, dem create Southeastern State of Nigeria (dem sanso know am Southeastern Nigeria anaa Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), wey get de colonial Calabar division, den colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State wey dem sanso create am. Southeastern State den River State becam two states give de minorities of de old eastern region, den de majority Igbo of de old eastern region get a state wey dem bell am East Central State. Dem rename Southeastern State as Cross River State den dem later split am into Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. Dem later divide Rivers State into Rivers State den Bayelsa State. === Nigerian Civil War === Niger Delta pippoe suffer heavily plus de great loss of lives den properties, hunger den starvation, den sustain many deaths during 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, wey dem sanso know am de Biafran War, for wey de eastern region declare an independent state wey dem name am Biafra wey dem eventually defeat am.<ref>{{Citation |title=The International Politics of the Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970 |date=2015-12-31 |pages=xv–xx |chapter=Chronology of Important Events in the Nigerian Civil War |publisher=Princeton University Press |doi=10.1515/9781400871285-003 |isbn=978-1-4008-7128-5}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Heerten |first1=Lasse |title=The Nigeria-Biafra War |date=2017-07-06 |work=Postcolonial Conflict and the Question of Genocide |pages=3–43 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315229294-1 |isbn=978-1-315-22929-4 |last2=Moses |first2=A. Dirk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ekwe-Ekwe, Herbert. |title=The Biafra War: Nigeria and the aftermath. |date=1991 |publisher=[[Edwin Mellen Press]] |isbn=0-88946-235-6 |location=[[Lewiston, New York]] |oclc=476261625}}</ref> During dis period, dem shut down schools completely, den gunfire becam a daily occurrence. === Non-violent resistance === <blockquote>''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|Movement]] [[:en:Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People|give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe]]''</blockquote>Following de civil war, local communities increasingly social den environmental justice wey dem demand from de federal government, plus Ken Saro Wiwa den de Ogoni tribe as de lead figures give dis phase of de struggle. Cohesive oil protests becam most pronounced for 1990 insyd plus de publication of de Ogoni Bill of Rights. Indigenous pippoe protest against de lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, den hospitals, for de region insyd, despite all de oil wealth wey dem create. Dem sanso complain about environmental pollution den de destruction of demma land den rivers by foreign oil companies. Dem arrest den kill Ken Saro Wiwa den nine oda oil activists from Movement give de Survival of de Ogoni Pippoe (MOSOP) under Sani Abacha for 1995 insyd.<ref>Strutton, Laine (2014). ''The New Mobilization from Below: Women's Oil Protests in the Niger Delta, Nigeria'' (Thesis). [[:en:ProQuest|ProQuest]] [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1666393541 1666393541].</ref> === Recent armed conflict === <blockquote>''Main article: [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|Conflict]] [[:en:Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''</blockquote>Wen long-held dey concern about loss of control ova resources to de oil companies wey de Ijaw pippoe voice am for de Kaiama Declaration insyd for 1998 insyd, de Nigerian government send troops to occupy de Bayelsa den Delta states. Soldiers open fire plus rifles, machine guns, den tear gas, wey e kill at least three protesters den dey arrest twenty-five more.<ref>{{cite web |date=1998-12-30 |title=State of Emergency Declared in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805220129/http://www.hrw.org/news/1998/12/31/state-emergency-declared-niger-delta |archive-date=2012-08-05 |access-date=2018-01-19 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Since then, local Indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries den pipelines for de region insyd increase for frequency den militancy insyd. Recently foreign employees of Shell, de primary corporation wey dey operate for de region insyd, dem take hostage by local pippoe. Such activities sanso result for greater governmental intervention insyd for de area insyd den de mobilization of de Nigerian Army den State Security Service into de region, wey e result for violence den human rights abuses insyd. For April 2006 insyd, a bomb explode near an oil refinery for de Niger Delta region insyd, a warning against Chinese expansion for de region insyd. De Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) state: "We wish to warn de Chinese government den ein oil companies to steer well clear of de Niger Delta. De Chinese government, by investing for stolen crude insyd, dey places ein citizens for our line of fire insyd."<ref>Ian Taylor, [http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa "China's environmental footprint in Africa"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223061935/http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/741-China-s-environmental-footprint-in-Africa|date=2007-02-23}}, ''China Dialogue'', 2 February 2007.</ref> Government den private initiatives to develop de Niger Delta region, dem already introduce dem recently. Dem dey include de Niger Delta Development Commission, a government initiative, den de Development Initiative, a community development non-governmental organization wey dey base for Port Harcourt insyd. Uz den Uz Transnational, a company plus a strong commitment to de Niger Delta, wey introduce ways of developing de poor for de Niger Delta insyd, especially for Rivers State insyd. For September 2008 insyd, MEND release a statement wey dey proclaim dat demma militants launch an "oil war" thruout de Niger Delta against both, pipelines den oil-production facilities, den de Nigerian soldiers dat dey protect dem. Both MEND den de Nigerian Government dey claim to have inflicted heavy casualties for one anoda top.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm "Nigeria militants warn of oil war"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915064938/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615498.stm|date=2008-09-15}}, BBC News, 14 September 2008.</ref> For August 2009 insyd, de Nigerian government grant amnesty to de militants; many militants subsequently surrender demma weapons for exchange give a presidential pardon insyd, rehabilitation programme, den education. == Sub-regions == '''Western Niger Delta''' dey consist of de western section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Delta, den de southernmost parts of Edo, den Ondo States. De western (anaa Northern) Niger Delta be a heterogeneous society plus several ethnic groups wey dey include de Urhobo, De Western Igbos; Ika pippoe, Aniocha Pippoe, Isoko, Ijaw (anaa Izon) den Ukwuani, Itsekiri de Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, den Afenmai for Edo State insyd; den de Ilaje Yoruba for Ondo State insyd. Demma livelihoods be primarily dey base for fishing den farming top. History get am say de Kings of de four primary ethnic groups control Western Niger de Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, den, Itsekiri plus wey de British government get to sign separate "Treaties of Protection" for demma formation of "Protectorates" insyd dat later becam southern Nigeria. '''Central Niger Delta''' dey consist of de central section of coastal South-South Nigeria wey dey include Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, den Imo States. De Central Niger Delta region get de Ijaw (wey dey include de Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari pippoe, Ibani of Opobo & Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni den Andoni clans), de Ogoni pippoe (Khana, Gokana, Tai den Eleme), De Igbos (de Etche, Egbema, Omuma, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye den Ndoki) for Rivers State insyd. '''Eastern Niger Delta''' dey consist of Cross River State den Akwa Ibom State. E get de homogeneous Annang, Efik, Ibibio den Oron pippoe, Ogoja (dat dey include Ekoi den Bekwara). == Nigerian oil == <blockquote>''Main article: [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|Petroleum industry]]'' [[:en:Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria|''for Nigeria insyd'']]</blockquote>Nigeria becam West Africa ein biggest producer of petroleum. Dem extract sam 2 million barrels (320,000 m³) per day for de Niger Delta insyd, plus an estimated 38 billion barrels of reserves.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Isumonah |first=V. Adelfemi |year=2013 |title=Armed Society in the Niger Delta |journal=Armed Forces & Society |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=331–358 |doi=10.1177/0095327x12446925 |s2cid=110566551}}</ref> De first oil operations for de region insyd begin for de 1950s insyd den dem undertake am by multinational corporations, wey provide Nigeria plus necessary technological den financial resources to extract oil.<ref>{{cite book |last=Pearson |first=Scott R. |title=Petroleum and the Nigerian Economy |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1970 |isbn=0-8047-0749-9 |location=Stanford |page=13}}</ref> Since 1975, de region account give more dan 75% of Nigeria ein export earnings.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Akpeninor |first=James Ohwofasa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ESk7b8iKIU0C&pg=PA576 |title=Giant in the Sun: Echoes of Looming Revolution? |date=2012-08-28 |publisher=AuthorHouse |isbn=978-1-4772-1868-6 |language=en}}</ref> Togeda oil den natural gas extraction dey comprise "97 percent of Nigeria ein foreign exchange revenues".<ref>''Nigeria: Petroleum Pollution and Poverty in the Niger Delta''. United Kingdom: Amnesty International Publications International Secretariat, 2009, p. 10.</ref> More dan 70% of de natural gas wey dem extract for oil wells insyd for de delta insyd, dem immediately burn, anaa flared, into de air at a rate of approximately 70 million m³ per day.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=July 4, 2024 |title=A review of the effects of gas flaring on the Niger Delta |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233298409_A_review_of_the_effects_of_gas_flaring_on_the_Niger_Delta_environment |journal=ResearchGate}}</ref> Dis be equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption den dey form de largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions for de planet top. For 2003 insyd, dem flare about 99% of excess gas for de Niger Delta insyd, <ref>{{cite web |date=Nov 2003 |title=Nigeria's First National Communication Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/niganc1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115182631/http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/niganc1.pdf |archive-date=15 January 2009 |access-date=24 January 2009 |work=UNFCC}}</ref> although dis value fall to 11% for 2010 insyd.<ref>[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTOGMC/EXTGGFR/0,,contentMDK:22137498~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:578069,00.html Global Gas Flaring reduction, The World Bank] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301124210/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTOGMC/EXTGGFR/0,,contentMDK:22137498~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:578069,00.html|date=2012-03-01}}, "Estimated Flared Volumes from Satellite Data, 2006–2010."</ref> (Make you sanso see [[:en:Gas_flaring#Volume|gas flaring volumes]]). De biggest gas flaring company be de Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture dat be majority-owned by de Nigerian government. For Nigeria insyd, "...despite regulations wey dem introduce 20 years ago to outlaw de practice, dem flare most associated gas, wey e cause local pollution den dey contribute to climate change."<ref>{{cite web |date=October 2004 |title=Gas Flaring in Nigeria |url=http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/media_briefing/gasflaringinnigeria.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225211133/http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/media_briefing/gasflaringinnigeria.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2009 |access-date=24 January 2009 |work=Friends of the Earth}}</ref> De environmental devastation wey dem associate plus de industry den de lack of distribution of oil wealth already be de source den/anaa key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements den inter-ethnic conflicts for de region insyd, wey dey include recent guerrilla activity by MEND. For September 2012 insyd Eland Oil & Gas purchase a 45% interest for OML 40 insyd, plus ein partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from de Shell Group. Dem intend to recommission de existing infrastructure den restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 barrels (400 m³) of oil per day plus a target to grow gross production to 50,000 barrels (7,900 m³) of oil per day within four years. === Oil revenue derivation === Oil revenue allocation already be de subject of much contention well before Nigeria gain ein independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, wey e owe to de First Republic ein high degree of regional autonomy, den as low as 10% during de military dictatorships. {| class="wikitable" |+Oil revenue sharing formula !Year !Federal !State* !Local !Special Projects !Derivation Formula** |- |1958 |40% |60% |0% |0% |50% |- |1968 |80% |20% |0% |0% |10% |- |1977 |75% |22% |3% |0% |10% |- |1982 |55% |32.5% |10% |2.5% |10% |- |1989 |50% |24% |15% |11% |10% |- |1995 |48.5% |24% |20% |7.5% |13% |- |2001 |48.5% |24% |20% |7.5% |13% |} ''* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.'' ''**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm World Bank Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921053829/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm|date=2016-09-21}} == Media == De documentary film ''[[:en:Sweet_Crude|Sweet Crude]]'', wey dem premier April 2009 at de Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, dey tell de story of Nigeria ein Niger Delta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sweet Crude: A New Documentary on the Niger Delta by Sandy Cioffi |url=http://www.sweetcrudemovie.com/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=www.sweetcrudemovie.com}}</ref> == Environmental issues == <blockquote>''Main article: [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|Environmental issues]] [[:en:Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta|for de Niger Delta insyd]]''</blockquote>De Niger Delta be a region of unparalleled ecological richness, wey ein intricate network of waterways characterize am, lush mangrove forests, den diverse ecosystems. Howeva, dem damage de serene beauty of dis landscape by a persistent environmental menace, oil spills. Ova de years, de Niger Delta experience a series of devastating oil spills, wey industrial activities wey relate to de extraction den transportation of oil den gas primarily cause am. Sekof dis high amount of spills, dem consider de Niger Delta as one of de most polluted areas for Earth top.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Anejionu |first1=Obinna Chukwubuikem Diony |last2=Blackburn |first2=George Alan |last3=Whyatt |first3=J. Duncan |date=4 March 2014 |title=Satellite survey of gas flares: development and application of a Landsat-based technique in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01431161.2013.879351 |journal=International Journal of Remote Sensing |language=en |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=1900–1925 |bibcode=2014IJRS...35.1900A |doi=10.1080/01431161.2013.879351 |s2cid=53705868 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Dem spills inflict severe den continuous damage for de delicate balance of de region ein ecosystems top. Dem impact both de environment den de livelihoods of de communities dat dey depend for ein resources top. Two spills for 2008 den 2009 insyd already be de largest den most harmful by far, collectively dey last give almost 150 days den dey cause flora death thruout 393 km². De extensive network of tidal rivers den mangrove swamps dey make am even easier give de oil to spread quickly, den de delta dey becam a sink, wey e trap de oil dat dem no remove am.<ref name="sciencedirect.com">{{cite journal |last1=Obida |first1=Christopher B. |last2=Blackburn |first2=George A. |last3=Whyatt |first3=James D. |last4=Semple |first4=Kirk T. |date=25 June 2021 |title=Counting the cost of the Niger Delta's largest oil spills: Satellite remote sensing reveals extensive environmental damage with >1million people in the impact zone |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969721009219 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=775 |bibcode=2021ScTEn.775n5854O |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145854 |s2cid=233538622 |url-access=subscription |article-number=145854}}</ref> De spills cam from a pipeline wey Shell Petroleum Development Company operate am. For addition to smaller spills insyd dat take place ova de years 2006–2019, dem estimate am dat dem release a total of 92,479,170 liters (anaa 24430412.139 gallons) of crude oil into de area wey dem study.<ref name="sciencedirect.com" /> Since then, following spills continue to exacerbate de ecological damage. De exact impact of spills like dem be hard to know sekof traditional field studies dey nearly impossible for dis region. Howeva, techniques such as de normalized difference vegetation index already be successful for measuring de impact of oil spills insyd for de river ein plant health top. Additionally, field samples wey dem independently collect am, dem confirm de presence of hydrocarbon pollutants for high concentrations insyd for de impacted areas insyd.<ref name="sciencedirect.com" /> Oil den gas pollution/spills dey greatly increase de possibility of human exposure to dangerous chemicals. Many components of crude oil be particularly concerning sekof demma link to de health problems wey exposure cause am.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ugochukwu |first1=Uzochukwu C. |last2=Ochonogor |first2=Alfred |last3=Jidere |first3=Chika M. |last4=Agu |first4=Chizoba |last5=Nkoloagu |first5=Frida |last6=Ewoh |first6=John |last7=Okwu-Delunzu |first7=Virginia U. |date=1 June 2018 |title=Exposure risks to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by humans and livestock (cattle) due to hydrocarbon spill from petroleum products in Niger-delta wetland |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016041201732158X |journal=Environment International |volume=115 |pages=38–47 |bibcode=2018EnInt.115...38U |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2018.03.010 |pmid=29547867 |s2cid=3902367 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Dis dey include organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene den xylene,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Philibert |first1=Danielle A. |last2=Lyons |first2=Danielle |last3=Philibert |first3=Clara |last4=Tierney |first4=Keith B. |date=10 January 2019 |title=Field-collected crude oil, weathered oil and dispersants differentially affect the early life stages of freshwater and saltwater fishes |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969718330213 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=647 |pages=1148–1157 |bibcode=2019ScTEn.647.1148P |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.052 |pmid=30180323 |s2cid=52156999 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> as well as heavy metals such as lead, vanadium den cadmium. In fact, according to de Scientific Committee for Health, Environmental den Emerging Risks top, dem fi put more dan 1300 different chemicals into de environment as a result of oil den gas exploration.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bertollini |first1=Roberto |last2=Teresa |first2=Borges |last3=Pim |first3=deVoogt |last4=Peter |first4=Hoet |date=30 November 2018 |title=OPINION ON the public health impacts and risks resulting from onshore oil and gas exploration and exploitation in the EU |journal=Scientific Committee on Health, Environmental and Emerging Risks SCHEER}}</ref> Then, humans cam for contact insyd plus dem harmful substances thru eating contaminated food as well as breathing for de air pollution insyd.<ref name="The human health risk estimation of">{{cite journal |last1=Afshar-Mohajer |first1=Nima |last2=Fox |first2=Mary A. |last3=Koehler |first3=Kirsten |date=1 March 2019 |title=The human health risk estimation of inhaled oil spill emissions with and without adding dispersant |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969718344656 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=654 |pages=924–932 |bibcode=2019ScTEn.654..924A |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.110 |pmid=30453262 |s2cid=53946118 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons be especially concerning sekof demma persistence for de environment insyd. Even for low amounts insyd, prolonged exposure fi cause serious health issues such as cancer den oda chronic illnesses.<ref name="The human health risk estimation of" /> For general insyd, de harmful pollutants wey dem emit from oil spills den oda pollution dey include cancer, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, stillbirths, den infertility.<ref name="The human health risk estimation of" /> Less deadly, but still serious, health problems dey include headache, watery eyes, sore throat, respiratory problems, itchy skin, rashes for face den neck top, sneezing, coughing, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, den diarrhea be common issues wey oil spills cause am.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nriagu |first1=Jerome |last2=Udofia |first2=Emilia A. |last3=Ekong |first3=Ibanga |last4=Ebuk |first4=Godwin |date=March 2016 |title=Health Risks Associated with Oil Pollution in the Niger Delta, Nigeria |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=13 |issue=3 |page=346 |doi=10.3390/ijerph13030346 |pmc=4809009 |pmid=27007391 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Collectively, more dan 1 million pippoe dey live for de area insyd dat oil/gas pollution already contaminate am. Dis population be especially vulnerable to chronic illnesses sekof demma pre-existing low life expectancy den large ratio of young pippoe.<ref name="sciencedirect.com" /> Additionally, a 2006 report wey de United Nations Development Programme do am dey say "De Niger Delta be a region wey dey suffer from administrative neglect, wey dey crumble social infrastructure den services, high unemployment, social deprivation, abject poverty, filth den squalor, den endemic conflict,"<ref>{{cite web |author1=United Nations |date=1 January 2006 |title=Human Development Report |url=https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report#:~:text=%22The%20Niger%20Delta%20is%20a,conflict%2C%22%20says%20the%20report. |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}</ref>. Dem factors dey make am increasingly harder give de local communities to deal plus de negative effects wey foreign oil exploration cause am. De pippoe wey oil spills affect am for de Niger Delta insyd be diverse communities wey dey reside for de region insyd. Dem intricately connect demma lives to de natural environment. Dem communities, often make up of indigenous groups, dey rely for de Niger Delta ein resources top give demma food, water, livelihoods, den cultural practices. De impact of oil spills for dem communities top be multi-faceted den dey extend beyond health problems. Fishing den agriculture be central to de livelihoods of many Niger Delta communities. Oil spills dey contaminate water sources den farmlands, wey e severely affect fish stocks den crops. Dis disruption fi lead to food shortages den economic hardship give dem dependent for dem activities top.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Osuagwu |first1=Eze Simpson |last2=Olaifa |first2=Eseoghene |date=25 October 2018 |title=Effects of oil spills on fish production in the Niger Delta |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=13 |issue=10 |bibcode=2018PLoSO..1305114O |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0205114 |pmc=6201865 |pmid=30359365 |doi-access=free |article-number=e0205114}}</ref> Anoda facet of de pippoe ein livelihoods be demma culture. De Niger Delta ein pippoe get strong spiritual den cultural ties to demma environment. De harm inflict for demma land top den waterways wey oil spills cause am dey deeply disrupt sacred sites den dey interfere plus demma cultural practices. De loss of dem cultural elements dey contribute to a sense of displacement den identity crisis among de affected groups/communities.<ref name="soa">{{cite journal |last=Aghalino |first=S.O. |date=February 2011 |title=Oil and Cultural Crisis: The Case of the Niger Delta |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301637735 |journal=Africana |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=15 |access-date=December 14, 2023}}</ref> Additionally, wen communities fight back against de oil industries as an act of protest, violence be often perpetuated. Since de 1990s der already be continuous violence for an effort insyd to give local communities control of de oil for de delta insyd. Dem acts of violence dey include de kidnapping of foreign oil workers den dey hold dem give ransom, vandalization, den even de blowing up of oil installations.<ref name="soa" /> == Notes == <references /> == References == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090805174150/http://nigerdeltavine.com/ Niger Delta-Archive of News, Interviews, Articles, Analysis from 1999 to Present] * ''Proceedings of the Ibibio Union 1928–1937''. Edited by Monday Efiong Noah. Modern Business Press Ltd, Uyo. * Urhobo Historical Society (4 August 2003). Urhobo Historical Society Responds to Itsekiri Claims on Warri City and Western Niger Delta. * [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/may/30/oil-spills-nigeria-niger-delta-shell/ "Nigeria's agony dwarfs the Gulf oil spill. The US and Europe ignore it"] == External links == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080826021356/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/02/nigerian-oil/oneill-text National Geographic Magazine: "Curse of the Black Gold, Hope, and betrayal on the Niger Delta"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080826021356/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/02/nigerian-oil/oneill-text|date=2008-08-26}} — ''February 2007 issue''. * [http://nigerdeltaforum.com/index.php/topic,158.0.html, Nigerdeltaforum.com: forum] [http://nigerdeltaforum.com/index.php/topic,158.0.html, for de Niger Delta top den ein pippoe] *Niger-Delta Development Commission, [https://web.archive.org/web/20051025160835/http://www.nddconline.org/The_Niger_Delta/ Niger Delta: A Brief History] *American Association give de Advancement of Science, [https://web.archive.org/web/20051119105233/http://www.aaas.org/international/ssd/nigerdelta/ Niger Delta] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20050810081722/http://www.eraction.org/ Environmental Rights Action] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050810081722/http://www.eraction.org/|date=2005-08-10}} *[http://www.my-nigeria.com/?tag=niger-delta News] [http://www.my-nigeria.com/?tag=niger-delta for de Niger Delta top] bpcobg7kmzjhs83q4olph13xvcor2ao 0 27492 103143 102779 2026-06-16T13:09:49Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 103143 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|Sustainable use of nature for tackling socio-environmental challenges}} [[File:NRCSIA00041 - Iowa (2285)(NRCS Photo Gallery).jpg|thumb|Example for a nature-based solution insyd de area of [[Water resources|water resource]] management: dis riparian buffer protects a creek insyd lowa, United States from the impact of adjacent land uses]] '''Nature-based solutions''' (anaa '''nature-based systems''', den abbreviated as '''NBS''' anaa '''NbS''') describe de development den use of (biodiversity) den natural processes to address diverse soci-environmental issues.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Girardin |first1=Cécile A. J. |last2=Jenkins |first2=Stuart |last3=Seddon |first3=Nathalie |last4=Allen |first4=Myles |last5=Lewis |first5=Simon L. |last6=Wheeler |first6=Charlotte E. |last7=Griscom |first7=Bronson W. |last8=Malhi |first8=Yadvinder |title=Nature-based solutions can help cool the planet — if we act now |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |date=2021 |volume=593 |issue=7858 |pages=191–194 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-01241-2 |doi-access=free|pmid=33981055 |bibcode=2021Natur.593..191G}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Frantzeskaki |first1=Niki |last2=McPhearson |first2=Timon |last3=Collier |first3=Marcus J |last4=Kendal |first4=Dave |last5=Bulkeley |first5=Harriet |last6=Dumitru |first6=Adina |last7=Walsh |first7=Claire |last8=Noble |first8=Kate |last9=van Wyk |first9=Ernita |last10=Ordóñez |first10=Camilo |last11=Oke |first11=Cathy |last12=Pintér |first12=László |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Climate Change Adaptation: Linking Science, Policy, and Practice Communities for Evidence-Based Decision-Making |journal=[[BioScience]] |date=2019 |volume=69 |issue=6 |pages=455–466 |doi=10.1093/biosci/biz042 |doi-access=free|hdl=2183/36896 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> These issues include climate change mitigation den adaptation, human security issues such as water security den food security, den disaster risk reduction.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last1=Debele |first1=S. E. |last2=Leo |first2=L. S. |last3=Kumar |first3=P. |last4=Sahani |first4=J. |last5=Ommer |first5=J. |last6=Bucchignani |first6=E. |last7=Vranić |first7=S. |last8=Kalas |first8=M. |last9=Amirzada |first9=Z. |last10=Pavlova |first10=I. |last11=Shah |first11=M. A. R. |last12=Gonzalez-Ollauri |first12=A. |last13=Di Sabatino |first13=S. |date=2023 |title=Nature-based solutions can help reduce the impact of natural hazards: A global analysis of NBS case studies |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969723044492 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=902 |article-number=165824 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165824|pmid=37527720 |bibcode=2023ScTEn.90265824D |hdl=11585/953217 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> De aim be dat resilient ecosystems (whether natural, managed, anaa newly created) provide solutions for de benefit of both societies den biodiversity.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Nature-based Solutions: New Influence for Environmental Management and Research in Europe|last1=Eggermont|first1=Hilde|last2=Balian|first2=Estelle|date=2015|journal=Gaia - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society|language=en|doi=10.14512/gaia.24.4.9|last3=Azevedo|first3=José Manuel N.|last4=Beumer|first4=Victor|last5=Brodin|first5=Tomas|last6=Claudet|first6=Joachim|last7=Fady|first7=Bruno|last8=Grube|first8=Martin|last9=Keune|first9=Hans|volume=24|issue=4|pages=243–248|s2cid=53518417 |url=https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|access-date=24 May 2020|archive-date=7 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507073138/https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> De 2019 UN Climate Action Summit dey highlight nature-based solutions as an effective method to combat climate change.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=Environment |first=U. N. |date=2019 |title=Nature-Based Solutions for Climate |url=http://www.unep.org/nature-based-solutions-climate |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=UNEP - UN Environment Programme |language=en}}</ref> For example, nature-based systems for climate change adaptation fit include natural flood management, restoring natural coastal defences, den providing local cooling.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|310}} De concept of NBS be related to de concept of ecological engineering<ref name=":1" /> den ecosystem-based adaptation.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|284}} NBS are sanso related, conceptually to de practice of ecological restoration. De sustainable management approach be a key aspect of NBS development den implementation. Mangrove restoration efforts along coastlines provide an example of a nature-based solution dat fit achieve multiple goals. Mangroves moderate de impact of waves den wind on coastal settlements anaa cities,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Marois|first1=Darryl E.|last2=Mitsch|first2=William J.|date=2 January 2015|title=Coastal protection from tsunamis and cyclones provided by mangrove wetlands – a review|journal=International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management|volume=11|issue=1|pages=71–83|doi=10.1080/21513732.2014.997292|bibcode=2015IJBSE..11...71M |s2cid=86554474|issn=2151-3732}}</ref> den they sequester carbon.<ref>{{Citation|last=Inoue|first=Tomomi|title=Carbon Sequestration in Mangroves|work=Blue Carbon in Shallow Coastal Ecosystems|year=2019|pages=73–99|place=Singapore|publisher=Springer Singapore|doi=10.1007/978-981-13-1295-3_3|isbn=978-981-13-1294-6|s2cid=133839393}}</ref> Dem sanso provide nursery zones for marine life wich be important for sustaining fisheries. Additionally, mangrove forests fit help to control coastal erosion resulting from sea level rise. Green roofs, blue roofs, den green walls (as part of green infrastructure) are sanso nature-based solutions dat fit be implemented insud urban areas. Dey fit reduce de effects of urban heat islands, capture stormwater, abate pollution, den act as carbon sinks. At de same time, dey fi enhance local biodiversity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2020 |title=Evaluating the potential of nature-based solutions to reduce ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon dioxide through a multi-type green infrastructure study in Ontario, Canada |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590252020300246 |url-status=live |access-date=3 April 2026 |website=ScienceDirect}}</ref> NBS systems den solutions are forming an increasing part of national den international policies on climate change. Dem are included insyd climate change policy, infrastructure investment, den [[climate finance]] mechanisms. De European Commission has paid increasing attention to NBS since 2013.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Faivre|first1=Nicolas|last2=Fritz|first2=Marco|last3=Freitas|first3=Tiago|last4=de Boissezon|first4=Birgit|last5=Vandewoestijne|first5=Sofie|date=2017|title=Nature-Based Solutions in the EU: Innovating with nature to address social, economic and environmental challenges|journal=Environmental Research|volume=159|pages=509–518|doi=10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.032|pmid=28886502|bibcode=2017ER....159..509F|s2cid=42573101|issn=0013-9351}}</ref> Dis be reflected insyd de majority of global NBS case studies reviewed by Debele et al (2023) being located insyd Europe.<ref name=":16" /> While there be much scope for scaling-up nature-based systems den solutions globally, they frequently encounter numerous challenges during planning den implementation.<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":15">{{Cite journal |last1=Wamsler |first1=C. |last2=Wickenberg |first2=B. |last3=Hanson |first3=H. |last4=Alkan Olsson |first4=J. |last5=Stålhammar |first5=S. |last6=Björn |first6=H. |last7=Falck |first7=H. |last8=Gerell |first8=D. |last9=Oskarsson |first9=T. |last10=Simonsson |first10=E. |last11=Torffvit |first11=F. |date=2020 |title=Environmental and climate policy integration: Targeted strategies for overcoming barriers to nature-based solutions and climate change adaptation |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |volume=247 |article-number=119154 |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119154 |issn=0959-6526 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2020JCPro.24719154W }}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last1=Chausson |first1=Alexandre |last2=Turner |first2=Beth |last3=Seddon |first3=Dan |last4=Chabaneix |first4=Nicole |last5=Girardin |first5=Cécile A. J. |last6=Kapos |first6=Valerie |last7=Key |first7=Isabel |last8=Roe |first8=Dilys |last9=Smith |first9=Alison |last10=Woroniecki |first10=Stephen |last11=Seddon |first11=Nathalie |date=2020-09-09 |title=Mapping the effectiveness of nature-based solutions for climate change adaptation |journal=Global Change Biology |volume=26 |issue=11 |pages=6134–6155 |bibcode=2020GCBio..26.6134C |doi=10.1111/gcb.15310 |issn=1354-1013 |pmid=32906226 |s2cid=221621517 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De IPCC dey point out dat de term be "de subject of ongoing debate, plus concerns dat e may lead to de misunderstanding dat NbS on its own fi provide a global solution to climate change".<ref name=":12" />{{rp|24}} To clarify dis point further, de IPCC sanso stated dat "nature-based systems cannot be regarded as an alternative to, anaa a reason to delay, deep cuts insyd GHG emissions".<ref name=":13" />{{rp|203}} {{TOC limit|3}} == Definition == [[File:ISS047-E-84351 Cape Coral, Florida (annotated).jpg|thumb|Mangroves protect coastlines against erosion ([[Cape Coral, Florida|Cape Coral]], Florida, United States)]] De International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) defines NBS as "actions to protect, sustainably manage, den restore natural anaa modified ecosystems, dat address societal challenges effectively den adaptively, simultaneously providing human well-being den biodiversity benefits".<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10">Cohen-Shacham, E., G. Walters, C. Janzen, S. Maginnis (eds). 2016. Nature-based solutions to address global societal challenges. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. Xiii + 97 pp. Downloadable from https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46191 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401093813/https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46191|date=1 April 2021}}</ref> ''Societal challenges'' of relevance here include [[climate change]], food security, disaster risk reduction, water security. Insyd oda words: "Nature-based solutions are interventions dat use de natural functions of healthy ecosystems to protect de environment but sanso provide numerous economic den social benefits."<ref>Dubash, N.K., C.  Mitchell, E.L.  Boasson, M.J.  Borbor-Cordova, S.  Fifita, E.  Haites, M.  Jaccard, F.  Jotzo, S.  Naidoo, P.  Romero-Lankao, M.  Shlapak, W.  Shen, L. Wu, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter13.pdf Chapter 13: National and sub-national policies and institutions]. In IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D.  McCollum, M.  Pathak, S.  Some, P. Vyas, R.  Fradera, M.  Belkacemi, A.  Hasija, G.  Lisboa, S.  Luz, J.  Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.015</ref>{{rp|1403}} Dem are used both insyd de context of climate change mitigation as well as adaptation.<ref>Lecocq, F., H. Winkler, J.P. Daka, S. Fu, J.S. Gerber, S. Kartha, V. Krey, H. Lofgren, T. Masui, R. Mathur, J. Portugal-Pereira, B.  K. Sovacool,  M. V. Vilariño,  N. Zhou, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter04.pdf Chapter 4: Mitigation and development pathways in the near- to mid-term]. In IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van  Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.006</ref>{{rp|469}} De European Commission's definition of NBS states dat these solutions are "inspired den supported by nature, wich are cost-effective, simultaneously provide environmental, social den economic benefits den help build resilience. Such solutions bring more, den more diverse, nature den natural features den processes into cities, landscapes, den seascapes, through locally adapted, resource-efficient den systemic interventions".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Nature-Based Solutions - European Commission |url=https://ec.europa.eu/research/environment/index.cfm?pg=nbs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923161801/http://ec.europa.eu/research/environment/index.cfm?pg=nbs |archive-date=23 September 2019 |access-date=10 December 2019 |website=}}</ref> Insyd 2020, de EC definition was updated to further emphasise dat "Nature-based solutions must benefit biodiversity den support de delivery of a range of ecosystem services."<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Wild |first1=Tom |url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/research_and_innovation/research_by_area/documents/nbs_valorisationprojects_fullreport_web.pdf |title=Nature-based Solutions - State of the Art in EU-funded Projects |last2=Freitas |first2=Tiago |last3=Vandewoestijne |first3=Sofie |date=2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111152411/https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/research_and_innovation/research_by_area/documents/nbs_valorisationprojects_fullreport_web.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> De IPCC Sixth Assessment Report pointed out dat de term ''nature-based solutions'' be "widely but not universally used insyd de scientific literature".<ref name=":12">IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_SummaryForPolicymakers.pdf Summary for Policymakers] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, M. Tignor, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem (eds.)]. In: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3–33, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.001.</ref>{{rp|24}} As of 2017, de term NBS was still regarded as "poorly defined den vague".<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2017 |title='Nature-based solutions' is the latest green jargon that means more than you might think |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/541133b |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=541 |issue=7636 |pages=133–134 |doi=10.1038/541133b |pmid=28079099 |bibcode=2017Natur.541R.133. |s2cid=4455842 |issn=0028-0836|url-access=subscription }}</ref> De term ''ecosystem-based adaptation'' (EbA) be a subset of nature-based solutions den "aims to maintain den increase de resilience den reduce de vulnerability of ecosystems den people insyd de face of de adverse effects of climate change".<ref name=":13" />{{rp|284}} === History of de term === De term ''nature-based solutions'' was put forward by practitioners insyd de late 2000s. At dat time e was used by international organisations such as de International Union for Conservation of Nature den de World Bank insyd de context of finding new solutions to mitigate den adapt to climate change effects by working plus natural ecosystems rather dan relying purely on engineering interventions.<ref name=":5" /><ref name="MacKinnon11">MacKinnon, K., C. Sobrevila, V. Hickey. 2008. [https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/149141468320661795/biodiversity-climate-change-and-adaptation-nature-based-solutions-from-the-world-bank-portfolio Biodiversity, climate change and adaptation: nature-based solutions from the Word Bank portfolio]. Washington D.C.: World Bank.</ref><ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" />{{rp|3}} Chaw indigenous peoples have recognised de natural environment as playing an important role insyd human well-being as part of their traditional knowledge systems, but dis idea did not enter into modern scientific literature until de 1970's plus de concept of ecosystem services.<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" />{{rp|2}} De IUCN referred to NBS insyd a position paper for de United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.<ref>IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2009. No time to lose – make full use of nature-based solutions in the post-2012 climate change regime. Position paper on the Fifteenth session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP 15). Gland: IUCN.</ref> De term be sanso dey adopt by European policymakers, insyd particular by de European Commission, insyd a report<ref name="European Commission 2015">European Commission. 2015. Towards an EU Research and Innovation policy agenda for nature-based solutions & re-naturing cities. Final Report of the Horizon2020 Expert Group on Nature-Based Solutions and Re-Naturing Cities. Brussels: European Commission.</ref> stressing dat NBS fi offer innovative means to create jobs den growth as part of a green economy. De term started to make appearances insyd de mainstream media around de time of de Global Climate Action Summit insyd California insyd September 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2018 |title=Global Climate Action Summit kicks off today in San Francisco with nature-based solutions high on the agenda |url=http://nathalieseddon.blogspot.com/2018/09/global-climate-action-summit-kicks-off.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913112911/http://nathalieseddon.blogspot.com/2018/09/global-climate-action-summit-kicks-off.html |archive-date=13 September 2018 |access-date=13 September 2018 |website=Global Climate Action Summit kicks off today in San Francisco with nature-based solutions high on the agenda}}</ref> == Objectives den framing == [[File:Morro Strand State Beach (1).jpg|thumb|Coastal habitat protection at Morro Strand State Beach insyd San Luis Obispo County, California]]Nature-based solutions stress de sustainable use of nature in solving coupled environmental-social-economic challenges.<ref name=":5" /> NBS go beyond traditional biodiversity conservation den management principles by "re-focusing" de debate on humans den specifically integrating societal factors such as human well-being den poverty reduction, socio-economic development den governance principles. De general objective of NBS be clear, namely de sustainable management den use of Nature for tackling societal challenges.<ref>IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2016. Resolution 077 World Conservation Congress 2016, Hawaiʻi (https://web.archive.org/web/20190808140530/https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808140530/https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077|date=2019-08-08}}) 17. European Commission. 2016. Horizon2020 Work Programme 2016–2017 – 12. Climate action, environment, [[resource efficiency]] & raw materials, 99 pp. (http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213072645/http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf|date=13 December 2016}})</ref> However, different stakeholders view NBS from a variety of perspectives.<ref name=":1" /> For instance, de IUCN puts de need for well-managed den restored ecosystems at de heart of NBS, plus de overarching goal of "Supporting de achievement of society's development goals den safeguard human well-being insyd ways dat reflect cultural den societal values den enhance de resilience of ecosystems, their capacity for renewal den de provision of services".<ref name="IUCN16">IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2016. Resolution 077 World Conservation Congress 2016, Hawaiʻi (https://web.archive.org/web/20190808140530/https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808140530/https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077|date=8 August 2019}})</ref> De European Commission underlines dat NBS fi transform environmental den societal challenges into innovation opportunities, by turning natural capital into a source for green growth den sustainable development.<ref name="European Commission 2015" /> Within dis viewpoint, nature-based solutions to societal challenges "bring chaw, den chaw diverse, nature den natural features den processes into cities, landscapes den seascapes, through locally adapted, resource-efficient den systemic interventions".<ref name="ec.europa.eu">European Commission. 2016. Horizon2020 Work Programme 2016–2017 – 12. Climate action, environment, resource efficiency & raw materials, 99 pp. (http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213072645/http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf|date=13 December 2016}})</ref> As a result, NBS has been suggested as a means of implementing de nature-positive goal to halt den reverse nature loss by 2030, den achieve full nature recovery by 2050.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Milner-Gulland |first1=E.J. |last2=Addison |first2=Prue |last3=Arlidge |first3=William N.S. |last4=Baker |first4=Julia |last5=Booth |first5=Hollie |last6=Brooks |first6=Thomas |last7=Bull |first7=Joseph W. |last8=Burgass |first8=Michael J. |last9=Ekstrom |first9=Jon |last10=zu Ermgassen |first10=Sophus O.S.E. |last11=Fleming |first11=L. Vincent |last12=Grub |first12=Henry M.J. |last13=von Hase |first13=Amrei |last14=Hoffmann |first14=Michael |last15=Hutton |first15=Jonathan |date=2021-01-22 |title=Four steps for the Earth: mainstreaming the post-2020 global biodiversity framework |journal=One Earth |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=75–87 |doi=10.1016/j.oneear.2020.12.011 |bibcode=2021OEart...4...75M |issn=2590-3322}}</ref> == Categories == De IUCN proposes to consider NBS as an umbrella concept.<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" /> Categories den examples of NBS approaches according to de IUCN include:<ref name="Cohen-Shacham10" /> {| class="wikitable" !Category of NBS approaches !Examples |- |[[Ecosystem restoration]] approaches |Ecological restoration, [[ecological engineering]], forest landscape restoration |- |Issue-specific ecosystem-related approaches |[[Ecosystem-based adaptation]], ecosystem-based mitigation, climate adaptation services, [[ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction]] |- |Infrastructure-related approaches |Natural infrastructure, [[green infrastructure]] |- |[[Ecosystem-based management]] approaches |[[Integrated coastal zone management]], [[integrated water resources management]] |- |Ecosystem protection approaches |Area-based conservation approaches including protected area management |} == Types == [[File:Fig 2 NbS.jpg|thumb|upright=1.46|Schematic presentation of de NBS typology.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Eggermont |first1=Hilde |last2=Balian |first2=Estelle |last3=Azevedo |first3=José Manuel N. |last4=Beumer |first4=Victor |last5=Brodin |first5=Tomas |last6=Claudet |first6=Joachim |last7=Fady |first7=Bruno |last8=Grube |first8=Martin |last9=Keune |first9=Hans |date=2015 |title=Nature-based Solutions: New Influence for Environmental Management and Research in Europe |url=https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Gaia - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society |language=en |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=243–248 |doi=10.14512/gaia.24.4.9 |s2cid=53518417 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507073138/https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf |archive-date=7 May 2020 |access-date=24 May 2020 |hdl=10400.3/4170}}</ref>]] Scientists have proposed a typology to characterise NBS along two gradients:<ref name=":1" /> # "How much engineering of biodiversity den ecosystems be involved insyd NBS", den # "How many ecosystem services den stakeholder groups are targeted by a given NBS". De typology highlights dat NBS fi involve very different actions on ecosystems (from protection, to management, anaa even de creation of new ecosystems) den be based on de assumption dat de higher de number of services den stakeholder groups targeted, de lower de capacity to maximise de delivery of each service den simultaneously fulfil de specific needs of all stakeholder groups. As such, three types of NBS are distinguished (hybrid solutions exist along dis gradient both insyd space den time. For instance, at a landscape scale, mixing protected den managed areas could be required to fulfill multi-functionality den sustainability goals): == References == <references /> [[Category:Ecology]] [[Category:Social issues]] [[Category:Biodiversity]] [[Category:Climate change adaptation]] [[Category:Ecosystems]] [[Category:AWC2026]] 91ky82fjlzfdre16g9oujgvm6f9de27 0 27518 103159 102577 2026-06-16T14:09:21Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 103159 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Osogbo-Oni (3) THE WATER SIDE OF OSUN.jpg|thumb|The Water Side of Osun]] [[File:Osun Oshogbo Sacred groove river.jpg|thumb|Omi Osun]] [[File:OSUN GODDESS.jpg|thumb|Osun goddess]] Omi-Ọṣun mean ‘Ọṣun water’. Na di northern source tributary of Ọṣun River wey dey southwest Nigeria.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Omi-Osun-Joni-L-Jones-2050144370</ref> E dey rise from di eastern side of Yoruba hills, flow go west enter Òyì River. Di Òyì River come dey move south through two deep gorge inside Oke-Ila quartzite ridge near Oke-Ila Orangun, before e join other rivers wey later form di main Ọṣun.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20230703221328/https://www.owamarket.com/ifa-orisha-items-1/omi-osun-river-water</ref> [[File:Worshippers at the Osun-Oshogbo river.jpg|thumb|Worshippers at Omi Osun]] Ruins of one old settlement wey dem dey call Omi-Ọṣun still dey for di side of Omi-Ọṣun river. Na di place be former location of Oke-Ila Orangun kingdom during di migration wey happen centuries ago, after di Oke-Ila and Ila people comot from their old kingdom and mother city Ila-Yara.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20230703221328/https://www.owamarket.com/ifa-orisha-items-1/omi-osun-river-water</ref> Dem give di name Omi-Ọṣun because people realize say di tributary dey feed di Ọṣun River. Plus, for olden days dem dedicate am to Ọṣun worship. == Pollution == For recent years, di river wey dey pass five states before e enter Gulf of Guinea don spoil because of mining work from di nearby communities. But nobody sabi who exactly spoil di water. For Nigeria, na artisanal mining wey common pass. Artisans dey use light tools like shovel, and dem dey focus on alluvial deposits. But some other people wey small companies dey back dem, dey use heavy machines like excavator. For Osun, residents talk say Chinese backers dey operate secretly, plus dem carry armed security men follow dem. Along di river and e tributaries, plenty mining sites dey. But Osun get di only big commercial gold mine for Nigeria. Even though government for state and federal level don announce say dem go investigate, experts talk say no matter who cause am, di long-term effect go still dey for people wey depend on di water for their livelihood and faith. Water sample test show say arsenic and mercury levels - wey WHO and Nigerian Industrial Standards (NIS) call priority chemical contaminants - dey 850 percent and over 2,000 percent above di level wey dem allow.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2022/9/2/photos-the-pollution-of-nigerias-sacred-osun-river "Photos: The pollution of Nigeria's sacred Osun River".] www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2023-08-23.</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:Rivers of Africa]] [[Category:Rivers of Yorubaland]] 0d9un6g7d4v57ecn228ap3n57lf4kmu 0 27520 103164 102619 2026-06-16T14:16:03Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 103164 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Oramiriukwa River na one stream wey dey Imo State, Nigeria. E run about 14 kilometre (9 miles) before e drain enter Otamiri River.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120708224232/http://aquacomm.fcla.edu/4085/ "Icthyofauna of Oramiriukwa River in Imo State, Nigeria".] Aquatic Commons. Retrieved 16 October 2010.</ref> Oramiriukwa be one of di rivers inside Imo River drainage, e dey flow roughly 14 km (8.7 miles) from e headwaters for Abba Isu (Nwangele LGA) then e dey release enter Otamiri Waterway. For di fish catch wey local fishermen do with different fishing tools for one sampling station inside Emekuku (Owerri LGA), dem identify total of 17 groups of fish wey get 27 species inside di river.<ref>Okorie, P. U. (2005). [https://aquadocs.org/handle/1834/21739 "Icthyofauna of Oramiriukwa River in Imo State, Nigeria".] [http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4085 ''http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4085''.]</ref> == Further reading == * [https://aquadocs.org/handle/1834/21739 Icthyofauna of Oramiriukwa River in Imo State, Nigeria.] == References == <references /> [[Category:Rivers of Nigeria]] t9v64qqybh5fpj7i6x8p6bxp8amqt5a 0 27542 103156 102831 2026-06-16T14:02:11Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 103156 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q978191}} {{Short description|River in South Africa and Mozambique}} {{About|the tributary of the Limpopo River|other rivers|Olifants River (disambiguation)}} [[File:Limpopo watershed topo.png|thumb|300px|Course and catchment of the [[Limpopo River]]. The Olifants joins the Limpopo from the right, some 190 kilometres from the Indian Ocean.]] De '''Olifants River,''' '''Lepelle''',<ref>[http://www.krugerpark.co.za/krugerpark-times-2-15-olifants-river-lepelle-20557.html Olifants River now called Lepelle]</ref> '''iBhalule anaa Obalule'''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081031094929/http://www.emagameni.co.za/Transvaal%20Indigenous%20Place%20Names.pdf Transvaal Indigenous Place Names] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031094929/http://www.emagameni.co.za/Transvaal%20Indigenous%20Place%20Names.pdf |date=2008-10-31 }}</ref> (Afrikaans: Olifantsrivier; Portuguese: Rio dos Elefantes) be sam river for [[South Africa]] den [[Mozambique]], den e be tributary of de Limpopo River. E dey fall under Drainage Area B for de [[Drainage basins of South Africa]]. De historical area of de [[Pedi people]], [[Sekhukhuneland]], dey located between de Olifants River den one of ein biggest tributaries, de [[Steelpoort River]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ezakwantu.com/Tribes%20-%20Ba%20Pedi%20-%20Bapedi%20-%20Northern%20Basotho.htm |title=The Ba Pedi |access-date=2012-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314132451/http://www.ezakwantu.com/Tribes%20-%20Ba%20Pedi%20-%20Bapedi%20-%20Northern%20Basotho.htm |archive-date=2012-03-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Ein Course== De Olifants River get ein origin between [[Breyten]] den [[Bethal]], [[Mpumalanga Province]].<ref>[http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y5744e/y5744e07.htm Major rivers and streams within the Limpopo River Basin]</ref> E dey flow go north towards [[Limpopo Province]] through [[Witbank Dam]] den den Loskop Dam, den de [[Drakensberg]] force am make e turn go east. E cut through de Abel Erasmus Pass den continue dey flow go east across de Lowveld before e join de [[Letaba River]]. E cross enter [[Gaza Province]], [[Mozambique]] after e cut through de Lebombo Mountains by way of de Olifants Gorge, den e become de Rio dos Elefantes. Finally, e join de Limpopo River after 40 km before de river enter de [[Indian Ocean]] for [[Xai-Xai]] north of [[Maputo]].<ref>[http://myfundi.co.za/e/Key_rivers_of_South_Africa Key rivers of South Africa] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120710162812/http://myfundi.co.za/e/Key_rivers_of_South_Africa |date=2012-07-10 }}</ref> ==Ein Water quality== Overgrazing for some sections of ein middle course dey make de river carry away plenty eroded soil after heavy rains.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070703100205/http://www.csir.co.za/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/olif_eco.html The Olifants River System] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703100205/http://www.csir.co.za/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/olif_eco.html |date=2007-07-03 }}</ref> De Olifants River don become one of de most heavily polluted rivers for South Africa, not because of human or industrial waste, but because green algae dey thrive plenty insyd am.<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/201008161197.html Contaminated Olifants River Running Out of Time]</ref>Sam study wey dem do for 2013 insyd Kruger Park show say de river be mesotrophic, wey mean say de nutrient levels no too high. However, small increase for nitrates fit start eutrophication. Dem also link very high sulphate levels to coal mining den industrial activities for de upper catchment area.<ref name="smi1">{{cite book |last1=Smit |first1=NJ |last2=Wepener |first2=V |last3=Vlok |first3=W |last4=Wagenaar |first4=GM |last5=van Vuren |first5=JHJ |title=Conservation of tigerfish, ''Hydrocynus vittatus'', in the Kruger National Park with the emphasis on establishing the suitability of the water quantity and quality requirements for the Olifants and Luvuvhu rivers: report to the Water Research Commission |date=2013 |publisher=Water Research Commission |location=Gezina [South Africa] |isbn=978-1-4312-0358-1 |page=vi |url=http://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/1922-1-121.pdf |access-date=28 February 2022}}</ref> ==Ein Tributaries== De Olifants River ein biggest tributaries be de [[Letaba River]]<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA2LuvuvuLethaba.jpg Luvuvu Lethaba WMA 2]</ref> den de [[Steelpoort River]] wey dem know as Tubatse River.<ref>[http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y5744e/y5744e07.htm Major rivers and streams within the Limpopo River Basin]</ref> Other tributaries be de [[Tongwane River|Tongwane]], [[Blyde River|Blyde]], [[Moses River|Moses]], [[Spekboom River|Spekboom]], [[Timbavati River|Timbavati]], [[Nkumpi River|Nkumpi]], [[Ga-Selati River|Ga-Selati]], [[Klaserie River|Klaserie]], [[Makhutswi River|Makhutswi]], [[Mohlapitse River]], [[Lepellane River]], [[Mohwetse River]] den Ngwaritsi River. Some of de tributaries, especially de [[Klein Olifants River]] (wey start near [[Hendrina]] den join de Olifants River downstream of de [[Middelburg Dam]]), de [[Elands River (Olifants)|Elands]], [[Wilge River (Olifants)|Wilge]] den de [[Bronkhorstspruit River|Bronkhorstspruit]], rise for de Highveld grasslands.<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA4Olifants.jpg Olifants river WMA 4]</ref> De [[Shingwedzi River]] dey flow close to de northeastern side of de [[Massingir Dam]] reservoir den join de left bank of de Olifants River about 12 km downstream from de dam wall.<ref>[http://www.sanparks.org/parks/kruger/conservation/scientific/noticeboard/science_network_meeting_2009/Presentations/vlok.pdf Shingwedzi River: why is it the most polluted river in the KNP?]</ref> ==Ein Dams== Thirty large dams wey dey insyd de Olifants River Catchment dey include de following: ===South Africa=== *[[Witbank Dam]] *[[Rhenosterkop Dam]], wey dey de [[Elands River (Olifants)|Elands River]] top *[[Rust de Winter Dam]] *[[Blyderivierpoort Dam]] *[[Loskop Dam]] *[[Middelburg Dam]], wey dey de [[Klein Olifants River]] *[[Ohrigstad Dam]] *[[De Hoop Dam (Limpopo)|De Hoop Dam]] *[[Flag Boshielo Dam]] *[[Phalaborwa Barrage]] ===Mozambique=== *[[Massingir Dam]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thekruger.com/olifants/massingirdam.htm |title=Massingir Dam & Flooding of Olifants Gorge |access-date=2012-03-16 |archive-date=2017-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727020147/http://www.thekruger.com/olifants/massingirdam.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Sana spy== * [[:en:List_of_rivers_in_South_Africa|List of rivers insyd South Africa]] * [[:en:Water_Management_Areas|Water Management Areas]] == References == <references /> ==External links== *The Olifants River Basin, South Africa *Massingir Dam Rehabilitation *South African Geographical Names {{Authority control}} [[Category:Olifants River (Limpopo)| ]] [[Category:Rivers of Mpumalanga]] [[Category:Rivers of Limpopo]] [[Category:Tributaries of de Limpopo River]] 8pbe0ob7ozcghdzhrodon7x3eflhcoc 0 27581 103371 102990 2026-06-16T21:46:16Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 Added more content 103371 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} [[File: Maler der Grabkammer des Sennudem 001.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Ploughing plus a yoke of horned cattle insyd ancient Egypt. Painting from de burial chamber of Sennedjem, c. 1200 BC]] De civilization of ancient Egypt was indebted to de Nile River den its dependable seasonal flooding. De river's predictability den fertile soil allow de Egyptians to build an empire on de basis of great agricultural wealth. Egyptians are credited as being one of de first groups of people to practice agriculture on a large scale. Dis be possible because of de ingenuity of de Egyptians as they developed basin irrigation.<ref name= "book">Kees,Herman. "Ancient Egypt: A Cultural Topography." Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961. Print.</ref> Their farming practices allow dem to grow staple food crops, especially grains such as wheat den barley, den industrial crops, such as flax den papyrus.<ref name= "Origins"/> == Beginnings of agriculture == To west of Nile Valley, eastern Sahara na home of plenti Neolithic cultures. During the African humid period, dis area get rich vegetation, and human population for Sahara increase well-well around 8000 BC. Dem dey survive by hunting, fishing for local lakes,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=White|first1=Kevin H.|last2=Bristow|first2=Charlie S.|last3=Armitage|first3=Simon J.|last4=Blench|first4=Roger M.|last5=Drake|first5=Nick A.|title=Ancient watercourses and biogeography of the Sahara explain the peopling of the desert|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date=11 January 2011|volume=108|issue=2|pages=458–462|doi=10.1073/pnas.1012231108|pmid=21187416|pmc=3021035|issn=1091-6490|bibcode=2011PNAS..108..458D |doi-access=free}}</ref> plus gathering wild cereals wey dey plenty for Sahara. Cereals like brachiaria, sorghum and urochloa be important source of food.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Tafuri|first1=Mary Anne|last2=Bentley|first2=R. Alexander|last3=Manzi|first3=Giorgio|last4=di Lernia|first4=Savino|title=Mobility and kinship in the prehistoric Sahara: Strontium isotope analysis of Holocene human skeletons from the Acacus Mts. (southwestern Libya)|journal=Journal of Anthropological Archaeology|date=September 2006|volume=25|issue=3|pages=390–402|doi=10.1016/j.jaa.2006.01.002|issn=0278-4165}}</ref> African humid period gradually come end, and by around 6,000–5,000 years ago e finish completely. Before dat time sef, migrating herders start move go different parts of Africa, and some come settle for Nile Delta, where signs of agriculture before dat time no too dey. Dakhleh Oasis especially don receive plenty recent research, and e provide strong evidence about early Egyptian agriculture.<ref name="McDonald 2016 pp. 181–197">{{cite journal | last=McDonald | first=Mary M.A. | title=The pattern of Neolithization in Dakhleh Oasis in the Eastern Sahara | journal=Quaternary International | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=410 | year=2016 | issn=1040-6182 | doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100 | pages=181–197| bibcode=2016QuInt.410..181M | doi-access=free }}</ref> People fit see am as one example of post-Pleistocene developments across Northeastern Africa. Dakhleh Oasis dey inside Western Desert (Egypt). E dey about 350&nbsp;km (220&nbsp;mi.) from Nile, between Farafra and Kharga oases. For Dakhleh, Bashendi culture people be mobile herders plus foragers during African humid period. Dem dey live for settlements wey dem build with stone slabs, plus open-air sites wey get groups of hearth mounds. For other parts of Egypt Western Desert too, Bashendi-like groups live for Farafra Oasis and Nabta Playa, south side.<ref name="McDonald 2016 pp. 181–197"/> Bashendi people use sandstone grinders take grind local wild millet and sorghum.<ref>Graham Chandler (2006), [https://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/200605/before.the.mummies.the.desert.origins.of.the.pharaohs.htm Before the Mummies: The Desert Origins of the Pharaohs.] Saudi Aramco World. Volume 57, Number 5</ref> For Farafra Oasis, archaeologists find one goat wey date around 6100 BC (8100 cal BP) for Hidden Valley village. For Nabta Playa, remains of sheep/goat and cattle start appear around 6000 BC (8000 cal BP). But goats and cattle be almost the only Neolithic things from Near East wey oasis people adopt. Most of the other cultural developments, like lithic industry, develop locally or come from Northeastern Africa.<ref name="McDonald 2016 pp. 181–197"/> Faiyum Oasis for Egypt too provide evidence say agriculture start around the same period. Domesticated sheep, goats, pigs and cattle all dey there. Sheep from Qasr El-Sagha date to 5350 BC (7350 cal BP), while sheep, goats and cattle date to 5150 BC (7150 cal BP).<ref name="Linseele Van Neer Thys Phillipps p=e108517">{{cite journal | last1=Linseele | first1=Veerle | last2=Van Neer | first2=Wim | last3=Thys | first3=Sofie | last4=Phillipps | first4=Rebecca | last5=Cappers | first5=René | last6=Wendrich | first6=Willeke | last7=Holdaway | first7=Simon | editor-last=Caramelli | editor-first=David | title=New Archaeozoological Data from the Fayum "Neolithic" with a Critical Assessment of the Evidence for Early Stock Keeping in Egypt | journal=PLOS ONE | publisher=Public Library of Science (PLoS) | volume=9 | issue=10 | date=2014-10-13 | issn=1932-6203 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0108517 | article-number=e108517| pmid=25310283 | pmc=4195595 | bibcode=2014PLoSO...9j8517L | doi-access=free }}</ref> As for crops, emmer wheat and barley don dey found for Faiyum at Kom K and Kom W sites, wey date around 4500–4200 BC.<ref name="Wendrich Taylor Southon 2010 pp. 999–1002">{{cite journal | last1=Wendrich | first1=W. | last2=Taylor | first2=R.E. | last3=Southon | first3=J. | title=Dating stratified settlement sites at Kom K and Kom W: Fifth millennium BCE radiocarbon ages for the Fayum Neolithic | journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=268 | issue=7–8 | year=2010 | issn=0168-583X | doi=10.1016/j.nimb.2009.10.083 | pages=999–1002| bibcode=2010NIMPB.268..999W }}</ref><ref name="Linseele Van Neer Thys Phillipps p=e108517" /> Plenty pottery dey for these sites, but evidence of permanent buildings no too dey. Merimde culture date from around 4800 to 4300 BC. These people develop full agricultural economy. The place wey dem dey call Merimde Beni Salama, about 15 miles northwest of Cairo, researchers believe say na the earliest permanently occupied town for Egypt.<ref>William H. Stiebing Jr., Susan N. Helft (2017), [https://books.google.com/books?id=C4U0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT76 Ancient Near Eastern History and Culture.] Routledge. p. 76</ref> Merimde culture exist same time with Faiyum A culture and Badari culture for Upper Egypt, though Badari small later. All of dem be agricultural cultures wey practise farming. == References == 99qfvd52p5674r95thuucegxkf86386 103372 103371 2026-06-16T21:49:12Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 /* Beginnings of agriculture */ 103372 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} [[File: Maler der Grabkammer des Sennudem 001.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Ploughing plus a yoke of horned cattle insyd ancient Egypt. Painting from de burial chamber of Sennedjem, c. 1200 BC]] De civilization of ancient Egypt was indebted to de Nile River den its dependable seasonal flooding. De river's predictability den fertile soil allow de Egyptians to build an empire on de basis of great agricultural wealth. Egyptians are credited as being one of de first groups of people to practice agriculture on a large scale. Dis be possible because of de ingenuity of de Egyptians as they developed basin irrigation.<ref name= "book">Kees,Herman. "Ancient Egypt: A Cultural Topography." Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961. Print.</ref> Their farming practices allow dem to grow staple food crops, especially grains such as wheat den barley, den industrial crops, such as flax den papyrus.<ref name= "Origins"/> == Beginnings of agriculture == To west of Nile Valley, eastern Sahara na home of plenti Neolithic cultures. During the African humid period, dis area get rich vegetation, and human population for Sahara increase well-well around 8000 BC. Dem dey survive by hunting, fishing for local lakes,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=White|first1=Kevin H.|last2=Bristow|first2=Charlie S.|last3=Armitage|first3=Simon J.|last4=Blench|first4=Roger M.|last5=Drake|first5=Nick A.|title=Ancient watercourses and biogeography of the Sahara explain the peopling of the desert|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date=11 January 2011|volume=108|issue=2|pages=458–462|doi=10.1073/pnas.1012231108|pmid=21187416|pmc=3021035|issn=1091-6490|bibcode=2011PNAS..108..458D |doi-access=free}}</ref> plus gathering wild cereals wey dey plenty for Sahara. Cereals like brachiaria, sorghum and urochloa be important source of food.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Tafuri|first1=Mary Anne|last2=Bentley|first2=R. Alexander|last3=Manzi|first3=Giorgio|last4=di Lernia|first4=Savino|title=Mobility and kinship in the prehistoric Sahara: Strontium isotope analysis of Holocene human skeletons from the Acacus Mts. (southwestern Libya)|journal=Journal of Anthropological Archaeology|date=September 2006|volume=25|issue=3|pages=390–402|doi=10.1016/j.jaa.2006.01.002|issn=0278-4165}}</ref> African humid period gradually come end, and by around 6,000–5,000 years ago e finish completely. Before dat time sef, migrating herders start move go different parts of Africa, and some come settle for Nile Delta, where signs of agriculture before dat time no too dey. Dakhleh Oasis especially don receive plenty recent research, and e provide strong evidence about early Egyptian agriculture.<ref name="McDonald 2016 pp. 181–197">{{cite journal | last=McDonald | first=Mary M.A. | title=The pattern of Neolithization in Dakhleh Oasis in the Eastern Sahara | journal=Quaternary International | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=410 | year=2016 | issn=1040-6182 | doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100 | pages=181–197| bibcode=2016QuInt.410..181M | doi-access=free }}</ref> People fit see am as one example of post-Pleistocene developments across Northeastern Africa. Dakhleh Oasis dey inside Western Desert (Egypt). E dey about 350&nbsp;km (220&nbsp;mi.) from Nile, between Farafra and Kharga oases. For Dakhleh, Bashendi culture people be mobile herders plus foragers during African humid period. Dem dey live for settlements wey dem build with stone slabs, plus open-air sites wey get groups of hearth mounds. For other parts of Egypt Western Desert too, Bashendi-like groups live for Farafra Oasis and Nabta Playa, south side.<ref name="McDonald 2016 pp. 181–197"/> Bashendi people use sandstone grinders take grind local wild millet and sorghum.<ref>Graham Chandler (2006), [https://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/200605/before.the.mummies.the.desert.origins.of.the.pharaohs.htm Before the Mummies: The Desert Origins of the Pharaohs.] Saudi Aramco World. Volume 57, Number 5</ref> For Farafra Oasis, archaeologists find one goat wey date around 6100 BC (8100 cal BP) for Hidden Valley village. For Nabta Playa, remains of sheep/goat and cattle start appear around 6000 BC (8000 cal BP). But goats and cattle be almost the only Neolithic things from Near East wey oasis people adopt. Most of the other cultural developments, like lithic industry, develop locally or come from Northeastern Africa.<ref name="McDonald 2016 pp. 181–197"/> Faiyum Oasis for Egypt too provide evidence say agriculture start around the same period. Domesticated sheep, goats, pigs and cattle all dey there. Sheep from Qasr El-Sagha date to 5350 BC (7350 cal BP), while sheep, goats and cattle date to 5150 BC (7150 cal BP).<ref name="Linseele Van Neer Thys Phillipps p=e108517">{{cite journal | last1=Linseele | first1=Veerle | last2=Van Neer | first2=Wim | last3=Thys | first3=Sofie | last4=Phillipps | first4=Rebecca | last5=Cappers | first5=René | last6=Wendrich | first6=Willeke | last7=Holdaway | first7=Simon | editor-last=Caramelli | editor-first=David | title=New Archaeozoological Data from the Fayum "Neolithic" with a Critical Assessment of the Evidence for Early Stock Keeping in Egypt | journal=PLOS ONE | publisher=Public Library of Science (PLoS) | volume=9 | issue=10 | date=2014-10-13 | issn=1932-6203 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0108517 | article-number=e108517| pmid=25310283 | pmc=4195595 | bibcode=2014PLoSO...9j8517L | doi-access=free }}</ref> As for crops, emmer wheat and barley don dey found for Faiyum at Kom K and Kom W sites, wey date around 4500–4200 BC.<ref name="Wendrich Taylor Southon 2010 pp. 999–1002">{{cite journal | last1=Wendrich | first1=W. | last2=Taylor | first2=R.E. | last3=Southon | first3=J. | title=Dating stratified settlement sites at Kom K and Kom W: Fifth millennium BCE radiocarbon ages for the Fayum Neolithic | journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=268 | issue=7–8 | year=2010 | issn=0168-583X | doi=10.1016/j.nimb.2009.10.083 | pages=999–1002| bibcode=2010NIMPB.268..999W }}</ref><ref name="Linseele Van Neer Thys Phillipps p=e108517" /> Plenty pottery dey for these sites, but evidence of permanent buildings no too dey. Merimde culture date from around 4800 to 4300 BC. These people develop full agricultural economy. The place wey dem dey call Merimde Beni Salama, about 15 miles northwest of Cairo, researchers believe say na the earliest permanently occupied town for Egypt.<ref>William H. Stiebing Jr., Susan N. Helft (2017), [https://books.google.com/books?id=C4U0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT76 Ancient Near Eastern History and Culture.] Routledge. p. 76</ref> Merimde culture exist same time with Faiyum A culture and Badari culture for Upper Egypt, though Badari small later. All of dem be agricultural cultures wey practise farming. ===Nile and field planting=== [[File:Nile watershed topo.png|thumb|The Nile's watershed]] {{further|Geography of Egypt}} Ancient Egypt civilization grow for the dry climate of northern Africa. Dis area dey surrounded by Arabian Desert, Libyan Desert,<ref name="Canada">"Mysteries of Egypt. Canadian Museum of Civilization. "http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/exhibitions/civil/egypt/egcgeo2e.shtml</ref> plus the Nile. The Nile na the longest river for the world. E dey flow north from Lake Victoria and finally enter the Mediterranean Sea. The river get two main tributaries: the Blue Nile wey start from Ethiopia, and the White Nile wey flow from Uganda. Even though the White Nile longer and easier to travel on, na the Blue Nile carry about two-thirds of all the river water. The names of the tributaries come from the colour of the water dem carry. The two rivers join for Khartoum, then branch again when dem reach Egypt to form the Nile Delta.<ref name="how stuff">Hoyt, Alia. "How the Nile Works." http://history.howstuffworks.com/african-history/nile-river2.htm</ref> The Egyptians use the natural yearly flooding of the Nile to their advantage. Because the flooding happen almost the same time every year, dem fit organise their farming around am. Water level for the river dey rise during August and September, and at the highest point of the flood, the floodplain and delta fit cover with about 1.5 metres of water. People know this yearly flooding as inundation. When the floodwater go down around October, farmers dey left with fertile and well-watered soil to plant their crops. The fine soil wey the flood leave behind be called silt, and the Nile carry am from the Ethiopian Highlands. Planting normally start for October after the floods end, and the crops grow with little care until dem mature between March and May. Even though Nile flooding be more predictable and gentle than rivers like Tigris and Euphrates, e no always perfect. Too much flooding fit spoil irrigation canals, while no flooding at all fit cause famine.<ref name="water history">Postel, Sandra. "Egypt's Nile Valley Basin Irrigation". http://www.waterhistory.org/histories/nile/t1.html#photo1</ref> ===Irrigation systems=== To make the best use of the Nile water, the Egyptians develop irrigation systems. Irrigation allow dem use the river water for many different purposes. Most importantly, e give dem greater control over farming.<ref name=" book" /> Dem divert floodwater away from some places like towns and gardens to stop flooding there. Irrigation also provide drinking water for the people. Even though irrigation be very important for Egyptian agriculture, there be no nationwide laws to control water use. Instead, local farmers be responsible for managing irrigation. However, the earliest and most famous evidence of irrigation for Egyptian archaeology dey on the mace head of Scorpion King, wey date to around 3100 BC. The mace head show the king cutting one ditch wey form part of a basin irrigation network. The connection between the king and irrigation show how important irrigation be for ancient Egypt. ====Basin irrigation==== The Egyptians develop and use one water management system wey dem call basin irrigation. This method help dem control the rise and fall of the Nile to suit their farming needs. Dem build crisscross earthen walls across crop fields wey the river dey flood. When the floods come, the water stay inside the basins wey the walls create. This system hold the water for longer time than e go naturally stay, so the soil fit soak well before planting. After the soil don receive enough water, the remaining floodwater for one basin go drain enter another basin wey still need water.<ref name="water history"/> == References == k4sb6dmg4hh41i9co4n7f0e9eh4e8v9 103385 103372 2026-06-17T02:45:17Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 /* Basin irrigation */ 103385 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} [[File: Maler der Grabkammer des Sennudem 001.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Ploughing plus a yoke of horned cattle insyd ancient Egypt. Painting from de burial chamber of Sennedjem, c. 1200 BC]] De civilization of ancient Egypt was indebted to de Nile River den its dependable seasonal flooding. De river's predictability den fertile soil allow de Egyptians to build an empire on de basis of great agricultural wealth. Egyptians are credited as being one of de first groups of people to practice agriculture on a large scale. Dis be possible because of de ingenuity of de Egyptians as they developed basin irrigation.<ref name= "book">Kees,Herman. "Ancient Egypt: A Cultural Topography." Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961. Print.</ref> Their farming practices allow dem to grow staple food crops, especially grains such as wheat den barley, den industrial crops, such as flax den papyrus.<ref name= "Origins"/> == Beginnings of agriculture == To west of Nile Valley, eastern Sahara na home of plenti Neolithic cultures. During the African humid period, dis area get rich vegetation, and human population for Sahara increase well-well around 8000 BC. Dem dey survive by hunting, fishing for local lakes,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=White|first1=Kevin H.|last2=Bristow|first2=Charlie S.|last3=Armitage|first3=Simon J.|last4=Blench|first4=Roger M.|last5=Drake|first5=Nick A.|title=Ancient watercourses and biogeography of the Sahara explain the peopling of the desert|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date=11 January 2011|volume=108|issue=2|pages=458–462|doi=10.1073/pnas.1012231108|pmid=21187416|pmc=3021035|issn=1091-6490|bibcode=2011PNAS..108..458D |doi-access=free}}</ref> plus gathering wild cereals wey dey plenty for Sahara. Cereals like brachiaria, sorghum and urochloa be important source of food.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Tafuri|first1=Mary Anne|last2=Bentley|first2=R. Alexander|last3=Manzi|first3=Giorgio|last4=di Lernia|first4=Savino|title=Mobility and kinship in the prehistoric Sahara: Strontium isotope analysis of Holocene human skeletons from the Acacus Mts. (southwestern Libya)|journal=Journal of Anthropological Archaeology|date=September 2006|volume=25|issue=3|pages=390–402|doi=10.1016/j.jaa.2006.01.002|issn=0278-4165}}</ref> African humid period gradually come end, and by around 6,000–5,000 years ago e finish completely. Before dat time sef, migrating herders start move go different parts of Africa, and some come settle for Nile Delta, where signs of agriculture before dat time no too dey. Dakhleh Oasis especially don receive plenty recent research, and e provide strong evidence about early Egyptian agriculture.<ref name="McDonald 2016 pp. 181–197">{{cite journal | last=McDonald | first=Mary M.A. | title=The pattern of Neolithization in Dakhleh Oasis in the Eastern Sahara | journal=Quaternary International | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=410 | year=2016 | issn=1040-6182 | doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100 | pages=181–197| bibcode=2016QuInt.410..181M | doi-access=free }}</ref> People fit see am as one example of post-Pleistocene developments across Northeastern Africa. Dakhleh Oasis dey inside Western Desert (Egypt). E dey about 350&nbsp;km (220&nbsp;mi.) from Nile, between Farafra and Kharga oases. For Dakhleh, Bashendi culture people be mobile herders plus foragers during African humid period. Dem dey live for settlements wey dem build with stone slabs, plus open-air sites wey get groups of hearth mounds. For other parts of Egypt Western Desert too, Bashendi-like groups live for Farafra Oasis and Nabta Playa, south side.<ref name="McDonald 2016 pp. 181–197"/> Bashendi people use sandstone grinders take grind local wild millet and sorghum.<ref>Graham Chandler (2006), [https://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/200605/before.the.mummies.the.desert.origins.of.the.pharaohs.htm Before the Mummies: The Desert Origins of the Pharaohs.] Saudi Aramco World. Volume 57, Number 5</ref> For Farafra Oasis, archaeologists find one goat wey date around 6100 BC (8100 cal BP) for Hidden Valley village. For Nabta Playa, remains of sheep/goat and cattle start appear around 6000 BC (8000 cal BP). But goats and cattle be almost the only Neolithic things from Near East wey oasis people adopt. Most of the other cultural developments, like lithic industry, develop locally or come from Northeastern Africa.<ref name="McDonald 2016 pp. 181–197"/> Faiyum Oasis for Egypt too provide evidence say agriculture start around the same period. Domesticated sheep, goats, pigs and cattle all dey there. Sheep from Qasr El-Sagha date to 5350 BC (7350 cal BP), while sheep, goats and cattle date to 5150 BC (7150 cal BP).<ref name="Linseele Van Neer Thys Phillipps p=e108517">{{cite journal | last1=Linseele | first1=Veerle | last2=Van Neer | first2=Wim | last3=Thys | first3=Sofie | last4=Phillipps | first4=Rebecca | last5=Cappers | first5=René | last6=Wendrich | first6=Willeke | last7=Holdaway | first7=Simon | editor-last=Caramelli | editor-first=David | title=New Archaeozoological Data from the Fayum "Neolithic" with a Critical Assessment of the Evidence for Early Stock Keeping in Egypt | journal=PLOS ONE | publisher=Public Library of Science (PLoS) | volume=9 | issue=10 | date=2014-10-13 | issn=1932-6203 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0108517 | article-number=e108517| pmid=25310283 | pmc=4195595 | bibcode=2014PLoSO...9j8517L | doi-access=free }}</ref> As for crops, emmer wheat and barley don dey found for Faiyum at Kom K and Kom W sites, wey date around 4500–4200 BC.<ref name="Wendrich Taylor Southon 2010 pp. 999–1002">{{cite journal | last1=Wendrich | first1=W. | last2=Taylor | first2=R.E. | last3=Southon | first3=J. | title=Dating stratified settlement sites at Kom K and Kom W: Fifth millennium BCE radiocarbon ages for the Fayum Neolithic | journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=268 | issue=7–8 | year=2010 | issn=0168-583X | doi=10.1016/j.nimb.2009.10.083 | pages=999–1002| bibcode=2010NIMPB.268..999W }}</ref><ref name="Linseele Van Neer Thys Phillipps p=e108517" /> Plenty pottery dey for these sites, but evidence of permanent buildings no too dey. Merimde culture date from around 4800 to 4300 BC. These people develop full agricultural economy. The place wey dem dey call Merimde Beni Salama, about 15 miles northwest of Cairo, researchers believe say na the earliest permanently occupied town for Egypt.<ref>William H. Stiebing Jr., Susan N. Helft (2017), [https://books.google.com/books?id=C4U0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT76 Ancient Near Eastern History and Culture.] Routledge. p. 76</ref> Merimde culture exist same time with Faiyum A culture and Badari culture for Upper Egypt, though Badari small later. All of dem be agricultural cultures wey practise farming. ===Nile and field planting=== [[File:Nile watershed topo.png|thumb|The Nile's watershed]] {{further|Geography of Egypt}} Ancient Egypt civilization grow for the dry climate of northern Africa. Dis area dey surrounded by Arabian Desert, Libyan Desert,<ref name="Canada">"Mysteries of Egypt. Canadian Museum of Civilization. "http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/exhibitions/civil/egypt/egcgeo2e.shtml</ref> plus the Nile. The Nile na the longest river for the world. E dey flow north from Lake Victoria and finally enter the Mediterranean Sea. The river get two main tributaries: the Blue Nile wey start from Ethiopia, and the White Nile wey flow from Uganda. Even though the White Nile longer and easier to travel on, na the Blue Nile carry about two-thirds of all the river water. The names of the tributaries come from the colour of the water dem carry. The two rivers join for Khartoum, then branch again when dem reach Egypt to form the Nile Delta.<ref name="how stuff">Hoyt, Alia. "How the Nile Works." http://history.howstuffworks.com/african-history/nile-river2.htm</ref> The Egyptians use the natural yearly flooding of the Nile to their advantage. Because the flooding happen almost the same time every year, dem fit organise their farming around am. Water level for the river dey rise during August and September, and at the highest point of the flood, the floodplain and delta fit cover with about 1.5 metres of water. People know this yearly flooding as inundation. When the floodwater go down around October, farmers dey left with fertile and well-watered soil to plant their crops. The fine soil wey the flood leave behind be called silt, and the Nile carry am from the Ethiopian Highlands. Planting normally start for October after the floods end, and the crops grow with little care until dem mature between March and May. Even though Nile flooding be more predictable and gentle than rivers like Tigris and Euphrates, e no always perfect. Too much flooding fit spoil irrigation canals, while no flooding at all fit cause famine.<ref name="water history">Postel, Sandra. "Egypt's Nile Valley Basin Irrigation". http://www.waterhistory.org/histories/nile/t1.html#photo1</ref> ===Irrigation systems=== To make the best use of the Nile water, the Egyptians develop irrigation systems. Irrigation allow dem use the river water for many different purposes. Most importantly, e give dem greater control over farming.<ref name=" book" /> Dem divert floodwater away from some places like towns and gardens to stop flooding there. Irrigation also provide drinking water for the people. Even though irrigation be very important for Egyptian agriculture, there be no nationwide laws to control water use. Instead, local farmers be responsible for managing irrigation. However, the earliest and most famous evidence of irrigation for Egyptian archaeology dey on the mace head of Scorpion King, wey date to around 3100 BC. The mace head show the king cutting one ditch wey form part of a basin irrigation network. The connection between the king and irrigation show how important irrigation be for ancient Egypt. ====Basin irrigation==== The Egyptians develop and use one water management system wey dem call basin irrigation. This method help dem control the rise and fall of the Nile to suit their farming needs. Dem build crisscross earthen walls across crop fields wey the river dey flood. When the floods come, the water stay inside the basins wey the walls create. This system hold the water for longer time than e go naturally stay, so the soil fit soak well before planting. After the soil don receive enough water, the remaining floodwater for one basin go drain enter another basin wey still need water.<ref name="water history"/> ===Horticulture=== [[File:Gardens of Nakh 1.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Gardens of Amun from the Temple of Karnak, painting for the tomb of Nakh, the chief gardener, early 14th century B.C.]] {{main article|Gardens of ancient Egypt}} Orchards and gardens too develop besides the normal field farming for the floodplains. This kind horticulture mostly happen farther away from the Nile floodplain, so e require much more work.<ref name="Egypt">Dollinger, Andre. "An Introduction to the History and Culture of Pharaonic Egypt". http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/index.html.</ref> Because gardens need water throughout the year, farmers dey carry water by hand from wells or directly from the Nile to water their crops. Plus, even though the Nile flood naturally bring fertile silt for the valley, people still dey use pigeon manure to fertilize their gardens. These gardens and orchards mainly produce vegetables, vines and fruit trees.<ref name="encyc">"Agriculture." The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. 2001. Print.</ref> ==Crops grown== ===Food crops=== {{See also|Ancient Egyptian cuisine}} The Egyptians grow plenty different crops for food, including grains, vegetables and fruits. But cereals and barley be the main staple foods for most people. Other important grains include einkorn wheat and emmer wheat, wey dem use mostly to make bread. Other common foods for the ordinary people include beans, lentils, and later chickpeas and fava beans. Dem also grow root crops like onions, garlic and radishes, together with salad crops like lettuce and parsley.<ref name="Origins">{{cite journal |last=Janick |first=Jules |title=Ancient Egyptian Agriculture and the Origins of Horticulture |journal=Acta Horticulturae |issue=583 |pages=23–39 |doi=10.17660/ActaHortic.2002.582.1 |date=June 2002|citeseerx=10.1.1.693.7643 }}</ref> Fruits appear often for Egyptian artworks, and this show say fruit farming too be important part of agriculture as farming technology improve. Unlike cereals and pulses, fruit farming need more advanced and demanding methods, including irrigation systems, cloning, propagation and training. The first fruits wey Egyptians cultivate probably be local ones like palm date and sorghum, but as dem interact with other cultures, more fruits come enter Egypt. Grapes and watermelon don be found for predynastic Egyptian sites, together with sycamore fig, dom palm and Christ's thorn. Carob, olive, apple and pomegranate come during the New Kingdom. Later, during the Greco-Roman period, peaches and pears too enter Egypt.<ref name="fruit">{{cite book |last=Janick |first=Jules |chapter=The Origins of Fruits, Fruit Growing and Fruit Breeding |title=Plant Breeding Reviews |volume=25 |date=February 2005 |pages=255–320 |doi=10.1002/9780470650301.ch8 |isbn=978-0-470-65030-1 }}</ref> ===Industrial and fiber crops=== Egyptians no depend on agriculture only for food production. Dem use plants in many creative ways, including medicine, religious activities and making clothing. Herbs get plenty different uses. People use dem for cooking, medicine, cosmetics and embalming. Archaeologists don find more than 2,000 different species of flowering and aromatic plants inside tombs.<ref name="Origins"/> Papyrus be one very useful crop wey grow naturally and people also cultivate am.<ref name="BBC"/> People fit chop the roots as food, but the plant mainly serve as industrial crop. Dem use the stem to make boats, mats and paper. Flax too be another important industrial crop. People mainly use am to produce rope and linen, wey be the main material Egyptians use sew their clothes. Dem also grow henna to make dye.<ref name="Origins"/> [[File:Nebamun-ViewingTheProduceOfTheEstates-3.JPG|thumb|Scene wey show Egyptian cattle being presented to Nebamun]] == References == tn4khfrvy0e3g8gp5rjpqb3e9oew50c 103386 103385 2026-06-17T02:47:23Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 Added more content 103386 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} [[File: Maler der Grabkammer des Sennudem 001.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Ploughing plus a yoke of horned cattle insyd ancient Egypt. Painting from de burial chamber of Sennedjem, c. 1200 BC]] De civilization of ancient Egypt was indebted to de Nile River den its dependable seasonal flooding. De river's predictability den fertile soil allow de Egyptians to build an empire on de basis of great agricultural wealth. Egyptians are credited as being one of de first groups of people to practice agriculture on a large scale. Dis be possible because of de ingenuity of de Egyptians as they developed basin irrigation.<ref name= "book">Kees,Herman. "Ancient Egypt: A Cultural Topography." Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961. Print.</ref> Their farming practices allow dem to grow staple food crops, especially grains such as wheat den barley, den industrial crops, such as flax den papyrus.<ref name= "Origins"/> == Beginnings of agriculture == To west of Nile Valley, eastern Sahara na home of plenti Neolithic cultures. During the African humid period, dis area get rich vegetation, and human population for Sahara increase well-well around 8000 BC. Dem dey survive by hunting, fishing for local lakes,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=White|first1=Kevin H.|last2=Bristow|first2=Charlie S.|last3=Armitage|first3=Simon J.|last4=Blench|first4=Roger M.|last5=Drake|first5=Nick A.|title=Ancient watercourses and biogeography of the Sahara explain the peopling of the desert|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date=11 January 2011|volume=108|issue=2|pages=458–462|doi=10.1073/pnas.1012231108|pmid=21187416|pmc=3021035|issn=1091-6490|bibcode=2011PNAS..108..458D |doi-access=free}}</ref> plus gathering wild cereals wey dey plenty for Sahara. Cereals like brachiaria, sorghum and urochloa be important source of food.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Tafuri|first1=Mary Anne|last2=Bentley|first2=R. Alexander|last3=Manzi|first3=Giorgio|last4=di Lernia|first4=Savino|title=Mobility and kinship in the prehistoric Sahara: Strontium isotope analysis of Holocene human skeletons from the Acacus Mts. (southwestern Libya)|journal=Journal of Anthropological Archaeology|date=September 2006|volume=25|issue=3|pages=390–402|doi=10.1016/j.jaa.2006.01.002|issn=0278-4165}}</ref> African humid period gradually come end, and by around 6,000–5,000 years ago e finish completely. Before dat time sef, migrating herders start move go different parts of Africa, and some come settle for Nile Delta, where signs of agriculture before dat time no too dey. Dakhleh Oasis especially don receive plenty recent research, and e provide strong evidence about early Egyptian agriculture.<ref name="McDonald 2016 pp. 181–197">{{cite journal | last=McDonald | first=Mary M.A. | title=The pattern of Neolithization in Dakhleh Oasis in the Eastern Sahara | journal=Quaternary International | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=410 | year=2016 | issn=1040-6182 | doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100 | pages=181–197| bibcode=2016QuInt.410..181M | doi-access=free }}</ref> People fit see am as one example of post-Pleistocene developments across Northeastern Africa. Dakhleh Oasis dey inside Western Desert (Egypt). E dey about 350&nbsp;km (220&nbsp;mi.) from Nile, between Farafra and Kharga oases. For Dakhleh, Bashendi culture people be mobile herders plus foragers during African humid period. Dem dey live for settlements wey dem build with stone slabs, plus open-air sites wey get groups of hearth mounds. For other parts of Egypt Western Desert too, Bashendi-like groups live for Farafra Oasis and Nabta Playa, south side.<ref name="McDonald 2016 pp. 181–197"/> Bashendi people use sandstone grinders take grind local wild millet and sorghum.<ref>Graham Chandler (2006), [https://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/200605/before.the.mummies.the.desert.origins.of.the.pharaohs.htm Before the Mummies: The Desert Origins of the Pharaohs.] Saudi Aramco World. Volume 57, Number 5</ref> For Farafra Oasis, archaeologists find one goat wey date around 6100 BC (8100 cal BP) for Hidden Valley village. For Nabta Playa, remains of sheep/goat and cattle start appear around 6000 BC (8000 cal BP). But goats and cattle be almost the only Neolithic things from Near East wey oasis people adopt. Most of the other cultural developments, like lithic industry, develop locally or come from Northeastern Africa.<ref name="McDonald 2016 pp. 181–197"/> Faiyum Oasis for Egypt too provide evidence say agriculture start around the same period. Domesticated sheep, goats, pigs and cattle all dey there. Sheep from Qasr El-Sagha date to 5350 BC (7350 cal BP), while sheep, goats and cattle date to 5150 BC (7150 cal BP).<ref name="Linseele Van Neer Thys Phillipps p=e108517">{{cite journal | last1=Linseele | first1=Veerle | last2=Van Neer | first2=Wim | last3=Thys | first3=Sofie | last4=Phillipps | first4=Rebecca | last5=Cappers | first5=René | last6=Wendrich | first6=Willeke | last7=Holdaway | first7=Simon | editor-last=Caramelli | editor-first=David | title=New Archaeozoological Data from the Fayum "Neolithic" with a Critical Assessment of the Evidence for Early Stock Keeping in Egypt | journal=PLOS ONE | publisher=Public Library of Science (PLoS) | volume=9 | issue=10 | date=2014-10-13 | issn=1932-6203 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0108517 | article-number=e108517| pmid=25310283 | pmc=4195595 | bibcode=2014PLoSO...9j8517L | doi-access=free }}</ref> As for crops, emmer wheat and barley don dey found for Faiyum at Kom K and Kom W sites, wey date around 4500–4200 BC.<ref name="Wendrich Taylor Southon 2010 pp. 999–1002">{{cite journal | last1=Wendrich | first1=W. | last2=Taylor | first2=R.E. | last3=Southon | first3=J. | title=Dating stratified settlement sites at Kom K and Kom W: Fifth millennium BCE radiocarbon ages for the Fayum Neolithic | journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=268 | issue=7–8 | year=2010 | issn=0168-583X | doi=10.1016/j.nimb.2009.10.083 | pages=999–1002| bibcode=2010NIMPB.268..999W }}</ref><ref name="Linseele Van Neer Thys Phillipps p=e108517" /> Plenty pottery dey for these sites, but evidence of permanent buildings no too dey. Merimde culture date from around 4800 to 4300 BC. These people develop full agricultural economy. The place wey dem dey call Merimde Beni Salama, about 15 miles northwest of Cairo, researchers believe say na the earliest permanently occupied town for Egypt.<ref>William H. Stiebing Jr., Susan N. Helft (2017), [https://books.google.com/books?id=C4U0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT76 Ancient Near Eastern History and Culture.] Routledge. p. 76</ref> Merimde culture exist same time with Faiyum A culture and Badari culture for Upper Egypt, though Badari small later. All of dem be agricultural cultures wey practise farming. ===Nile and field planting=== [[File:Nile watershed topo.png|thumb|The Nile's watershed]] {{further|Geography of Egypt}} Ancient Egypt civilization grow for the dry climate of northern Africa. Dis area dey surrounded by Arabian Desert, Libyan Desert,<ref name="Canada">"Mysteries of Egypt. Canadian Museum of Civilization. "http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/exhibitions/civil/egypt/egcgeo2e.shtml</ref> plus the Nile. The Nile na the longest river for the world. E dey flow north from Lake Victoria and finally enter the Mediterranean Sea. The river get two main tributaries: the Blue Nile wey start from Ethiopia, and the White Nile wey flow from Uganda. Even though the White Nile longer and easier to travel on, na the Blue Nile carry about two-thirds of all the river water. The names of the tributaries come from the colour of the water dem carry. The two rivers join for Khartoum, then branch again when dem reach Egypt to form the Nile Delta.<ref name="how stuff">Hoyt, Alia. "How the Nile Works." http://history.howstuffworks.com/african-history/nile-river2.htm</ref> The Egyptians use the natural yearly flooding of the Nile to their advantage. Because the flooding happen almost the same time every year, dem fit organise their farming around am. Water level for the river dey rise during August and September, and at the highest point of the flood, the floodplain and delta fit cover with about 1.5 metres of water. People know this yearly flooding as inundation. When the floodwater go down around October, farmers dey left with fertile and well-watered soil to plant their crops. The fine soil wey the flood leave behind be called silt, and the Nile carry am from the Ethiopian Highlands. Planting normally start for October after the floods end, and the crops grow with little care until dem mature between March and May. Even though Nile flooding be more predictable and gentle than rivers like Tigris and Euphrates, e no always perfect. Too much flooding fit spoil irrigation canals, while no flooding at all fit cause famine.<ref name="water history">Postel, Sandra. "Egypt's Nile Valley Basin Irrigation". http://www.waterhistory.org/histories/nile/t1.html#photo1</ref> ===Irrigation systems=== To make the best use of the Nile water, the Egyptians develop irrigation systems. Irrigation allow dem use the river water for many different purposes. Most importantly, e give dem greater control over farming.<ref name=" book" /> Dem divert floodwater away from some places like towns and gardens to stop flooding there. Irrigation also provide drinking water for the people. Even though irrigation be very important for Egyptian agriculture, there be no nationwide laws to control water use. Instead, local farmers be responsible for managing irrigation. However, the earliest and most famous evidence of irrigation for Egyptian archaeology dey on the mace head of Scorpion King, wey date to around 3100 BC. The mace head show the king cutting one ditch wey form part of a basin irrigation network. The connection between the king and irrigation show how important irrigation be for ancient Egypt. ====Basin irrigation==== The Egyptians develop and use one water management system wey dem call basin irrigation. This method help dem control the rise and fall of the Nile to suit their farming needs. Dem build crisscross earthen walls across crop fields wey the river dey flood. When the floods come, the water stay inside the basins wey the walls create. This system hold the water for longer time than e go naturally stay, so the soil fit soak well before planting. After the soil don receive enough water, the remaining floodwater for one basin go drain enter another basin wey still need water.<ref name="water history"/> ===Horticulture=== [[File:Gardens of Nakh 1.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Gardens of Amun from the Temple of Karnak, painting for the tomb of Nakh, the chief gardener, early 14th century B.C.]] {{main article|Gardens of ancient Egypt}} Orchards and gardens too develop besides the normal field farming for the floodplains. This kind horticulture mostly happen farther away from the Nile floodplain, so e require much more work.<ref name="Egypt">Dollinger, Andre. "An Introduction to the History and Culture of Pharaonic Egypt". http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/index.html.</ref> Because gardens need water throughout the year, farmers dey carry water by hand from wells or directly from the Nile to water their crops. Plus, even though the Nile flood naturally bring fertile silt for the valley, people still dey use pigeon manure to fertilize their gardens. These gardens and orchards mainly produce vegetables, vines and fruit trees.<ref name="encyc">"Agriculture." The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. 2001. Print.</ref> ==Crops grown== ===Food crops=== {{See also|Ancient Egyptian cuisine}} The Egyptians grow plenty different crops for food, including grains, vegetables and fruits. But cereals and barley be the main staple foods for most people. Other important grains include einkorn wheat and emmer wheat, wey dem use mostly to make bread. Other common foods for the ordinary people include beans, lentils, and later chickpeas and fava beans. Dem also grow root crops like onions, garlic and radishes, together with salad crops like lettuce and parsley.<ref name="Origins">{{cite journal |last=Janick |first=Jules |title=Ancient Egyptian Agriculture and the Origins of Horticulture |journal=Acta Horticulturae |issue=583 |pages=23–39 |doi=10.17660/ActaHortic.2002.582.1 |date=June 2002|citeseerx=10.1.1.693.7643 }}</ref> Fruits appear often for Egyptian artworks, and this show say fruit farming too be important part of agriculture as farming technology improve. Unlike cereals and pulses, fruit farming need more advanced and demanding methods, including irrigation systems, cloning, propagation and training. The first fruits wey Egyptians cultivate probably be local ones like palm date and sorghum, but as dem interact with other cultures, more fruits come enter Egypt. Grapes and watermelon don be found for predynastic Egyptian sites, together with sycamore fig, dom palm and Christ's thorn. Carob, olive, apple and pomegranate come during the New Kingdom. Later, during the Greco-Roman period, peaches and pears too enter Egypt.<ref name="fruit">{{cite book |last=Janick |first=Jules |chapter=The Origins of Fruits, Fruit Growing and Fruit Breeding |title=Plant Breeding Reviews |volume=25 |date=February 2005 |pages=255–320 |doi=10.1002/9780470650301.ch8 |isbn=978-0-470-65030-1 }}</ref> ===Industrial and fiber crops=== Egyptians no depend on agriculture only for food production. Dem use plants in many creative ways, including medicine, religious activities and making clothing. Herbs get plenty different uses. People use dem for cooking, medicine, cosmetics and embalming. Archaeologists don find more than 2,000 different species of flowering and aromatic plants inside tombs.<ref name="Origins"/> Papyrus be one very useful crop wey grow naturally and people also cultivate am.<ref name="BBC"/> People fit chop the roots as food, but the plant mainly serve as industrial crop. Dem use the stem to make boats, mats and paper. Flax too be another important industrial crop. People mainly use am to produce rope and linen, wey be the main material Egyptians use sew their clothes. Dem also grow henna to make dye.<ref name="Origins"/> [[File:Nebamun-ViewingTheProduceOfTheEstates-3.JPG|thumb|Scene wey show Egyptian cattle being presented to Nebamun]] ==Livestock== ===Cattle=== {{see also|Cattle count}} Ancient Egyptian cattle get four main different types: long-horned, short-horned, polled and zebuine.<ref name=ucl>{{cite web|url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt/foodproduction/cattle.html |title=Cattle in Ancient Egypt |publisher=Ucl.ac.uk |access-date=2016-09-09}}</ref> The earliest evidence of cattle for Egypt come from the Faiyum region, and e date back to the fifth millennium BC.{{r|ucl}} During the New Kingdom, hump-backed zebuine cattle from Syria come enter Egypt, and e look like say dem gradually replace the earlier cattle types.{{r|ucl}} ===Chickens=== Man-made incubators, wey people call Egyptian egg ovens, date back to the 4th century BC. People use dem to produce plenty chickens at the same time.<ref name=field>Percy, Pam. ''The Field Guide to Chickens'', Voyageur Press, St. Paul, Minnesota, 2006, page 16. {{ISBN|0-7603-2473-5}}.</ref> ==Religion and agriculture== {{further|Ancient Egyptian religion}} For ancient Egypt, religion be one very important part of everyday life. Plenty of the Egyptians' religious practices centre on the environment, the Nile and agriculture. Dem use religion explain natural phenomena, like the yearly flooding of the Nile and whether farming produce good harvest or not.<ref name="religion">Teeter, Emily and Brewer, Douglas. "Religion in the Lives of the Ancient Egyptians." The University of Chicago Library. http://fathom.lib.uchicago.edu/1/777777190168/</ref> Although the Nile directly affect whether people get good or bad fortune, the Egyptians no worship the river itself. Instead, dem thank particular gods for every blessing dem receive. Dem no even get one specific name for the river; dem simply call am "River". The word "Nile" sef no come from the Egyptian language.<ref name="BBC">Baines, John. "The Story of the Nile." https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/egyptians/nile_01.shtml</ref> ===Gods=== {{see also|Egyptian pantheon}} The Egyptians represent the yearly Nile flood with the god Hapi. Even though the inundation be very important for their survival, Hapi no be one of the highest gods.<ref name="BBC"/> Artists usually draw Hapi as one fat man wey dey offer water and other symbols of abundance to the pharaohs.<ref name="Egypt"/> Dem never build any temple only for Hapi, but people worship am when the annual flooding begin by making sacrifices and singing hymns.<ref name="BBC"/> The god Osiris too get strong connection with the Nile and the fertility of the land. During festivals for the inundation, people mould mud figures of Osiris and plant barley inside dem.<ref name="BBC"/> ==See also== * Land reform in ancient Egypt ==Notes and references== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Bibliography== * Jared Diamond, ''Guns, germs and steel. A short history of everybody for the last 13,000 years'', 1997. {{Commons category|Ancient Egyptian agriculture}} {{Agriculture footer}} {{Ancient Egypt topics}} {{Portal bar|Ancient Egypt|Agriculture and agronomy}} [[Category:Agriculture by culture|Egypt]] [[Category:Ancient Egypt]] [[Category:History of agriculture]] [[Category:Agriculture in Egypt]] == References == o4lm0tgijudlwz5rg7wkzjlqoqq9579 103387 103386 2026-06-17T11:02:17Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Add databox 103387 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|none}} [[File: Maler der Grabkammer des Sennudem 001.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Ploughing plus a yoke of horned cattle insyd ancient Egypt. Painting from de burial chamber of Sennedjem, c. 1200 BC]] De civilization of ancient Egypt was indebted to de Nile River den its dependable seasonal flooding. De river's predictability den fertile soil allow de Egyptians to build an empire on de basis of great agricultural wealth. Egyptians are credited as being one of de first groups of people to practice agriculture on a large scale. Dis be possible because of de ingenuity of de Egyptians as they developed basin irrigation.<ref name= "book">Kees,Herman. "Ancient Egypt: A Cultural Topography." Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961. Print.</ref> Their farming practices allow dem to grow staple food crops, especially grains such as wheat den barley, den industrial crops, such as flax den papyrus.<ref name= "Origins"/> == Beginnings of agriculture == To west of Nile Valley, eastern Sahara na home of plenti Neolithic cultures. During the African humid period, dis area get rich vegetation, and human population for Sahara increase well-well around 8000 BC. Dem dey survive by hunting, fishing for local lakes,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=White|first1=Kevin H.|last2=Bristow|first2=Charlie S.|last3=Armitage|first3=Simon J.|last4=Blench|first4=Roger M.|last5=Drake|first5=Nick A.|title=Ancient watercourses and biogeography of the Sahara explain the peopling of the desert|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date=11 January 2011|volume=108|issue=2|pages=458–462|doi=10.1073/pnas.1012231108|pmid=21187416|pmc=3021035|issn=1091-6490|bibcode=2011PNAS..108..458D |doi-access=free}}</ref> plus gathering wild cereals wey dey plenty for Sahara. Cereals like brachiaria, sorghum and urochloa be important source of food.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Tafuri|first1=Mary Anne|last2=Bentley|first2=R. Alexander|last3=Manzi|first3=Giorgio|last4=di Lernia|first4=Savino|title=Mobility and kinship in the prehistoric Sahara: Strontium isotope analysis of Holocene human skeletons from the Acacus Mts. (southwestern Libya)|journal=Journal of Anthropological Archaeology|date=September 2006|volume=25|issue=3|pages=390–402|doi=10.1016/j.jaa.2006.01.002|issn=0278-4165}}</ref> African humid period gradually come end, and by around 6,000–5,000 years ago e finish completely. Before dat time sef, migrating herders start move go different parts of Africa, and some come settle for Nile Delta, where signs of agriculture before dat time no too dey. Dakhleh Oasis especially don receive plenty recent research, and e provide strong evidence about early Egyptian agriculture.<ref name="McDonald 2016 pp. 181–197">{{cite journal | last=McDonald | first=Mary M.A. | title=The pattern of Neolithization in Dakhleh Oasis in the Eastern Sahara | journal=Quaternary International | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=410 | year=2016 | issn=1040-6182 | doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100 | pages=181–197| bibcode=2016QuInt.410..181M | doi-access=free }}</ref> People fit see am as one example of post-Pleistocene developments across Northeastern Africa. Dakhleh Oasis dey inside Western Desert (Egypt). E dey about 350&nbsp;km (220&nbsp;mi.) from Nile, between Farafra and Kharga oases. For Dakhleh, Bashendi culture people be mobile herders plus foragers during African humid period. Dem dey live for settlements wey dem build with stone slabs, plus open-air sites wey get groups of hearth mounds. For other parts of Egypt Western Desert too, Bashendi-like groups live for Farafra Oasis and Nabta Playa, south side.<ref name="McDonald 2016 pp. 181–197"/> Bashendi people use sandstone grinders take grind local wild millet and sorghum.<ref>Graham Chandler (2006), [https://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/200605/before.the.mummies.the.desert.origins.of.the.pharaohs.htm Before the Mummies: The Desert Origins of the Pharaohs.] Saudi Aramco World. Volume 57, Number 5</ref> For Farafra Oasis, archaeologists find one goat wey date around 6100 BC (8100 cal BP) for Hidden Valley village. For Nabta Playa, remains of sheep/goat and cattle start appear around 6000 BC (8000 cal BP). But goats and cattle be almost the only Neolithic things from Near East wey oasis people adopt. Most of the other cultural developments, like lithic industry, develop locally or come from Northeastern Africa.<ref name="McDonald 2016 pp. 181–197"/> Faiyum Oasis for Egypt too provide evidence say agriculture start around the same period. Domesticated sheep, goats, pigs and cattle all dey there. Sheep from Qasr El-Sagha date to 5350 BC (7350 cal BP), while sheep, goats and cattle date to 5150 BC (7150 cal BP).<ref name="Linseele Van Neer Thys Phillipps p=e108517">{{cite journal | last1=Linseele | first1=Veerle | last2=Van Neer | first2=Wim | last3=Thys | first3=Sofie | last4=Phillipps | first4=Rebecca | last5=Cappers | first5=René | last6=Wendrich | first6=Willeke | last7=Holdaway | first7=Simon | editor-last=Caramelli | editor-first=David | title=New Archaeozoological Data from the Fayum "Neolithic" with a Critical Assessment of the Evidence for Early Stock Keeping in Egypt | journal=PLOS ONE | publisher=Public Library of Science (PLoS) | volume=9 | issue=10 | date=2014-10-13 | issn=1932-6203 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0108517 | article-number=e108517| pmid=25310283 | pmc=4195595 | bibcode=2014PLoSO...9j8517L | doi-access=free }}</ref> As for crops, emmer wheat and barley don dey found for Faiyum at Kom K and Kom W sites, wey date around 4500–4200 BC.<ref name="Wendrich Taylor Southon 2010 pp. 999–1002">{{cite journal | last1=Wendrich | first1=W. | last2=Taylor | first2=R.E. | last3=Southon | first3=J. | title=Dating stratified settlement sites at Kom K and Kom W: Fifth millennium BCE radiocarbon ages for the Fayum Neolithic | journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=268 | issue=7–8 | year=2010 | issn=0168-583X | doi=10.1016/j.nimb.2009.10.083 | pages=999–1002| bibcode=2010NIMPB.268..999W }}</ref><ref name="Linseele Van Neer Thys Phillipps p=e108517" /> Plenty pottery dey for these sites, but evidence of permanent buildings no too dey. Merimde culture date from around 4800 to 4300 BC. These people develop full agricultural economy. The place wey dem dey call Merimde Beni Salama, about 15 miles northwest of Cairo, researchers believe say na the earliest permanently occupied town for Egypt.<ref>William H. Stiebing Jr., Susan N. Helft (2017), [https://books.google.com/books?id=C4U0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT76 Ancient Near Eastern History and Culture.] Routledge. p. 76</ref> Merimde culture exist same time with Faiyum A culture and Badari culture for Upper Egypt, though Badari small later. All of dem be agricultural cultures wey practise farming. ===Nile and field planting=== [[File:Nile watershed topo.png|thumb|The Nile's watershed]] {{further|Geography of Egypt}} Ancient Egypt civilization grow for the dry climate of northern Africa. Dis area dey surrounded by Arabian Desert, Libyan Desert,<ref name="Canada">"Mysteries of Egypt. Canadian Museum of Civilization. "http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/exhibitions/civil/egypt/egcgeo2e.shtml</ref> plus the Nile. The Nile na the longest river for the world. E dey flow north from Lake Victoria and finally enter the Mediterranean Sea. The river get two main tributaries: the Blue Nile wey start from Ethiopia, and the White Nile wey flow from Uganda. Even though the White Nile longer and easier to travel on, na the Blue Nile carry about two-thirds of all the river water. The names of the tributaries come from the colour of the water dem carry. The two rivers join for Khartoum, then branch again when dem reach Egypt to form the Nile Delta.<ref name="how stuff">Hoyt, Alia. "How the Nile Works." http://history.howstuffworks.com/african-history/nile-river2.htm</ref> The Egyptians use the natural yearly flooding of the Nile to their advantage. Because the flooding happen almost the same time every year, dem fit organise their farming around am. Water level for the river dey rise during August and September, and at the highest point of the flood, the floodplain and delta fit cover with about 1.5 metres of water. People know this yearly flooding as inundation. When the floodwater go down around October, farmers dey left with fertile and well-watered soil to plant their crops. The fine soil wey the flood leave behind be called silt, and the Nile carry am from the Ethiopian Highlands. Planting normally start for October after the floods end, and the crops grow with little care until dem mature between March and May. Even though Nile flooding be more predictable and gentle than rivers like Tigris and Euphrates, e no always perfect. Too much flooding fit spoil irrigation canals, while no flooding at all fit cause famine.<ref name="water history">Postel, Sandra. "Egypt's Nile Valley Basin Irrigation". http://www.waterhistory.org/histories/nile/t1.html#photo1</ref> ===Irrigation systems=== To make the best use of the Nile water, the Egyptians develop irrigation systems. Irrigation allow dem use the river water for many different purposes. Most importantly, e give dem greater control over farming.<ref name=" book" /> Dem divert floodwater away from some places like towns and gardens to stop flooding there. Irrigation also provide drinking water for the people. Even though irrigation be very important for Egyptian agriculture, there be no nationwide laws to control water use. Instead, local farmers be responsible for managing irrigation. However, the earliest and most famous evidence of irrigation for Egyptian archaeology dey on the mace head of Scorpion King, wey date to around 3100 BC. The mace head show the king cutting one ditch wey form part of a basin irrigation network. The connection between the king and irrigation show how important irrigation be for ancient Egypt. ====Basin irrigation==== The Egyptians develop and use one water management system wey dem call basin irrigation. This method help dem control the rise and fall of the Nile to suit their farming needs. Dem build crisscross earthen walls across crop fields wey the river dey flood. When the floods come, the water stay inside the basins wey the walls create. This system hold the water for longer time than e go naturally stay, so the soil fit soak well before planting. After the soil don receive enough water, the remaining floodwater for one basin go drain enter another basin wey still need water.<ref name="water history"/> ===Horticulture=== [[File:Gardens of Nakh 1.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Gardens of Amun from the Temple of Karnak, painting for the tomb of Nakh, the chief gardener, early 14th century B.C.]] {{main article|Gardens of ancient Egypt}} Orchards and gardens too develop besides the normal field farming for the floodplains. This kind horticulture mostly happen farther away from the Nile floodplain, so e require much more work.<ref name="Egypt">Dollinger, Andre. "An Introduction to the History and Culture of Pharaonic Egypt". http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/index.html.</ref> Because gardens need water throughout the year, farmers dey carry water by hand from wells or directly from the Nile to water their crops. Plus, even though the Nile flood naturally bring fertile silt for the valley, people still dey use pigeon manure to fertilize their gardens. These gardens and orchards mainly produce vegetables, vines and fruit trees.<ref name="encyc">"Agriculture." The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. 2001. Print.</ref> ==Crops grown== ===Food crops=== {{See also|Ancient Egyptian cuisine}} The Egyptians grow plenty different crops for food, including grains, vegetables and fruits. But cereals and barley be the main staple foods for most people. Other important grains include einkorn wheat and emmer wheat, wey dem use mostly to make bread. Other common foods for the ordinary people include beans, lentils, and later chickpeas and fava beans. Dem also grow root crops like onions, garlic and radishes, together with salad crops like lettuce and parsley.<ref name="Origins">{{cite journal |last=Janick |first=Jules |title=Ancient Egyptian Agriculture and the Origins of Horticulture |journal=Acta Horticulturae |issue=583 |pages=23–39 |doi=10.17660/ActaHortic.2002.582.1 |date=June 2002|citeseerx=10.1.1.693.7643 }}</ref> Fruits appear often for Egyptian artworks, and this show say fruit farming too be important part of agriculture as farming technology improve. Unlike cereals and pulses, fruit farming need more advanced and demanding methods, including irrigation systems, cloning, propagation and training. The first fruits wey Egyptians cultivate probably be local ones like palm date and sorghum, but as dem interact with other cultures, more fruits come enter Egypt. Grapes and watermelon don be found for predynastic Egyptian sites, together with sycamore fig, dom palm and Christ's thorn. Carob, olive, apple and pomegranate come during the New Kingdom. Later, during the Greco-Roman period, peaches and pears too enter Egypt.<ref name="fruit">{{cite book |last=Janick |first=Jules |chapter=The Origins of Fruits, Fruit Growing and Fruit Breeding |title=Plant Breeding Reviews |volume=25 |date=February 2005 |pages=255–320 |doi=10.1002/9780470650301.ch8 |isbn=978-0-470-65030-1 }}</ref> ===Industrial and fiber crops=== Egyptians no depend on agriculture only for food production. Dem use plants in many creative ways, including medicine, religious activities and making clothing. Herbs get plenty different uses. People use dem for cooking, medicine, cosmetics and embalming. Archaeologists don find more than 2,000 different species of flowering and aromatic plants inside tombs.<ref name="Origins"/> Papyrus be one very useful crop wey grow naturally and people also cultivate am.<ref name="BBC"/> People fit chop the roots as food, but the plant mainly serve as industrial crop. Dem use the stem to make boats, mats and paper. Flax too be another important industrial crop. People mainly use am to produce rope and linen, wey be the main material Egyptians use sew their clothes. Dem also grow henna to make dye.<ref name="Origins"/> [[File:Nebamun-ViewingTheProduceOfTheEstates-3.JPG|thumb|Scene wey show Egyptian cattle being presented to Nebamun]] ==Livestock== ===Cattle=== {{see also|Cattle count}} Ancient Egyptian cattle get four main different types: long-horned, short-horned, polled and zebuine.<ref name=ucl>{{cite web|url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt/foodproduction/cattle.html |title=Cattle in Ancient Egypt |publisher=Ucl.ac.uk |access-date=2016-09-09}}</ref> The earliest evidence of cattle for Egypt come from the Faiyum region, and e date back to the fifth millennium BC.{{r|ucl}} During the New Kingdom, hump-backed zebuine cattle from Syria come enter Egypt, and e look like say dem gradually replace the earlier cattle types.{{r|ucl}} ===Chickens=== Man-made incubators, wey people call Egyptian egg ovens, date back to the 4th century BC. People use dem to produce plenty chickens at the same time.<ref name=field>Percy, Pam. ''The Field Guide to Chickens'', Voyageur Press, St. Paul, Minnesota, 2006, page 16. {{ISBN|0-7603-2473-5}}.</ref> ==Religion and agriculture== {{further|Ancient Egyptian religion}} For ancient Egypt, religion be one very important part of everyday life. Plenty of the Egyptians' religious practices centre on the environment, the Nile and agriculture. Dem use religion explain natural phenomena, like the yearly flooding of the Nile and whether farming produce good harvest or not.<ref name="religion">Teeter, Emily and Brewer, Douglas. "Religion in the Lives of the Ancient Egyptians." The University of Chicago Library. http://fathom.lib.uchicago.edu/1/777777190168/</ref> Although the Nile directly affect whether people get good or bad fortune, the Egyptians no worship the river itself. Instead, dem thank particular gods for every blessing dem receive. Dem no even get one specific name for the river; dem simply call am "River". The word "Nile" sef no come from the Egyptian language.<ref name="BBC">Baines, John. "The Story of the Nile." https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/egyptians/nile_01.shtml</ref> ===Gods=== {{see also|Egyptian pantheon}} The Egyptians represent the yearly Nile flood with the god Hapi. Even though the inundation be very important for their survival, Hapi no be one of the highest gods.<ref name="BBC"/> Artists usually draw Hapi as one fat man wey dey offer water and other symbols of abundance to the pharaohs.<ref name="Egypt"/> Dem never build any temple only for Hapi, but people worship am when the annual flooding begin by making sacrifices and singing hymns.<ref name="BBC"/> The god Osiris too get strong connection with the Nile and the fertility of the land. During festivals for the inundation, people mould mud figures of Osiris and plant barley inside dem.<ref name="BBC"/> ==See also== * Land reform in ancient Egypt ==Notes and references== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Bibliography== * Jared Diamond, ''Guns, germs and steel. A short history of everybody for the last 13,000 years'', 1997. {{Commons category|Ancient Egyptian agriculture}} {{Agriculture footer}} {{Ancient Egypt topics}} {{Portal bar|Ancient Egypt|Agriculture and agronomy}} [[Category:Agriculture by culture|Egypt]] [[Category:Ancient Egypt]] [[Category:History of agriculture]] [[Category:Agriculture in Egypt]] == References == altmhqeq8mls63entcseadngm0yjiy5 0 27594 103123 2026-06-16T12:23:04Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 Created page with "Di Zeyi na one river wey dey inside Nile basin. E dey rise for di mountains of Dogu'a Tembien wey dey northern Ethiopia, den e dey flow go south until e empty inside di Giba River." 103123 wikitext text/x-wiki Di Zeyi na one river wey dey inside Nile basin. E dey rise for di mountains of Dogu'a Tembien wey dey northern Ethiopia, den e dey flow go south until e empty inside di Giba River. npbniz3qjq7i56z9mbxhr3f6tjn3g7c 103124 103123 2026-06-16T12:25:06Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 103124 wikitext text/x-wiki Di Zeyi na one river wey dey inside [[:en:Nile|Nile]] basin. E dey rise for di mountains of Dogu'a Tembien wey dey northern Ethiopia, den e dey flow go south until e empty inside di Giba River. nd4p9ewszfvzry25n9csywr1uwxbczc 103125 103124 2026-06-16T12:25:55Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 103125 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Zeyi''' na one river wey dey inside [[:en:Nile|Nile]] basin. E dey rise for di mountains of Dogu'a Tembien wey dey northern Ethiopia, den e dey flow go south until e empty inside di Giba River. agxwuv9dr45a1mg4ur4ioafuqt9r56x 103126 103125 2026-06-16T12:26:46Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 103126 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Zeyi''' na one river wey dey inside [[:en:Nile|Nile]] basin. E dey rise for di mountains of [[:en:Degua_Tembien|Dogu'a Tembien]] wey dey northern Ethiopia, den e dey flow go south until e empty inside di Giba River. fnsfsqbaekiye0ecddwm2kivjdh9zjz 103127 103126 2026-06-16T12:27:38Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 103127 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Zeyi''' na one river wey dey inside [[:en:Nile|Nile]] basin. E dey rise for di mountains of [[:en:Degua_Tembien|Dogu'a Tembien]] wey dey northern [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], den e dey flow go south until e empty inside di Giba River. seva31hbdqidunyl4rbo471yvwaki1k 103128 103127 2026-06-16T12:28:07Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 103128 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Zeyi''' na one river wey dey inside [[:en:Nile|Nile]] basin. E dey rise for di mountains of [[:en:Degua_Tembien|Dogu'a Tembien]] wey dey northern [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], den e dey flow go south until e empty inside di [[:en:Giba_River|Giba River]]. 35h67b5yh9j2880gss8hsj466mpe9dz 103129 103128 2026-06-16T12:30:35Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 103129 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Zeyi''' na one river wey dey inside [[:en:Nile|Nile]] basin. E dey rise for di mountains of [[:en:Degua_Tembien|Dogu'a Tembien]] wey dey northern [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], den e dey flow go south until e empty inside di [[:en:Giba_River|Giba River]].<ref>Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). [https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546 ''Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''.] SpringerNature. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|<bdi>978-3-030-04954-6</bdi>.]]</ref> s1zwdumjg6cyqg8fyndjbvarcr1wehe 103130 103129 2026-06-16T12:30:56Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 103130 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Zeyi''' na one river wey dey inside [[:en:Nile|Nile]] basin. E dey rise for di mountains of [[:en:Degua_Tembien|Dogu'a Tembien]] wey dey northern [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], den e dey flow go south until e empty inside di [[:en:Giba_River|Giba River]].<ref>Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). [https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546 ''Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''.] SpringerNature. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|<bdi>978-3-030-04954-6</bdi>.]]</ref> == Reference == lkzq5x09x6lsh6s9ojiswjlsxljqyo6 103131 103130 2026-06-16T12:32:48Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 103131 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Zeyi''' na one river wey dey inside [[:en:Nile|Nile]] basin. E dey rise for di mountains of [[:en:Degua_Tembien|Dogu'a Tembien]] wey dey northern [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], den e dey flow go south until e empty inside di [[:en:Giba_River|Giba River]].<ref>Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). [https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546 ''Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''.] SpringerNature. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|<bdi>978-3-030-04954-6</bdi>.]]</ref>Di Zeyi na one small river wey no dey flow all di time. E be bedrock river, and e slope dey about 68 metres for every kilometre. Wit di tributaries wey join am, di river don cut one deep gorge. == Reference == q80x7l2gff26kg5i4hcpfjoypbyn49p 103132 103131 2026-06-16T12:33:56Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 103132 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Zeyi''' na one river wey dey inside [[:en:Nile|Nile]] basin. E dey rise for di mountains of [[:en:Degua_Tembien|Dogu'a Tembien]] wey dey northern [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], den e dey flow go south until e empty inside di [[:en:Giba_River|Giba River]].<ref>Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). [https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546 ''Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''.] SpringerNature. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|<bdi>978-3-030-04954-6</bdi>.]]</ref> == Characteristics == Di Zeyi na one small river wey no dey flow all di time. E be bedrock river, and e slope dey about 68 metres for every kilometre. Wit di tributaries wey join am, di river don cut one deep gorge. == Reference == mtwvprstrj1f7noob2mex4oyj8e7lrp 103133 103132 2026-06-16T12:36:51Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 103133 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Zeyi''' na one river wey dey inside [[:en:Nile|Nile]] basin. E dey rise for di mountains of [[:en:Degua_Tembien|Dogu'a Tembien]] wey dey northern [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], den e dey flow go south until e empty inside di [[:en:Giba_River|Giba River]].<ref>Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). [https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546 ''Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''.] SpringerNature. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|<bdi>978-3-030-04954-6</bdi>.]]</ref> == Characteristics == Di Zeyi na one small river wey no dey flow all di time. E be bedrock river, and e slope dey about 68 metres for every kilometre. Wit di tributaries wey join am, di river don cut one deep gorge.<ref>Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). ''The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''. SpringerNature. doi:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14|10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|978-3-030-04954-6]]</bdi>. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199099067 199099067.]</ref> == Reference == 31vj493dw5hmu2j5te4blyjblc7xffv 103134 103133 2026-06-16T12:37:56Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 103134 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Zeyi''' na one river wey dey inside [[:en:Nile|Nile]] basin. E dey rise for di mountains of [[:en:Degua_Tembien|Dogu'a Tembien]] wey dey northern [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], den e dey flow go south until e empty inside di [[:en:Giba_River|Giba River]].<ref>Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). [https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546 ''Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''.] SpringerNature. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|<bdi>978-3-030-04954-6</bdi>.]]</ref> == Characteristics == Di Zeyi na one small river wey no dey flow all di time. E be bedrock river, and e slope dey about 68 metres for every kilometre. Wit di tributaries wey join am, di river don cut one deep gorge.<ref>Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). ''The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''. SpringerNature. doi:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14|10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|978-3-030-04954-6]]</bdi>. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199099067 199099067.]</ref>Runoff for di Zeyi river mostly dey happen as big discharge wey dey come quick-quick, dem dey call am flash floods. Dis one dey happen because di land steep, vegetation no plenty, and rain dey fall heavy. Di peak of di flash floods fit big pass di normal baseflow 50 to 100 times. But di size of di floods don reduce small because people don do interventions for di catchment == Reference == 2hpyo1mpe8jz0r31bb8sbzip84jtrwh 103135 103134 2026-06-16T12:38:26Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 103135 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Zeyi''' na one river wey dey inside [[:en:Nile|Nile]] basin. E dey rise for di mountains of [[:en:Degua_Tembien|Dogu'a Tembien]] wey dey northern [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], den e dey flow go south until e empty inside di [[:en:Giba_River|Giba River]].<ref>Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). [https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546 ''Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''.] SpringerNature. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|<bdi>978-3-030-04954-6</bdi>.]]</ref> == Characteristics == Di Zeyi na one small river wey no dey flow all di time. E be bedrock river, and e slope dey about 68 metres for every kilometre. Wit di tributaries wey join am, di river don cut one deep gorge.<ref>Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). ''The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''. SpringerNature. doi:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14|10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|978-3-030-04954-6]]</bdi>. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199099067 199099067.]</ref> == Flash floods and flood buffering == Runoff for di Zeyi river mostly dey happen as big discharge wey dey come quick-quick, dem dey call am flash floods. Dis one dey happen because di land steep, vegetation no plenty, and rain dey fall heavy. Di peak of di flash floods fit big pass di normal baseflow 50 to 100 times. But di size of di floods don reduce small because people don do interventions for di catchment. == Reference == mr79fjseu0khmnxbifw8xdbsxzhrvmn 103136 103135 2026-06-16T12:42:22Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 103136 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Zeyi''' na one river wey dey inside [[:en:Nile|Nile]] basin. E dey rise for di mountains of [[:en:Degua_Tembien|Dogu'a Tembien]] wey dey northern [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], den e dey flow go south until e empty inside di [[:en:Giba_River|Giba River]].<ref>Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). [https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546 ''Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''.] SpringerNature. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|<bdi>978-3-030-04954-6</bdi>.]]</ref> == Characteristics == Di Zeyi na one small river wey no dey flow all di time. E be bedrock river, and e slope dey about 68 metres for every kilometre. Wit di tributaries wey join am, di river don cut one deep gorge.<ref>Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). ''The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''. SpringerNature. doi:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14|10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|978-3-030-04954-6]]</bdi>. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199099067 199099067.]</ref> == Flash floods and flood buffering == Runoff for di Zeyi river mostly dey happen as big discharge wey dey come quick-quick, dem dey call am flash floods. Dis one dey happen because di land steep, vegetation no plenty, and rain dey fall heavy. Di peak of di flash floods fit big pass di normal baseflow 50 to 100 times. But di size of di floods don reduce small because people don do interventions for di catchment. For Ziban Dake and other steep slopes, dem don set up exclosures. Di thick vegetation wey grow for dere dey help water soak inside ground well, e dey reduce flood and make baseflow better. Conservation structures like stone bunds and check dams dey block runoff. == Reference == gpg3krph1btybn7y4q9jae8uf853sej 103137 103136 2026-06-16T12:43:36Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 103137 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Zeyi''' na one river wey dey inside [[:en:Nile|Nile]] basin. E dey rise for di mountains of [[:en:Degua_Tembien|Dogu'a Tembien]] wey dey northern [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], den e dey flow go south until e empty inside di [[:en:Giba_River|Giba River]].<ref>Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). [https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546 ''Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''.] SpringerNature. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|<bdi>978-3-030-04954-6</bdi>.]]</ref> == Characteristics == Di Zeyi na one small river wey no dey flow all di time. E be [[:en:Bedrock_river|bedrock river]], and e slope dey about 68 metres for every kilometre. Wit di tributaries wey join am, di river don cut one deep gorge.<ref>Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). ''The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''. SpringerNature. doi:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14|10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|978-3-030-04954-6]]</bdi>. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199099067 199099067.]</ref> == Flash floods and flood buffering == Runoff for di Zeyi river mostly dey happen as big discharge wey dey come quick-quick, dem dey call am flash floods. Dis one dey happen because di land steep, vegetation no plenty, and rain dey fall heavy. Di peak of di flash floods fit big pass di normal baseflow 50 to 100 times. But di size of di floods don reduce small because people don do interventions for di catchment. For Ziban Dake and other steep slopes, dem don set up exclosures. Di thick vegetation wey grow for dere dey help water soak inside ground well, e dey reduce flood and make baseflow better. Conservation structures like stone bunds and check dams dey block runoff. == Reference == b4thkainrtryqo135y2r0i5gan57lj6 103138 103137 2026-06-16T12:54:57Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 103138 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Zeyi''' na one river wey dey inside [[:en:Nile|Nile]] basin. E dey rise for di mountains of [[:en:Degua_Tembien|Dogu'a Tembien]] wey dey northern [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], den e dey flow go south until e empty inside di [[:en:Giba_River|Giba River]].<ref>Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). [https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546 ''Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''.] SpringerNature. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|<bdi>978-3-030-04954-6</bdi>.]]</ref> == Characteristics == Di Zeyi na one small river wey no dey flow all di time. E be [[:en:Bedrock_river|bedrock river]], and e slope dey about 68 metres for every kilometre. Wit di tributaries wey join am, di river don cut one deep gorge.<ref>Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). ''The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''. SpringerNature. doi:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14|10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|978-3-030-04954-6]]</bdi>. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199099067 199099067.]</ref> == Flash floods and flood buffering == Runoff for di Zeyi river mostly dey happen as big discharge wey dey come quick-quick, dem dey call am flash floods. Dis one dey happen because di land steep, vegetation no plenty, and rain dey fall heavy. Di peak of di flash floods fit big pass di normal baseflow 50 to 100 times.<ref>Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). ''The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''. SpringerNature. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14|10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|<bdi>978-3-030-04954-6</bdi>.]] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199099067 199099067]</ref> But di size of di floods don reduce small because people don do interventions for di catchment. For Ziban Dake and other steep slopes, dem don set up exclosures. Di thick vegetation wey grow for dere dey help water soak inside ground well, e dey reduce flood and make baseflow better. Conservation structures like stone bunds and check dams dey block runoff. == Reference == pg37uodej0xum4ibzdjc4vijvzjx6zt 103139 103138 2026-06-16T12:56:38Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 103139 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Zeyi''' na one river wey dey inside [[:en:Nile|Nile]] basin. E dey rise for di mountains of [[:en:Degua_Tembien|Dogu'a Tembien]] wey dey northern [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], den e dey flow go south until e empty inside di [[:en:Giba_River|Giba River]].<ref>Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). [https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546 ''Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''.] SpringerNature. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|<bdi>978-3-030-04954-6</bdi>.]]</ref> == Characteristics == Di Zeyi na one small river wey no dey flow all di time. E be [[:en:Bedrock_river|bedrock river]], and e slope dey about 68 metres for every kilometre. Wit di tributaries wey join am, di river don cut one deep [[:en:Canyon|gorge]].<ref>Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). ''The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''. SpringerNature. doi:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14|10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|978-3-030-04954-6]]</bdi>. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199099067 199099067.]</ref> == Flash floods and flood buffering == Runoff for di Zeyi river mostly dey happen as big discharge wey dey come quick-quick, dem dey call am flash floods. Dis one dey happen because di land steep, vegetation no plenty, and rain dey fall heavy. Di peak of di flash floods fit big pass di normal baseflow 50 to 100 times.<ref>Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). ''The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''. SpringerNature. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14|10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|<bdi>978-3-030-04954-6</bdi>.]] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199099067 199099067]</ref> But di size of di floods don reduce small because people don do interventions for di catchment. For [[:en:Ziban_Dake|Ziban Dake]] and other steep slopes, dem don set up [[:en:Exclosure|exclosures]]. Di thick vegetation wey grow for dere dey help water soak inside ground well, e dey reduce flood and make baseflow better. Conservation structures like stone bunds and check dams dey block runoff. == Reference == fapskzycodjjthbflsqzdfaa2xd03xq 103140 103139 2026-06-16T13:06:38Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 103140 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Zeyi''' na one river wey dey inside [[:en:Nile|Nile]] basin. E dey rise for di mountains of [[:en:Degua_Tembien|Dogu'a Tembien]] wey dey northern [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], den e dey flow go south until e empty inside di [[:en:Giba_River|Giba River]].<ref>Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). [https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546 ''Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''.] SpringerNature. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|<bdi>978-3-030-04954-6</bdi>.]]</ref> == Characteristics == Di Zeyi na one small river wey no dey flow all di time. E be [[:en:Bedrock_river|bedrock river]], and e slope dey about 68 metres for every kilometre. Wit di tributaries wey join am, di river don cut one deep [[:en:Canyon|gorge]].<ref>Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). ''The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''. SpringerNature. doi:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14|10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|978-3-030-04954-6]]</bdi>. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199099067 199099067.]</ref> == Flash floods and flood buffering == Runoff for di Zeyi river mostly dey happen as big discharge wey dey come quick-quick, dem dey call am flash floods. Dis one dey happen because di land steep, vegetation no plenty, and rain dey fall heavy. Di peak of di flash floods fit big pass di normal baseflow 50 to 100 times.<ref>Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). ''The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''. SpringerNature. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14|10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|<bdi>978-3-030-04954-6</bdi>.]] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199099067 199099067]</ref> But di size of di floods don reduce small because people don do interventions for di catchment. For [[:en:Ziban_Dake|Ziban Dake]] and other steep slopes, dem don set up [[:en:Exclosure|exclosures]]. Di thick vegetation wey grow for dere dey help water soak inside ground well, e dey reduce flood and make [[:en:Baseflow|baseflow]] better. Conservation structures like stone bunds and check dams dey block runoff. == Reference == lzk93b257yftuq75t43mz2f20zama72 103141 103140 2026-06-16T13:07:50Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 103141 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Zeyi''' na one river wey dey inside [[:en:Nile|Nile]] basin. E dey rise for di mountains of [[:en:Degua_Tembien|Dogu'a Tembien]] wey dey northern [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], den e dey flow go south until e empty inside di [[:en:Giba_River|Giba River]].<ref>Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). [https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546 ''Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''.] SpringerNature. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|<bdi>978-3-030-04954-6</bdi>.]]</ref> == Characteristics == Di Zeyi na one small river wey no dey flow all di time. E be [[:en:Bedrock_river|bedrock river]], and e slope dey about 68 metres for every kilometre. Wit di tributaries wey join am, di river don cut one deep [[:en:Canyon|gorge]].<ref>Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). ''The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''. SpringerNature. doi:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14|10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|978-3-030-04954-6]]</bdi>. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199099067 199099067.]</ref> == Flash floods and flood buffering == Runoff for di Zeyi river mostly dey happen as big discharge wey dey come quick-quick, dem dey call am flash floods. Dis one dey happen because di land steep, vegetation no plenty, and rain dey fall heavy. Di peak of di flash floods fit big pass di normal baseflow 50 to 100 times.<ref>Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). ''The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''. SpringerNature. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14|10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|<bdi>978-3-030-04954-6</bdi>.]] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199099067 199099067]</ref> But di size of di floods don reduce small because people don do interventions for di catchment. For [[:en:Ziban_Dake|Ziban Dake]] and other steep slopes, dem don set up [[:en:Exclosure|exclosures]]. Di thick vegetation wey grow for dere dey help water soak inside ground well, e dey reduce flood and make [[:en:Baseflow|baseflow]] better. Conservation structures like [[:en:Terrace_(earthworks)|stone bunds]] and check dams dey block runoff. == References == 51f8s7j46pj2fhgj1jcefz0ir7pgx06 103142 103141 2026-06-16T13:08:29Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 103142 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Zeyi''' na one river wey dey inside [[:en:Nile|Nile]] basin. E dey rise for di mountains of [[:en:Degua_Tembien|Dogu'a Tembien]] wey dey northern [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], den e dey flow go south until e empty inside di [[:en:Giba_River|Giba River]].<ref>Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). [https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546 ''Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''.] SpringerNature. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|<bdi>978-3-030-04954-6</bdi>.]]</ref> == Characteristics == Di Zeyi na one small river wey no dey flow all di time. E be [[:en:Bedrock_river|bedrock river]], and e slope dey about 68 metres for every kilometre. Wit di tributaries wey join am, di river don cut one deep [[:en:Canyon|gorge]].<ref>Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). ''The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''. SpringerNature. doi:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14|10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|978-3-030-04954-6]]</bdi>. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199099067 199099067.]</ref> == Flash floods and flood buffering == Runoff for di Zeyi river mostly dey happen as big discharge wey dey come quick-quick, dem dey call am flash floods. Dis one dey happen because di land steep, vegetation no plenty, and rain dey fall heavy. Di peak of di flash floods fit big pass di normal baseflow 50 to 100 times.<ref>Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). ''The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''. SpringerNature. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14|10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|<bdi>978-3-030-04954-6</bdi>.]] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199099067 199099067]</ref> But di size of di floods don reduce small because people don do interventions for di catchment. For [[:en:Ziban_Dake|Ziban Dake]] and other steep slopes, dem don set up [[:en:Exclosure|exclosures]]. Di thick vegetation wey grow for dere dey help water soak inside ground well, e dey reduce flood and make [[:en:Baseflow|baseflow]] better. Conservation structures like [[:en:Terrace_(earthworks)|stone bunds]] and [[:en:Check_dam|check dams]] dey block runoff. == References == n49olyecb4caj3i8el3l79n55mbt995 103144 103142 2026-06-16T13:12:13Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 103144 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Zeyi''' na one river wey dey inside [[:en:Nile|Nile]] basin. E dey rise for di mountains of [[:en:Degua_Tembien|Dogu'a Tembien]] wey dey northern [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], den e dey flow go south until e empty inside di [[:en:Giba_River|Giba River]].<ref>Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). [https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546 ''Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''.] SpringerNature. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|<bdi>978-3-030-04954-6</bdi>.]]</ref> == Characteristics == Di Zeyi na one small river wey no dey flow all di time. E be [[:en:Bedrock_river|bedrock river]], and e slope dey about 68 metres for every kilometre. Wit di tributaries wey join am, di river don cut one deep [[:en:Canyon|gorge]].<ref>Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). ''The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''. SpringerNature. doi:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14|10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|978-3-030-04954-6]]</bdi>. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199099067 199099067.]</ref> == Flash floods and flood buffering == Runoff for di Zeyi river mostly dey happen as big discharge wey dey come quick-quick, dem dey call am flash floods. Dis one dey happen because di land steep, vegetation no plenty, and rain dey fall heavy. Di peak of di flash floods fit big pass di normal baseflow 50 to 100 times.<ref>Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). ''The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''. SpringerNature. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14|10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|<bdi>978-3-030-04954-6</bdi>.]] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199099067 199099067]</ref> But di size of di floods don reduce small because people don do interventions for di catchment. For [[:en:Ziban_Dake|Ziban Dake]] and other steep slopes, dem don set up [[:en:Exclosure|exclosures]]. Di thick vegetation wey grow for dere dey help water soak inside ground well, e dey reduce flood and make [[:en:Baseflow|baseflow]] better<ref>Descheemaeker, K. and colleagues (2006). [https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 "Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia"]. ''Journal of Hydrology''. '''331''' (1–2): 219–241. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi:]][[doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]][[hdl:1854/LU-378900|:1854/LU-378900]]</ref>. Conservation structures like [[:en:Terrace_(earthworks)|stone bunds]] and [[:en:Check_dam|check dams]] dey block runoff. == References == mjt6pbjvq0clbb4g3ds51irrpeas30i 103145 103144 2026-06-16T13:16:06Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 103145 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Zeyi''' na one river wey dey inside [[:en:Nile|Nile]] basin. E dey rise for di mountains of [[:en:Degua_Tembien|Dogu'a Tembien]] wey dey northern [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], den e dey flow go south until e empty inside di [[:en:Giba_River|Giba River]].<ref>Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). [https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546 ''Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''.] SpringerNature. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|<bdi>978-3-030-04954-6</bdi>.]]</ref> == Characteristics == Di Zeyi na one small river wey no dey flow all di time. E be [[:en:Bedrock_river|bedrock river]], and e slope dey about 68 metres for every kilometre. Wit di tributaries wey join am, di river don cut one deep [[:en:Canyon|gorge]].<ref>Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). ''The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''. SpringerNature. doi:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14|10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|978-3-030-04954-6]]</bdi>. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199099067 199099067.]</ref> == Flash floods and flood buffering == Runoff for di Zeyi river mostly dey happen as big discharge wey dey come quick-quick, dem dey call am flash floods. Dis one dey happen because di land steep, vegetation no plenty, and rain dey fall heavy. Di peak of di flash floods fit big pass di normal baseflow 50 to 100 times.<ref>Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). ''The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''. SpringerNature. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14|10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|<bdi>978-3-030-04954-6</bdi>.]] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199099067 199099067]</ref> But di size of di floods don reduce small because people don do interventions for di catchment. For [[:en:Ziban_Dake|Ziban Dake]] and other steep slopes, dem don set up [[:en:Exclosure|exclosures]]. Di thick vegetation wey grow for dere dey help water soak inside ground well, e dey reduce flood and make [[:en:Baseflow|baseflow]] better<ref>Descheemaeker, K. and colleagues (2006). [https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 "Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia"]. ''Journal of Hydrology''. '''331''' (1–2): 219–241. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi:]][[doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]][[hdl:1854/LU-378900|:1854/LU-378900]]</ref>. Conservation structures like [[:en:Terrace_(earthworks)|stone bunds]]<ref>Nyssen, Jan; Poesen, Jean; Gebremichael, Desta; Vancampenhout, Karen; d'Aes, Margo; Yihdego, Gebremedhin; Govers, Gerard; Leirs, Herwig; Moeyersons, Jan; Naudts, Jozef; Haregeweyn, Nigussie; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, Jozef (2007). [https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 "Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia"]. ''Soil and Tillage Research''. '''94''' (1): 151–163. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011.]] [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:1854/LU-378900|1854/LU-378900]]</ref> and [[:en:Check_dam|check dams]] dey block runoff. == References == 4pzizuo6ydygo6plp6nq99f2qn8nx6j 103146 103145 2026-06-16T13:23:08Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 103146 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Zeyi''' na one river wey dey inside [[:en:Nile|Nile]] basin. E dey rise for di mountains of [[:en:Degua_Tembien|Dogu'a Tembien]] wey dey northern [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], den e dey flow go south until e empty inside di [[:en:Giba_River|Giba River]].<ref>Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). [https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546 ''Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''.] SpringerNature. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|<bdi>978-3-030-04954-6</bdi>.]]</ref> == Characteristics == Di Zeyi na one small river wey no dey flow all di time. E be [[:en:Bedrock_river|bedrock river]], and e slope dey about 68 metres for every kilometre. Wit di tributaries wey join am, di river don cut one deep [[:en:Canyon|gorge]].<ref>Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). ''The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''. SpringerNature. doi:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14|10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|978-3-030-04954-6]]</bdi>. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199099067 199099067.]</ref> == Flash floods and flood buffering == Runoff for di Zeyi river mostly dey happen as big discharge wey dey come quick-quick, dem dey call am flash floods. Dis one dey happen because di land steep, vegetation no plenty, and rain dey fall heavy. Di peak of di flash floods fit big pass di normal baseflow 50 to 100 times.<ref>Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). ''The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''. SpringerNature. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14|10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|<bdi>978-3-030-04954-6</bdi>.]] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199099067 199099067]</ref> But di size of di floods don reduce small because people don do interventions for di catchment. For [[:en:Ziban_Dake|Ziban Dake]] and other steep slopes, dem don set up [[:en:Exclosure|exclosures]]. Di thick vegetation wey grow for dere dey help water soak inside ground well, e dey reduce flood and make [[:en:Baseflow|baseflow]] better<ref>Descheemaeker, K. and colleagues (2006). [https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 "Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia"]. ''Journal of Hydrology''. '''331''' (1–2): 219–241. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi:]][[doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]][[hdl:1854/LU-378900|:1854/LU-378900]]</ref>. Conservation structures like [[:en:Terrace_(earthworks)|stone bunds]]<ref>Nyssen, Jan; Poesen, Jean; Gebremichael, Desta; Vancampenhout, Karen; d'Aes, Margo; Yihdego, Gebremedhin; Govers, Gerard; Leirs, Herwig; Moeyersons, Jan; Naudts, Jozef; Haregeweyn, Nigussie; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, Jozef (2007). [https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 "Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia"]. ''Soil and Tillage Research''. '''94''' (1): 151–163. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011.]] [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:1854/LU-378900|1854/LU-378900]]</ref> <ref>Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues (2015). [https://research.wur.nl/en/publications/evolution-of-the-effectiveness-of-stone-bunds-and-trenches-in-red "Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands"]. ''Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie''. '''59''' (4): 477–493. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ZGm....59..477T 2015ZGm....59..477T.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1127/zfg/2015/0166|10.1127/zfg/2015/0166]]</ref>and [[:en:Check_dam|check dams]] dey block runoff. == References == poodl4z00zke77l9957may8ok4dy816 103148 103146 2026-06-16T13:30:23Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 103148 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Di '''Zeyi''' na one river wey dey inside [[:en:Nile|Nile]] basin. E dey rise for di mountains of [[:en:Degua_Tembien|Dogu'a Tembien]] wey dey northern [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], den e dey flow go south until e empty inside di [[:en:Giba_River|Giba River]].<ref>Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). [https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546 ''Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''.] SpringerNature. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|<bdi>978-3-030-04954-6</bdi>.]]</ref> == Characteristics == Di Zeyi na one small river wey no dey flow all di time. E be [[:en:Bedrock_river|bedrock river]], and e slope dey about 68 metres for every kilometre. Wit di tributaries wey join am, di river don cut one deep [[:en:Canyon|gorge]].<ref>Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). ''The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''. SpringerNature. doi:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14|10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|978-3-030-04954-6]]</bdi>. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199099067 199099067.]</ref> == Flash floods and flood buffering == Runoff for di Zeyi river mostly dey happen as big discharge wey dey come quick-quick, dem dey call am flash floods. Dis one dey happen because di land steep, vegetation no plenty, and rain dey fall heavy. Di peak of di flash floods fit big pass di normal baseflow 50 to 100 times.<ref>Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). ''The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''. SpringerNature. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14|10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|<bdi>978-3-030-04954-6</bdi>.]] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199099067 199099067]</ref> But di size of di floods don reduce small because people don do interventions for di catchment. For [[:en:Ziban_Dake|Ziban Dake]] and other steep slopes, dem don set up [[:en:Exclosure|exclosures]]. Di thick vegetation wey grow for dere dey help water soak inside ground well, e dey reduce flood and make [[:en:Baseflow|baseflow]] better<ref>Descheemaeker, K. and colleagues (2006). [https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 "Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia"]. ''Journal of Hydrology''. '''331''' (1–2): 219–241. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi:]][[doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]][[hdl:1854/LU-378900|:1854/LU-378900]]</ref>. Conservation structures like [[:en:Terrace_(earthworks)|stone bunds]]<ref>Nyssen, Jan; Poesen, Jean; Gebremichael, Desta; Vancampenhout, Karen; d'Aes, Margo; Yihdego, Gebremedhin; Govers, Gerard; Leirs, Herwig; Moeyersons, Jan; Naudts, Jozef; Haregeweyn, Nigussie; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, Jozef (2007). [https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 "Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia"]. ''Soil and Tillage Research''. '''94''' (1): 151–163. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011.]] [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:1854/LU-378900|1854/LU-378900]]</ref> <ref>Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues (2015). [https://research.wur.nl/en/publications/evolution-of-the-effectiveness-of-stone-bunds-and-trenches-in-red "Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands"]. ''Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie''. '''59''' (4): 477–493. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ZGm....59..477T 2015ZGm....59..477T.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1127/zfg/2015/0166|10.1127/zfg/2015/0166]]</ref>and [[:en:Check_dam|check dams]] dey block runoff. == References == 1bykluxvteduxomw9ls32gy1ci544cg 103375 103148 2026-06-16T23:15:52Z Kofiarkohbaidoo 2561 #AWC2026 103375 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Di '''Zeyi''' na one river wey dey inside [[:en:Nile|Nile]] basin. E dey rise for di mountains of [[:en:Degua_Tembien|Dogu'a Tembien]] wey dey northern [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], den e dey flow go south until e empty inside di [[:en:Giba_River|Giba River]].<ref>Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). [https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546 ''Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''.] SpringerNature. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|<bdi>978-3-030-04954-6</bdi>.]]</ref> == Characteristics == Di Zeyi na one small river wey no dey flow all di time. E be [[:en:Bedrock_river|bedrock river]], and e slope dey about 68 metres for every kilometre. Wit di tributaries wey join am, di river don cut one deep [[:en:Canyon|gorge]].<ref>Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). ''The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''. SpringerNature. doi:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14|10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|978-3-030-04954-6]]</bdi>. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199099067 199099067.]</ref> == Flash floods and flood buffering == Runoff for di Zeyi river mostly dey happen as big discharge wey dey come quick-quick, dem dey call am flash floods. Dis one dey happen because di land steep, vegetation no plenty, and rain dey fall heavy. Di peak of di flash floods fit big pass di normal baseflow 50 to 100 times.<ref>Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). ''The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District''. SpringerNature. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14|10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|<bdi>978-3-030-04954-6</bdi>.]] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199099067 199099067]</ref> But di size of di floods don reduce small because people don do interventions for di catchment. For [[:en:Ziban_Dake|Ziban Dake]] and other steep slopes, dem don set up [[:en:Exclosure|exclosures]]. Di thick vegetation wey grow for dere dey help water soak inside ground well, e dey reduce flood and make [[:en:Baseflow|baseflow]] better<ref>Descheemaeker, K. and colleagues (2006). [https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 "Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia"]. ''Journal of Hydrology''. '''331''' (1–2): 219–241. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi:]][[doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]][[hdl:1854/LU-378900|:1854/LU-378900]]</ref>. Conservation structures like [[:en:Terrace_(earthworks)|stone bunds]]<ref>Nyssen, Jan; Poesen, Jean; Gebremichael, Desta; Vancampenhout, Karen; d'Aes, Margo; Yihdego, Gebremedhin; Govers, Gerard; Leirs, Herwig; Moeyersons, Jan; Naudts, Jozef; Haregeweyn, Nigussie; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, Jozef (2007). [https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 "Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia"]. ''Soil and Tillage Research''. '''94''' (1): 151–163. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011.]] [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:1854/LU-378900|1854/LU-378900]]</ref> <ref>Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues (2015). [https://research.wur.nl/en/publications/evolution-of-the-effectiveness-of-stone-bunds-and-trenches-in-red "Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands"]. ''Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie''. '''59''' (4): 477–493. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ZGm....59..477T 2015ZGm....59..477T.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1127/zfg/2015/0166|10.1127/zfg/2015/0166]]</ref>and [[:en:Check_dam|check dams]] dey block runoff. == References == <references /> [[Category:Rivers]] igcrn80gunzvoz3iz1zf3zpauj27x9f 0 27595 103150 2026-06-16T13:45:53Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 Created page with "For Ziban Dake and other steep slopes, dem don set up exclosures. Di thick vegetation wey grow for dere dey help water soak inside ground well, e dey reduce flood and make baseflow better. Conservation structures like stone bunds and check dams dey block runoff." 103150 wikitext text/x-wiki For Ziban Dake and other steep slopes, dem don set up exclosures. Di thick vegetation wey grow for dere dey help water soak inside ground well, e dey reduce flood and make baseflow better. Conservation structures like stone bunds and check dams dey block runoff. hpt5x9bm2pmi5umc1oenu4wi8cakig5 103173 103150 2026-06-16T14:39:18Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 103173 wikitext text/x-wiki For Ziban Dake and other steep slopes, dem don set up exclosures. Di thick vegetation wey grow for dere dey help water soak inside ground well, e dey reduce flood and make baseflow better. Conservation structures like stone bunds and check dams dey block runoff. Di river basin dey popular because e get plenty early hominid fossils and archeological findings like early stone tools. Na dis kain discovery make UNESCO put am for World Heritage List since 1980. imy6r6jt0umqnyzayn7lz41m2dnrzz4 103178 103173 2026-06-16T14:47:02Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 103178 wikitext text/x-wiki Di Omo River (Amharic: ኦሞ ወንዝ, romanized: Omo Wenz; dem dey also call am Omo-Bottego) wey dey southern Ethiopia na di biggest Ethiopian river wey no dey inside [[:en:Nile|Nile Basin]]. Di river dey flow only inside Ethiopia, and e dey empty for Lake Turkana wey dey border wit Kenya. Na di main stream for one endorheic drainage basin wey dem dey call Turkana Basin. Di river basin dey popular because e get plenty early hominid fossils and archeological findings like early stone tools. Na dis kain discovery make UNESCO put am for World Heritage List since 1980. 46tz8wm5b8rwodmui2l67tfl9qyuy4t 103179 103178 2026-06-16T14:47:37Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 103179 wikitext text/x-wiki Di Omo River (Amharic: ኦሞ ወንዝ, romanized: Omo Wenz; dem dey also call am Omo-Bottego) wey dey southern Ethiopia na di biggest Ethiopian river wey no dey inside [[:en:Nile|Nile Basin]]. Di river dey flow only inside Ethiopia, and e dey empty for [[:en:Lake_Turkana|Lake Turkana]] wey dey border wit Kenya. Na di main stream for one endorheic drainage basin wey dem dey call Turkana Basin. Di river basin dey popular because e get plenty early hominid fossils and archeological findings like early stone tools. Na dis kain discovery make UNESCO put am for World Heritage List since 1980. d0mofhx6ecxos157w2naz6n6zo4owad 103180 103179 2026-06-16T14:48:22Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 103180 wikitext text/x-wiki Di Omo River (Amharic: ኦሞ ወንዝ, romanized: Omo Wenz; dem dey also call am Omo-Bottego) wey dey southern Ethiopia na di biggest Ethiopian river wey no dey inside [[:en:Nile|Nile Basin]]. Di river dey flow only inside Ethiopia, and e dey empty for [[:en:Lake_Turkana|Lake Turkana]] wey dey [[:en:Ethiopia–Kenya_border|border wit Kenya]]. Na di main stream for one endorheic drainage basin wey dem dey call Turkana Basin. Di river basin dey popular because e get plenty early hominid fossils and archeological findings like early stone tools. Na dis kain discovery make UNESCO put am for World Heritage List since 1980. m6m52ezhubkpmwjlhwy3ip155p1thf0 103181 103180 2026-06-16T14:49:02Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 103181 wikitext text/x-wiki Di Omo River (Amharic: ኦሞ ወንዝ, romanized: Omo Wenz; dem dey also call am Omo-Bottego) wey dey southern Ethiopia na di biggest Ethiopian river wey no dey inside [[:en:Nile|Nile Basin]]. Di river dey flow only inside Ethiopia, and e dey empty for [[:en:Lake_Turkana|Lake Turkana]] wey dey [[:en:Ethiopia–Kenya_border|border wit Kenya]]. Na di main stream for one [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] drainage basin wey dem dey call Turkana Basin. Di river basin dey popular because e get plenty early hominid fossils and archeological findings like early stone tools. Na dis kain discovery make UNESCO put am for World Heritage List since 1980. 9zrjsm94o0zany1yc6cwb9yyyr0rnho 103182 103181 2026-06-16T14:49:36Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 103182 wikitext text/x-wiki Di Omo River (Amharic: ኦሞ ወንዝ, romanized: Omo Wenz; dem dey also call am Omo-Bottego) wey dey southern Ethiopia na di biggest Ethiopian river wey no dey inside [[:en:Nile|Nile Basin]]. Di river dey flow only inside Ethiopia, and e dey empty for [[:en:Lake_Turkana|Lake Turkana]] wey dey [[:en:Ethiopia–Kenya_border|border wit Kenya]]. Na di main stream for one [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dem dey call Turkana Basin. Di river basin dey popular because e get plenty early hominid fossils and archeological findings like early stone tools. Na dis kain discovery make UNESCO put am for World Heritage List since 1980. fskvnyni44sp7t15er2vy0glpf0qnoh 103183 103182 2026-06-16T14:50:17Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 103183 wikitext text/x-wiki Di Omo River (Amharic: ኦሞ ወንዝ, romanized: Omo Wenz; dem dey also call am Omo-Bottego) wey dey southern Ethiopia na di biggest Ethiopian river wey no dey inside [[:en:Nile|Nile Basin]]. Di river dey flow only inside Ethiopia, and e dey empty for [[:en:Lake_Turkana|Lake Turkana]] wey dey [[:en:Ethiopia–Kenya_border|border wit Kenya]]. Na di main stream for one [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dem dey call [[:en:Turkana_Basin|Turkana Basin]]. Di river basin dey popular because e get plenty early hominid fossils and archeological findings like early stone tools. Na dis kain discovery make UNESCO put am for World Heritage List since 1980. 9i74xi8aghw1gzl93fxqiustv88gzrg 103185 103183 2026-06-16T14:51:13Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 103185 wikitext text/x-wiki Di Omo River (Amharic: ኦሞ ወንዝ, romanized: Omo Wenz; dem dey also call am Omo-Bottego) wey dey southern Ethiopia na di biggest Ethiopian river wey no dey inside [[:en:Nile|Nile Basin]]. Di river dey flow only inside Ethiopia, and e dey empty for [[:en:Lake_Turkana|Lake Turkana]] wey dey [[:en:Ethiopia–Kenya_border|border wit Kenya]]. Na di main stream for one [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dem dey call [[:en:Turkana_Basin|Turkana Basin]]. Di river basin dey popular because e get plenty early [[:en:Hominid|hominid]] fossils and archeological findings like early stone tools. Na dis kain discovery make UNESCO put am for World Heritage List since 1980. 4wfd6mrjc70q92jbzwjhtps4j72fdiw 103186 103185 2026-06-16T14:51:44Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 103186 wikitext text/x-wiki Di Omo River (Amharic: ኦሞ ወንዝ, romanized: Omo Wenz; dem dey also call am Omo-Bottego) wey dey southern Ethiopia na di biggest Ethiopian river wey no dey inside [[:en:Nile|Nile Basin]]. Di river dey flow only inside Ethiopia, and e dey empty for [[:en:Lake_Turkana|Lake Turkana]] wey dey [[:en:Ethiopia–Kenya_border|border wit Kenya]]. Na di main stream for one [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dem dey call [[:en:Turkana_Basin|Turkana Basin]]. Di river basin dey popular because e get plenty early [[:en:Hominid|hominid]] fossils and archeological findings like early stone tools. Na dis kain discovery make [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] put am for World Heritage List since 1980. 07vho1fljs18xncwq85qq3gngoxm3d1 103187 103186 2026-06-16T14:52:24Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 103187 wikitext text/x-wiki Di Omo River (Amharic: ኦሞ ወንዝ, romanized: Omo Wenz; dem dey also call am Omo-Bottego) wey dey southern Ethiopia na di biggest Ethiopian river wey no dey inside [[:en:Nile|Nile Basin]]. Di river dey flow only inside Ethiopia, and e dey empty for [[:en:Lake_Turkana|Lake Turkana]] wey dey [[:en:Ethiopia–Kenya_border|border wit Kenya]]. Na di main stream for one [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dem dey call [[:en:Turkana_Basin|Turkana Basin]]. Di river basin dey popular because e get plenty early [[:en:Hominid|hominid]] fossils and archeological findings like early stone tools. Na dis kain discovery make [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] put am for [[:en:World_Heritage_List|World Heritage List]] since 1980. ds6glomwa3zopgsimk0jn5r1ufaejia 103188 103187 2026-06-16T14:53:19Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 103188 wikitext text/x-wiki Di Omo River (Amharic: ኦሞ ወንዝ, romanized: Omo Wenz; dem dey also call am Omo-Bottego) wey dey southern Ethiopia na di biggest Ethiopian river wey no dey inside [[:en:Nile|Nile Basin]]. Di river dey flow only inside Ethiopia, and e dey empty for [[:en:Lake_Turkana|Lake Turkana]] wey dey [[:en:Ethiopia–Kenya_border|border wit Kenya]]. Na di main stream for one [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dem dey call [[:en:Turkana_Basin|Turkana Basin]]. Di river basin dey popular because e get plenty early [[:en:Hominid|hominid]] fossils and archeological findings like early stone tools. Na dis kain discovery make [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] put am for [[:en:World_Heritage_List|World Heritage List]] since 1980.<ref>[http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/17 "Lower Valley of the Omo]". ''UNESCO World Heritage Centre''. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 18 September 2021.</ref> kcgkblx7yhmhrbx6gclpblvsjmsvrvw 103189 103188 2026-06-16T14:53:38Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 103189 wikitext text/x-wiki Di Omo River (Amharic: ኦሞ ወንዝ, romanized: Omo Wenz; dem dey also call am Omo-Bottego) wey dey southern Ethiopia na di biggest Ethiopian river wey no dey inside [[:en:Nile|Nile Basin]]. Di river dey flow only inside Ethiopia, and e dey empty for [[:en:Lake_Turkana|Lake Turkana]] wey dey [[:en:Ethiopia–Kenya_border|border wit Kenya]]. Na di main stream for one [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dem dey call [[:en:Turkana_Basin|Turkana Basin]]. Di river basin dey popular because e get plenty early [[:en:Hominid|hominid]] fossils and archeological findings like early stone tools. Na dis kain discovery make [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] put am for [[:en:World_Heritage_List|World Heritage List]] since 1980.<ref>[http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/17 "Lower Valley of the Omo]". ''UNESCO World Heritage Centre''. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 18 September 2021.</ref> == Reference == b19ojro00fje4rbkgi2i12q66mh4w4w 103190 103189 2026-06-16T14:54:02Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 103190 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Omo River''' (Amharic: ኦሞ ወንዝ, romanized: Omo Wenz; dem dey also call am Omo-Bottego) wey dey southern Ethiopia na di biggest Ethiopian river wey no dey inside [[:en:Nile|Nile Basin]]. Di river dey flow only inside Ethiopia, and e dey empty for [[:en:Lake_Turkana|Lake Turkana]] wey dey [[:en:Ethiopia–Kenya_border|border wit Kenya]]. Na di main stream for one [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dem dey call [[:en:Turkana_Basin|Turkana Basin]]. Di river basin dey popular because e get plenty early [[:en:Hominid|hominid]] fossils and archeological findings like early stone tools. Na dis kain discovery make [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] put am for [[:en:World_Heritage_List|World Heritage List]] since 1980.<ref>[http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/17 "Lower Valley of the Omo]". ''UNESCO World Heritage Centre''. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 18 September 2021.</ref> == Reference == 65486myoqc7426r2pznjxpomvtk9v21 103191 103190 2026-06-16T14:55:55Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 103191 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Omo River''' (Amharic: ኦሞ ወንዝ, romanized: Omo Wenz; dem dey also call am Omo-Bottego) wey dey southern Ethiopia na di biggest Ethiopian river wey no dey inside [[:en:Nile|Nile Basin]]. Di river dey flow only inside Ethiopia, and e dey empty for [[:en:Lake_Turkana|Lake Turkana]] wey dey [[:en:Ethiopia–Kenya_border|border wit Kenya]]. Na di main stream for one [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dem dey call [[:en:Turkana_Basin|Turkana Basin]]. Di river basin dey popular because e get plenty early [[:en:Hominid|hominid]] fossils and archeological findings like early stone tools. Na dis kain discovery make [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] put am for [[:en:World_Heritage_List|World Heritage List]] since 1980.<ref>[http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/17 "Lower Valley of the Omo]". ''UNESCO World Heritage Centre''. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 18 September 2021.</ref>Di Omo River dey form when di Gibe River — wey be di biggest tributary — join wit di Gojeb River, one large right-bank tributary. Because of di size, length and di way dem dey flow, some people dey see Omo and Gibe rivers as di same river but wit different names. Na why sometimes dem dey call di whole basin di Omo-Gibe River Basin. Dis basin cover part of western Oromia Region and middle of di Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region == Reference == atk9y13gnorusfake9sysiwf9khpl0j 103193 103191 2026-06-16T14:56:45Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 103193 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Omo River''' (Amharic: ኦሞ ወንዝ, romanized: Omo Wenz; dem dey also call am Omo-Bottego) wey dey southern Ethiopia na di biggest Ethiopian river wey no dey inside [[:en:Nile|Nile Basin]]. Di river dey flow only inside Ethiopia, and e dey empty for [[:en:Lake_Turkana|Lake Turkana]] wey dey [[:en:Ethiopia–Kenya_border|border wit Kenya]]. Na di main stream for one [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dem dey call [[:en:Turkana_Basin|Turkana Basin]]. Di river basin dey popular because e get plenty early [[:en:Hominid|hominid]] fossils and archeological findings like early stone tools. Na dis kain discovery make [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] put am for [[:en:World_Heritage_List|World Heritage List]] since 1980.<ref>[http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/17 "Lower Valley of the Omo]". ''UNESCO World Heritage Centre''. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 18 September 2021.</ref> == Geography == Di Omo River dey form when di Gibe River — wey be di biggest tributary — join wit di Gojeb River, one large right-bank tributary. Because of di size, length and di way dem dey flow, some people dey see Omo and Gibe rivers as di same river but wit different names. Na why sometimes dem dey call di whole basin di Omo-Gibe River Basin. Dis basin cover part of western Oromia Region and middle of di Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region. == Reference == 6sihnba0o7i4ocj9zl5v9bplqr4eras 103195 103193 2026-06-16T14:57:28Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 103195 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Omo River''' (Amharic: ኦሞ ወንዝ, romanized: Omo Wenz; dem dey also call am Omo-Bottego) wey dey southern Ethiopia na di biggest Ethiopian river wey no dey inside [[:en:Nile|Nile Basin]]. Di river dey flow only inside Ethiopia, and e dey empty for [[:en:Lake_Turkana|Lake Turkana]] wey dey [[:en:Ethiopia–Kenya_border|border wit Kenya]]. Na di main stream for one [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dem dey call [[:en:Turkana_Basin|Turkana Basin]]. Di river basin dey popular because e get plenty early [[:en:Hominid|hominid]] fossils and archeological findings like early stone tools. Na dis kain discovery make [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] put am for [[:en:World_Heritage_List|World Heritage List]] since 1980.<ref>[http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/17 "Lower Valley of the Omo]". ''UNESCO World Heritage Centre''. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 18 September 2021.</ref> == Geography == Di Omo River dey form when di [[:en:Gibe_River|Gibe River]] wey be di biggest tributary join wit di Gojeb River, one large right-bank tributary. Because of di size, length and di way dem dey flow, some people dey see Omo and Gibe rivers as di same river but wit different names. Na why sometimes dem dey call di whole basin di Omo-Gibe River Basin. Dis basin cover part of western Oromia Region and middle of di Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region. == Reference == q8jl2tp3oc1yu6s1l5so35e2jcptsg4 103197 103195 2026-06-16T14:58:19Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 103197 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Omo River''' (Amharic: ኦሞ ወንዝ, romanized: Omo Wenz; dem dey also call am Omo-Bottego) wey dey southern Ethiopia na di biggest Ethiopian river wey no dey inside [[:en:Nile|Nile Basin]]. Di river dey flow only inside Ethiopia, and e dey empty for [[:en:Lake_Turkana|Lake Turkana]] wey dey [[:en:Ethiopia–Kenya_border|border wit Kenya]]. Na di main stream for one [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dem dey call [[:en:Turkana_Basin|Turkana Basin]]. Di river basin dey popular because e get plenty early [[:en:Hominid|hominid]] fossils and archeological findings like early stone tools. Na dis kain discovery make [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] put am for [[:en:World_Heritage_List|World Heritage List]] since 1980.<ref>[http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/17 "Lower Valley of the Omo]". ''UNESCO World Heritage Centre''. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 18 September 2021.</ref> == Geography == Di Omo River dey form when di [[:en:Gibe_River|Gibe River]] wey be di biggest tributary join wit di [[:en:Gojeb_River|Gojeb River]], one large right-bank tributary. Because of di size, length and di way dem dey flow, some people dey see Omo and Gibe rivers as di same river but wit different names. Na why sometimes dem dey call di whole basin di Omo-Gibe River Basin. Dis basin cover part of western Oromia Region and middle of di Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region. == Reference == 0gbgbqqdygp57py04gpn1y8g8s9mswq 103199 103197 2026-06-16T15:00:21Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 103199 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Omo River''' (Amharic: ኦሞ ወንዝ, romanized: Omo Wenz; dem dey also call am Omo-Bottego) wey dey southern Ethiopia na di biggest Ethiopian river wey no dey inside [[:en:Nile|Nile Basin]]. Di river dey flow only inside Ethiopia, and e dey empty for [[:en:Lake_Turkana|Lake Turkana]] wey dey [[:en:Ethiopia–Kenya_border|border wit Kenya]]. Na di main stream for one [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dem dey call [[:en:Turkana_Basin|Turkana Basin]]. Di river basin dey popular because e get plenty early [[:en:Hominid|hominid]] fossils and archeological findings like early stone tools. Na dis kain discovery make [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] put am for [[:en:World_Heritage_List|World Heritage List]] since 1980.<ref>[http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/17 "Lower Valley of the Omo]". ''UNESCO World Heritage Centre''. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 18 September 2021.</ref> == Geography == Di Omo River dey form when di [[:en:Gibe_River|Gibe River]] wey be di biggest tributary join wit di [[:en:Gojeb_River|Gojeb River]], one large right-bank tributary.<ref>[https://etd.aau.edu.et/server/api/core/bitstreams/97c95d07-ed80-460f-bcfc-167ddfd78fe6/content "Impact of Land use Land cover change on Stream flow (Case Study Gilgel Gibe III)"]. ''Addis Abeba University''. Addis Abeba University - Institute of Technology School of Garaduate Studies Department of Civil Engineering. Retrieved 9 November 2025.</ref> Because of di size, length and di way dem dey flow, some people dey see Omo and Gibe rivers as di same river but wit different names. Na why sometimes dem dey call di whole basin di Omo-Gibe River Basin. Dis basin cover part of western Oromia Region and middle of di Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region. == Reference == 94ejybs5aquie11pjcjwh4nmpsmsg46 103217 103199 2026-06-16T15:36:21Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 103217 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Omo River''' (Amharic: ኦሞ ወንዝ, romanized: Omo Wenz; dem dey also call am Omo-Bottego) wey dey southern Ethiopia na di biggest Ethiopian river wey no dey inside [[:en:Nile|Nile Basin]]. Di river dey flow only inside Ethiopia, and e dey empty for [[:en:Lake_Turkana|Lake Turkana]] wey dey [[:en:Ethiopia–Kenya_border|border wit Kenya]]. Na di main stream for one [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dem dey call [[:en:Turkana_Basin|Turkana Basin]]. Di river basin dey popular because e get plenty early [[:en:Hominid|hominid]] fossils and archeological findings like early stone tools. Na dis kain discovery make [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] put am for [[:en:World_Heritage_List|World Heritage List]] since 1980.<ref>[http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/17 "Lower Valley of the Omo]". ''UNESCO World Heritage Centre''. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 18 September 2021.</ref> == Geography == Di Omo River dey form when di [[:en:Gibe_River|Gibe River]] wey be di biggest tributary join wit di [[:en:Gojeb_River|Gojeb River]], one large right-bank tributary.<ref>[https://etd.aau.edu.et/server/api/core/bitstreams/97c95d07-ed80-460f-bcfc-167ddfd78fe6/content "Impact of Land use Land cover change on Stream flow (Case Study Gilgel Gibe III)"]. ''Addis Abeba University''. Addis Abeba University - Institute of Technology School of Garaduate Studies Department of Civil Engineering. Retrieved 9 November 2025.</ref> Because of di size, length and di way dem dey flow, some people dey see Omo and Gibe rivers as di same river but wit different names. Na why sometimes dem dey call di whole basin di Omo-Gibe River Basin. Dis basin cover part of western [[:en:Oromia_Region|Oromia Region]] and middle of di Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region. == Reference == cqtl6fdsoo8cr0mprhniyec7szpxyuf 103218 103217 2026-06-16T16:01:00Z Emmanuella Ackon 2562 103218 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Omo River''' (Amharic: ኦሞ ወንዝ, romanized: Omo Wenz; dem dey also call am Omo-Bottego) wey dey southern Ethiopia na di biggest Ethiopian river wey no dey inside [[:en:Nile|Nile Basin]]. Di river dey flow only inside Ethiopia, and e dey empty for [[:en:Lake_Turkana|Lake Turkana]] wey dey [[:en:Ethiopia–Kenya_border|border wit Kenya]]. Na di main stream for one [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dem dey call [[:en:Turkana_Basin|Turkana Basin]]. Di river basin dey popular because e get plenty early [[:en:Hominid|hominid]] fossils and archeological findings like early stone tools. Na dis kain discovery make [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] put am for [[:en:World_Heritage_List|World Heritage List]] since 1980.<ref>[http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/17 "Lower Valley of the Omo]". ''UNESCO World Heritage Centre''. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 18 September 2021.</ref> == Geography == Di Omo River dey form when di [[:en:Gibe_River|Gibe River]] wey be di biggest tributary join wit di [[:en:Gojeb_River|Gojeb River]], one large right-bank tributary.<ref>[https://etd.aau.edu.et/server/api/core/bitstreams/97c95d07-ed80-460f-bcfc-167ddfd78fe6/content "Impact of Land use Land cover change on Stream flow (Case Study Gilgel Gibe III)"]. ''Addis Abeba University''. Addis Abeba University - Institute of Technology School of Garaduate Studies Department of Civil Engineering. Retrieved 9 November 2025.</ref> Because of di size, length and di way dem dey flow, some people dey see Omo and Gibe rivers as di same river but wit different names. Na why sometimes dem dey call di whole basin di Omo-Gibe River Basin. Dis basin cover part of western [[:en:Oromia_Region|Oromia Region]] and middle of di [[:en:Southern_Nations,_Nationalities,_and_People's_Region|Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region]]. == Reference == dwe3zeoqru3p82x3gqmzrgq80et52xs 14 27596 103154 2026-06-16T14:01:35Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 103154 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27597 103155 2026-06-16T14:01:48Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 103155 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27598 103157 2026-06-16T14:02:44Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 103157 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 27599 103158 2026-06-16T14:05:02Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103158 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. d960wyforwwswwv6c1ixtgsd5cvcezd 103160 103158 2026-06-16T14:10:18Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103160 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. ibepj6ae1cpovakuh8572oj2mkb5cih 103161 103160 2026-06-16T14:11:56Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103161 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. oz376v6ba078y7ontdf0lqg9pnd4txr 103162 103161 2026-06-16T14:12:59Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103162 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. ib25bfe5l42gd3uayalrm4xobf3pc27 103163 103162 2026-06-16T14:13:43Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103163 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. 4t5k744q35079plcxoo8w7pd65wgkst 103170 103163 2026-06-16T14:34:50Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103170 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. 5p7wk0z47slm4qacgrki9z3pzvr2u65 103171 103170 2026-06-16T14:36:32Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103171 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). ljjamyg8ndksbrhdgfyc60b1qshjtv3 103174 103171 2026-06-16T14:40:35Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103174 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. sl1rxodz7j0k1s574mfikbsm0kk3u4n 103176 103174 2026-06-16T14:42:46Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103176 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous generator. aht5k9utefrdx71833ljh89wrtg5yu2 103177 103176 2026-06-16T14:44:33Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103177 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous generator. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. laioyfstg3oj3srvxyeyzq6tg1upt9b 103184 103177 2026-06-16T14:50:27Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103184 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. tm1fu3z4dgccxq7m7wl7oofs97l4vnj 103192 103184 2026-06-16T14:56:18Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103192 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. 1jjw1n4hjo1ua4kcbl469zon03lzpbz 103194 103192 2026-06-16T14:57:22Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103194 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. i33bwhpzwrb0peujadtc5hjgd307zox 103196 103194 2026-06-16T14:58:16Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103196 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. lnp4mfpqzzzlcmoes8wwb13adzx74tv 103198 103196 2026-06-16T14:59:41Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103198 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. bvdku6qcmckyxim5zni9jplrnhkrooo 103200 103198 2026-06-16T15:00:42Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103200 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. nepfid3stgfk7sgbdbi7wlxxhyrcvg6 103201 103200 2026-06-16T15:01:41Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103201 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. 9hg24baukgsvamfayzeh59s5n0qki67 103202 103201 2026-06-16T15:02:46Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103202 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. heqo3jr4f7kb8983tyqt82modcirx4u 103203 103202 2026-06-16T15:04:26Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103203 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. 6v5c7dpgchz99tmh7z2gy5yetnihb4y 103204 103203 2026-06-16T15:05:27Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103204 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: lus7ipjqt8lbfkgywxf8pf2yfqmklo3 103205 103204 2026-06-16T15:06:46Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103205 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) poq6uttxj7r18ru00c6iobqdbz96mpj 103207 103205 2026-06-16T15:07:57Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103207 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) 8jb9oif9u7iqjvozsfzx9el0hy7qkgb 103208 103207 2026-06-16T15:08:56Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103208 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) peeart61jb8qvvzmsejdrzoe2ve676y 103209 103208 2026-06-16T15:10:41Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103209 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) 7hwjx9z8xk7664xhvf7blllob3pjs6l 103210 103209 2026-06-16T15:11:11Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103210 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) f2t3dllgaiu5v6ocvkssmhpg9ze4a7i 103211 103210 2026-06-16T15:12:07Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103211 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. 8dr12p8nu9uvr1vtpj8cczdocnz867g 103212 103211 2026-06-16T15:12:57Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103212 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. iyto60i9zuwtrgxpzz1bl5jriozoat0 103213 103212 2026-06-16T15:13:44Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103213 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. qx5y2tk5tv5nagt0acfw3c7rf1holv8 103214 103213 2026-06-16T15:16:01Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103214 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. 3gwctmmw8as3yhbf4k0d6brefe36qs3 103219 103214 2026-06-16T16:06:27Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103219 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. o2edbsn2p3jzj15sacqfs2uy8oh3d0d 103220 103219 2026-06-16T16:08:43Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103220 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). kt1cdav59mor8u5oqrh0a4pk03ajmc3 103221 103220 2026-06-16T16:14:25Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103221 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from bmalxh01n46ey183uwy0vwgyp9mzt9g 103222 103221 2026-06-16T16:15:03Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103222 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million ae3kcok6qy7o124x7w9isnnhu1jbxee 103223 103222 2026-06-16T16:15:46Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103223 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development – USD 477 million avwznokgt75tcpz88tr811f73dnlba9 103224 103223 2026-06-16T16:16:28Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103224 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development – USD 477 million Saudi Fund for Development – USD 215 million hegei30owkg26agz94803sm9rbopfh6 103225 103224 2026-06-16T16:17:18Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103225 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development – USD 477 million Saudi Fund for Development – USD 215 million Abu Dhabi Fund for Development – USD 210 million 9jvzi438f3ds181u4ibxeds4uy9lo1p 103226 103225 2026-06-16T16:18:17Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103226 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development – USD 477 million Saudi Fund for Development – USD 215 million Abu Dhabi Fund for Development – USD 210 million Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million 1ni9jrrtbilod5cvbq7grpvzkpk0j5x 103227 103226 2026-06-16T16:19:50Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103227 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million ey6xoodzyr2xyryp1kavjadoislmem1 103228 103227 2026-06-16T16:20:52Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103228 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million State of Qatar - USD 15 million cmz14tg5vpewjdfvowtmv4g263omafv 103229 103228 2026-06-16T16:22:46Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103229 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million State of Qatar - USD 15 million De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. cjpidrgrjgd6316xwchg3jkpf6l59eo 103230 103229 2026-06-16T16:23:30Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103230 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. leo29p6vjbpy66kktsehhal40rmh6ik 103231 103230 2026-06-16T16:24:57Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103231 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. aey7kg6axv4zq7lpek1zk12z3szg4lm 103232 103231 2026-06-16T16:25:54Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103232 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. 1wq77mjn6gq1imtvk77trp96n0cxheh 103233 103232 2026-06-16T16:27:21Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103233 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. 640ma8lpfzxu28oapij0kq856d175cz 103234 103233 2026-06-16T16:29:40Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103234 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. 5ca52s290a4um28f13qnejduzovw08m 103235 103234 2026-06-16T16:30:20Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103235 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. gkhsobbub2z5d7bmk5sqvxzyv3pplyd 103236 103235 2026-06-16T16:31:38Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103236 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. 8ktdmtgy4jtkyi7kz9d0ia4y3riilqk 103237 103236 2026-06-16T16:32:33Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103237 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. s2orswjz0w4tvzx4f58y9or5yo7fipx 103238 103237 2026-06-16T16:33:16Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103238 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. es5f309w6jgt2zsofr1tn5wb0v8vraf 103239 103238 2026-06-16T16:33:53Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103239 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. n153ca15oyrqhtreaow5wcao07f2wd8 103240 103239 2026-06-16T16:34:49Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103240 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. 1utpe8wqxyugzj3f57gdh09ubbncmbm 103241 103240 2026-06-16T16:35:29Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103241 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: j05up011w57obalz4rm4tdhicofrdt2 103242 103241 2026-06-16T16:36:21Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103242 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. 3nqmpjheo865jim62c5rbrmwrnv4o3u 103243 103242 2026-06-16T16:37:02Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103243 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. 9n3iojn1ch3jr9vlhhp5mslg59tz0za 103244 103243 2026-06-16T16:37:45Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103244 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. hzuevyxmg1a5pj6imzyxtwk4qcyiku0 103245 103244 2026-06-16T16:38:49Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103245 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. krvte6i5pzayndt4jlmsykkqqx080fg 103246 103245 2026-06-16T16:40:41Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103246 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === sfzgjba5m4cuvqkpkncw7znxjyzzl1d 103247 103246 2026-06-16T16:41:40Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103247 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. 2mvg5qbv9smn5hm6x4tydf7rxqsapv6 103248 103247 2026-06-16T16:43:58Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103248 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. qqlaxl6tfy0xgrzdvxzwzyk9a7x8a0h 103249 103248 2026-06-16T16:44:36Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103249 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. 7ixo0yogp00yv10n9bj56i73ne1r4i7 103250 103249 2026-06-16T16:45:23Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103250 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. 7nomvwxaicg0ydxsonuniypm3sbzz7z 103251 103250 2026-06-16T16:49:02Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103251 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. kynae9zeiajxj7s9bdnmvgsa4wmlxua 103254 103251 2026-06-16T16:53:41Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103254 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]] oj30nyy0msytjnr4w8gbixog2ggx1lw 103255 103254 2026-06-16T16:55:07Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103255 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: ixge6qsge1yx2nchh38znmylhtgq4al 103256 103255 2026-06-16T16:55:45Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103256 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd. 4clkvckfbsc3ntst5l63dvt177c9i8c 103258 103256 2026-06-16T16:57:30Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103258 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd. At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms. 9kyouc6t11e9hnlm43r7bi62lknp51w 103261 103258 2026-06-16T16:58:13Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103261 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd. At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms. Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. q4a9fikpgdree7nl8isj15tz7hmcm65 103262 103261 2026-06-16T16:59:22Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103262 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd. At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms. Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. o05dil3p3aj6oobq9mmj8z9ukapxew3 103263 103262 2026-06-16T17:00:02Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103263 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd. At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms. Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before. n526cde9v6g1js3hlmudp042o6e8fkw 103264 103263 2026-06-16T17:01:27Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103264 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd. At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms. Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before. Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. qtqorqsl6bax8uvyrfs06a5e0lx2gyn 103265 103264 2026-06-16T17:02:12Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103265 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd. At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms. Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before. Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: jwpb7vdok1fv288uqql9eknwccgkvx9 103266 103265 2026-06-16T17:02:50Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103266 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd. At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms. Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before. Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. 6n76h0ngon7d2jvuvtrt940cgl59hvy 103267 103266 2026-06-16T17:03:31Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103267 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd. At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms. Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before. Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. k2it49a021m319pzxrieq23c0mijen0 103268 103267 2026-06-16T17:04:09Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103268 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd. At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms. Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before. Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den fertilizer during de first two years after de resettlement. 0c37ee6aq1z3pblzxmxxxzvbm23rh4g 103269 103268 2026-06-16T17:05:48Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103269 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd. At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms. Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before. Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den fertilizer during de first two years after de resettlement. After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. eh101i09zip1lcnt7g4836liaupeyih 103270 103269 2026-06-16T17:06:32Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103270 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd. At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms. Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before. Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den fertilizer during de first two years after de resettlement. After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. b631ksaha4krg42ll2iw3sx05exbfpg 103271 103270 2026-06-16T17:08:39Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103271 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd. At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms. Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before. Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den fertilizer during de first two years after de resettlement. After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. f6a5uh2n20ip3638nujc9cuy2d3hvwm 103273 103271 2026-06-16T17:09:43Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103273 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd. At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms. Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before. Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den fertilizer during de first two years after de resettlement. After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de Nubian desert insyd during 2003 den 2004. jnco50xwig1r2ys528im6pgbx2t6xwg 103274 103273 2026-06-16T17:10:58Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103274 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd. At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms. Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before. Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den fertilizer during de first two years after de resettlement. After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de Nubian desert insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab. 7abxruknap43n5tbf3jaeiyntz28yka 103277 103274 2026-06-16T17:11:58Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103277 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd. At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms. Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before. Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den fertilizer during de first two years after de resettlement. After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de Nubian desert insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab. According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd, de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd. nqg964quq0zoyfdclhnsgdzsasmkg1v 103279 103277 2026-06-16T17:12:58Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103279 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd. At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms. Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before. Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den fertilizer during de first two years after de resettlement. After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de Nubian desert insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab. According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd, de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd. === Nomads === A significant fraction of de Manasir tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. 21jha01tf2myu2lfvr2cr0718gn4w1n 103280 103279 2026-06-16T17:13:32Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103280 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd. At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms. Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before. Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den fertilizer during de first two years after de resettlement. After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de Nubian desert insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab. According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd, de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd. === Nomads === A significant fraction of de Manasir tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis nomadic population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. e61pua61evss8vxvkx4sttg777dcnym 103281 103280 2026-06-16T17:14:23Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103281 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd. At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms. Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before. Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den fertilizer during de first two years after de resettlement. After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de Nubian desert insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab. According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd, de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd. === Nomads === A significant fraction of de Manasir tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis nomadic population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. qpf0z5qetqzaqysn0zzcg3t1vgy8v66 103282 103281 2026-06-16T17:15:25Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103282 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd. At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms. Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before. Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den fertilizer during de first two years after de resettlement. After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de Nubian desert insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab. According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd, de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd. === Nomads === A significant fraction of de Manasir tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis nomadic population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of real estate purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. kqx7rt7jk44n2ytmbjnyrnpb20sn7de 103283 103282 2026-06-16T17:16:01Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103283 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd. At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms. Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before. Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den fertilizer during de first two years after de resettlement. After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de Nubian desert insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab. According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd, de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd. === Nomads === A significant fraction of de Manasir tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis nomadic population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of real estate purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma symbiotic partners. 6fi910t71plexta7wckzm60ltg3tdu8 103284 103283 2026-06-16T17:20:36Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103284 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd. At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms. Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before. Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den fertilizer during de first two years after de resettlement. After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de Nubian desert insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab. According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd, de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd. === Nomads === A significant fraction of de Manasir tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis nomadic population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of real estate purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma symbiotic partners. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. caip2lya9ljrq867mk6qjoqhoul9vuv 103285 103284 2026-06-16T17:21:18Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103285 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd. At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms. Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before. Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den fertilizer during de first two years after de resettlement. After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de Nubian desert insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab. According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd, de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd. === Nomads === A significant fraction of de Manasir tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis nomadic population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of real estate purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma symbiotic partners. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == gn3wwcz638ct75nca294sy8sj7bcce9 103286 103285 2026-06-16T17:22:27Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103286 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd. At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms. Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before. Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den fertilizer during de first two years after de resettlement. After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de Nubian desert insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab. According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd, de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd. === Nomads === A significant fraction of de Manasir tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis nomadic population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of real estate purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma symbiotic partners. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == UN Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top Miloon Kothari issue a statement August 27,[2007], 04ha3hft2thpxb43ltkeb8w732qk6nn 103287 103286 2026-06-16T17:23:11Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103287 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd. At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms. Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before. Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den fertilizer during de first two years after de resettlement. After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de Nubian desert insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab. According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd, de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd. === Nomads === A significant fraction of de Manasir tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis nomadic population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of real estate purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma symbiotic partners. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == UN Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top Miloon Kothari issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den Kajbar. bf9ciny3mixvfwfimbn6fhlf4euj36n 103288 103287 2026-06-16T17:23:59Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103288 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd. At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms. Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before. Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den fertilizer during de first two years after de resettlement. After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de Nubian desert insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab. According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd, de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd. === Nomads === A significant fraction of de Manasir tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis nomadic population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of real estate purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma symbiotic partners. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == UN Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top Miloon Kothari issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den Kajbar. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk." 67uggiuigk3mdtz2pg0oqh0daudxb8l 103289 103288 2026-06-16T17:24:58Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103289 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd. At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms. Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before. Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den fertilizer during de first two years after de resettlement. After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de Nubian desert insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab. According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd, de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd. === Nomads === A significant fraction of de Manasir tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis nomadic population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of real estate purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma symbiotic partners. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == UN Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top Miloon Kothari issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den Kajbar. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk." Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." ctt85ybbssyca2arg0u3zmqzr65hsmj 103290 103289 2026-06-16T17:25:55Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103290 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd. At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms. Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before. Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den fertilizer during de first two years after de resettlement. After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de Nubian desert insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab. According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd, de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd. === Nomads === A significant fraction of de Manasir tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis nomadic population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of real estate purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma symbiotic partners. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == UN Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top Miloon Kothari issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den Kajbar. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk." Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. shgaiwx7dkmnss99ncd7tjw2cxqcal9 103291 103290 2026-06-16T17:26:48Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103291 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd. At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms. Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before. Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den fertilizer during de first two years after de resettlement. After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de Nubian desert insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab. According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd, de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd. === Nomads === A significant fraction of de Manasir tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis nomadic population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of real estate purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma symbiotic partners. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == UN Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top Miloon Kothari issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den Kajbar. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk." Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today." ni061zop515u6bfty8jidorz5eb9uvj 103292 103291 2026-06-16T17:29:34Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103292 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd. At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms. Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before. Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den fertilizer during de first two years after de resettlement. After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de Nubian desert insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab. According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd, de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd. === Nomads === A significant fraction of de Manasir tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis nomadic population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of real estate purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma symbiotic partners. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == UN Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top Miloon Kothari issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den Kajbar. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk." Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today." Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." 79ai20x3f02yih7vg1wnddw8af7okap 103293 103292 2026-06-16T17:30:32Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103293 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd. At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms. Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before. Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den fertilizer during de first two years after de resettlement. After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de Nubian desert insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab. According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd, de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd. === Nomads === A significant fraction of de Manasir tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis nomadic population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of real estate purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma symbiotic partners. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == UN Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top Miloon Kothari issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den Kajbar. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk." Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today." Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." == Archaeology == De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. 8n7dvbutmb7mq2sbcb1jpuwg08dxrby 103294 103293 2026-06-16T17:31:19Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103294 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd. At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms. Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before. Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den fertilizer during de first two years after de resettlement. After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de Nubian desert insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab. According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd, de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd. === Nomads === A significant fraction of de Manasir tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis nomadic population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of real estate purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma symbiotic partners. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == UN Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top Miloon Kothari issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den Kajbar. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk." Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today." Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." == Archaeology == De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. De section between de 4th den 5th cataract—a significant portion of wey dem go inundate am by de reservoir lake—already dey densely populated thru nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little archaeological work dem eva conduct am for dis particular region insyd. r6pyzlesr676cruyqz8qqp6qa3ggd1o 103297 103294 2026-06-16T17:41:12Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103297 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd. At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms. Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before. Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den fertilizer during de first two years after de resettlement. After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de Nubian desert insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab. According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd, de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd. === Nomads === A significant fraction of de Manasir tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis nomadic population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of real estate purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma symbiotic partners. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == UN Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top Miloon Kothari issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den Kajbar. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk." Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today." Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." == Archaeology == De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. De section between de 4th den 5th cataract—a significant portion of wey dem go inundate am by de reservoir lake—already dey densely populated thru nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little archaeological work dem eva conduct am for dis particular region insyd. Recent surveys confirm de richness den diversity of traceable remains, from de Stone Age to de Islamic period. qkz92df0dchixbbajxwendt4odgq3ph 103298 103297 2026-06-16T17:41:53Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103298 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd. At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms. Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before. Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den fertilizer during de first two years after de resettlement. After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de Nubian desert insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab. According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd, de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd. === Nomads === A significant fraction of de Manasir tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis nomadic population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of real estate purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma symbiotic partners. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == UN Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top Miloon Kothari issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den Kajbar. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk." Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today." Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." == Archaeology == De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. De section between de 4th den 5th cataract—a significant portion of wey dem go inundate am by de reservoir lake—already dey densely populated thru nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little archaeological work dem eva conduct am for dis particular region insyd. Recent surveys confirm de richness den diversity of traceable remains, from de Stone Age to de Islamic period. Several foreign institutions recently anaa dem currently involve am for salvage archaeology insyd for de region insyd under de umbrella Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP). gjecqs602f0ofd9f1ooovpk9vtgjxdx 103301 103298 2026-06-16T17:42:41Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103301 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd. At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms. Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before. Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den fertilizer during de first two years after de resettlement. After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de Nubian desert insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab. According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd, de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd. === Nomads === A significant fraction of de Manasir tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis nomadic population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of real estate purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma symbiotic partners. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == UN Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top Miloon Kothari issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den Kajbar. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk." Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today." Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." == Archaeology == De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. De section between de 4th den 5th cataract—a significant portion of wey dem go inundate am by de reservoir lake—already dey densely populated thru nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little archaeological work dem eva conduct am for dis particular region insyd. Recent surveys confirm de richness den diversity of traceable remains, from de Stone Age to de Islamic period. Several foreign institutions recently anaa dem currently involve am for salvage archaeology insyd for de region insyd under de umbrella Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP). Among dem be ACACIA project University of Cologne, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum Expedition (GAME), Polish Academy of Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, de Italian Institute give Africa den de Orient (IsIAO), de University College London, de Sudan Archaeological Research Society, de Hungarian Meroe Foundation, University of California at Santa Barbara - Arizona State University consortium, den de Oriental Institute Museum of de University of Chicago. 2i2wyngzkln2a0x4bmtc27w8tjr47bz 103302 103301 2026-06-16T17:43:31Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103302 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd. At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms. Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before. Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den fertilizer during de first two years after de resettlement. After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de Nubian desert insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab. According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd, de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd. === Nomads === A significant fraction of de Manasir tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis nomadic population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of real estate purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma symbiotic partners. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == UN Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top Miloon Kothari issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den Kajbar. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk." Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today." Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." == Archaeology == De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. De section between de 4th den 5th cataract—a significant portion of wey dem go inundate am by de reservoir lake—already dey densely populated thru nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little archaeological work dem eva conduct am for dis particular region insyd. Recent surveys confirm de richness den diversity of traceable remains, from de Stone Age to de Islamic period. Several foreign institutions recently anaa dem currently involve am for salvage archaeology insyd for de region insyd under de umbrella Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP). Among dem be ACACIA project University of Cologne, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum Expedition (GAME), Polish Academy of Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, de Italian Institute give Africa den de Orient (IsIAO), de University College London, de Sudan Archaeological Research Society, de Hungarian Meroe Foundation, University of California at Santa Barbara - Arizona State University consortium, den de Oriental Institute Museum of de University of Chicago. Demma main problems be de shortness of de remaining time den limited funding. gw872mewxzd0u1k34kd2tgfj88vsp6b 103303 103302 2026-06-16T17:44:37Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103303 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd. At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms. Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before. Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den fertilizer during de first two years after de resettlement. After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de Nubian desert insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab. According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd, de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd. === Nomads === A significant fraction of de Manasir tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis nomadic population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of real estate purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma symbiotic partners. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == UN Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top Miloon Kothari issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den Kajbar. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk." Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today." Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." == Archaeology == De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. De section between de 4th den 5th cataract—a significant portion of wey dem go inundate am by de reservoir lake—already dey densely populated thru nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little archaeological work dem eva conduct am for dis particular region insyd. Recent surveys confirm de richness den diversity of traceable remains, from de Stone Age to de Islamic period. Several foreign institutions recently anaa dem currently involve am for salvage archaeology insyd for de region insyd under de umbrella Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP). Among dem be ACACIA project University of Cologne, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum Expedition (GAME), Polish Academy of Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, de Italian Institute give Africa den de Orient (IsIAO), de University College London, de Sudan Archaeological Research Society, de Hungarian Meroe Foundation, University of California at Santa Barbara - Arizona State University consortium, den de Oriental Institute Museum of de University of Chicago. Demma main problems be de shortness of de remaining time den limited funding. Unlike de large UNESCO campaign wey dem conduct for Egypt insyd before de completion of de Aswan High Dam, wen dem fi document more dan a thousand archaeological sites den dem move complete buildings to prevent dem from drowning for Lake Nasser ein floods insyd, dem much moe restrict work at de 4th cataract. 69p5gzcm8rf6ofi12unodo20tx4vy6d 103304 103303 2026-06-16T17:45:24Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103304 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd. At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms. Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before. Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den fertilizer during de first two years after de resettlement. After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de Nubian desert insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab. According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd, de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd. === Nomads === A significant fraction of de Manasir tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis nomadic population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of real estate purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma symbiotic partners. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == UN Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top Miloon Kothari issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den Kajbar. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk." Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today." Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." == Archaeology == De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. De section between de 4th den 5th cataract—a significant portion of wey dem go inundate am by de reservoir lake—already dey densely populated thru nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little archaeological work dem eva conduct am for dis particular region insyd. Recent surveys confirm de richness den diversity of traceable remains, from de Stone Age to de Islamic period. Several foreign institutions recently anaa dem currently involve am for salvage archaeology insyd for de region insyd under de umbrella Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP). Among dem be ACACIA project University of Cologne, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum Expedition (GAME), Polish Academy of Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, de Italian Institute give Africa den de Orient (IsIAO), de University College London, de Sudan Archaeological Research Society, de Hungarian Meroe Foundation, University of California at Santa Barbara - Arizona State University consortium, den de Oriental Institute Museum of de University of Chicago. Demma main problems be de shortness of de remaining time den limited funding. Unlike de large UNESCO campaign wey dem conduct for Egypt insyd before de completion of de Aswan High Dam, wen dem fi document more dan a thousand archaeological sites den dem move complete buildings to prevent dem from drowning for Lake Nasser ein floods insyd, dem much moe restrict work at de 4th cataract. Since 2006, de archaeologists wey dey work give de Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project becam accused by environmental den human rights activists as well as de representatives of de affected pippoe of facilitating de political legitimatization of de project. 0e4uxgyar8sqrxo5622xgvqp6s96xtp 103305 103304 2026-06-16T17:46:24Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103305 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd. At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms. Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before. Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den fertilizer during de first two years after de resettlement. After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de Nubian desert insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab. According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd, de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd. === Nomads === A significant fraction of de Manasir tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis nomadic population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of real estate purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma symbiotic partners. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == UN Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top Miloon Kothari issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den Kajbar. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk." Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today." Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." == Archaeology == De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. De section between de 4th den 5th cataract—a significant portion of wey dem go inundate am by de reservoir lake—already dey densely populated thru nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little archaeological work dem eva conduct am for dis particular region insyd. Recent surveys confirm de richness den diversity of traceable remains, from de Stone Age to de Islamic period. Several foreign institutions recently anaa dem currently involve am for salvage archaeology insyd for de region insyd under de umbrella Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP). Among dem be ACACIA project University of Cologne, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum Expedition (GAME), Polish Academy of Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, de Italian Institute give Africa den de Orient (IsIAO), de University College London, de Sudan Archaeological Research Society, de Hungarian Meroe Foundation, University of California at Santa Barbara - Arizona State University consortium, den de Oriental Institute Museum of de University of Chicago. Demma main problems be de shortness of de remaining time den limited funding. Unlike de large UNESCO campaign wey dem conduct for Egypt insyd before de completion of de Aswan High Dam, wen dem fi document more dan a thousand archaeological sites den dem move complete buildings to prevent dem from drowning for Lake Nasser ein floods insyd, dem much moe restrict work at de 4th cataract. Since 2006, de archaeologists wey dey work give de Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project becam accused by environmental den human rights activists as well as de representatives of de affected pippoe of facilitating de political legitimatization of de project. De archaeologists wey dey work give de dam project find demselves for an ethical dilemma insyd since dem dey undertake salvage excavations while de local pippoe dey for opposition insyd to de building of de dam dat dey necessitate both demma resettlement den de archaeological campaign. 611mpxdg8p5eqppeqgxpqikrslkhxt5 103306 103305 2026-06-16T17:46:58Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103306 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd. At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms. Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before. Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den fertilizer during de first two years after de resettlement. After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de Nubian desert insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab. According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd, de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd. === Nomads === A significant fraction of de Manasir tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis nomadic population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of real estate purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma symbiotic partners. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == UN Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top Miloon Kothari issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den Kajbar. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk." Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today." Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." == Archaeology == De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. De section between de 4th den 5th cataract—a significant portion of wey dem go inundate am by de reservoir lake—already dey densely populated thru nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little archaeological work dem eva conduct am for dis particular region insyd. Recent surveys confirm de richness den diversity of traceable remains, from de Stone Age to de Islamic period. Several foreign institutions recently anaa dem currently involve am for salvage archaeology insyd for de region insyd under de umbrella Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP). Among dem be ACACIA project University of Cologne, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum Expedition (GAME), Polish Academy of Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, de Italian Institute give Africa den de Orient (IsIAO), de University College London, de Sudan Archaeological Research Society, de Hungarian Meroe Foundation, University of California at Santa Barbara - Arizona State University consortium, den de Oriental Institute Museum of de University of Chicago. Demma main problems be de shortness of de remaining time den limited funding. Unlike de large UNESCO campaign wey dem conduct for Egypt insyd before de completion of de Aswan High Dam, wen dem fi document more dan a thousand archaeological sites den dem move complete buildings to prevent dem from drowning for Lake Nasser ein floods insyd, dem much moe restrict work at de 4th cataract. Since 2006, de archaeologists wey dey work give de Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project becam accused by environmental den human rights activists as well as de representatives of de affected pippoe of facilitating de political legitimatization of de project. De archaeologists wey dey work give de dam project find demselves for an ethical dilemma insyd since dem dey undertake salvage excavations while de local pippoe dey for opposition insyd to de building of de dam dat dey necessitate both demma resettlement den de archaeological campaign. Historian Runoko Rashidi issue a statement for solidarity insyd plus Sudanese Nubians wey dey protest de dams den dem bell am give a halt to demma construction. 8y32s3c6yratk4jcvy4jqfcfv70kity 103307 103306 2026-06-16T17:47:25Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103307 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd. At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms. Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before. Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den fertilizer during de first two years after de resettlement. After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de Nubian desert insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab. According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd, de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd. === Nomads === A significant fraction of de Manasir tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis nomadic population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of real estate purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma symbiotic partners. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == UN Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top Miloon Kothari issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den Kajbar. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk." Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today." Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." == Archaeology == De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. De section between de 4th den 5th cataract—a significant portion of wey dem go inundate am by de reservoir lake—already dey densely populated thru nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little archaeological work dem eva conduct am for dis particular region insyd. Recent surveys confirm de richness den diversity of traceable remains, from de Stone Age to de Islamic period. Several foreign institutions recently anaa dem currently involve am for salvage archaeology insyd for de region insyd under de umbrella Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP). Among dem be ACACIA project University of Cologne, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum Expedition (GAME), Polish Academy of Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, de Italian Institute give Africa den de Orient (IsIAO), de University College London, de Sudan Archaeological Research Society, de Hungarian Meroe Foundation, University of California at Santa Barbara - Arizona State University consortium, den de Oriental Institute Museum of de University of Chicago. Demma main problems be de shortness of de remaining time den limited funding. Unlike de large UNESCO campaign wey dem conduct for Egypt insyd before de completion of de Aswan High Dam, wen dem fi document more dan a thousand archaeological sites den dem move complete buildings to prevent dem from drowning for Lake Nasser ein floods insyd, dem much moe restrict work at de 4th cataract. Since 2006, de archaeologists wey dey work give de Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project becam accused by environmental den human rights activists as well as de representatives of de affected pippoe of facilitating de political legitimatization of de project. De archaeologists wey dey work give de dam project find demselves for an ethical dilemma insyd since dem dey undertake salvage excavations while de local pippoe dey for opposition insyd to de building of de dam dat dey necessitate both demma resettlement den de archaeological campaign. Historian Runoko Rashidi issue a statement for solidarity insyd plus Sudanese Nubians wey dey protest de dams den dem bell am give a halt to demma construction. == Political impact == === International === icvee19y1air418h5days0y0ar0lqxv 103308 103307 2026-06-16T17:47:48Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103308 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd. At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms. Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before. Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den fertilizer during de first two years after de resettlement. After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de Nubian desert insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab. According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd, de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd. === Nomads === A significant fraction of de Manasir tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis nomadic population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of real estate purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma symbiotic partners. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == UN Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top Miloon Kothari issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den Kajbar. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk." Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today." Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." == Archaeology == De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. De section between de 4th den 5th cataract—a significant portion of wey dem go inundate am by de reservoir lake—already dey densely populated thru nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little archaeological work dem eva conduct am for dis particular region insyd. Recent surveys confirm de richness den diversity of traceable remains, from de Stone Age to de Islamic period. Several foreign institutions recently anaa dem currently involve am for salvage archaeology insyd for de region insyd under de umbrella Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP). Among dem be ACACIA project University of Cologne, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum Expedition (GAME), Polish Academy of Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, de Italian Institute give Africa den de Orient (IsIAO), de University College London, de Sudan Archaeological Research Society, de Hungarian Meroe Foundation, University of California at Santa Barbara - Arizona State University consortium, den de Oriental Institute Museum of de University of Chicago. Demma main problems be de shortness of de remaining time den limited funding. Unlike de large UNESCO campaign wey dem conduct for Egypt insyd before de completion of de Aswan High Dam, wen dem fi document more dan a thousand archaeological sites den dem move complete buildings to prevent dem from drowning for Lake Nasser ein floods insyd, dem much moe restrict work at de 4th cataract. Since 2006, de archaeologists wey dey work give de Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project becam accused by environmental den human rights activists as well as de representatives of de affected pippoe of facilitating de political legitimatization of de project. De archaeologists wey dey work give de dam project find demselves for an ethical dilemma insyd since dem dey undertake salvage excavations while de local pippoe dey for opposition insyd to de building of de dam dat dey necessitate both demma resettlement den de archaeological campaign. Historian Runoko Rashidi issue a statement for solidarity insyd plus Sudanese Nubians wey dey protest de dams den dem bell am give a halt to demma construction. == Political impact == === International === Dem fix usage rights to de waters of de Nile for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd, wey dem negotiate am by de British for 1959 insyd. 6lgojn90bgpr77oewpanyz8rcqtuavp 103309 103308 2026-06-16T17:49:14Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103309 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd. At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms. Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before. Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den fertilizer during de first two years after de resettlement. After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de Nubian desert insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab. According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd, de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd. === Nomads === A significant fraction of de Manasir tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis nomadic population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of real estate purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma symbiotic partners. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == UN Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top Miloon Kothari issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den Kajbar. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk." Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today." Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." == Archaeology == De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. De section between de 4th den 5th cataract—a significant portion of wey dem go inundate am by de reservoir lake—already dey densely populated thru nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little archaeological work dem eva conduct am for dis particular region insyd. Recent surveys confirm de richness den diversity of traceable remains, from de Stone Age to de Islamic period. Several foreign institutions recently anaa dem currently involve am for salvage archaeology insyd for de region insyd under de umbrella Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP). Among dem be ACACIA project University of Cologne, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum Expedition (GAME), Polish Academy of Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, de Italian Institute give Africa den de Orient (IsIAO), de University College London, de Sudan Archaeological Research Society, de Hungarian Meroe Foundation, University of California at Santa Barbara - Arizona State University consortium, den de Oriental Institute Museum of de University of Chicago. Demma main problems be de shortness of de remaining time den limited funding. Unlike de large UNESCO campaign wey dem conduct for Egypt insyd before de completion of de Aswan High Dam, wen dem fi document more dan a thousand archaeological sites den dem move complete buildings to prevent dem from drowning for Lake Nasser ein floods insyd, dem much moe restrict work at de 4th cataract. Since 2006, de archaeologists wey dey work give de Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project becam accused by environmental den human rights activists as well as de representatives of de affected pippoe of facilitating de political legitimatization of de project. De archaeologists wey dey work give de dam project find demselves for an ethical dilemma insyd since dem dey undertake salvage excavations while de local pippoe dey for opposition insyd to de building of de dam dat dey necessitate both demma resettlement den de archaeological campaign. Historian Runoko Rashidi issue a statement for solidarity insyd plus Sudanese Nubians wey dey protest de dams den dem bell am give a halt to demma construction. == Political impact == === International === Dem fix usage rights to de waters of de Nile for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd, wey dem negotiate am by de British for 1959 insyd. E dey allot 82 percent of de water volume to Egypt, while dem grant Sudan de rights to de remaining 18 percent. 872m5qz5yo8z21gzm7y8sobhekf7a7y 103310 103309 2026-06-16T17:49:47Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103310 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd. At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms. Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before. Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den fertilizer during de first two years after de resettlement. After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de Nubian desert insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab. According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd, de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd. === Nomads === A significant fraction of de Manasir tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis nomadic population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of real estate purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma symbiotic partners. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == UN Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top Miloon Kothari issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den Kajbar. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk." Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today." Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." == Archaeology == De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. De section between de 4th den 5th cataract—a significant portion of wey dem go inundate am by de reservoir lake—already dey densely populated thru nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little archaeological work dem eva conduct am for dis particular region insyd. Recent surveys confirm de richness den diversity of traceable remains, from de Stone Age to de Islamic period. Several foreign institutions recently anaa dem currently involve am for salvage archaeology insyd for de region insyd under de umbrella Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP). Among dem be ACACIA project University of Cologne, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum Expedition (GAME), Polish Academy of Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, de Italian Institute give Africa den de Orient (IsIAO), de University College London, de Sudan Archaeological Research Society, de Hungarian Meroe Foundation, University of California at Santa Barbara - Arizona State University consortium, den de Oriental Institute Museum of de University of Chicago. Demma main problems be de shortness of de remaining time den limited funding. Unlike de large UNESCO campaign wey dem conduct for Egypt insyd before de completion of de Aswan High Dam, wen dem fi document more dan a thousand archaeological sites den dem move complete buildings to prevent dem from drowning for Lake Nasser ein floods insyd, dem much moe restrict work at de 4th cataract. Since 2006, de archaeologists wey dey work give de Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project becam accused by environmental den human rights activists as well as de representatives of de affected pippoe of facilitating de political legitimatization of de project. De archaeologists wey dey work give de dam project find demselves for an ethical dilemma insyd since dem dey undertake salvage excavations while de local pippoe dey for opposition insyd to de building of de dam dat dey necessitate both demma resettlement den de archaeological campaign. Historian Runoko Rashidi issue a statement for solidarity insyd plus Sudanese Nubians wey dey protest de dams den dem bell am give a halt to demma construction. == Political impact == === International === Dem fix usage rights to de waters of de Nile for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd, wey dem negotiate am by de British for 1959 insyd. E dey allot 82 percent of de water volume to Egypt, while dem grant Sudan de rights to de remaining 18 percent. None of de riparian countries further upstream for de Nile basin insyd—Ethiopia, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya den Tanzania—dem entitle am to any significant use of de water, be e give irrigation (of particular interest to Ethiopia den Kenya) anaa hydropower (Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda). i394mr7dm2ma4asyln3iotg6x42q389 103311 103310 2026-06-16T17:51:53Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103311 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd. At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms. Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before. Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den fertilizer during de first two years after de resettlement. After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de Nubian desert insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab. According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd, de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd. === Nomads === A significant fraction of de Manasir tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis nomadic population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of real estate purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma symbiotic partners. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == UN Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top Miloon Kothari issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den Kajbar. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk." Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today." Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." == Archaeology == De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. De section between de 4th den 5th cataract—a significant portion of wey dem go inundate am by de reservoir lake—already dey densely populated thru nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little archaeological work dem eva conduct am for dis particular region insyd. Recent surveys confirm de richness den diversity of traceable remains, from de Stone Age to de Islamic period. Several foreign institutions recently anaa dem currently involve am for salvage archaeology insyd for de region insyd under de umbrella Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP). Among dem be ACACIA project University of Cologne, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum Expedition (GAME), Polish Academy of Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, de Italian Institute give Africa den de Orient (IsIAO), de University College London, de Sudan Archaeological Research Society, de Hungarian Meroe Foundation, University of California at Santa Barbara - Arizona State University consortium, den de Oriental Institute Museum of de University of Chicago. Demma main problems be de shortness of de remaining time den limited funding. Unlike de large UNESCO campaign wey dem conduct for Egypt insyd before de completion of de Aswan High Dam, wen dem fi document more dan a thousand archaeological sites den dem move complete buildings to prevent dem from drowning for Lake Nasser ein floods insyd, dem much moe restrict work at de 4th cataract. Since 2006, de archaeologists wey dey work give de Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project becam accused by environmental den human rights activists as well as de representatives of de affected pippoe of facilitating de political legitimatization of de project. De archaeologists wey dey work give de dam project find demselves for an ethical dilemma insyd since dem dey undertake salvage excavations while de local pippoe dey for opposition insyd to de building of de dam dat dey necessitate both demma resettlement den de archaeological campaign. Historian Runoko Rashidi issue a statement for solidarity insyd plus Sudanese Nubians wey dey protest de dams den dem bell am give a halt to demma construction. == Political impact == === International === Dem fix usage rights to de waters of de Nile for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd, wey dem negotiate am by de British for 1959 insyd. E dey allot 82 percent of de water volume to Egypt, while dem grant Sudan de rights to de remaining 18 percent. None of de riparian countries further upstream for de Nile basin insyd—Ethiopia, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya den Tanzania—dem entitle am to any significant use of de water, be e give irrigation (of particular interest to Ethiopia den Kenya) anaa hydropower (Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda). As Sudan rydee dey push forward to make use of ein water allotment, dem countries begin to bell give a revision of de treaty, wey e argue say—plus de exception of Ethiopia—dem all already dey under colonial rule at de time de negotiations take place, den dem no already represent am for demma best interest insyd. jfepz808djmyce28mi2cuw2mc2m11dt 103312 103311 2026-06-16T17:52:24Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103312 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd. At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms. Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before. Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den fertilizer during de first two years after de resettlement. After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de Nubian desert insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab. According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd, de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd. === Nomads === A significant fraction of de Manasir tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis nomadic population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of real estate purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma symbiotic partners. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == UN Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top Miloon Kothari issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den Kajbar. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk." Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today." Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." == Archaeology == De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. De section between de 4th den 5th cataract—a significant portion of wey dem go inundate am by de reservoir lake—already dey densely populated thru nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little archaeological work dem eva conduct am for dis particular region insyd. Recent surveys confirm de richness den diversity of traceable remains, from de Stone Age to de Islamic period. Several foreign institutions recently anaa dem currently involve am for salvage archaeology insyd for de region insyd under de umbrella Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP). Among dem be ACACIA project University of Cologne, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum Expedition (GAME), Polish Academy of Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, de Italian Institute give Africa den de Orient (IsIAO), de University College London, de Sudan Archaeological Research Society, de Hungarian Meroe Foundation, University of California at Santa Barbara - Arizona State University consortium, den de Oriental Institute Museum of de University of Chicago. Demma main problems be de shortness of de remaining time den limited funding. Unlike de large UNESCO campaign wey dem conduct for Egypt insyd before de completion of de Aswan High Dam, wen dem fi document more dan a thousand archaeological sites den dem move complete buildings to prevent dem from drowning for Lake Nasser ein floods insyd, dem much moe restrict work at de 4th cataract. Since 2006, de archaeologists wey dey work give de Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project becam accused by environmental den human rights activists as well as de representatives of de affected pippoe of facilitating de political legitimatization of de project. De archaeologists wey dey work give de dam project find demselves for an ethical dilemma insyd since dem dey undertake salvage excavations while de local pippoe dey for opposition insyd to de building of de dam dat dey necessitate both demma resettlement den de archaeological campaign. Historian Runoko Rashidi issue a statement for solidarity insyd plus Sudanese Nubians wey dey protest de dams den dem bell am give a halt to demma construction. == Political impact == === International === Dem fix usage rights to de waters of de Nile for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd, wey dem negotiate am by de British for 1959 insyd. E dey allot 82 percent of de water volume to Egypt, while dem grant Sudan de rights to de remaining 18 percent. None of de riparian countries further upstream for de Nile basin insyd—Ethiopia, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya den Tanzania—dem entitle am to any significant use of de water, be e give irrigation (of particular interest to Ethiopia den Kenya) anaa hydropower (Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda). As Sudan rydee dey push forward to make use of ein water allotment, dem countries begin to bell give a revision of de treaty, wey e argue say—plus de exception of Ethiopia—dem all already dey under colonial rule at de time de negotiations take place, den dem no already represent am for demma best interest insyd. Moreova, dem make de decision of distribution of water without any negotiations plus Ethiopia, wey reject de agreement den e be de source of 90% of de water den 96% of transported sediment of de Nile. f5jt1qz2om1tvuypfwm16toqckjfq53 103313 103312 2026-06-16T17:53:10Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103313 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd. At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms. Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before. Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den fertilizer during de first two years after de resettlement. After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de Nubian desert insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab. According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd, de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd. === Nomads === A significant fraction of de Manasir tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis nomadic population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of real estate purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma symbiotic partners. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == UN Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top Miloon Kothari issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den Kajbar. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk." Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today." Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." == Archaeology == De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. De section between de 4th den 5th cataract—a significant portion of wey dem go inundate am by de reservoir lake—already dey densely populated thru nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little archaeological work dem eva conduct am for dis particular region insyd. Recent surveys confirm de richness den diversity of traceable remains, from de Stone Age to de Islamic period. Several foreign institutions recently anaa dem currently involve am for salvage archaeology insyd for de region insyd under de umbrella Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP). Among dem be ACACIA project University of Cologne, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum Expedition (GAME), Polish Academy of Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, de Italian Institute give Africa den de Orient (IsIAO), de University College London, de Sudan Archaeological Research Society, de Hungarian Meroe Foundation, University of California at Santa Barbara - Arizona State University consortium, den de Oriental Institute Museum of de University of Chicago. Demma main problems be de shortness of de remaining time den limited funding. Unlike de large UNESCO campaign wey dem conduct for Egypt insyd before de completion of de Aswan High Dam, wen dem fi document more dan a thousand archaeological sites den dem move complete buildings to prevent dem from drowning for Lake Nasser ein floods insyd, dem much moe restrict work at de 4th cataract. Since 2006, de archaeologists wey dey work give de Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project becam accused by environmental den human rights activists as well as de representatives of de affected pippoe of facilitating de political legitimatization of de project. De archaeologists wey dey work give de dam project find demselves for an ethical dilemma insyd since dem dey undertake salvage excavations while de local pippoe dey for opposition insyd to de building of de dam dat dey necessitate both demma resettlement den de archaeological campaign. Historian Runoko Rashidi issue a statement for solidarity insyd plus Sudanese Nubians wey dey protest de dams den dem bell am give a halt to demma construction. == Political impact == === International === Dem fix usage rights to de waters of de Nile for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd, wey dem negotiate am by de British for 1959 insyd. E dey allot 82 percent of de water volume to Egypt, while dem grant Sudan de rights to de remaining 18 percent. None of de riparian countries further upstream for de Nile basin insyd—Ethiopia, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya den Tanzania—dem entitle am to any significant use of de water, be e give irrigation (of particular interest to Ethiopia den Kenya) anaa hydropower (Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda). As Sudan rydee dey push forward to make use of ein water allotment, dem countries begin to bell give a revision of de treaty, wey e argue say—plus de exception of Ethiopia—dem all already dey under colonial rule at de time de negotiations take place, den dem no already represent am for demma best interest insyd. Moreova, dem make de decision of distribution of water without any negotiations plus Ethiopia, wey reject de agreement den e be de source of 90% of de water den 96% of transported sediment of de Nile. === Domestic === 34rcp1kb2vddtp5kmoii9z0qkvuvmrd 103314 103313 2026-06-16T17:55:06Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103314 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd. At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms. Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before. Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den fertilizer during de first two years after de resettlement. After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de Nubian desert insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab. According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd, de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd. === Nomads === A significant fraction of de Manasir tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis nomadic population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of real estate purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma symbiotic partners. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == UN Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top Miloon Kothari issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den Kajbar. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk." Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today." Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." == Archaeology == De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. De section between de 4th den 5th cataract—a significant portion of wey dem go inundate am by de reservoir lake—already dey densely populated thru nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little archaeological work dem eva conduct am for dis particular region insyd. Recent surveys confirm de richness den diversity of traceable remains, from de Stone Age to de Islamic period. Several foreign institutions recently anaa dem currently involve am for salvage archaeology insyd for de region insyd under de umbrella Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP). Among dem be ACACIA project University of Cologne, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum Expedition (GAME), Polish Academy of Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, de Italian Institute give Africa den de Orient (IsIAO), de University College London, de Sudan Archaeological Research Society, de Hungarian Meroe Foundation, University of California at Santa Barbara - Arizona State University consortium, den de Oriental Institute Museum of de University of Chicago. Demma main problems be de shortness of de remaining time den limited funding. Unlike de large UNESCO campaign wey dem conduct for Egypt insyd before de completion of de Aswan High Dam, wen dem fi document more dan a thousand archaeological sites den dem move complete buildings to prevent dem from drowning for Lake Nasser ein floods insyd, dem much moe restrict work at de 4th cataract. Since 2006, de archaeologists wey dey work give de Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project becam accused by environmental den human rights activists as well as de representatives of de affected pippoe of facilitating de political legitimatization of de project. De archaeologists wey dey work give de dam project find demselves for an ethical dilemma insyd since dem dey undertake salvage excavations while de local pippoe dey for opposition insyd to de building of de dam dat dey necessitate both demma resettlement den de archaeological campaign. Historian Runoko Rashidi issue a statement for solidarity insyd plus Sudanese Nubians wey dey protest de dams den dem bell am give a halt to demma construction. == Political impact == === International === Dem fix usage rights to de waters of de Nile for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd, wey dem negotiate am by de British for 1959 insyd. E dey allot 82 percent of de water volume to Egypt, while dem grant Sudan de rights to de remaining 18 percent. None of de riparian countries further upstream for de Nile basin insyd—Ethiopia, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya den Tanzania—dem entitle am to any significant use of de water, be e give irrigation (of particular interest to Ethiopia den Kenya) anaa hydropower (Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda). As Sudan rydee dey push forward to make use of ein water allotment, dem countries begin to bell give a revision of de treaty, wey e argue say—plus de exception of Ethiopia—dem all already dey under colonial rule at de time de negotiations take place, den dem no already represent am for demma best interest insyd. Moreova, dem make de decision of distribution of water without any negotiations plus Ethiopia, wey reject de agreement den e be de source of 90% of de water den 96% of transported sediment of de Nile. === Domestic === While a peace treaty dey appear to already stop de fighting for Southern Sudan insyd after almost 20 years, der be no end for sight insyd yet give de civil war for Darfur insyd. 1sk8bks5k18w31ioh801snqk87d2d4g 103315 103314 2026-06-16T17:56:15Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103315 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd. At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms. Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before. Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den fertilizer during de first two years after de resettlement. After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de Nubian desert insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab. According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd, de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd. === Nomads === A significant fraction of de Manasir tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis nomadic population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of real estate purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma symbiotic partners. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == UN Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top Miloon Kothari issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den Kajbar. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk." Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today." Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." == Archaeology == De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. De section between de 4th den 5th cataract—a significant portion of wey dem go inundate am by de reservoir lake—already dey densely populated thru nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little archaeological work dem eva conduct am for dis particular region insyd. Recent surveys confirm de richness den diversity of traceable remains, from de Stone Age to de Islamic period. Several foreign institutions recently anaa dem currently involve am for salvage archaeology insyd for de region insyd under de umbrella Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP). Among dem be ACACIA project University of Cologne, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum Expedition (GAME), Polish Academy of Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, de Italian Institute give Africa den de Orient (IsIAO), de University College London, de Sudan Archaeological Research Society, de Hungarian Meroe Foundation, University of California at Santa Barbara - Arizona State University consortium, den de Oriental Institute Museum of de University of Chicago. Demma main problems be de shortness of de remaining time den limited funding. Unlike de large UNESCO campaign wey dem conduct for Egypt insyd before de completion of de Aswan High Dam, wen dem fi document more dan a thousand archaeological sites den dem move complete buildings to prevent dem from drowning for Lake Nasser ein floods insyd, dem much moe restrict work at de 4th cataract. Since 2006, de archaeologists wey dey work give de Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project becam accused by environmental den human rights activists as well as de representatives of de affected pippoe of facilitating de political legitimatization of de project. De archaeologists wey dey work give de dam project find demselves for an ethical dilemma insyd since dem dey undertake salvage excavations while de local pippoe dey for opposition insyd to de building of de dam dat dey necessitate both demma resettlement den de archaeological campaign. Historian Runoko Rashidi issue a statement for solidarity insyd plus Sudanese Nubians wey dey protest de dams den dem bell am give a halt to demma construction. == Political impact == === International === Dem fix usage rights to de waters of de Nile for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd, wey dem negotiate am by de British for 1959 insyd. E dey allot 82 percent of de water volume to Egypt, while dem grant Sudan de rights to de remaining 18 percent. None of de riparian countries further upstream for de Nile basin insyd—Ethiopia, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya den Tanzania—dem entitle am to any significant use of de water, be e give irrigation (of particular interest to Ethiopia den Kenya) anaa hydropower (Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda). As Sudan rydee dey push forward to make use of ein water allotment, dem countries begin to bell give a revision of de treaty, wey e argue say—plus de exception of Ethiopia—dem all already dey under colonial rule at de time de negotiations take place, den dem no already represent am for demma best interest insyd. Moreova, dem make de decision of distribution of water without any negotiations plus Ethiopia, wey reject de agreement den e be de source of 90% of de water den 96% of transported sediment of de Nile. === Domestic === While a peace treaty dey appear to already stop de fighting for Southern Sudan insyd after almost 20 years, der be no end for sight insyd yet give de civil war for Darfur insyd. More recently, unrest for Nubia insyd as a direct result of de dams den de forced permanent displacement of Nubians from demma homelands dey threaten to erupt into war. jcpzaca31ibizryiibjkdotxlphnngw 103316 103315 2026-06-16T17:58:22Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103316 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd. At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms. Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before. Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den fertilizer during de first two years after de resettlement. After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de Nubian desert insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab. According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd, de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd. === Nomads === A significant fraction of de Manasir tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis nomadic population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of real estate purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma symbiotic partners. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == UN Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top Miloon Kothari issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den Kajbar. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk." Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today." Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." == Archaeology == De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. De section between de 4th den 5th cataract—a significant portion of wey dem go inundate am by de reservoir lake—already dey densely populated thru nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little archaeological work dem eva conduct am for dis particular region insyd. Recent surveys confirm de richness den diversity of traceable remains, from de Stone Age to de Islamic period. Several foreign institutions recently anaa dem currently involve am for salvage archaeology insyd for de region insyd under de umbrella Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP). Among dem be ACACIA project University of Cologne, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum Expedition (GAME), Polish Academy of Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, de Italian Institute give Africa den de Orient (IsIAO), de University College London, de Sudan Archaeological Research Society, de Hungarian Meroe Foundation, University of California at Santa Barbara - Arizona State University consortium, den de Oriental Institute Museum of de University of Chicago. Demma main problems be de shortness of de remaining time den limited funding. Unlike de large UNESCO campaign wey dem conduct for Egypt insyd before de completion of de Aswan High Dam, wen dem fi document more dan a thousand archaeological sites den dem move complete buildings to prevent dem from drowning for Lake Nasser ein floods insyd, dem much moe restrict work at de 4th cataract. Since 2006, de archaeologists wey dey work give de Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project becam accused by environmental den human rights activists as well as de representatives of de affected pippoe of facilitating de political legitimatization of de project. De archaeologists wey dey work give de dam project find demselves for an ethical dilemma insyd since dem dey undertake salvage excavations while de local pippoe dey for opposition insyd to de building of de dam dat dey necessitate both demma resettlement den de archaeological campaign. Historian Runoko Rashidi issue a statement for solidarity insyd plus Sudanese Nubians wey dey protest de dams den dem bell am give a halt to demma construction. == Political impact == === International === Dem fix usage rights to de waters of de Nile for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd, wey dem negotiate am by de British for 1959 insyd. E dey allot 82 percent of de water volume to Egypt, while dem grant Sudan de rights to de remaining 18 percent. None of de riparian countries further upstream for de Nile basin insyd—Ethiopia, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya den Tanzania—dem entitle am to any significant use of de water, be e give irrigation (of particular interest to Ethiopia den Kenya) anaa hydropower (Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda). As Sudan rydee dey push forward to make use of ein water allotment, dem countries begin to bell give a revision of de treaty, wey e argue say—plus de exception of Ethiopia—dem all already dey under colonial rule at de time de negotiations take place, den dem no already represent am for demma best interest insyd. Moreova, dem make de decision of distribution of water without any negotiations plus Ethiopia, wey reject de agreement den e be de source of 90% of de water den 96% of transported sediment of de Nile. === Domestic === While a peace treaty dey appear to already stop de fighting for Southern Sudan insyd after almost 20 years, der be no end for sight insyd yet give de civil war for Darfur insyd. More recently, unrest for Nubia insyd as a direct result of de dams den de forced permanent displacement of Nubians from demma homelands dey threaten to erupt into war. A group wey dey bell einself de Nubian Liberation Front dey threaten armed resistance in order to thwart de series of dams along de Nile, den particularly at Kajbar. 4sz6ax340c8xlwjucj2cbe6mk939u1j 103317 103316 2026-06-16T17:59:20Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103317 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd. At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms. Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before. Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den fertilizer during de first two years after de resettlement. After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de Nubian desert insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab. According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd, de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd. === Nomads === A significant fraction of de Manasir tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis nomadic population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of real estate purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma symbiotic partners. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == UN Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top Miloon Kothari issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den Kajbar. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk." Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today." Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." == Archaeology == De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. De section between de 4th den 5th cataract—a significant portion of wey dem go inundate am by de reservoir lake—already dey densely populated thru nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little archaeological work dem eva conduct am for dis particular region insyd. Recent surveys confirm de richness den diversity of traceable remains, from de Stone Age to de Islamic period. Several foreign institutions recently anaa dem currently involve am for salvage archaeology insyd for de region insyd under de umbrella Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP). Among dem be ACACIA project University of Cologne, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum Expedition (GAME), Polish Academy of Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, de Italian Institute give Africa den de Orient (IsIAO), de University College London, de Sudan Archaeological Research Society, de Hungarian Meroe Foundation, University of California at Santa Barbara - Arizona State University consortium, den de Oriental Institute Museum of de University of Chicago. Demma main problems be de shortness of de remaining time den limited funding. Unlike de large UNESCO campaign wey dem conduct for Egypt insyd before de completion of de Aswan High Dam, wen dem fi document more dan a thousand archaeological sites den dem move complete buildings to prevent dem from drowning for Lake Nasser ein floods insyd, dem much moe restrict work at de 4th cataract. Since 2006, de archaeologists wey dey work give de Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project becam accused by environmental den human rights activists as well as de representatives of de affected pippoe of facilitating de political legitimatization of de project. De archaeologists wey dey work give de dam project find demselves for an ethical dilemma insyd since dem dey undertake salvage excavations while de local pippoe dey for opposition insyd to de building of de dam dat dey necessitate both demma resettlement den de archaeological campaign. Historian Runoko Rashidi issue a statement for solidarity insyd plus Sudanese Nubians wey dey protest de dams den dem bell am give a halt to demma construction. == Political impact == === International === Dem fix usage rights to de waters of de Nile for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd, wey dem negotiate am by de British for 1959 insyd. E dey allot 82 percent of de water volume to Egypt, while dem grant Sudan de rights to de remaining 18 percent. None of de riparian countries further upstream for de Nile basin insyd—Ethiopia, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya den Tanzania—dem entitle am to any significant use of de water, be e give irrigation (of particular interest to Ethiopia den Kenya) anaa hydropower (Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda). As Sudan rydee dey push forward to make use of ein water allotment, dem countries begin to bell give a revision of de treaty, wey e argue say—plus de exception of Ethiopia—dem all already dey under colonial rule at de time de negotiations take place, den dem no already represent am for demma best interest insyd. Moreova, dem make de decision of distribution of water without any negotiations plus Ethiopia, wey reject de agreement den e be de source of 90% of de water den 96% of transported sediment of de Nile. === Domestic === While a peace treaty dey appear to already stop de fighting for Southern Sudan insyd after almost 20 years, der be no end for sight insyd yet give de civil war for Darfur insyd. More recently, unrest for Nubia insyd as a direct result of de dams den de forced permanent displacement of Nubians from demma homelands dey threaten to erupt into war. A group wey dey bell einself de Nubian Liberation Front dey threaten armed resistance in order to thwart de series of dams along de Nile, den particularly at Kajbar. During de Sudanese civil war (2023–present) for 13 January 2025 top, dem damage de dam ein power station RSF drones, wey e cause a fire at de facility den dey damage a key transformer. iyx0cdyc0oitsc25a75p0b0mczf2fv9 103318 103317 2026-06-16T17:59:50Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103318 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd. At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms. Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before. Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den fertilizer during de first two years after de resettlement. After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de Nubian desert insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab. According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd, de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd. === Nomads === A significant fraction of de Manasir tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis nomadic population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of real estate purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma symbiotic partners. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == UN Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top Miloon Kothari issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den Kajbar. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk." Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today." Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." == Archaeology == De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. De section between de 4th den 5th cataract—a significant portion of wey dem go inundate am by de reservoir lake—already dey densely populated thru nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little archaeological work dem eva conduct am for dis particular region insyd. Recent surveys confirm de richness den diversity of traceable remains, from de Stone Age to de Islamic period. Several foreign institutions recently anaa dem currently involve am for salvage archaeology insyd for de region insyd under de umbrella Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP). Among dem be ACACIA project University of Cologne, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum Expedition (GAME), Polish Academy of Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, de Italian Institute give Africa den de Orient (IsIAO), de University College London, de Sudan Archaeological Research Society, de Hungarian Meroe Foundation, University of California at Santa Barbara - Arizona State University consortium, den de Oriental Institute Museum of de University of Chicago. Demma main problems be de shortness of de remaining time den limited funding. Unlike de large UNESCO campaign wey dem conduct for Egypt insyd before de completion of de Aswan High Dam, wen dem fi document more dan a thousand archaeological sites den dem move complete buildings to prevent dem from drowning for Lake Nasser ein floods insyd, dem much moe restrict work at de 4th cataract. Since 2006, de archaeologists wey dey work give de Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project becam accused by environmental den human rights activists as well as de representatives of de affected pippoe of facilitating de political legitimatization of de project. De archaeologists wey dey work give de dam project find demselves for an ethical dilemma insyd since dem dey undertake salvage excavations while de local pippoe dey for opposition insyd to de building of de dam dat dey necessitate both demma resettlement den de archaeological campaign. Historian Runoko Rashidi issue a statement for solidarity insyd plus Sudanese Nubians wey dey protest de dams den dem bell am give a halt to demma construction. == Political impact == === International === Dem fix usage rights to de waters of de Nile for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd, wey dem negotiate am by de British for 1959 insyd. E dey allot 82 percent of de water volume to Egypt, while dem grant Sudan de rights to de remaining 18 percent. None of de riparian countries further upstream for de Nile basin insyd—Ethiopia, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya den Tanzania—dem entitle am to any significant use of de water, be e give irrigation (of particular interest to Ethiopia den Kenya) anaa hydropower (Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda). As Sudan rydee dey push forward to make use of ein water allotment, dem countries begin to bell give a revision of de treaty, wey e argue say—plus de exception of Ethiopia—dem all already dey under colonial rule at de time de negotiations take place, den dem no already represent am for demma best interest insyd. Moreova, dem make de decision of distribution of water without any negotiations plus Ethiopia, wey reject de agreement den e be de source of 90% of de water den 96% of transported sediment of de Nile. === Domestic === While a peace treaty dey appear to already stop de fighting for Southern Sudan insyd after almost 20 years, der be no end for sight insyd yet give de civil war for Darfur insyd. More recently, unrest for Nubia insyd as a direct result of de dams den de forced permanent displacement of Nubians from demma homelands dey threaten to erupt into war. A group wey dey bell einself de Nubian Liberation Front dey threaten armed resistance in order to thwart de series of dams along de Nile, den particularly at Kajbar. During de Sudanese civil war (2023–present) for 13 January 2025 top, dem damage de dam ein power station RSF drones, wey e cause a fire at de facility den dey damage a key transformer. De attack sanso cause power outages as far as Shendi, Port Sudan, Atbara den Omdurman. ld5iqapmbrjae2tvb5gisl939tmpa2i 103319 103318 2026-06-16T18:00:16Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103319 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd. At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms. Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before. Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den fertilizer during de first two years after de resettlement. After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de Nubian desert insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab. According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd, de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd. === Nomads === A significant fraction of de Manasir tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis nomadic population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of real estate purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma symbiotic partners. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == UN Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top Miloon Kothari issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den Kajbar. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk." Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today." Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." == Archaeology == De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. De section between de 4th den 5th cataract—a significant portion of wey dem go inundate am by de reservoir lake—already dey densely populated thru nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little archaeological work dem eva conduct am for dis particular region insyd. Recent surveys confirm de richness den diversity of traceable remains, from de Stone Age to de Islamic period. Several foreign institutions recently anaa dem currently involve am for salvage archaeology insyd for de region insyd under de umbrella Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP). Among dem be ACACIA project University of Cologne, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum Expedition (GAME), Polish Academy of Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, de Italian Institute give Africa den de Orient (IsIAO), de University College London, de Sudan Archaeological Research Society, de Hungarian Meroe Foundation, University of California at Santa Barbara - Arizona State University consortium, den de Oriental Institute Museum of de University of Chicago. Demma main problems be de shortness of de remaining time den limited funding. Unlike de large UNESCO campaign wey dem conduct for Egypt insyd before de completion of de Aswan High Dam, wen dem fi document more dan a thousand archaeological sites den dem move complete buildings to prevent dem from drowning for Lake Nasser ein floods insyd, dem much moe restrict work at de 4th cataract. Since 2006, de archaeologists wey dey work give de Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project becam accused by environmental den human rights activists as well as de representatives of de affected pippoe of facilitating de political legitimatization of de project. De archaeologists wey dey work give de dam project find demselves for an ethical dilemma insyd since dem dey undertake salvage excavations while de local pippoe dey for opposition insyd to de building of de dam dat dey necessitate both demma resettlement den de archaeological campaign. Historian Runoko Rashidi issue a statement for solidarity insyd plus Sudanese Nubians wey dey protest de dams den dem bell am give a halt to demma construction. == Political impact == === International === Dem fix usage rights to de waters of de Nile for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd, wey dem negotiate am by de British for 1959 insyd. E dey allot 82 percent of de water volume to Egypt, while dem grant Sudan de rights to de remaining 18 percent. None of de riparian countries further upstream for de Nile basin insyd—Ethiopia, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya den Tanzania—dem entitle am to any significant use of de water, be e give irrigation (of particular interest to Ethiopia den Kenya) anaa hydropower (Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda). As Sudan rydee dey push forward to make use of ein water allotment, dem countries begin to bell give a revision of de treaty, wey e argue say—plus de exception of Ethiopia—dem all already dey under colonial rule at de time de negotiations take place, den dem no already represent am for demma best interest insyd. Moreova, dem make de decision of distribution of water without any negotiations plus Ethiopia, wey reject de agreement den e be de source of 90% of de water den 96% of transported sediment of de Nile. === Domestic === While a peace treaty dey appear to already stop de fighting for Southern Sudan insyd after almost 20 years, der be no end for sight insyd yet give de civil war for Darfur insyd. More recently, unrest for Nubia insyd as a direct result of de dams den de forced permanent displacement of Nubians from demma homelands dey threaten to erupt into war. A group wey dey bell einself de Nubian Liberation Front dey threaten armed resistance in order to thwart de series of dams along de Nile, den particularly at Kajbar. During de Sudanese civil war (2023–present) for 13 January 2025 top, dem damage de dam ein power station RSF drones, wey e cause a fire at de facility den dey damage a key transformer. De attack sanso cause power outages as far as Shendi, Port Sudan, Atbara den Omdurman. == Environmental impact == === Health === nctmbwvgcbsot052pznzi5zwse21ctw 103320 103319 2026-06-16T18:00:45Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103320 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd. At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms. Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before. Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den fertilizer during de first two years after de resettlement. After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de Nubian desert insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab. According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd, de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd. === Nomads === A significant fraction of de Manasir tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis nomadic population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of real estate purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma symbiotic partners. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == UN Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top Miloon Kothari issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den Kajbar. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk." Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today." Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." == Archaeology == De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. De section between de 4th den 5th cataract—a significant portion of wey dem go inundate am by de reservoir lake—already dey densely populated thru nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little archaeological work dem eva conduct am for dis particular region insyd. Recent surveys confirm de richness den diversity of traceable remains, from de Stone Age to de Islamic period. Several foreign institutions recently anaa dem currently involve am for salvage archaeology insyd for de region insyd under de umbrella Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP). Among dem be ACACIA project University of Cologne, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum Expedition (GAME), Polish Academy of Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, de Italian Institute give Africa den de Orient (IsIAO), de University College London, de Sudan Archaeological Research Society, de Hungarian Meroe Foundation, University of California at Santa Barbara - Arizona State University consortium, den de Oriental Institute Museum of de University of Chicago. Demma main problems be de shortness of de remaining time den limited funding. Unlike de large UNESCO campaign wey dem conduct for Egypt insyd before de completion of de Aswan High Dam, wen dem fi document more dan a thousand archaeological sites den dem move complete buildings to prevent dem from drowning for Lake Nasser ein floods insyd, dem much moe restrict work at de 4th cataract. Since 2006, de archaeologists wey dey work give de Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project becam accused by environmental den human rights activists as well as de representatives of de affected pippoe of facilitating de political legitimatization of de project. De archaeologists wey dey work give de dam project find demselves for an ethical dilemma insyd since dem dey undertake salvage excavations while de local pippoe dey for opposition insyd to de building of de dam dat dey necessitate both demma resettlement den de archaeological campaign. Historian Runoko Rashidi issue a statement for solidarity insyd plus Sudanese Nubians wey dey protest de dams den dem bell am give a halt to demma construction. == Political impact == === International === Dem fix usage rights to de waters of de Nile for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd, wey dem negotiate am by de British for 1959 insyd. E dey allot 82 percent of de water volume to Egypt, while dem grant Sudan de rights to de remaining 18 percent. None of de riparian countries further upstream for de Nile basin insyd—Ethiopia, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya den Tanzania—dem entitle am to any significant use of de water, be e give irrigation (of particular interest to Ethiopia den Kenya) anaa hydropower (Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda). As Sudan rydee dey push forward to make use of ein water allotment, dem countries begin to bell give a revision of de treaty, wey e argue say—plus de exception of Ethiopia—dem all already dey under colonial rule at de time de negotiations take place, den dem no already represent am for demma best interest insyd. Moreova, dem make de decision of distribution of water without any negotiations plus Ethiopia, wey reject de agreement den e be de source of 90% of de water den 96% of transported sediment of de Nile. === Domestic === While a peace treaty dey appear to already stop de fighting for Southern Sudan insyd after almost 20 years, der be no end for sight insyd yet give de civil war for Darfur insyd. More recently, unrest for Nubia insyd as a direct result of de dams den de forced permanent displacement of Nubians from demma homelands dey threaten to erupt into war. A group wey dey bell einself de Nubian Liberation Front dey threaten armed resistance in order to thwart de series of dams along de Nile, den particularly at Kajbar. During de Sudanese civil war (2023–present) for 13 January 2025 top, dem damage de dam ein power station RSF drones, wey e cause a fire at de facility den dey damage a key transformer. De attack sanso cause power outages as far as Shendi, Port Sudan, Atbara den Omdurman. == Environmental impact == === Health === De resettlement area be a vast area plus an expected 50,000–70,000 inhabitants wey go be be going thru a transitional period give a few years before de get acclimatised den dem psychologically adapt to demma new life. r5bzkqymhmyar79g0xn51f4spcyeet7 103321 103320 2026-06-16T18:01:11Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103321 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd. At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms. Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before. Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den fertilizer during de first two years after de resettlement. After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de Nubian desert insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab. According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd, de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd. === Nomads === A significant fraction of de Manasir tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis nomadic population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of real estate purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma symbiotic partners. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == UN Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top Miloon Kothari issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den Kajbar. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk." Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today." Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." == Archaeology == De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. De section between de 4th den 5th cataract—a significant portion of wey dem go inundate am by de reservoir lake—already dey densely populated thru nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little archaeological work dem eva conduct am for dis particular region insyd. Recent surveys confirm de richness den diversity of traceable remains, from de Stone Age to de Islamic period. Several foreign institutions recently anaa dem currently involve am for salvage archaeology insyd for de region insyd under de umbrella Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP). Among dem be ACACIA project University of Cologne, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum Expedition (GAME), Polish Academy of Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, de Italian Institute give Africa den de Orient (IsIAO), de University College London, de Sudan Archaeological Research Society, de Hungarian Meroe Foundation, University of California at Santa Barbara - Arizona State University consortium, den de Oriental Institute Museum of de University of Chicago. Demma main problems be de shortness of de remaining time den limited funding. Unlike de large UNESCO campaign wey dem conduct for Egypt insyd before de completion of de Aswan High Dam, wen dem fi document more dan a thousand archaeological sites den dem move complete buildings to prevent dem from drowning for Lake Nasser ein floods insyd, dem much moe restrict work at de 4th cataract. Since 2006, de archaeologists wey dey work give de Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project becam accused by environmental den human rights activists as well as de representatives of de affected pippoe of facilitating de political legitimatization of de project. De archaeologists wey dey work give de dam project find demselves for an ethical dilemma insyd since dem dey undertake salvage excavations while de local pippoe dey for opposition insyd to de building of de dam dat dey necessitate both demma resettlement den de archaeological campaign. Historian Runoko Rashidi issue a statement for solidarity insyd plus Sudanese Nubians wey dey protest de dams den dem bell am give a halt to demma construction. == Political impact == === International === Dem fix usage rights to de waters of de Nile for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd, wey dem negotiate am by de British for 1959 insyd. E dey allot 82 percent of de water volume to Egypt, while dem grant Sudan de rights to de remaining 18 percent. None of de riparian countries further upstream for de Nile basin insyd—Ethiopia, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya den Tanzania—dem entitle am to any significant use of de water, be e give irrigation (of particular interest to Ethiopia den Kenya) anaa hydropower (Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda). As Sudan rydee dey push forward to make use of ein water allotment, dem countries begin to bell give a revision of de treaty, wey e argue say—plus de exception of Ethiopia—dem all already dey under colonial rule at de time de negotiations take place, den dem no already represent am for demma best interest insyd. Moreova, dem make de decision of distribution of water without any negotiations plus Ethiopia, wey reject de agreement den e be de source of 90% of de water den 96% of transported sediment of de Nile. === Domestic === While a peace treaty dey appear to already stop de fighting for Southern Sudan insyd after almost 20 years, der be no end for sight insyd yet give de civil war for Darfur insyd. More recently, unrest for Nubia insyd as a direct result of de dams den de forced permanent displacement of Nubians from demma homelands dey threaten to erupt into war. A group wey dey bell einself de Nubian Liberation Front dey threaten armed resistance in order to thwart de series of dams along de Nile, den particularly at Kajbar. During de Sudanese civil war (2023–present) for 13 January 2025 top, dem damage de dam ein power station RSF drones, wey e cause a fire at de facility den dey damage a key transformer. De attack sanso cause power outages as far as Shendi, Port Sudan, Atbara den Omdurman. == Environmental impact == === Health === De resettlement area be a vast area plus an expected 50,000–70,000 inhabitants wey go be be going thru a transitional period give a few years before de get acclimatised den dem psychologically adapt to demma new life. Governing by de two eminent health impact experiences of New Halfa resettlement projects den Aswan Dam for Egypt insyd, strategic health planning suppose go start early to foresee wat water born diseases den oda ecological health problems (such as bilharziasis, malaria) dey likely to prevail den to plan how to guard against dat. htdaecukz43kl8ex13s66c9kknbyupl 103322 103321 2026-06-16T18:01:39Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103322 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd. At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms. Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before. Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den fertilizer during de first two years after de resettlement. After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de Nubian desert insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab. According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd, de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd. === Nomads === A significant fraction of de Manasir tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis nomadic population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of real estate purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma symbiotic partners. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == UN Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top Miloon Kothari issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den Kajbar. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk." Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today." Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." == Archaeology == De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. De section between de 4th den 5th cataract—a significant portion of wey dem go inundate am by de reservoir lake—already dey densely populated thru nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little archaeological work dem eva conduct am for dis particular region insyd. Recent surveys confirm de richness den diversity of traceable remains, from de Stone Age to de Islamic period. Several foreign institutions recently anaa dem currently involve am for salvage archaeology insyd for de region insyd under de umbrella Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP). Among dem be ACACIA project University of Cologne, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum Expedition (GAME), Polish Academy of Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, de Italian Institute give Africa den de Orient (IsIAO), de University College London, de Sudan Archaeological Research Society, de Hungarian Meroe Foundation, University of California at Santa Barbara - Arizona State University consortium, den de Oriental Institute Museum of de University of Chicago. Demma main problems be de shortness of de remaining time den limited funding. Unlike de large UNESCO campaign wey dem conduct for Egypt insyd before de completion of de Aswan High Dam, wen dem fi document more dan a thousand archaeological sites den dem move complete buildings to prevent dem from drowning for Lake Nasser ein floods insyd, dem much moe restrict work at de 4th cataract. Since 2006, de archaeologists wey dey work give de Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project becam accused by environmental den human rights activists as well as de representatives of de affected pippoe of facilitating de political legitimatization of de project. De archaeologists wey dey work give de dam project find demselves for an ethical dilemma insyd since dem dey undertake salvage excavations while de local pippoe dey for opposition insyd to de building of de dam dat dey necessitate both demma resettlement den de archaeological campaign. Historian Runoko Rashidi issue a statement for solidarity insyd plus Sudanese Nubians wey dey protest de dams den dem bell am give a halt to demma construction. == Political impact == === International === Dem fix usage rights to de waters of de Nile for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd, wey dem negotiate am by de British for 1959 insyd. E dey allot 82 percent of de water volume to Egypt, while dem grant Sudan de rights to de remaining 18 percent. None of de riparian countries further upstream for de Nile basin insyd—Ethiopia, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya den Tanzania—dem entitle am to any significant use of de water, be e give irrigation (of particular interest to Ethiopia den Kenya) anaa hydropower (Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda). As Sudan rydee dey push forward to make use of ein water allotment, dem countries begin to bell give a revision of de treaty, wey e argue say—plus de exception of Ethiopia—dem all already dey under colonial rule at de time de negotiations take place, den dem no already represent am for demma best interest insyd. Moreova, dem make de decision of distribution of water without any negotiations plus Ethiopia, wey reject de agreement den e be de source of 90% of de water den 96% of transported sediment of de Nile. === Domestic === While a peace treaty dey appear to already stop de fighting for Southern Sudan insyd after almost 20 years, der be no end for sight insyd yet give de civil war for Darfur insyd. More recently, unrest for Nubia insyd as a direct result of de dams den de forced permanent displacement of Nubians from demma homelands dey threaten to erupt into war. A group wey dey bell einself de Nubian Liberation Front dey threaten armed resistance in order to thwart de series of dams along de Nile, den particularly at Kajbar. During de Sudanese civil war (2023–present) for 13 January 2025 top, dem damage de dam ein power station RSF drones, wey e cause a fire at de facility den dey damage a key transformer. De attack sanso cause power outages as far as Shendi, Port Sudan, Atbara den Omdurman. == Environmental impact == === Health === De resettlement area be a vast area plus an expected 50,000–70,000 inhabitants wey go be be going thru a transitional period give a few years before de get acclimatised den dem psychologically adapt to demma new life. Governing by de two eminent health impact experiences of New Halfa resettlement projects den Aswan Dam for Egypt insyd, strategic health planning suppose go start early to foresee wat water born diseases den oda ecological health problems (such as bilharziasis, malaria) dey likely to prevail den to plan how to guard against dat. === Evaporation === begniq4sqjavg1tacngg7s3o2o6cbmj 103323 103322 2026-06-16T18:02:36Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103323 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd. At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms. Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before. Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den fertilizer during de first two years after de resettlement. After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de Nubian desert insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab. According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd, de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd. === Nomads === A significant fraction of de Manasir tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis nomadic population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of real estate purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma symbiotic partners. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == UN Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top Miloon Kothari issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den Kajbar. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk." Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today." Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." == Archaeology == De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. De section between de 4th den 5th cataract—a significant portion of wey dem go inundate am by de reservoir lake—already dey densely populated thru nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little archaeological work dem eva conduct am for dis particular region insyd. Recent surveys confirm de richness den diversity of traceable remains, from de Stone Age to de Islamic period. Several foreign institutions recently anaa dem currently involve am for salvage archaeology insyd for de region insyd under de umbrella Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP). Among dem be ACACIA project University of Cologne, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum Expedition (GAME), Polish Academy of Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, de Italian Institute give Africa den de Orient (IsIAO), de University College London, de Sudan Archaeological Research Society, de Hungarian Meroe Foundation, University of California at Santa Barbara - Arizona State University consortium, den de Oriental Institute Museum of de University of Chicago. Demma main problems be de shortness of de remaining time den limited funding. Unlike de large UNESCO campaign wey dem conduct for Egypt insyd before de completion of de Aswan High Dam, wen dem fi document more dan a thousand archaeological sites den dem move complete buildings to prevent dem from drowning for Lake Nasser ein floods insyd, dem much moe restrict work at de 4th cataract. Since 2006, de archaeologists wey dey work give de Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project becam accused by environmental den human rights activists as well as de representatives of de affected pippoe of facilitating de political legitimatization of de project. De archaeologists wey dey work give de dam project find demselves for an ethical dilemma insyd since dem dey undertake salvage excavations while de local pippoe dey for opposition insyd to de building of de dam dat dey necessitate both demma resettlement den de archaeological campaign. Historian Runoko Rashidi issue a statement for solidarity insyd plus Sudanese Nubians wey dey protest de dams den dem bell am give a halt to demma construction. == Political impact == === International === Dem fix usage rights to de waters of de Nile for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd, wey dem negotiate am by de British for 1959 insyd. E dey allot 82 percent of de water volume to Egypt, while dem grant Sudan de rights to de remaining 18 percent. None of de riparian countries further upstream for de Nile basin insyd—Ethiopia, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya den Tanzania—dem entitle am to any significant use of de water, be e give irrigation (of particular interest to Ethiopia den Kenya) anaa hydropower (Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda). As Sudan rydee dey push forward to make use of ein water allotment, dem countries begin to bell give a revision of de treaty, wey e argue say—plus de exception of Ethiopia—dem all already dey under colonial rule at de time de negotiations take place, den dem no already represent am for demma best interest insyd. Moreova, dem make de decision of distribution of water without any negotiations plus Ethiopia, wey reject de agreement den e be de source of 90% of de water den 96% of transported sediment of de Nile. === Domestic === While a peace treaty dey appear to already stop de fighting for Southern Sudan insyd after almost 20 years, der be no end for sight insyd yet give de civil war for Darfur insyd. More recently, unrest for Nubia insyd as a direct result of de dams den de forced permanent displacement of Nubians from demma homelands dey threaten to erupt into war. A group wey dey bell einself de Nubian Liberation Front dey threaten armed resistance in order to thwart de series of dams along de Nile, den particularly at Kajbar. During de Sudanese civil war (2023–present) for 13 January 2025 top, dem damage de dam ein power station RSF drones, wey e cause a fire at de facility den dey damage a key transformer. De attack sanso cause power outages as far as Shendi, Port Sudan, Atbara den Omdurman. == Environmental impact == === Health === De resettlement area be a vast area plus an expected 50,000–70,000 inhabitants wey go be be going thru a transitional period give a few years before de get acclimatised den dem psychologically adapt to demma new life. Governing by de two eminent health impact experiences of New Halfa resettlement projects den Aswan Dam for Egypt insyd, strategic health planning suppose go start early to foresee wat water born diseases den oda ecological health problems (such as bilharziasis, malaria) dey likely to prevail den to plan how to guard against dat. === Evaporation === De creation of de reservoir lake go increase de surface area of de Nile by about 700 km². 3xkczzt85tw2q2rqx6wy4kna8tblsp7 103324 103323 2026-06-16T18:04:20Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103324 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd. At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms. Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before. Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den fertilizer during de first two years after de resettlement. After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de Nubian desert insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab. According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd, de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd. === Nomads === A significant fraction of de Manasir tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis nomadic population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of real estate purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma symbiotic partners. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == UN Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top Miloon Kothari issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den Kajbar. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk." Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today." Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." == Archaeology == De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. De section between de 4th den 5th cataract—a significant portion of wey dem go inundate am by de reservoir lake—already dey densely populated thru nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little archaeological work dem eva conduct am for dis particular region insyd. Recent surveys confirm de richness den diversity of traceable remains, from de Stone Age to de Islamic period. Several foreign institutions recently anaa dem currently involve am for salvage archaeology insyd for de region insyd under de umbrella Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP). Among dem be ACACIA project University of Cologne, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum Expedition (GAME), Polish Academy of Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, de Italian Institute give Africa den de Orient (IsIAO), de University College London, de Sudan Archaeological Research Society, de Hungarian Meroe Foundation, University of California at Santa Barbara - Arizona State University consortium, den de Oriental Institute Museum of de University of Chicago. Demma main problems be de shortness of de remaining time den limited funding. Unlike de large UNESCO campaign wey dem conduct for Egypt insyd before de completion of de Aswan High Dam, wen dem fi document more dan a thousand archaeological sites den dem move complete buildings to prevent dem from drowning for Lake Nasser ein floods insyd, dem much moe restrict work at de 4th cataract. Since 2006, de archaeologists wey dey work give de Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project becam accused by environmental den human rights activists as well as de representatives of de affected pippoe of facilitating de political legitimatization of de project. De archaeologists wey dey work give de dam project find demselves for an ethical dilemma insyd since dem dey undertake salvage excavations while de local pippoe dey for opposition insyd to de building of de dam dat dey necessitate both demma resettlement den de archaeological campaign. Historian Runoko Rashidi issue a statement for solidarity insyd plus Sudanese Nubians wey dey protest de dams den dem bell am give a halt to demma construction. == Political impact == === International === Dem fix usage rights to de waters of de Nile for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd, wey dem negotiate am by de British for 1959 insyd. E dey allot 82 percent of de water volume to Egypt, while dem grant Sudan de rights to de remaining 18 percent. None of de riparian countries further upstream for de Nile basin insyd—Ethiopia, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya den Tanzania—dem entitle am to any significant use of de water, be e give irrigation (of particular interest to Ethiopia den Kenya) anaa hydropower (Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda). As Sudan rydee dey push forward to make use of ein water allotment, dem countries begin to bell give a revision of de treaty, wey e argue say—plus de exception of Ethiopia—dem all already dey under colonial rule at de time de negotiations take place, den dem no already represent am for demma best interest insyd. Moreova, dem make de decision of distribution of water without any negotiations plus Ethiopia, wey reject de agreement den e be de source of 90% of de water den 96% of transported sediment of de Nile. === Domestic === While a peace treaty dey appear to already stop de fighting for Southern Sudan insyd after almost 20 years, der be no end for sight insyd yet give de civil war for Darfur insyd. More recently, unrest for Nubia insyd as a direct result of de dams den de forced permanent displacement of Nubians from demma homelands dey threaten to erupt into war. A group wey dey bell einself de Nubian Liberation Front dey threaten armed resistance in order to thwart de series of dams along de Nile, den particularly at Kajbar. During de Sudanese civil war (2023–present) for 13 January 2025 top, dem damage de dam ein power station RSF drones, wey e cause a fire at de facility den dey damage a key transformer. De attack sanso cause power outages as far as Shendi, Port Sudan, Atbara den Omdurman. == Environmental impact == === Health === De resettlement area be a vast area plus an expected 50,000–70,000 inhabitants wey go be be going thru a transitional period give a few years before de get acclimatised den dem psychologically adapt to demma new life. Governing by de two eminent health impact experiences of New Halfa resettlement projects den Aswan Dam for Egypt insyd, strategic health planning suppose go start early to foresee wat water born diseases den oda ecological health problems (such as bilharziasis, malaria) dey likely to prevail den to plan how to guard against dat. === Evaporation === De creation of de reservoir lake go increase de surface area of de Nile by about 700 km². Under de climatic conditions at de site, dem fi expect additional evaporation losses of up to 1,500,000,000 m³ per year. 8lf8wpu2hbc01ljxhlpa095g7cnr80x 103325 103324 2026-06-16T18:06:38Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103325 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd. At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms. Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before. Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den fertilizer during de first two years after de resettlement. After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de Nubian desert insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab. According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd, de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd. === Nomads === A significant fraction of de Manasir tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis nomadic population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of real estate purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma symbiotic partners. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == UN Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top Miloon Kothari issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den Kajbar. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk." Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today." Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." == Archaeology == De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. De section between de 4th den 5th cataract—a significant portion of wey dem go inundate am by de reservoir lake—already dey densely populated thru nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little archaeological work dem eva conduct am for dis particular region insyd. Recent surveys confirm de richness den diversity of traceable remains, from de Stone Age to de Islamic period. Several foreign institutions recently anaa dem currently involve am for salvage archaeology insyd for de region insyd under de umbrella Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP). Among dem be ACACIA project University of Cologne, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum Expedition (GAME), Polish Academy of Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, de Italian Institute give Africa den de Orient (IsIAO), de University College London, de Sudan Archaeological Research Society, de Hungarian Meroe Foundation, University of California at Santa Barbara - Arizona State University consortium, den de Oriental Institute Museum of de University of Chicago. Demma main problems be de shortness of de remaining time den limited funding. Unlike de large UNESCO campaign wey dem conduct for Egypt insyd before de completion of de Aswan High Dam, wen dem fi document more dan a thousand archaeological sites den dem move complete buildings to prevent dem from drowning for Lake Nasser ein floods insyd, dem much moe restrict work at de 4th cataract. Since 2006, de archaeologists wey dey work give de Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project becam accused by environmental den human rights activists as well as de representatives of de affected pippoe of facilitating de political legitimatization of de project. De archaeologists wey dey work give de dam project find demselves for an ethical dilemma insyd since dem dey undertake salvage excavations while de local pippoe dey for opposition insyd to de building of de dam dat dey necessitate both demma resettlement den de archaeological campaign. Historian Runoko Rashidi issue a statement for solidarity insyd plus Sudanese Nubians wey dey protest de dams den dem bell am give a halt to demma construction. == Political impact == === International === Dem fix usage rights to de waters of de Nile for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd, wey dem negotiate am by de British for 1959 insyd. E dey allot 82 percent of de water volume to Egypt, while dem grant Sudan de rights to de remaining 18 percent. None of de riparian countries further upstream for de Nile basin insyd—Ethiopia, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya den Tanzania—dem entitle am to any significant use of de water, be e give irrigation (of particular interest to Ethiopia den Kenya) anaa hydropower (Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda). As Sudan rydee dey push forward to make use of ein water allotment, dem countries begin to bell give a revision of de treaty, wey e argue say—plus de exception of Ethiopia—dem all already dey under colonial rule at de time de negotiations take place, den dem no already represent am for demma best interest insyd. Moreova, dem make de decision of distribution of water without any negotiations plus Ethiopia, wey reject de agreement den e be de source of 90% of de water den 96% of transported sediment of de Nile. === Domestic === While a peace treaty dey appear to already stop de fighting for Southern Sudan insyd after almost 20 years, der be no end for sight insyd yet give de civil war for Darfur insyd. More recently, unrest for Nubia insyd as a direct result of de dams den de forced permanent displacement of Nubians from demma homelands dey threaten to erupt into war. A group wey dey bell einself de Nubian Liberation Front dey threaten armed resistance in order to thwart de series of dams along de Nile, den particularly at Kajbar. During de Sudanese civil war (2023–present) for 13 January 2025 top, dem damage de dam ein power station RSF drones, wey e cause a fire at de facility den dey damage a key transformer. De attack sanso cause power outages as far as Shendi, Port Sudan, Atbara den Omdurman. == Environmental impact == === Health === De resettlement area be a vast area plus an expected 50,000–70,000 inhabitants wey go be be going thru a transitional period give a few years before de get acclimatised den dem psychologically adapt to demma new life. Governing by de two eminent health impact experiences of New Halfa resettlement projects den Aswan Dam for Egypt insyd, strategic health planning suppose go start early to foresee wat water born diseases den oda ecological health problems (such as bilharziasis, malaria) dey likely to prevail den to plan how to guard against dat. === Evaporation === De creation of de reservoir lake go increase de surface area of de Nile by about 700 km². Under de climatic conditions at de site, dem fi expect additional evaporation losses of up to 1,500,000,000 m³ per year. Dis dey correspond to about 8% of de total amount of water wey dem allocate to Sudan for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd. jh3f5bx91h196ix9gvnfvs1ykc2o5l3 103326 103325 2026-06-16T18:11:20Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103326 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd. At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms. Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before. Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den fertilizer during de first two years after de resettlement. After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de Nubian desert insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab. According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd, de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd. === Nomads === A significant fraction of de Manasir tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis nomadic population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of real estate purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma symbiotic partners. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == UN Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top Miloon Kothari issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den Kajbar. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk." Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today." Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." == Archaeology == De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. De section between de 4th den 5th cataract—a significant portion of wey dem go inundate am by de reservoir lake—already dey densely populated thru nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little archaeological work dem eva conduct am for dis particular region insyd. Recent surveys confirm de richness den diversity of traceable remains, from de Stone Age to de Islamic period. Several foreign institutions recently anaa dem currently involve am for salvage archaeology insyd for de region insyd under de umbrella Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP). Among dem be ACACIA project University of Cologne, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum Expedition (GAME), Polish Academy of Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, de Italian Institute give Africa den de Orient (IsIAO), de University College London, de Sudan Archaeological Research Society, de Hungarian Meroe Foundation, University of California at Santa Barbara - Arizona State University consortium, den de Oriental Institute Museum of de University of Chicago. Demma main problems be de shortness of de remaining time den limited funding. Unlike de large UNESCO campaign wey dem conduct for Egypt insyd before de completion of de Aswan High Dam, wen dem fi document more dan a thousand archaeological sites den dem move complete buildings to prevent dem from drowning for Lake Nasser ein floods insyd, dem much moe restrict work at de 4th cataract. Since 2006, de archaeologists wey dey work give de Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project becam accused by environmental den human rights activists as well as de representatives of de affected pippoe of facilitating de political legitimatization of de project. De archaeologists wey dey work give de dam project find demselves for an ethical dilemma insyd since dem dey undertake salvage excavations while de local pippoe dey for opposition insyd to de building of de dam dat dey necessitate both demma resettlement den de archaeological campaign. Historian Runoko Rashidi issue a statement for solidarity insyd plus Sudanese Nubians wey dey protest de dams den dem bell am give a halt to demma construction. == Political impact == === International === Dem fix usage rights to de waters of de Nile for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd, wey dem negotiate am by de British for 1959 insyd. E dey allot 82 percent of de water volume to Egypt, while dem grant Sudan de rights to de remaining 18 percent. None of de riparian countries further upstream for de Nile basin insyd—Ethiopia, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya den Tanzania—dem entitle am to any significant use of de water, be e give irrigation (of particular interest to Ethiopia den Kenya) anaa hydropower (Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda). As Sudan rydee dey push forward to make use of ein water allotment, dem countries begin to bell give a revision of de treaty, wey e argue say—plus de exception of Ethiopia—dem all already dey under colonial rule at de time de negotiations take place, den dem no already represent am for demma best interest insyd. Moreova, dem make de decision of distribution of water without any negotiations plus Ethiopia, wey reject de agreement den e be de source of 90% of de water den 96% of transported sediment of de Nile. === Domestic === While a peace treaty dey appear to already stop de fighting for Southern Sudan insyd after almost 20 years, der be no end for sight insyd yet give de civil war for Darfur insyd. More recently, unrest for Nubia insyd as a direct result of de dams den de forced permanent displacement of Nubians from demma homelands dey threaten to erupt into war. A group wey dey bell einself de Nubian Liberation Front dey threaten armed resistance in order to thwart de series of dams along de Nile, den particularly at Kajbar. During de Sudanese civil war (2023–present) for 13 January 2025 top, dem damage de dam ein power station RSF drones, wey e cause a fire at de facility den dey damage a key transformer. De attack sanso cause power outages as far as Shendi, Port Sudan, Atbara den Omdurman. == Environmental impact == === Health === De resettlement area be a vast area plus an expected 50,000–70,000 inhabitants wey go be be going thru a transitional period give a few years before de get acclimatised den dem psychologically adapt to demma new life. Governing by de two eminent health impact experiences of New Halfa resettlement projects den Aswan Dam for Egypt insyd, strategic health planning suppose go start early to foresee wat water born diseases den oda ecological health problems (such as bilharziasis, malaria) dey likely to prevail den to plan how to guard against dat. === Evaporation === De creation of de reservoir lake go increase de surface area of de Nile by about 700 km². Under de climatic conditions at de site, dem fi expect additional evaporation losses of up to 1,500,000,000 m³ per year. Dis dey correspond to about 8% of de total amount of water wey dem allocate to Sudan for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd. oygqfc6obxl4juck6rx1o3rbv3eduak 103327 103326 2026-06-16T18:12:16Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103327 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for Africa insyd. Dem situate am for de river Nile top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of [[:en:Electricity|electricity]]. == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd. At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms. Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before. Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den fertilizer during de first two years after de resettlement. After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de Nubian desert insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab. According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd, de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd. === Nomads === A significant fraction of de Manasir tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis nomadic population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of real estate purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma symbiotic partners. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == UN Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top Miloon Kothari issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den Kajbar. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk." Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today." Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." == Archaeology == De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. De section between de 4th den 5th cataract—a significant portion of wey dem go inundate am by de reservoir lake—already dey densely populated thru nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little archaeological work dem eva conduct am for dis particular region insyd. Recent surveys confirm de richness den diversity of traceable remains, from de Stone Age to de Islamic period. Several foreign institutions recently anaa dem currently involve am for salvage archaeology insyd for de region insyd under de umbrella Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP). Among dem be ACACIA project University of Cologne, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum Expedition (GAME), Polish Academy of Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, de Italian Institute give Africa den de Orient (IsIAO), de University College London, de Sudan Archaeological Research Society, de Hungarian Meroe Foundation, University of California at Santa Barbara - Arizona State University consortium, den de Oriental Institute Museum of de University of Chicago. Demma main problems be de shortness of de remaining time den limited funding. Unlike de large UNESCO campaign wey dem conduct for Egypt insyd before de completion of de Aswan High Dam, wen dem fi document more dan a thousand archaeological sites den dem move complete buildings to prevent dem from drowning for Lake Nasser ein floods insyd, dem much moe restrict work at de 4th cataract. Since 2006, de archaeologists wey dey work give de Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project becam accused by environmental den human rights activists as well as de representatives of de affected pippoe of facilitating de political legitimatization of de project. De archaeologists wey dey work give de dam project find demselves for an ethical dilemma insyd since dem dey undertake salvage excavations while de local pippoe dey for opposition insyd to de building of de dam dat dey necessitate both demma resettlement den de archaeological campaign. Historian Runoko Rashidi issue a statement for solidarity insyd plus Sudanese Nubians wey dey protest de dams den dem bell am give a halt to demma construction. == Political impact == === International === Dem fix usage rights to de waters of de Nile for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd, wey dem negotiate am by de British for 1959 insyd. E dey allot 82 percent of de water volume to Egypt, while dem grant Sudan de rights to de remaining 18 percent. None of de riparian countries further upstream for de Nile basin insyd—Ethiopia, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya den Tanzania—dem entitle am to any significant use of de water, be e give irrigation (of particular interest to Ethiopia den Kenya) anaa hydropower (Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda). As Sudan rydee dey push forward to make use of ein water allotment, dem countries begin to bell give a revision of de treaty, wey e argue say—plus de exception of Ethiopia—dem all already dey under colonial rule at de time de negotiations take place, den dem no already represent am for demma best interest insyd. Moreova, dem make de decision of distribution of water without any negotiations plus Ethiopia, wey reject de agreement den e be de source of 90% of de water den 96% of transported sediment of de Nile. === Domestic === While a peace treaty dey appear to already stop de fighting for Southern Sudan insyd after almost 20 years, der be no end for sight insyd yet give de civil war for Darfur insyd. More recently, unrest for Nubia insyd as a direct result of de dams den de forced permanent displacement of Nubians from demma homelands dey threaten to erupt into war. A group wey dey bell einself de Nubian Liberation Front dey threaten armed resistance in order to thwart de series of dams along de Nile, den particularly at Kajbar. During de Sudanese civil war (2023–present) for 13 January 2025 top, dem damage de dam ein power station RSF drones, wey e cause a fire at de facility den dey damage a key transformer. De attack sanso cause power outages as far as Shendi, Port Sudan, Atbara den Omdurman. == Environmental impact == === Health === De resettlement area be a vast area plus an expected 50,000–70,000 inhabitants wey go be be going thru a transitional period give a few years before de get acclimatised den dem psychologically adapt to demma new life. Governing by de two eminent health impact experiences of New Halfa resettlement projects den Aswan Dam for Egypt insyd, strategic health planning suppose go start early to foresee wat water born diseases den oda ecological health problems (such as bilharziasis, malaria) dey likely to prevail den to plan how to guard against dat. === Evaporation === De creation of de reservoir lake go increase de surface area of de Nile by about 700 km². Under de climatic conditions at de site, dem fi expect additional evaporation losses of up to 1,500,000,000 m³ per year. Dis dey correspond to about 8% of de total amount of water wey dem allocate to Sudan for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd. r03spsg0x0v2scwat2q145aunimu1th 103328 103327 2026-06-16T18:15:29Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103328 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]] project for [[Africa]] insyd. Dem situate am for de river [[Nile]] top, close to den dey inundate de 4th [[:en:Cataracts_of_the_Nile|Cataract]] wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of [[:en:Electricity|electricity]].<ref>[https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=46505&src=eorss-iotd Merowe Dam, Nile River, Republic of Sudan], NASA Earth Observatory</ref> == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd. At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms. Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before. Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den fertilizer during de first two years after de resettlement. After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de Nubian desert insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab. According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd, de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd. === Nomads === A significant fraction of de Manasir tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis nomadic population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of real estate purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma symbiotic partners. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == UN Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top Miloon Kothari issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den Kajbar. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk." Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today." Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." == Archaeology == De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. De section between de 4th den 5th cataract—a significant portion of wey dem go inundate am by de reservoir lake—already dey densely populated thru nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little archaeological work dem eva conduct am for dis particular region insyd. Recent surveys confirm de richness den diversity of traceable remains, from de Stone Age to de Islamic period. Several foreign institutions recently anaa dem currently involve am for salvage archaeology insyd for de region insyd under de umbrella Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP). Among dem be ACACIA project University of Cologne, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum Expedition (GAME), Polish Academy of Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, de Italian Institute give Africa den de Orient (IsIAO), de University College London, de Sudan Archaeological Research Society, de Hungarian Meroe Foundation, University of California at Santa Barbara - Arizona State University consortium, den de Oriental Institute Museum of de University of Chicago. Demma main problems be de shortness of de remaining time den limited funding. Unlike de large UNESCO campaign wey dem conduct for Egypt insyd before de completion of de Aswan High Dam, wen dem fi document more dan a thousand archaeological sites den dem move complete buildings to prevent dem from drowning for Lake Nasser ein floods insyd, dem much moe restrict work at de 4th cataract. Since 2006, de archaeologists wey dey work give de Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project becam accused by environmental den human rights activists as well as de representatives of de affected pippoe of facilitating de political legitimatization of de project. De archaeologists wey dey work give de dam project find demselves for an ethical dilemma insyd since dem dey undertake salvage excavations while de local pippoe dey for opposition insyd to de building of de dam dat dey necessitate both demma resettlement den de archaeological campaign. Historian Runoko Rashidi issue a statement for solidarity insyd plus Sudanese Nubians wey dey protest de dams den dem bell am give a halt to demma construction. == Political impact == === International === Dem fix usage rights to de waters of de Nile for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd, wey dem negotiate am by de British for 1959 insyd. E dey allot 82 percent of de water volume to Egypt, while dem grant Sudan de rights to de remaining 18 percent. None of de riparian countries further upstream for de Nile basin insyd—Ethiopia, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya den Tanzania—dem entitle am to any significant use of de water, be e give irrigation (of particular interest to Ethiopia den Kenya) anaa hydropower (Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda). As Sudan rydee dey push forward to make use of ein water allotment, dem countries begin to bell give a revision of de treaty, wey e argue say—plus de exception of Ethiopia—dem all already dey under colonial rule at de time de negotiations take place, den dem no already represent am for demma best interest insyd. Moreova, dem make de decision of distribution of water without any negotiations plus Ethiopia, wey reject de agreement den e be de source of 90% of de water den 96% of transported sediment of de Nile. === Domestic === While a peace treaty dey appear to already stop de fighting for Southern Sudan insyd after almost 20 years, der be no end for sight insyd yet give de civil war for Darfur insyd. More recently, unrest for Nubia insyd as a direct result of de dams den de forced permanent displacement of Nubians from demma homelands dey threaten to erupt into war. A group wey dey bell einself de Nubian Liberation Front dey threaten armed resistance in order to thwart de series of dams along de Nile, den particularly at Kajbar. During de Sudanese civil war (2023–present) for 13 January 2025 top, dem damage de dam ein power station RSF drones, wey e cause a fire at de facility den dey damage a key transformer. De attack sanso cause power outages as far as Shendi, Port Sudan, Atbara den Omdurman. == Environmental impact == === Health === De resettlement area be a vast area plus an expected 50,000–70,000 inhabitants wey go be be going thru a transitional period give a few years before de get acclimatised den dem psychologically adapt to demma new life. Governing by de two eminent health impact experiences of New Halfa resettlement projects den Aswan Dam for Egypt insyd, strategic health planning suppose go start early to foresee wat water born diseases den oda ecological health problems (such as bilharziasis, malaria) dey likely to prevail den to plan how to guard against dat. === Evaporation === De creation of de reservoir lake go increase de surface area of de Nile by about 700 km². Under de climatic conditions at de site, dem fi expect additional evaporation losses of up to 1,500,000,000 m³ per year. Dis dey correspond to about 8% of de total amount of water wey dem allocate to Sudan for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd. b3t3dlnsjvl37y0u43ptkf9chf6ds7g 103329 103328 2026-06-16T18:16:12Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103329 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]] project for [[Africa]] insyd. Dem situate am for de river [[Nile]] top, close to den dey inundate de 4th [[:en:Cataracts_of_the_Nile|Cataract]] wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of [[:en:Electricity|electricity]].<ref>[https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=46505&src=eorss-iotd Merowe Dam, Nile River, Republic of Sudan], NASA Earth Observatory</ref> == Technical details == De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings). E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd. At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms. Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before. Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den fertilizer during de first two years after de resettlement. After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de Nubian desert insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab. According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd, de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd. === Nomads === A significant fraction of de Manasir tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis nomadic population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of real estate purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma symbiotic partners. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == UN Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top Miloon Kothari issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den Kajbar. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk." Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today." Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." == Archaeology == De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. De section between de 4th den 5th cataract—a significant portion of wey dem go inundate am by de reservoir lake—already dey densely populated thru nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little archaeological work dem eva conduct am for dis particular region insyd. Recent surveys confirm de richness den diversity of traceable remains, from de Stone Age to de Islamic period. Several foreign institutions recently anaa dem currently involve am for salvage archaeology insyd for de region insyd under de umbrella Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP). Among dem be ACACIA project University of Cologne, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum Expedition (GAME), Polish Academy of Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, de Italian Institute give Africa den de Orient (IsIAO), de University College London, de Sudan Archaeological Research Society, de Hungarian Meroe Foundation, University of California at Santa Barbara - Arizona State University consortium, den de Oriental Institute Museum of de University of Chicago. Demma main problems be de shortness of de remaining time den limited funding. Unlike de large UNESCO campaign wey dem conduct for Egypt insyd before de completion of de Aswan High Dam, wen dem fi document more dan a thousand archaeological sites den dem move complete buildings to prevent dem from drowning for Lake Nasser ein floods insyd, dem much moe restrict work at de 4th cataract. Since 2006, de archaeologists wey dey work give de Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project becam accused by environmental den human rights activists as well as de representatives of de affected pippoe of facilitating de political legitimatization of de project. De archaeologists wey dey work give de dam project find demselves for an ethical dilemma insyd since dem dey undertake salvage excavations while de local pippoe dey for opposition insyd to de building of de dam dat dey necessitate both demma resettlement den de archaeological campaign. Historian Runoko Rashidi issue a statement for solidarity insyd plus Sudanese Nubians wey dey protest de dams den dem bell am give a halt to demma construction. == Political impact == === International === Dem fix usage rights to de waters of de Nile for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd, wey dem negotiate am by de British for 1959 insyd. E dey allot 82 percent of de water volume to Egypt, while dem grant Sudan de rights to de remaining 18 percent. None of de riparian countries further upstream for de Nile basin insyd—Ethiopia, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya den Tanzania—dem entitle am to any significant use of de water, be e give irrigation (of particular interest to Ethiopia den Kenya) anaa hydropower (Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda). As Sudan rydee dey push forward to make use of ein water allotment, dem countries begin to bell give a revision of de treaty, wey e argue say—plus de exception of Ethiopia—dem all already dey under colonial rule at de time de negotiations take place, den dem no already represent am for demma best interest insyd. Moreova, dem make de decision of distribution of water without any negotiations plus Ethiopia, wey reject de agreement den e be de source of 90% of de water den 96% of transported sediment of de Nile. === Domestic === While a peace treaty dey appear to already stop de fighting for Southern Sudan insyd after almost 20 years, der be no end for sight insyd yet give de civil war for Darfur insyd. More recently, unrest for Nubia insyd as a direct result of de dams den de forced permanent displacement of Nubians from demma homelands dey threaten to erupt into war. A group wey dey bell einself de Nubian Liberation Front dey threaten armed resistance in order to thwart de series of dams along de Nile, den particularly at Kajbar. During de Sudanese civil war (2023–present) for 13 January 2025 top, dem damage de dam ein power station RSF drones, wey e cause a fire at de facility den dey damage a key transformer. De attack sanso cause power outages as far as Shendi, Port Sudan, Atbara den Omdurman. == Environmental impact == === Health === De resettlement area be a vast area plus an expected 50,000–70,000 inhabitants wey go be be going thru a transitional period give a few years before de get acclimatised den dem psychologically adapt to demma new life. Governing by de two eminent health impact experiences of New Halfa resettlement projects den Aswan Dam for Egypt insyd, strategic health planning suppose go start early to foresee wat water born diseases den oda ecological health problems (such as bilharziasis, malaria) dey likely to prevail den to plan how to guard against dat. === Evaporation === De creation of de reservoir lake go increase de surface area of de Nile by about 700 km². Under de climatic conditions at de site, dem fi expect additional evaporation losses of up to 1,500,000,000 m³ per year. Dis dey correspond to about 8% of de total amount of water wey dem allocate to Sudan for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd. == References == ad0pvbhynuga2elzp18hka0418g417t 103330 103329 2026-06-16T18:17:31Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103330 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]] project for [[Africa]] insyd. Dem situate am for de river [[Nile]] top, close to den dey inundate de 4th [[:en:Cataracts_of_the_Nile|Cataract]] wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of [[:en:Electricity|electricity]].<ref>[https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=46505&src=eorss-iotd Merowe Dam, Nile River, Republic of Sudan], NASA Earth Observatory</ref> == Technical details == De [[:en:Dam|dam]] get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings).<ref name="structure">{{cite web |title=Merowe Dam: Structure |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306175208/http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |archive-date=2017-03-06 |access-date=2012-11-16}}</ref> E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, Egypt decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den Nasser Lake. De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd. At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms. Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before. Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den fertilizer during de first two years after de resettlement. After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de Nubian desert insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab. According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd, de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd. === Nomads === A significant fraction of de Manasir tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis nomadic population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of real estate purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma symbiotic partners. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == UN Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top Miloon Kothari issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den Kajbar. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk." Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today." Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." == Archaeology == De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. De section between de 4th den 5th cataract—a significant portion of wey dem go inundate am by de reservoir lake—already dey densely populated thru nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little archaeological work dem eva conduct am for dis particular region insyd. Recent surveys confirm de richness den diversity of traceable remains, from de Stone Age to de Islamic period. Several foreign institutions recently anaa dem currently involve am for salvage archaeology insyd for de region insyd under de umbrella Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP). Among dem be ACACIA project University of Cologne, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum Expedition (GAME), Polish Academy of Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, de Italian Institute give Africa den de Orient (IsIAO), de University College London, de Sudan Archaeological Research Society, de Hungarian Meroe Foundation, University of California at Santa Barbara - Arizona State University consortium, den de Oriental Institute Museum of de University of Chicago. Demma main problems be de shortness of de remaining time den limited funding. Unlike de large UNESCO campaign wey dem conduct for Egypt insyd before de completion of de Aswan High Dam, wen dem fi document more dan a thousand archaeological sites den dem move complete buildings to prevent dem from drowning for Lake Nasser ein floods insyd, dem much moe restrict work at de 4th cataract. Since 2006, de archaeologists wey dey work give de Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project becam accused by environmental den human rights activists as well as de representatives of de affected pippoe of facilitating de political legitimatization of de project. De archaeologists wey dey work give de dam project find demselves for an ethical dilemma insyd since dem dey undertake salvage excavations while de local pippoe dey for opposition insyd to de building of de dam dat dey necessitate both demma resettlement den de archaeological campaign. Historian Runoko Rashidi issue a statement for solidarity insyd plus Sudanese Nubians wey dey protest de dams den dem bell am give a halt to demma construction. == Political impact == === International === Dem fix usage rights to de waters of de Nile for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd, wey dem negotiate am by de British for 1959 insyd. E dey allot 82 percent of de water volume to Egypt, while dem grant Sudan de rights to de remaining 18 percent. None of de riparian countries further upstream for de Nile basin insyd—Ethiopia, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya den Tanzania—dem entitle am to any significant use of de water, be e give irrigation (of particular interest to Ethiopia den Kenya) anaa hydropower (Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda). As Sudan rydee dey push forward to make use of ein water allotment, dem countries begin to bell give a revision of de treaty, wey e argue say—plus de exception of Ethiopia—dem all already dey under colonial rule at de time de negotiations take place, den dem no already represent am for demma best interest insyd. Moreova, dem make de decision of distribution of water without any negotiations plus Ethiopia, wey reject de agreement den e be de source of 90% of de water den 96% of transported sediment of de Nile. === Domestic === While a peace treaty dey appear to already stop de fighting for Southern Sudan insyd after almost 20 years, der be no end for sight insyd yet give de civil war for Darfur insyd. More recently, unrest for Nubia insyd as a direct result of de dams den de forced permanent displacement of Nubians from demma homelands dey threaten to erupt into war. A group wey dey bell einself de Nubian Liberation Front dey threaten armed resistance in order to thwart de series of dams along de Nile, den particularly at Kajbar. During de Sudanese civil war (2023–present) for 13 January 2025 top, dem damage de dam ein power station RSF drones, wey e cause a fire at de facility den dey damage a key transformer. De attack sanso cause power outages as far as Shendi, Port Sudan, Atbara den Omdurman. == Environmental impact == === Health === De resettlement area be a vast area plus an expected 50,000–70,000 inhabitants wey go be be going thru a transitional period give a few years before de get acclimatised den dem psychologically adapt to demma new life. Governing by de two eminent health impact experiences of New Halfa resettlement projects den Aswan Dam for Egypt insyd, strategic health planning suppose go start early to foresee wat water born diseases den oda ecological health problems (such as bilharziasis, malaria) dey likely to prevail den to plan how to guard against dat. === Evaporation === De creation of de reservoir lake go increase de surface area of de Nile by about 700 km². Under de climatic conditions at de site, dem fi expect additional evaporation losses of up to 1,500,000,000 m³ per year. Dis dey correspond to about 8% of de total amount of water wey dem allocate to Sudan for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd. == References == o004mxqeb333vikxuu8j2ub1u494aia 103332 103330 2026-06-16T18:30:23Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103332 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]] project for [[Africa]] insyd. Dem situate am for de river [[Nile]] top, close to den dey inundate de 4th [[:en:Cataracts_of_the_Nile|Cataract]] wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of [[:en:Electricity|electricity]].<ref>[https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=46505&src=eorss-iotd Merowe Dam, Nile River, Republic of Sudan], NASA Earth Observatory</ref> == Technical details == De [[:en:Dam|dam]] get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings).<ref name="structure">{{cite web |title=Merowe Dam: Structure |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306175208/http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |archive-date=2017-03-06 |access-date=2012-11-16}}</ref> E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de [[:en:Bayudah_Desert|Bayudah Desert]] to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de [[:en:Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan|Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]] propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing [[:en:Cotton|cotton]] den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve [[:en:Independence|independence]] for [[:en:List_of_countries_by_date_of_nationhood|1956]] insyd, [[Egypt]] decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] den [[:en:Lake_Nasser|Nasser Lake]]. De Sudan military government under [[:en:Gaafar_Nimeiry|Presido Nimeiri]] revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing [[:en:Hydroelectricity|hydroelectricity]] give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, [[:en:Merz_&_McLellan|Merz & McLellan]], GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am. == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd. At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms. Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before. Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den fertilizer during de first two years after de resettlement. After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de Nubian desert insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab. According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd, de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd. === Nomads === A significant fraction of de Manasir tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis nomadic population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of real estate purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma symbiotic partners. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == UN Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top Miloon Kothari issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den Kajbar. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk." Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today." Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." == Archaeology == De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. De section between de 4th den 5th cataract—a significant portion of wey dem go inundate am by de reservoir lake—already dey densely populated thru nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little archaeological work dem eva conduct am for dis particular region insyd. Recent surveys confirm de richness den diversity of traceable remains, from de Stone Age to de Islamic period. Several foreign institutions recently anaa dem currently involve am for salvage archaeology insyd for de region insyd under de umbrella Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP). Among dem be ACACIA project University of Cologne, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum Expedition (GAME), Polish Academy of Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, de Italian Institute give Africa den de Orient (IsIAO), de University College London, de Sudan Archaeological Research Society, de Hungarian Meroe Foundation, University of California at Santa Barbara - Arizona State University consortium, den de Oriental Institute Museum of de University of Chicago. Demma main problems be de shortness of de remaining time den limited funding. Unlike de large UNESCO campaign wey dem conduct for Egypt insyd before de completion of de Aswan High Dam, wen dem fi document more dan a thousand archaeological sites den dem move complete buildings to prevent dem from drowning for Lake Nasser ein floods insyd, dem much moe restrict work at de 4th cataract. Since 2006, de archaeologists wey dey work give de Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project becam accused by environmental den human rights activists as well as de representatives of de affected pippoe of facilitating de political legitimatization of de project. De archaeologists wey dey work give de dam project find demselves for an ethical dilemma insyd since dem dey undertake salvage excavations while de local pippoe dey for opposition insyd to de building of de dam dat dey necessitate both demma resettlement den de archaeological campaign. Historian Runoko Rashidi issue a statement for solidarity insyd plus Sudanese Nubians wey dey protest de dams den dem bell am give a halt to demma construction. == Political impact == === International === Dem fix usage rights to de waters of de Nile for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd, wey dem negotiate am by de British for 1959 insyd. E dey allot 82 percent of de water volume to Egypt, while dem grant Sudan de rights to de remaining 18 percent. None of de riparian countries further upstream for de Nile basin insyd—Ethiopia, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya den Tanzania—dem entitle am to any significant use of de water, be e give irrigation (of particular interest to Ethiopia den Kenya) anaa hydropower (Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda). As Sudan rydee dey push forward to make use of ein water allotment, dem countries begin to bell give a revision of de treaty, wey e argue say—plus de exception of Ethiopia—dem all already dey under colonial rule at de time de negotiations take place, den dem no already represent am for demma best interest insyd. Moreova, dem make de decision of distribution of water without any negotiations plus Ethiopia, wey reject de agreement den e be de source of 90% of de water den 96% of transported sediment of de Nile. === Domestic === While a peace treaty dey appear to already stop de fighting for Southern Sudan insyd after almost 20 years, der be no end for sight insyd yet give de civil war for Darfur insyd. More recently, unrest for Nubia insyd as a direct result of de dams den de forced permanent displacement of Nubians from demma homelands dey threaten to erupt into war. A group wey dey bell einself de Nubian Liberation Front dey threaten armed resistance in order to thwart de series of dams along de Nile, den particularly at Kajbar. During de Sudanese civil war (2023–present) for 13 January 2025 top, dem damage de dam ein power station RSF drones, wey e cause a fire at de facility den dey damage a key transformer. De attack sanso cause power outages as far as Shendi, Port Sudan, Atbara den Omdurman. == Environmental impact == === Health === De resettlement area be a vast area plus an expected 50,000–70,000 inhabitants wey go be be going thru a transitional period give a few years before de get acclimatised den dem psychologically adapt to demma new life. Governing by de two eminent health impact experiences of New Halfa resettlement projects den Aswan Dam for Egypt insyd, strategic health planning suppose go start early to foresee wat water born diseases den oda ecological health problems (such as bilharziasis, malaria) dey likely to prevail den to plan how to guard against dat. === Evaporation === De creation of de reservoir lake go increase de surface area of de Nile by about 700 km². Under de climatic conditions at de site, dem fi expect additional evaporation losses of up to 1,500,000,000 m³ per year. Dis dey correspond to about 8% of de total amount of water wey dem allocate to Sudan for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd. == References == f6s4ouh1kohx534hanpk5kamhioeywz 103333 103332 2026-06-16T18:30:42Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103333 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]] project for [[Africa]] insyd. Dem situate am for de river [[Nile]] top, close to den dey inundate de 4th [[:en:Cataracts_of_the_Nile|Cataract]] wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of [[:en:Electricity|electricity]].<ref>[https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=46505&src=eorss-iotd Merowe Dam, Nile River, Republic of Sudan], NASA Earth Observatory</ref> == Technical details == De [[:en:Dam|dam]] get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings).<ref name="structure">{{cite web |title=Merowe Dam: Structure |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306175208/http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |archive-date=2017-03-06 |access-date=2012-11-16}}</ref> E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de [[:en:Bayudah_Desert|Bayudah Desert]] to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de [[:en:Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan|Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]] propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing [[:en:Cotton|cotton]] den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve [[:en:Independence|independence]] for [[:en:List_of_countries_by_date_of_nationhood|1956]] insyd, [[Egypt]] decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] den [[:en:Lake_Nasser|Nasser Lake]]. De Sudan military government under [[:en:Gaafar_Nimeiry|Presido Nimeiri]] revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing [[:en:Hydroelectricity|hydroelectricity]] give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, [[:en:Merz_&_McLellan|Merz & McLellan]], GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/funding.html}}</ref> == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd. At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms. Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before. Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den fertilizer during de first two years after de resettlement. After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de Nubian desert insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab. According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd, de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd. === Nomads === A significant fraction of de Manasir tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis nomadic population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of real estate purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma symbiotic partners. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == UN Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top Miloon Kothari issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den Kajbar. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk." Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today." Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." == Archaeology == De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. De section between de 4th den 5th cataract—a significant portion of wey dem go inundate am by de reservoir lake—already dey densely populated thru nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little archaeological work dem eva conduct am for dis particular region insyd. Recent surveys confirm de richness den diversity of traceable remains, from de Stone Age to de Islamic period. Several foreign institutions recently anaa dem currently involve am for salvage archaeology insyd for de region insyd under de umbrella Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP). Among dem be ACACIA project University of Cologne, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum Expedition (GAME), Polish Academy of Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, de Italian Institute give Africa den de Orient (IsIAO), de University College London, de Sudan Archaeological Research Society, de Hungarian Meroe Foundation, University of California at Santa Barbara - Arizona State University consortium, den de Oriental Institute Museum of de University of Chicago. Demma main problems be de shortness of de remaining time den limited funding. Unlike de large UNESCO campaign wey dem conduct for Egypt insyd before de completion of de Aswan High Dam, wen dem fi document more dan a thousand archaeological sites den dem move complete buildings to prevent dem from drowning for Lake Nasser ein floods insyd, dem much moe restrict work at de 4th cataract. Since 2006, de archaeologists wey dey work give de Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project becam accused by environmental den human rights activists as well as de representatives of de affected pippoe of facilitating de political legitimatization of de project. De archaeologists wey dey work give de dam project find demselves for an ethical dilemma insyd since dem dey undertake salvage excavations while de local pippoe dey for opposition insyd to de building of de dam dat dey necessitate both demma resettlement den de archaeological campaign. Historian Runoko Rashidi issue a statement for solidarity insyd plus Sudanese Nubians wey dey protest de dams den dem bell am give a halt to demma construction. == Political impact == === International === Dem fix usage rights to de waters of de Nile for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd, wey dem negotiate am by de British for 1959 insyd. E dey allot 82 percent of de water volume to Egypt, while dem grant Sudan de rights to de remaining 18 percent. None of de riparian countries further upstream for de Nile basin insyd—Ethiopia, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya den Tanzania—dem entitle am to any significant use of de water, be e give irrigation (of particular interest to Ethiopia den Kenya) anaa hydropower (Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda). As Sudan rydee dey push forward to make use of ein water allotment, dem countries begin to bell give a revision of de treaty, wey e argue say—plus de exception of Ethiopia—dem all already dey under colonial rule at de time de negotiations take place, den dem no already represent am for demma best interest insyd. Moreova, dem make de decision of distribution of water without any negotiations plus Ethiopia, wey reject de agreement den e be de source of 90% of de water den 96% of transported sediment of de Nile. === Domestic === While a peace treaty dey appear to already stop de fighting for Southern Sudan insyd after almost 20 years, der be no end for sight insyd yet give de civil war for Darfur insyd. More recently, unrest for Nubia insyd as a direct result of de dams den de forced permanent displacement of Nubians from demma homelands dey threaten to erupt into war. A group wey dey bell einself de Nubian Liberation Front dey threaten armed resistance in order to thwart de series of dams along de Nile, den particularly at Kajbar. During de Sudanese civil war (2023–present) for 13 January 2025 top, dem damage de dam ein power station RSF drones, wey e cause a fire at de facility den dey damage a key transformer. De attack sanso cause power outages as far as Shendi, Port Sudan, Atbara den Omdurman. == Environmental impact == === Health === De resettlement area be a vast area plus an expected 50,000–70,000 inhabitants wey go be be going thru a transitional period give a few years before de get acclimatised den dem psychologically adapt to demma new life. Governing by de two eminent health impact experiences of New Halfa resettlement projects den Aswan Dam for Egypt insyd, strategic health planning suppose go start early to foresee wat water born diseases den oda ecological health problems (such as bilharziasis, malaria) dey likely to prevail den to plan how to guard against dat. === Evaporation === De creation of de reservoir lake go increase de surface area of de Nile by about 700 km². Under de climatic conditions at de site, dem fi expect additional evaporation losses of up to 1,500,000,000 m³ per year. Dis dey correspond to about 8% of de total amount of water wey dem allocate to Sudan for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd. == References == 5j1q535hvew013syf4kwddjg0linti5 103334 103333 2026-06-16T18:32:10Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103334 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]] project for [[Africa]] insyd. Dem situate am for de river [[Nile]] top, close to den dey inundate de 4th [[:en:Cataracts_of_the_Nile|Cataract]] wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of [[:en:Electricity|electricity]].<ref>[https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=46505&src=eorss-iotd Merowe Dam, Nile River, Republic of Sudan], NASA Earth Observatory</ref> == Technical details == De [[:en:Dam|dam]] get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings).<ref name="structure">{{cite web |title=Merowe Dam: Structure |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306175208/http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |archive-date=2017-03-06 |access-date=2012-11-16}}</ref> E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de [[:en:Bayudah_Desert|Bayudah Desert]] to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de [[:en:Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan|Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]] propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing [[:en:Cotton|cotton]] den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve [[:en:Independence|independence]] for [[:en:List_of_countries_by_date_of_nationhood|1956]] insyd, [[Egypt]] decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] den [[:en:Lake_Nasser|Nasser Lake]]. De Sudan military government under [[:en:Gaafar_Nimeiry|Presido Nimeiri]] revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing [[:en:Hydroelectricity|hydroelectricity]] give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, [[:en:Merz_&_McLellan|Merz & McLellan]], GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be [[:en:USD|$]]2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – [[:en:USD|$]] 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/funding.html}}</ref> == Benefits == De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average. De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd. At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms. Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before. Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den fertilizer during de first two years after de resettlement. After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de Nubian desert insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab. According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd, de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd. === Nomads === A significant fraction of de Manasir tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis nomadic population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of real estate purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma symbiotic partners. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == UN Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top Miloon Kothari issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den Kajbar. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk." Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today." Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." == Archaeology == De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. De section between de 4th den 5th cataract—a significant portion of wey dem go inundate am by de reservoir lake—already dey densely populated thru nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little archaeological work dem eva conduct am for dis particular region insyd. Recent surveys confirm de richness den diversity of traceable remains, from de Stone Age to de Islamic period. Several foreign institutions recently anaa dem currently involve am for salvage archaeology insyd for de region insyd under de umbrella Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP). Among dem be ACACIA project University of Cologne, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum Expedition (GAME), Polish Academy of Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, de Italian Institute give Africa den de Orient (IsIAO), de University College London, de Sudan Archaeological Research Society, de Hungarian Meroe Foundation, University of California at Santa Barbara - Arizona State University consortium, den de Oriental Institute Museum of de University of Chicago. Demma main problems be de shortness of de remaining time den limited funding. Unlike de large UNESCO campaign wey dem conduct for Egypt insyd before de completion of de Aswan High Dam, wen dem fi document more dan a thousand archaeological sites den dem move complete buildings to prevent dem from drowning for Lake Nasser ein floods insyd, dem much moe restrict work at de 4th cataract. Since 2006, de archaeologists wey dey work give de Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project becam accused by environmental den human rights activists as well as de representatives of de affected pippoe of facilitating de political legitimatization of de project. De archaeologists wey dey work give de dam project find demselves for an ethical dilemma insyd since dem dey undertake salvage excavations while de local pippoe dey for opposition insyd to de building of de dam dat dey necessitate both demma resettlement den de archaeological campaign. Historian Runoko Rashidi issue a statement for solidarity insyd plus Sudanese Nubians wey dey protest de dams den dem bell am give a halt to demma construction. == Political impact == === International === Dem fix usage rights to de waters of de Nile for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd, wey dem negotiate am by de British for 1959 insyd. E dey allot 82 percent of de water volume to Egypt, while dem grant Sudan de rights to de remaining 18 percent. None of de riparian countries further upstream for de Nile basin insyd—Ethiopia, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya den Tanzania—dem entitle am to any significant use of de water, be e give irrigation (of particular interest to Ethiopia den Kenya) anaa hydropower (Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda). As Sudan rydee dey push forward to make use of ein water allotment, dem countries begin to bell give a revision of de treaty, wey e argue say—plus de exception of Ethiopia—dem all already dey under colonial rule at de time de negotiations take place, den dem no already represent am for demma best interest insyd. Moreova, dem make de decision of distribution of water without any negotiations plus Ethiopia, wey reject de agreement den e be de source of 90% of de water den 96% of transported sediment of de Nile. === Domestic === While a peace treaty dey appear to already stop de fighting for Southern Sudan insyd after almost 20 years, der be no end for sight insyd yet give de civil war for Darfur insyd. More recently, unrest for Nubia insyd as a direct result of de dams den de forced permanent displacement of Nubians from demma homelands dey threaten to erupt into war. A group wey dey bell einself de Nubian Liberation Front dey threaten armed resistance in order to thwart de series of dams along de Nile, den particularly at Kajbar. During de Sudanese civil war (2023–present) for 13 January 2025 top, dem damage de dam ein power station RSF drones, wey e cause a fire at de facility den dey damage a key transformer. De attack sanso cause power outages as far as Shendi, Port Sudan, Atbara den Omdurman. == Environmental impact == === Health === De resettlement area be a vast area plus an expected 50,000–70,000 inhabitants wey go be be going thru a transitional period give a few years before de get acclimatised den dem psychologically adapt to demma new life. Governing by de two eminent health impact experiences of New Halfa resettlement projects den Aswan Dam for Egypt insyd, strategic health planning suppose go start early to foresee wat water born diseases den oda ecological health problems (such as bilharziasis, malaria) dey likely to prevail den to plan how to guard against dat. === Evaporation === De creation of de reservoir lake go increase de surface area of de Nile by about 700 km². Under de climatic conditions at de site, dem fi expect additional evaporation losses of up to 1,500,000,000 m³ per year. Dis dey correspond to about 8% of de total amount of water wey dem allocate to Sudan for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd. == References == 8yd27d1d7xb3zyjfuqur5rj7z9yewf6 103335 103334 2026-06-16T18:38:47Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103335 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]] project for [[Africa]] insyd. Dem situate am for de river [[Nile]] top, close to den dey inundate de 4th [[:en:Cataracts_of_the_Nile|Cataract]] wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of [[:en:Electricity|electricity]].<ref>[https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=46505&src=eorss-iotd Merowe Dam, Nile River, Republic of Sudan], NASA Earth Observatory</ref> == Technical details == De [[:en:Dam|dam]] get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings).<ref name="structure">{{cite web |title=Merowe Dam: Structure |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306175208/http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |archive-date=2017-03-06 |access-date=2012-11-16}}</ref> E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de [[:en:Bayudah_Desert|Bayudah Desert]] to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de [[:en:Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan|Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]] propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing [[:en:Cotton|cotton]] den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve [[:en:Independence|independence]] for [[:en:List_of_countries_by_date_of_nationhood|1956]] insyd, [[Egypt]] decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] den [[:en:Lake_Nasser|Nasser Lake]]. De Sudan military government under [[:en:Gaafar_Nimeiry|Presido Nimeiri]] revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing [[:en:Hydroelectricity|hydroelectricity]] give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, [[:en:Merz_&_McLellan|Merz & McLellan]], GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be [[:en:USD|$]]2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – [[:en:USD|$]] 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/funding.html}}</ref> == Benefits == De [[:en:Electrification|electrification]] level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 [[:en:KWh|kWh]] of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de [[:en:OECD|OECD]] average.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2021 |title=Africa :: Sudan — the World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020040/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan |archive-date=January 11, 2021}}</ref> De capital Khartoum den a few large [[:en:Plantations|plantations]] dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de [[:en:Power_grid|national grid]]. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de Blue Nile top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile silt insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd. At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms. Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before. Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den fertilizer during de first two years after de resettlement. After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de Nubian desert insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab. According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd, de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd. === Nomads === A significant fraction of de Manasir tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis nomadic population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of real estate purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma symbiotic partners. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == UN Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top Miloon Kothari issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den Kajbar. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk." Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today." Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." == Archaeology == De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. De section between de 4th den 5th cataract—a significant portion of wey dem go inundate am by de reservoir lake—already dey densely populated thru nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little archaeological work dem eva conduct am for dis particular region insyd. Recent surveys confirm de richness den diversity of traceable remains, from de Stone Age to de Islamic period. Several foreign institutions recently anaa dem currently involve am for salvage archaeology insyd for de region insyd under de umbrella Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP). Among dem be ACACIA project University of Cologne, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum Expedition (GAME), Polish Academy of Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, de Italian Institute give Africa den de Orient (IsIAO), de University College London, de Sudan Archaeological Research Society, de Hungarian Meroe Foundation, University of California at Santa Barbara - Arizona State University consortium, den de Oriental Institute Museum of de University of Chicago. Demma main problems be de shortness of de remaining time den limited funding. Unlike de large UNESCO campaign wey dem conduct for Egypt insyd before de completion of de Aswan High Dam, wen dem fi document more dan a thousand archaeological sites den dem move complete buildings to prevent dem from drowning for Lake Nasser ein floods insyd, dem much moe restrict work at de 4th cataract. Since 2006, de archaeologists wey dey work give de Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project becam accused by environmental den human rights activists as well as de representatives of de affected pippoe of facilitating de political legitimatization of de project. De archaeologists wey dey work give de dam project find demselves for an ethical dilemma insyd since dem dey undertake salvage excavations while de local pippoe dey for opposition insyd to de building of de dam dat dey necessitate both demma resettlement den de archaeological campaign. Historian Runoko Rashidi issue a statement for solidarity insyd plus Sudanese Nubians wey dey protest de dams den dem bell am give a halt to demma construction. == Political impact == === International === Dem fix usage rights to de waters of de Nile for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd, wey dem negotiate am by de British for 1959 insyd. E dey allot 82 percent of de water volume to Egypt, while dem grant Sudan de rights to de remaining 18 percent. None of de riparian countries further upstream for de Nile basin insyd—Ethiopia, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya den Tanzania—dem entitle am to any significant use of de water, be e give irrigation (of particular interest to Ethiopia den Kenya) anaa hydropower (Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda). As Sudan rydee dey push forward to make use of ein water allotment, dem countries begin to bell give a revision of de treaty, wey e argue say—plus de exception of Ethiopia—dem all already dey under colonial rule at de time de negotiations take place, den dem no already represent am for demma best interest insyd. Moreova, dem make de decision of distribution of water without any negotiations plus Ethiopia, wey reject de agreement den e be de source of 90% of de water den 96% of transported sediment of de Nile. === Domestic === While a peace treaty dey appear to already stop de fighting for Southern Sudan insyd after almost 20 years, der be no end for sight insyd yet give de civil war for Darfur insyd. More recently, unrest for Nubia insyd as a direct result of de dams den de forced permanent displacement of Nubians from demma homelands dey threaten to erupt into war. A group wey dey bell einself de Nubian Liberation Front dey threaten armed resistance in order to thwart de series of dams along de Nile, den particularly at Kajbar. During de Sudanese civil war (2023–present) for 13 January 2025 top, dem damage de dam ein power station RSF drones, wey e cause a fire at de facility den dey damage a key transformer. De attack sanso cause power outages as far as Shendi, Port Sudan, Atbara den Omdurman. == Environmental impact == === Health === De resettlement area be a vast area plus an expected 50,000–70,000 inhabitants wey go be be going thru a transitional period give a few years before de get acclimatised den dem psychologically adapt to demma new life. Governing by de two eminent health impact experiences of New Halfa resettlement projects den Aswan Dam for Egypt insyd, strategic health planning suppose go start early to foresee wat water born diseases den oda ecological health problems (such as bilharziasis, malaria) dey likely to prevail den to plan how to guard against dat. === Evaporation === De creation of de reservoir lake go increase de surface area of de Nile by about 700 km². Under de climatic conditions at de site, dem fi expect additional evaporation losses of up to 1,500,000,000 m³ per year. Dis dey correspond to about 8% of de total amount of water wey dem allocate to Sudan for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd. == References == q23lb8dytp996hl9v1rneyghnxikwjg 103336 103335 2026-06-16T18:45:07Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103336 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]] project for [[Africa]] insyd. Dem situate am for de river [[Nile]] top, close to den dey inundate de 4th [[:en:Cataracts_of_the_Nile|Cataract]] wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of [[:en:Electricity|electricity]].<ref>[https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=46505&src=eorss-iotd Merowe Dam, Nile River, Republic of Sudan], NASA Earth Observatory</ref> == Technical details == De [[:en:Dam|dam]] get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings).<ref name="structure">{{cite web |title=Merowe Dam: Structure |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306175208/http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |archive-date=2017-03-06 |access-date=2012-11-16}}</ref> E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de [[:en:Bayudah_Desert|Bayudah Desert]] to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de [[:en:Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan|Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]] propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing [[:en:Cotton|cotton]] den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve [[:en:Independence|independence]] for [[:en:List_of_countries_by_date_of_nationhood|1956]] insyd, [[Egypt]] decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] den [[:en:Lake_Nasser|Nasser Lake]]. De Sudan military government under [[:en:Gaafar_Nimeiry|Presido Nimeiri]] revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing [[:en:Hydroelectricity|hydroelectricity]] give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, [[:en:Merz_&_McLellan|Merz & McLellan]], GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be [[:en:USD|$]]2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – [[:en:USD|$]] 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/funding.html}}</ref> == Benefits == De [[:en:Electrification|electrification]] level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 [[:en:KWh|kWh]] of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de [[:en:OECD|OECD]] average.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2021 |title=Africa :: Sudan — the World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020040/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan |archive-date=January 11, 2021}}</ref> De capital Khartoum den a few large [[:en:Plantations|plantations]] dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de [[:en:Power_grid|national grid]]. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired [[:en:Power_plant|thermal plants]]. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de [[:en:Sennar|Sennar]] (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de [[Blue Nile]] top, wey dem originally design am give [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] purposes rada dan [[:en:Power_generation|power production]]. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent [[:en:Power_outage|blackouts]] [[:en:Power_outage|den brownouts]] sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de [[:en:Manasir|Manasir]], [[:en:Hamadab|Hamadab]] den [[:en:Amri_people|Amri]] tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give [[:en:Beans|beans]] den [[:en:Millet|millet]] de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de [[:en:Date_Cultivation_in_Dar_al-Manasir|groves of date palms]] wey dey grow for de fertile [[:en:Silt|silt]] insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd. At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms. Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before. Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den fertilizer during de first two years after de resettlement. After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de Nubian desert insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab. According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd, de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd. === Nomads === A significant fraction of de Manasir tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis nomadic population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of real estate purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma symbiotic partners. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == UN Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top Miloon Kothari issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den Kajbar. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk." Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today." Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." == Archaeology == De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. De section between de 4th den 5th cataract—a significant portion of wey dem go inundate am by de reservoir lake—already dey densely populated thru nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little archaeological work dem eva conduct am for dis particular region insyd. Recent surveys confirm de richness den diversity of traceable remains, from de Stone Age to de Islamic period. Several foreign institutions recently anaa dem currently involve am for salvage archaeology insyd for de region insyd under de umbrella Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP). Among dem be ACACIA project University of Cologne, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum Expedition (GAME), Polish Academy of Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, de Italian Institute give Africa den de Orient (IsIAO), de University College London, de Sudan Archaeological Research Society, de Hungarian Meroe Foundation, University of California at Santa Barbara - Arizona State University consortium, den de Oriental Institute Museum of de University of Chicago. Demma main problems be de shortness of de remaining time den limited funding. Unlike de large UNESCO campaign wey dem conduct for Egypt insyd before de completion of de Aswan High Dam, wen dem fi document more dan a thousand archaeological sites den dem move complete buildings to prevent dem from drowning for Lake Nasser ein floods insyd, dem much moe restrict work at de 4th cataract. Since 2006, de archaeologists wey dey work give de Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project becam accused by environmental den human rights activists as well as de representatives of de affected pippoe of facilitating de political legitimatization of de project. De archaeologists wey dey work give de dam project find demselves for an ethical dilemma insyd since dem dey undertake salvage excavations while de local pippoe dey for opposition insyd to de building of de dam dat dey necessitate both demma resettlement den de archaeological campaign. Historian Runoko Rashidi issue a statement for solidarity insyd plus Sudanese Nubians wey dey protest de dams den dem bell am give a halt to demma construction. == Political impact == === International === Dem fix usage rights to de waters of de Nile for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd, wey dem negotiate am by de British for 1959 insyd. E dey allot 82 percent of de water volume to Egypt, while dem grant Sudan de rights to de remaining 18 percent. None of de riparian countries further upstream for de Nile basin insyd—Ethiopia, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya den Tanzania—dem entitle am to any significant use of de water, be e give irrigation (of particular interest to Ethiopia den Kenya) anaa hydropower (Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda). As Sudan rydee dey push forward to make use of ein water allotment, dem countries begin to bell give a revision of de treaty, wey e argue say—plus de exception of Ethiopia—dem all already dey under colonial rule at de time de negotiations take place, den dem no already represent am for demma best interest insyd. Moreova, dem make de decision of distribution of water without any negotiations plus Ethiopia, wey reject de agreement den e be de source of 90% of de water den 96% of transported sediment of de Nile. === Domestic === While a peace treaty dey appear to already stop de fighting for Southern Sudan insyd after almost 20 years, der be no end for sight insyd yet give de civil war for Darfur insyd. More recently, unrest for Nubia insyd as a direct result of de dams den de forced permanent displacement of Nubians from demma homelands dey threaten to erupt into war. A group wey dey bell einself de Nubian Liberation Front dey threaten armed resistance in order to thwart de series of dams along de Nile, den particularly at Kajbar. During de Sudanese civil war (2023–present) for 13 January 2025 top, dem damage de dam ein power station RSF drones, wey e cause a fire at de facility den dey damage a key transformer. De attack sanso cause power outages as far as Shendi, Port Sudan, Atbara den Omdurman. == Environmental impact == === Health === De resettlement area be a vast area plus an expected 50,000–70,000 inhabitants wey go be be going thru a transitional period give a few years before de get acclimatised den dem psychologically adapt to demma new life. Governing by de two eminent health impact experiences of New Halfa resettlement projects den Aswan Dam for Egypt insyd, strategic health planning suppose go start early to foresee wat water born diseases den oda ecological health problems (such as bilharziasis, malaria) dey likely to prevail den to plan how to guard against dat. === Evaporation === De creation of de reservoir lake go increase de surface area of de Nile by about 700 km². Under de climatic conditions at de site, dem fi expect additional evaporation losses of up to 1,500,000,000 m³ per year. Dis dey correspond to about 8% of de total amount of water wey dem allocate to Sudan for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd. == References == 3x7btseewyhwseieuz9wn2o81sasecs 103341 103336 2026-06-16T19:06:31Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103341 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]] project for [[Africa]] insyd. Dem situate am for de river [[Nile]] top, close to den dey inundate de 4th [[:en:Cataracts_of_the_Nile|Cataract]] wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of [[:en:Electricity|electricity]].<ref>[https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=46505&src=eorss-iotd Merowe Dam, Nile River, Republic of Sudan], NASA Earth Observatory</ref> == Technical details == De [[:en:Dam|dam]] get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings).<ref name="structure">{{cite web |title=Merowe Dam: Structure |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306175208/http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |archive-date=2017-03-06 |access-date=2012-11-16}}</ref> E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de [[:en:Bayudah_Desert|Bayudah Desert]] to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de [[:en:Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan|Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]] propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing [[:en:Cotton|cotton]] den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve [[:en:Independence|independence]] for [[:en:List_of_countries_by_date_of_nationhood|1956]] insyd, [[Egypt]] decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] den [[:en:Lake_Nasser|Nasser Lake]]. De Sudan military government under [[:en:Gaafar_Nimeiry|Presido Nimeiri]] revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing [[:en:Hydroelectricity|hydroelectricity]] give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, [[:en:Merz_&_McLellan|Merz & McLellan]], GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be [[:en:USD|$]]2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – [[:en:USD|$]] 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/funding.html}}</ref> == Benefits == De [[:en:Electrification|electrification]] level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 [[:en:KWh|kWh]] of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de [[:en:OECD|OECD]] average.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2021 |title=Africa :: Sudan — the World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020040/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan |archive-date=January 11, 2021}}</ref> De capital Khartoum den a few large [[:en:Plantations|plantations]] dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de [[:en:Power_grid|national grid]]. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired [[:en:Power_plant|thermal plants]]. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de [[:en:Sennar|Sennar]] (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de [[Blue Nile]] top, wey dem originally design am give [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] purposes rada dan [[:en:Power_generation|power production]]. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent [[:en:Power_outage|blackouts]] [[:en:Power_outage|den brownouts]] sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de [[:en:Manasir|Manasir]], [[:en:Hamadab|Hamadab]] den [[:en:Amri_people|Amri]] tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give [[:en:Beans|beans]] den [[:en:Millet|millet]] de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de [[:en:Date_Cultivation_in_Dar_al-Manasir|groves of date palms]] wey dey grow for de fertile [[:en:Silt|silt]] insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to [[:en:Wadi_Muqaddam|Wadi Muqaddam]] for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd.<ref name="Hafsass">{{cite journal |last=Hafsaas-Tsakos |first=Henriette |year=2011 |title=Ethical implications of salvage archaeology and dam building: The clash between archaeologists and local people in Dar al-Manasir, Sudan |journal=Journal of Social Archaeology |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=49–76 |doi=10.1177/1469605310388372 |s2cid=147240919}}</ref> At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms. Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before. Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den fertilizer during de first two years after de resettlement. After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de Nubian desert insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab. According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd, de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd. === Nomads === A significant fraction of de Manasir tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis nomadic population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of real estate purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma symbiotic partners. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == UN Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top Miloon Kothari issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den Kajbar. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk." Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today." Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." == Archaeology == De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. De section between de 4th den 5th cataract—a significant portion of wey dem go inundate am by de reservoir lake—already dey densely populated thru nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little archaeological work dem eva conduct am for dis particular region insyd. Recent surveys confirm de richness den diversity of traceable remains, from de Stone Age to de Islamic period. Several foreign institutions recently anaa dem currently involve am for salvage archaeology insyd for de region insyd under de umbrella Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP). Among dem be ACACIA project University of Cologne, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum Expedition (GAME), Polish Academy of Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, de Italian Institute give Africa den de Orient (IsIAO), de University College London, de Sudan Archaeological Research Society, de Hungarian Meroe Foundation, University of California at Santa Barbara - Arizona State University consortium, den de Oriental Institute Museum of de University of Chicago. Demma main problems be de shortness of de remaining time den limited funding. Unlike de large UNESCO campaign wey dem conduct for Egypt insyd before de completion of de Aswan High Dam, wen dem fi document more dan a thousand archaeological sites den dem move complete buildings to prevent dem from drowning for Lake Nasser ein floods insyd, dem much moe restrict work at de 4th cataract. Since 2006, de archaeologists wey dey work give de Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project becam accused by environmental den human rights activists as well as de representatives of de affected pippoe of facilitating de political legitimatization of de project. De archaeologists wey dey work give de dam project find demselves for an ethical dilemma insyd since dem dey undertake salvage excavations while de local pippoe dey for opposition insyd to de building of de dam dat dey necessitate both demma resettlement den de archaeological campaign. Historian Runoko Rashidi issue a statement for solidarity insyd plus Sudanese Nubians wey dey protest de dams den dem bell am give a halt to demma construction. == Political impact == === International === Dem fix usage rights to de waters of de Nile for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd, wey dem negotiate am by de British for 1959 insyd. E dey allot 82 percent of de water volume to Egypt, while dem grant Sudan de rights to de remaining 18 percent. None of de riparian countries further upstream for de Nile basin insyd—Ethiopia, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya den Tanzania—dem entitle am to any significant use of de water, be e give irrigation (of particular interest to Ethiopia den Kenya) anaa hydropower (Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda). As Sudan rydee dey push forward to make use of ein water allotment, dem countries begin to bell give a revision of de treaty, wey e argue say—plus de exception of Ethiopia—dem all already dey under colonial rule at de time de negotiations take place, den dem no already represent am for demma best interest insyd. Moreova, dem make de decision of distribution of water without any negotiations plus Ethiopia, wey reject de agreement den e be de source of 90% of de water den 96% of transported sediment of de Nile. === Domestic === While a peace treaty dey appear to already stop de fighting for Southern Sudan insyd after almost 20 years, der be no end for sight insyd yet give de civil war for Darfur insyd. More recently, unrest for Nubia insyd as a direct result of de dams den de forced permanent displacement of Nubians from demma homelands dey threaten to erupt into war. A group wey dey bell einself de Nubian Liberation Front dey threaten armed resistance in order to thwart de series of dams along de Nile, den particularly at Kajbar. During de Sudanese civil war (2023–present) for 13 January 2025 top, dem damage de dam ein power station RSF drones, wey e cause a fire at de facility den dey damage a key transformer. De attack sanso cause power outages as far as Shendi, Port Sudan, Atbara den Omdurman. == Environmental impact == === Health === De resettlement area be a vast area plus an expected 50,000–70,000 inhabitants wey go be be going thru a transitional period give a few years before de get acclimatised den dem psychologically adapt to demma new life. Governing by de two eminent health impact experiences of New Halfa resettlement projects den Aswan Dam for Egypt insyd, strategic health planning suppose go start early to foresee wat water born diseases den oda ecological health problems (such as bilharziasis, malaria) dey likely to prevail den to plan how to guard against dat. === Evaporation === De creation of de reservoir lake go increase de surface area of de Nile by about 700 km². Under de climatic conditions at de site, dem fi expect additional evaporation losses of up to 1,500,000,000 m³ per year. Dis dey correspond to about 8% of de total amount of water wey dem allocate to Sudan for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd. == References == 69wog8ueh8wgxl52avtuguhsvw6vyqm 103342 103341 2026-06-16T19:08:00Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103342 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]] project for [[Africa]] insyd. Dem situate am for de river [[Nile]] top, close to den dey inundate de 4th [[:en:Cataracts_of_the_Nile|Cataract]] wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of [[:en:Electricity|electricity]].<ref>[https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=46505&src=eorss-iotd Merowe Dam, Nile River, Republic of Sudan], NASA Earth Observatory</ref> == Technical details == De [[:en:Dam|dam]] get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings).<ref name="structure">{{cite web |title=Merowe Dam: Structure |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306175208/http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |archive-date=2017-03-06 |access-date=2012-11-16}}</ref> E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de [[:en:Bayudah_Desert|Bayudah Desert]] to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de [[:en:Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan|Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]] propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing [[:en:Cotton|cotton]] den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve [[:en:Independence|independence]] for [[:en:List_of_countries_by_date_of_nationhood|1956]] insyd, [[Egypt]] decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] den [[:en:Lake_Nasser|Nasser Lake]]. De Sudan military government under [[:en:Gaafar_Nimeiry|Presido Nimeiri]] revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing [[:en:Hydroelectricity|hydroelectricity]] give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, [[:en:Merz_&_McLellan|Merz & McLellan]], GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be [[:en:USD|$]]2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – [[:en:USD|$]] 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/funding.html}}</ref> == Benefits == De [[:en:Electrification|electrification]] level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 [[:en:KWh|kWh]] of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de [[:en:OECD|OECD]] average.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2021 |title=Africa :: Sudan — the World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020040/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan |archive-date=January 11, 2021}}</ref> De capital Khartoum den a few large [[:en:Plantations|plantations]] dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de [[:en:Power_grid|national grid]]. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired [[:en:Power_plant|thermal plants]]. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de [[:en:Sennar|Sennar]] (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de [[Blue Nile]] top, wey dem originally design am give [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] purposes rada dan [[:en:Power_generation|power production]]. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent [[:en:Power_outage|blackouts]] [[:en:Power_outage|den brownouts]] sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de [[:en:Manasir|Manasir]], [[:en:Hamadab|Hamadab]] den [[:en:Amri_people|Amri]] tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give [[:en:Beans|beans]] den [[:en:Millet|millet]] de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de [[:en:Date_Cultivation_in_Dar_al-Manasir|groves of date palms]] wey dey grow for de fertile [[:en:Silt|silt]] insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to [[:en:Wadi_Muqaddam|Wadi Muqaddam]] for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd.<ref name="Hafsass">{{cite journal |last=Hafsaas-Tsakos |first=Henriette |year=2011 |title=Ethical implications of salvage archaeology and dam building: The clash between archaeologists and local people in Dar al-Manasir, Sudan |journal=Journal of Social Archaeology |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=49–76 |doi=10.1177/1469605310388372 |s2cid=147240919}}</ref> At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den [[:en:Date_palm|date palms]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/payments.html}}</ref> Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before. Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den fertilizer during de first two years after de resettlement. After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de Nubian desert insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab. According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd, de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd. === Nomads === A significant fraction of de Manasir tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis nomadic population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of real estate purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma symbiotic partners. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == UN Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top Miloon Kothari issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den Kajbar. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk." Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today." Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." == Archaeology == De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. De section between de 4th den 5th cataract—a significant portion of wey dem go inundate am by de reservoir lake—already dey densely populated thru nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little archaeological work dem eva conduct am for dis particular region insyd. Recent surveys confirm de richness den diversity of traceable remains, from de Stone Age to de Islamic period. Several foreign institutions recently anaa dem currently involve am for salvage archaeology insyd for de region insyd under de umbrella Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP). Among dem be ACACIA project University of Cologne, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum Expedition (GAME), Polish Academy of Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, de Italian Institute give Africa den de Orient (IsIAO), de University College London, de Sudan Archaeological Research Society, de Hungarian Meroe Foundation, University of California at Santa Barbara - Arizona State University consortium, den de Oriental Institute Museum of de University of Chicago. Demma main problems be de shortness of de remaining time den limited funding. Unlike de large UNESCO campaign wey dem conduct for Egypt insyd before de completion of de Aswan High Dam, wen dem fi document more dan a thousand archaeological sites den dem move complete buildings to prevent dem from drowning for Lake Nasser ein floods insyd, dem much moe restrict work at de 4th cataract. Since 2006, de archaeologists wey dey work give de Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project becam accused by environmental den human rights activists as well as de representatives of de affected pippoe of facilitating de political legitimatization of de project. De archaeologists wey dey work give de dam project find demselves for an ethical dilemma insyd since dem dey undertake salvage excavations while de local pippoe dey for opposition insyd to de building of de dam dat dey necessitate both demma resettlement den de archaeological campaign. Historian Runoko Rashidi issue a statement for solidarity insyd plus Sudanese Nubians wey dey protest de dams den dem bell am give a halt to demma construction. == Political impact == === International === Dem fix usage rights to de waters of de Nile for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd, wey dem negotiate am by de British for 1959 insyd. E dey allot 82 percent of de water volume to Egypt, while dem grant Sudan de rights to de remaining 18 percent. None of de riparian countries further upstream for de Nile basin insyd—Ethiopia, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya den Tanzania—dem entitle am to any significant use of de water, be e give irrigation (of particular interest to Ethiopia den Kenya) anaa hydropower (Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda). As Sudan rydee dey push forward to make use of ein water allotment, dem countries begin to bell give a revision of de treaty, wey e argue say—plus de exception of Ethiopia—dem all already dey under colonial rule at de time de negotiations take place, den dem no already represent am for demma best interest insyd. Moreova, dem make de decision of distribution of water without any negotiations plus Ethiopia, wey reject de agreement den e be de source of 90% of de water den 96% of transported sediment of de Nile. === Domestic === While a peace treaty dey appear to already stop de fighting for Southern Sudan insyd after almost 20 years, der be no end for sight insyd yet give de civil war for Darfur insyd. More recently, unrest for Nubia insyd as a direct result of de dams den de forced permanent displacement of Nubians from demma homelands dey threaten to erupt into war. A group wey dey bell einself de Nubian Liberation Front dey threaten armed resistance in order to thwart de series of dams along de Nile, den particularly at Kajbar. During de Sudanese civil war (2023–present) for 13 January 2025 top, dem damage de dam ein power station RSF drones, wey e cause a fire at de facility den dey damage a key transformer. De attack sanso cause power outages as far as Shendi, Port Sudan, Atbara den Omdurman. == Environmental impact == === Health === De resettlement area be a vast area plus an expected 50,000–70,000 inhabitants wey go be be going thru a transitional period give a few years before de get acclimatised den dem psychologically adapt to demma new life. Governing by de two eminent health impact experiences of New Halfa resettlement projects den Aswan Dam for Egypt insyd, strategic health planning suppose go start early to foresee wat water born diseases den oda ecological health problems (such as bilharziasis, malaria) dey likely to prevail den to plan how to guard against dat. === Evaporation === De creation of de reservoir lake go increase de surface area of de Nile by about 700 km². Under de climatic conditions at de site, dem fi expect additional evaporation losses of up to 1,500,000,000 m³ per year. Dis dey correspond to about 8% of de total amount of water wey dem allocate to Sudan for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd. == References == dao7py58e5qk3boix42mbtfiky2r9r8 103343 103342 2026-06-16T19:08:36Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103343 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]] project for [[Africa]] insyd. Dem situate am for de river [[Nile]] top, close to den dey inundate de 4th [[:en:Cataracts_of_the_Nile|Cataract]] wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of [[:en:Electricity|electricity]].<ref>[https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=46505&src=eorss-iotd Merowe Dam, Nile River, Republic of Sudan], NASA Earth Observatory</ref> == Technical details == De [[:en:Dam|dam]] get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings).<ref name="structure">{{cite web |title=Merowe Dam: Structure |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306175208/http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |archive-date=2017-03-06 |access-date=2012-11-16}}</ref> E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de [[:en:Bayudah_Desert|Bayudah Desert]] to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de [[:en:Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan|Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]] propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing [[:en:Cotton|cotton]] den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve [[:en:Independence|independence]] for [[:en:List_of_countries_by_date_of_nationhood|1956]] insyd, [[Egypt]] decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] den [[:en:Lake_Nasser|Nasser Lake]]. De Sudan military government under [[:en:Gaafar_Nimeiry|Presido Nimeiri]] revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing [[:en:Hydroelectricity|hydroelectricity]] give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, [[:en:Merz_&_McLellan|Merz & McLellan]], GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be [[:en:USD|$]]2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – [[:en:USD|$]] 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/funding.html}}</ref> == Benefits == De [[:en:Electrification|electrification]] level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 [[:en:KWh|kWh]] of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de [[:en:OECD|OECD]] average.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2021 |title=Africa :: Sudan — the World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020040/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan |archive-date=January 11, 2021}}</ref> De capital Khartoum den a few large [[:en:Plantations|plantations]] dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de [[:en:Power_grid|national grid]]. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired [[:en:Power_plant|thermal plants]]. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de [[:en:Sennar|Sennar]] (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de [[Blue Nile]] top, wey dem originally design am give [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] purposes rada dan [[:en:Power_generation|power production]]. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent [[:en:Power_outage|blackouts]] [[:en:Power_outage|den brownouts]] sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de [[:en:Manasir|Manasir]], [[:en:Hamadab|Hamadab]] den [[:en:Amri_people|Amri]] tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give [[:en:Beans|beans]] den [[:en:Millet|millet]] de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de [[:en:Date_Cultivation_in_Dar_al-Manasir|groves of date palms]] wey dey grow for de fertile [[:en:Silt|silt]] insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to [[:en:Wadi_Muqaddam|Wadi Muqaddam]] for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd.<ref name="Hafsass">{{cite journal |last=Hafsaas-Tsakos |first=Henriette |year=2011 |title=Ethical implications of salvage archaeology and dam building: The clash between archaeologists and local people in Dar al-Manasir, Sudan |journal=Journal of Social Archaeology |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=49–76 |doi=10.1177/1469605310388372 |s2cid=147240919}}</ref> At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den [[:en:Date_palm|date palms]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/payments.html}}</ref> Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before.<ref name="Hafsass" /> Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den fertilizer during de first two years after de resettlement. After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de Nubian desert insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab. According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd, de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd. === Nomads === A significant fraction of de Manasir tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis nomadic population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of real estate purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma symbiotic partners. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == UN Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top Miloon Kothari issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den Kajbar. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk." Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today." Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." == Archaeology == De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. De section between de 4th den 5th cataract—a significant portion of wey dem go inundate am by de reservoir lake—already dey densely populated thru nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little archaeological work dem eva conduct am for dis particular region insyd. Recent surveys confirm de richness den diversity of traceable remains, from de Stone Age to de Islamic period. Several foreign institutions recently anaa dem currently involve am for salvage archaeology insyd for de region insyd under de umbrella Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP). Among dem be ACACIA project University of Cologne, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum Expedition (GAME), Polish Academy of Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, de Italian Institute give Africa den de Orient (IsIAO), de University College London, de Sudan Archaeological Research Society, de Hungarian Meroe Foundation, University of California at Santa Barbara - Arizona State University consortium, den de Oriental Institute Museum of de University of Chicago. Demma main problems be de shortness of de remaining time den limited funding. Unlike de large UNESCO campaign wey dem conduct for Egypt insyd before de completion of de Aswan High Dam, wen dem fi document more dan a thousand archaeological sites den dem move complete buildings to prevent dem from drowning for Lake Nasser ein floods insyd, dem much moe restrict work at de 4th cataract. Since 2006, de archaeologists wey dey work give de Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project becam accused by environmental den human rights activists as well as de representatives of de affected pippoe of facilitating de political legitimatization of de project. De archaeologists wey dey work give de dam project find demselves for an ethical dilemma insyd since dem dey undertake salvage excavations while de local pippoe dey for opposition insyd to de building of de dam dat dey necessitate both demma resettlement den de archaeological campaign. Historian Runoko Rashidi issue a statement for solidarity insyd plus Sudanese Nubians wey dey protest de dams den dem bell am give a halt to demma construction. == Political impact == === International === Dem fix usage rights to de waters of de Nile for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd, wey dem negotiate am by de British for 1959 insyd. E dey allot 82 percent of de water volume to Egypt, while dem grant Sudan de rights to de remaining 18 percent. None of de riparian countries further upstream for de Nile basin insyd—Ethiopia, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya den Tanzania—dem entitle am to any significant use of de water, be e give irrigation (of particular interest to Ethiopia den Kenya) anaa hydropower (Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda). As Sudan rydee dey push forward to make use of ein water allotment, dem countries begin to bell give a revision of de treaty, wey e argue say—plus de exception of Ethiopia—dem all already dey under colonial rule at de time de negotiations take place, den dem no already represent am for demma best interest insyd. Moreova, dem make de decision of distribution of water without any negotiations plus Ethiopia, wey reject de agreement den e be de source of 90% of de water den 96% of transported sediment of de Nile. === Domestic === While a peace treaty dey appear to already stop de fighting for Southern Sudan insyd after almost 20 years, der be no end for sight insyd yet give de civil war for Darfur insyd. More recently, unrest for Nubia insyd as a direct result of de dams den de forced permanent displacement of Nubians from demma homelands dey threaten to erupt into war. A group wey dey bell einself de Nubian Liberation Front dey threaten armed resistance in order to thwart de series of dams along de Nile, den particularly at Kajbar. During de Sudanese civil war (2023–present) for 13 January 2025 top, dem damage de dam ein power station RSF drones, wey e cause a fire at de facility den dey damage a key transformer. De attack sanso cause power outages as far as Shendi, Port Sudan, Atbara den Omdurman. == Environmental impact == === Health === De resettlement area be a vast area plus an expected 50,000–70,000 inhabitants wey go be be going thru a transitional period give a few years before de get acclimatised den dem psychologically adapt to demma new life. Governing by de two eminent health impact experiences of New Halfa resettlement projects den Aswan Dam for Egypt insyd, strategic health planning suppose go start early to foresee wat water born diseases den oda ecological health problems (such as bilharziasis, malaria) dey likely to prevail den to plan how to guard against dat. === Evaporation === De creation of de reservoir lake go increase de surface area of de Nile by about 700 km². Under de climatic conditions at de site, dem fi expect additional evaporation losses of up to 1,500,000,000 m³ per year. Dis dey correspond to about 8% of de total amount of water wey dem allocate to Sudan for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd. == References == 8s6lnpkb4mq2n36emqmrjo0jr3kx1p6 103344 103343 2026-06-16T19:09:38Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103344 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]] project for [[Africa]] insyd. Dem situate am for de river [[Nile]] top, close to den dey inundate de 4th [[:en:Cataracts_of_the_Nile|Cataract]] wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of [[:en:Electricity|electricity]].<ref>[https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=46505&src=eorss-iotd Merowe Dam, Nile River, Republic of Sudan], NASA Earth Observatory</ref> == Technical details == De [[:en:Dam|dam]] get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings).<ref name="structure">{{cite web |title=Merowe Dam: Structure |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306175208/http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |archive-date=2017-03-06 |access-date=2012-11-16}}</ref> E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de [[:en:Bayudah_Desert|Bayudah Desert]] to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de [[:en:Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan|Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]] propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing [[:en:Cotton|cotton]] den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve [[:en:Independence|independence]] for [[:en:List_of_countries_by_date_of_nationhood|1956]] insyd, [[Egypt]] decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] den [[:en:Lake_Nasser|Nasser Lake]]. De Sudan military government under [[:en:Gaafar_Nimeiry|Presido Nimeiri]] revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing [[:en:Hydroelectricity|hydroelectricity]] give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, [[:en:Merz_&_McLellan|Merz & McLellan]], GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be [[:en:USD|$]]2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – [[:en:USD|$]] 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/funding.html}}</ref> == Benefits == De [[:en:Electrification|electrification]] level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 [[:en:KWh|kWh]] of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de [[:en:OECD|OECD]] average.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2021 |title=Africa :: Sudan — the World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020040/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan |archive-date=January 11, 2021}}</ref> De capital Khartoum den a few large [[:en:Plantations|plantations]] dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de [[:en:Power_grid|national grid]]. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired [[:en:Power_plant|thermal plants]]. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de [[:en:Sennar|Sennar]] (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de [[Blue Nile]] top, wey dem originally design am give [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] purposes rada dan [[:en:Power_generation|power production]]. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent [[:en:Power_outage|blackouts]] [[:en:Power_outage|den brownouts]] sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de [[:en:Manasir|Manasir]], [[:en:Hamadab|Hamadab]] den [[:en:Amri_people|Amri]] tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give [[:en:Beans|beans]] den [[:en:Millet|millet]] de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de [[:en:Date_Cultivation_in_Dar_al-Manasir|groves of date palms]] wey dey grow for de fertile [[:en:Silt|silt]] insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to [[:en:Wadi_Muqaddam|Wadi Muqaddam]] for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd.<ref name="Hafsass">{{cite journal |last=Hafsaas-Tsakos |first=Henriette |year=2011 |title=Ethical implications of salvage archaeology and dam building: The clash between archaeologists and local people in Dar al-Manasir, Sudan |journal=Journal of Social Archaeology |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=49–76 |doi=10.1177/1469605310388372 |s2cid=147240919}}</ref> At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den [[:en:Date_palm|date palms]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/payments.html}}</ref> Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before.<ref name="Hafsass" /> Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizer]] during de first two years after de resettlement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/new-hamdab.html}}</ref> After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de Nubian desert insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab. According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd, de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd. === Nomads === A significant fraction of de Manasir tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis nomadic population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of real estate purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma symbiotic partners. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == UN Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top Miloon Kothari issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den Kajbar. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk." Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today." Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." == Archaeology == De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. De section between de 4th den 5th cataract—a significant portion of wey dem go inundate am by de reservoir lake—already dey densely populated thru nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little archaeological work dem eva conduct am for dis particular region insyd. Recent surveys confirm de richness den diversity of traceable remains, from de Stone Age to de Islamic period. Several foreign institutions recently anaa dem currently involve am for salvage archaeology insyd for de region insyd under de umbrella Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP). Among dem be ACACIA project University of Cologne, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum Expedition (GAME), Polish Academy of Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, de Italian Institute give Africa den de Orient (IsIAO), de University College London, de Sudan Archaeological Research Society, de Hungarian Meroe Foundation, University of California at Santa Barbara - Arizona State University consortium, den de Oriental Institute Museum of de University of Chicago. Demma main problems be de shortness of de remaining time den limited funding. Unlike de large UNESCO campaign wey dem conduct for Egypt insyd before de completion of de Aswan High Dam, wen dem fi document more dan a thousand archaeological sites den dem move complete buildings to prevent dem from drowning for Lake Nasser ein floods insyd, dem much moe restrict work at de 4th cataract. Since 2006, de archaeologists wey dey work give de Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project becam accused by environmental den human rights activists as well as de representatives of de affected pippoe of facilitating de political legitimatization of de project. De archaeologists wey dey work give de dam project find demselves for an ethical dilemma insyd since dem dey undertake salvage excavations while de local pippoe dey for opposition insyd to de building of de dam dat dey necessitate both demma resettlement den de archaeological campaign. Historian Runoko Rashidi issue a statement for solidarity insyd plus Sudanese Nubians wey dey protest de dams den dem bell am give a halt to demma construction. == Political impact == === International === Dem fix usage rights to de waters of de Nile for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd, wey dem negotiate am by de British for 1959 insyd. E dey allot 82 percent of de water volume to Egypt, while dem grant Sudan de rights to de remaining 18 percent. None of de riparian countries further upstream for de Nile basin insyd—Ethiopia, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya den Tanzania—dem entitle am to any significant use of de water, be e give irrigation (of particular interest to Ethiopia den Kenya) anaa hydropower (Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda). As Sudan rydee dey push forward to make use of ein water allotment, dem countries begin to bell give a revision of de treaty, wey e argue say—plus de exception of Ethiopia—dem all already dey under colonial rule at de time de negotiations take place, den dem no already represent am for demma best interest insyd. Moreova, dem make de decision of distribution of water without any negotiations plus Ethiopia, wey reject de agreement den e be de source of 90% of de water den 96% of transported sediment of de Nile. === Domestic === While a peace treaty dey appear to already stop de fighting for Southern Sudan insyd after almost 20 years, der be no end for sight insyd yet give de civil war for Darfur insyd. More recently, unrest for Nubia insyd as a direct result of de dams den de forced permanent displacement of Nubians from demma homelands dey threaten to erupt into war. A group wey dey bell einself de Nubian Liberation Front dey threaten armed resistance in order to thwart de series of dams along de Nile, den particularly at Kajbar. During de Sudanese civil war (2023–present) for 13 January 2025 top, dem damage de dam ein power station RSF drones, wey e cause a fire at de facility den dey damage a key transformer. De attack sanso cause power outages as far as Shendi, Port Sudan, Atbara den Omdurman. == Environmental impact == === Health === De resettlement area be a vast area plus an expected 50,000–70,000 inhabitants wey go be be going thru a transitional period give a few years before de get acclimatised den dem psychologically adapt to demma new life. Governing by de two eminent health impact experiences of New Halfa resettlement projects den Aswan Dam for Egypt insyd, strategic health planning suppose go start early to foresee wat water born diseases den oda ecological health problems (such as bilharziasis, malaria) dey likely to prevail den to plan how to guard against dat. === Evaporation === De creation of de reservoir lake go increase de surface area of de Nile by about 700 km². Under de climatic conditions at de site, dem fi expect additional evaporation losses of up to 1,500,000,000 m³ per year. Dis dey correspond to about 8% of de total amount of water wey dem allocate to Sudan for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd. == References == ey8gksyt9v7q2liwepu7k6l8g0hip75 103345 103344 2026-06-16T19:10:55Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103345 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]] project for [[Africa]] insyd. Dem situate am for de river [[Nile]] top, close to den dey inundate de 4th [[:en:Cataracts_of_the_Nile|Cataract]] wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of [[:en:Electricity|electricity]].<ref>[https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=46505&src=eorss-iotd Merowe Dam, Nile River, Republic of Sudan], NASA Earth Observatory</ref> == Technical details == De [[:en:Dam|dam]] get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings).<ref name="structure">{{cite web |title=Merowe Dam: Structure |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306175208/http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |archive-date=2017-03-06 |access-date=2012-11-16}}</ref> E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de [[:en:Bayudah_Desert|Bayudah Desert]] to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de [[:en:Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan|Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]] propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing [[:en:Cotton|cotton]] den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve [[:en:Independence|independence]] for [[:en:List_of_countries_by_date_of_nationhood|1956]] insyd, [[Egypt]] decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] den [[:en:Lake_Nasser|Nasser Lake]]. De Sudan military government under [[:en:Gaafar_Nimeiry|Presido Nimeiri]] revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing [[:en:Hydroelectricity|hydroelectricity]] give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, [[:en:Merz_&_McLellan|Merz & McLellan]], GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be [[:en:USD|$]]2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – [[:en:USD|$]] 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/funding.html}}</ref> == Benefits == De [[:en:Electrification|electrification]] level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 [[:en:KWh|kWh]] of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de [[:en:OECD|OECD]] average.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2021 |title=Africa :: Sudan — the World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020040/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan |archive-date=January 11, 2021}}</ref> De capital Khartoum den a few large [[:en:Plantations|plantations]] dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de [[:en:Power_grid|national grid]]. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired [[:en:Power_plant|thermal plants]]. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de [[:en:Sennar|Sennar]] (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de [[Blue Nile]] top, wey dem originally design am give [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] purposes rada dan [[:en:Power_generation|power production]]. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent [[:en:Power_outage|blackouts]] [[:en:Power_outage|den brownouts]] sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de [[:en:Manasir|Manasir]], [[:en:Hamadab|Hamadab]] den [[:en:Amri_people|Amri]] tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give [[:en:Beans|beans]] den [[:en:Millet|millet]] de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de [[:en:Date_Cultivation_in_Dar_al-Manasir|groves of date palms]] wey dey grow for de fertile [[:en:Silt|silt]] insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to [[:en:Wadi_Muqaddam|Wadi Muqaddam]] for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd.<ref name="Hafsass">{{cite journal |last=Hafsaas-Tsakos |first=Henriette |year=2011 |title=Ethical implications of salvage archaeology and dam building: The clash between archaeologists and local people in Dar al-Manasir, Sudan |journal=Journal of Social Archaeology |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=49–76 |doi=10.1177/1469605310388372 |s2cid=147240919}}</ref> At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den [[:en:Date_palm|date palms]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/payments.html}}</ref> Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before.<ref name="Hafsass" /> Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizer]] during de first two years after de resettlement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/new-hamdab.html}}</ref> After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de [[:en:Nubian_Desert|Nubian desert]] insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab.<ref name="dlc.dlib.indiana.edu">Terminski, Bogumil (2013). "Development-Induced Displacement and Resettlement: Theoretical Frameworks and Current Challenges", Indiana University, available at: http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/handle/10535/8833?show=full</ref> According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd, de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd. === Nomads === A significant fraction of de Manasir tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis nomadic population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of real estate purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma symbiotic partners. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == UN Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top Miloon Kothari issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den Kajbar. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk." Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today." Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." == Archaeology == De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. De section between de 4th den 5th cataract—a significant portion of wey dem go inundate am by de reservoir lake—already dey densely populated thru nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little archaeological work dem eva conduct am for dis particular region insyd. Recent surveys confirm de richness den diversity of traceable remains, from de Stone Age to de Islamic period. Several foreign institutions recently anaa dem currently involve am for salvage archaeology insyd for de region insyd under de umbrella Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP). Among dem be ACACIA project University of Cologne, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum Expedition (GAME), Polish Academy of Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, de Italian Institute give Africa den de Orient (IsIAO), de University College London, de Sudan Archaeological Research Society, de Hungarian Meroe Foundation, University of California at Santa Barbara - Arizona State University consortium, den de Oriental Institute Museum of de University of Chicago. Demma main problems be de shortness of de remaining time den limited funding. Unlike de large UNESCO campaign wey dem conduct for Egypt insyd before de completion of de Aswan High Dam, wen dem fi document more dan a thousand archaeological sites den dem move complete buildings to prevent dem from drowning for Lake Nasser ein floods insyd, dem much moe restrict work at de 4th cataract. Since 2006, de archaeologists wey dey work give de Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project becam accused by environmental den human rights activists as well as de representatives of de affected pippoe of facilitating de political legitimatization of de project. De archaeologists wey dey work give de dam project find demselves for an ethical dilemma insyd since dem dey undertake salvage excavations while de local pippoe dey for opposition insyd to de building of de dam dat dey necessitate both demma resettlement den de archaeological campaign. Historian Runoko Rashidi issue a statement for solidarity insyd plus Sudanese Nubians wey dey protest de dams den dem bell am give a halt to demma construction. == Political impact == === International === Dem fix usage rights to de waters of de Nile for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd, wey dem negotiate am by de British for 1959 insyd. E dey allot 82 percent of de water volume to Egypt, while dem grant Sudan de rights to de remaining 18 percent. None of de riparian countries further upstream for de Nile basin insyd—Ethiopia, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya den Tanzania—dem entitle am to any significant use of de water, be e give irrigation (of particular interest to Ethiopia den Kenya) anaa hydropower (Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda). As Sudan rydee dey push forward to make use of ein water allotment, dem countries begin to bell give a revision of de treaty, wey e argue say—plus de exception of Ethiopia—dem all already dey under colonial rule at de time de negotiations take place, den dem no already represent am for demma best interest insyd. Moreova, dem make de decision of distribution of water without any negotiations plus Ethiopia, wey reject de agreement den e be de source of 90% of de water den 96% of transported sediment of de Nile. === Domestic === While a peace treaty dey appear to already stop de fighting for Southern Sudan insyd after almost 20 years, der be no end for sight insyd yet give de civil war for Darfur insyd. More recently, unrest for Nubia insyd as a direct result of de dams den de forced permanent displacement of Nubians from demma homelands dey threaten to erupt into war. A group wey dey bell einself de Nubian Liberation Front dey threaten armed resistance in order to thwart de series of dams along de Nile, den particularly at Kajbar. During de Sudanese civil war (2023–present) for 13 January 2025 top, dem damage de dam ein power station RSF drones, wey e cause a fire at de facility den dey damage a key transformer. De attack sanso cause power outages as far as Shendi, Port Sudan, Atbara den Omdurman. == Environmental impact == === Health === De resettlement area be a vast area plus an expected 50,000–70,000 inhabitants wey go be be going thru a transitional period give a few years before de get acclimatised den dem psychologically adapt to demma new life. Governing by de two eminent health impact experiences of New Halfa resettlement projects den Aswan Dam for Egypt insyd, strategic health planning suppose go start early to foresee wat water born diseases den oda ecological health problems (such as bilharziasis, malaria) dey likely to prevail den to plan how to guard against dat. === Evaporation === De creation of de reservoir lake go increase de surface area of de Nile by about 700 km². Under de climatic conditions at de site, dem fi expect additional evaporation losses of up to 1,500,000,000 m³ per year. Dis dey correspond to about 8% of de total amount of water wey dem allocate to Sudan for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd. == References == 0cf5btry79p0swc3v9a6snfcou4q61q 103346 103345 2026-06-16T19:11:59Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103346 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]] project for [[Africa]] insyd. Dem situate am for de river [[Nile]] top, close to den dey inundate de 4th [[:en:Cataracts_of_the_Nile|Cataract]] wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of [[:en:Electricity|electricity]].<ref>[https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=46505&src=eorss-iotd Merowe Dam, Nile River, Republic of Sudan], NASA Earth Observatory</ref> == Technical details == De [[:en:Dam|dam]] get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings).<ref name="structure">{{cite web |title=Merowe Dam: Structure |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306175208/http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |archive-date=2017-03-06 |access-date=2012-11-16}}</ref> E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de [[:en:Bayudah_Desert|Bayudah Desert]] to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de [[:en:Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan|Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]] propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing [[:en:Cotton|cotton]] den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve [[:en:Independence|independence]] for [[:en:List_of_countries_by_date_of_nationhood|1956]] insyd, [[Egypt]] decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] den [[:en:Lake_Nasser|Nasser Lake]]. De Sudan military government under [[:en:Gaafar_Nimeiry|Presido Nimeiri]] revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing [[:en:Hydroelectricity|hydroelectricity]] give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, [[:en:Merz_&_McLellan|Merz & McLellan]], GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be [[:en:USD|$]]2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – [[:en:USD|$]] 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/funding.html}}</ref> == Benefits == De [[:en:Electrification|electrification]] level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 [[:en:KWh|kWh]] of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de [[:en:OECD|OECD]] average.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2021 |title=Africa :: Sudan — the World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020040/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan |archive-date=January 11, 2021}}</ref> De capital Khartoum den a few large [[:en:Plantations|plantations]] dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de [[:en:Power_grid|national grid]]. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired [[:en:Power_plant|thermal plants]]. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de [[:en:Sennar|Sennar]] (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de [[Blue Nile]] top, wey dem originally design am give [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] purposes rada dan [[:en:Power_generation|power production]]. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent [[:en:Power_outage|blackouts]] [[:en:Power_outage|den brownouts]] sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de [[:en:Manasir|Manasir]], [[:en:Hamadab|Hamadab]] den [[:en:Amri_people|Amri]] tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give [[:en:Beans|beans]] den [[:en:Millet|millet]] de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de [[:en:Date_Cultivation_in_Dar_al-Manasir|groves of date palms]] wey dey grow for de fertile [[:en:Silt|silt]] insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to [[:en:Wadi_Muqaddam|Wadi Muqaddam]] for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd.<ref name="Hafsass">{{cite journal |last=Hafsaas-Tsakos |first=Henriette |year=2011 |title=Ethical implications of salvage archaeology and dam building: The clash between archaeologists and local people in Dar al-Manasir, Sudan |journal=Journal of Social Archaeology |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=49–76 |doi=10.1177/1469605310388372 |s2cid=147240919}}</ref> At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den [[:en:Date_palm|date palms]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/payments.html}}</ref> Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before.<ref name="Hafsass" /> Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizer]] during de first two years after de resettlement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/new-hamdab.html}}</ref> After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de [[:en:Nubian_Desert|Nubian desert]] insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab.<ref name="dlc.dlib.indiana.edu">Terminski, Bogumil (2013). "Development-Induced Displacement and Resettlement: Theoretical Frameworks and Current Challenges", Indiana University, available at: http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/handle/10535/8833?show=full</ref> According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd, de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd.<ref name="dlc.dlib.indiana.edu" /> === Nomads === A significant fraction of de Manasir tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis nomadic population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of real estate purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma symbiotic partners. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == UN Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top Miloon Kothari issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den Kajbar. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk." Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today." Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." == Archaeology == De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. De section between de 4th den 5th cataract—a significant portion of wey dem go inundate am by de reservoir lake—already dey densely populated thru nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little archaeological work dem eva conduct am for dis particular region insyd. Recent surveys confirm de richness den diversity of traceable remains, from de Stone Age to de Islamic period. Several foreign institutions recently anaa dem currently involve am for salvage archaeology insyd for de region insyd under de umbrella Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP). Among dem be ACACIA project University of Cologne, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum Expedition (GAME), Polish Academy of Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, de Italian Institute give Africa den de Orient (IsIAO), de University College London, de Sudan Archaeological Research Society, de Hungarian Meroe Foundation, University of California at Santa Barbara - Arizona State University consortium, den de Oriental Institute Museum of de University of Chicago. Demma main problems be de shortness of de remaining time den limited funding. Unlike de large UNESCO campaign wey dem conduct for Egypt insyd before de completion of de Aswan High Dam, wen dem fi document more dan a thousand archaeological sites den dem move complete buildings to prevent dem from drowning for Lake Nasser ein floods insyd, dem much moe restrict work at de 4th cataract. Since 2006, de archaeologists wey dey work give de Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project becam accused by environmental den human rights activists as well as de representatives of de affected pippoe of facilitating de political legitimatization of de project. De archaeologists wey dey work give de dam project find demselves for an ethical dilemma insyd since dem dey undertake salvage excavations while de local pippoe dey for opposition insyd to de building of de dam dat dey necessitate both demma resettlement den de archaeological campaign. Historian Runoko Rashidi issue a statement for solidarity insyd plus Sudanese Nubians wey dey protest de dams den dem bell am give a halt to demma construction. == Political impact == === International === Dem fix usage rights to de waters of de Nile for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd, wey dem negotiate am by de British for 1959 insyd. E dey allot 82 percent of de water volume to Egypt, while dem grant Sudan de rights to de remaining 18 percent. None of de riparian countries further upstream for de Nile basin insyd—Ethiopia, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya den Tanzania—dem entitle am to any significant use of de water, be e give irrigation (of particular interest to Ethiopia den Kenya) anaa hydropower (Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda). As Sudan rydee dey push forward to make use of ein water allotment, dem countries begin to bell give a revision of de treaty, wey e argue say—plus de exception of Ethiopia—dem all already dey under colonial rule at de time de negotiations take place, den dem no already represent am for demma best interest insyd. Moreova, dem make de decision of distribution of water without any negotiations plus Ethiopia, wey reject de agreement den e be de source of 90% of de water den 96% of transported sediment of de Nile. === Domestic === While a peace treaty dey appear to already stop de fighting for Southern Sudan insyd after almost 20 years, der be no end for sight insyd yet give de civil war for Darfur insyd. More recently, unrest for Nubia insyd as a direct result of de dams den de forced permanent displacement of Nubians from demma homelands dey threaten to erupt into war. A group wey dey bell einself de Nubian Liberation Front dey threaten armed resistance in order to thwart de series of dams along de Nile, den particularly at Kajbar. During de Sudanese civil war (2023–present) for 13 January 2025 top, dem damage de dam ein power station RSF drones, wey e cause a fire at de facility den dey damage a key transformer. De attack sanso cause power outages as far as Shendi, Port Sudan, Atbara den Omdurman. == Environmental impact == === Health === De resettlement area be a vast area plus an expected 50,000–70,000 inhabitants wey go be be going thru a transitional period give a few years before de get acclimatised den dem psychologically adapt to demma new life. Governing by de two eminent health impact experiences of New Halfa resettlement projects den Aswan Dam for Egypt insyd, strategic health planning suppose go start early to foresee wat water born diseases den oda ecological health problems (such as bilharziasis, malaria) dey likely to prevail den to plan how to guard against dat. === Evaporation === De creation of de reservoir lake go increase de surface area of de Nile by about 700 km². Under de climatic conditions at de site, dem fi expect additional evaporation losses of up to 1,500,000,000 m³ per year. Dis dey correspond to about 8% of de total amount of water wey dem allocate to Sudan for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd. == References == f79ln9ivaroamq9yxbox76zgi4pimbq 103347 103346 2026-06-16T19:13:12Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103347 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]] project for [[Africa]] insyd. Dem situate am for de river [[Nile]] top, close to den dey inundate de 4th [[:en:Cataracts_of_the_Nile|Cataract]] wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of [[:en:Electricity|electricity]].<ref>[https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=46505&src=eorss-iotd Merowe Dam, Nile River, Republic of Sudan], NASA Earth Observatory</ref> == Technical details == De [[:en:Dam|dam]] get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings).<ref name="structure">{{cite web |title=Merowe Dam: Structure |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306175208/http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |archive-date=2017-03-06 |access-date=2012-11-16}}</ref> E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de [[:en:Bayudah_Desert|Bayudah Desert]] to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de [[:en:Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan|Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]] propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing [[:en:Cotton|cotton]] den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve [[:en:Independence|independence]] for [[:en:List_of_countries_by_date_of_nationhood|1956]] insyd, [[Egypt]] decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] den [[:en:Lake_Nasser|Nasser Lake]]. De Sudan military government under [[:en:Gaafar_Nimeiry|Presido Nimeiri]] revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing [[:en:Hydroelectricity|hydroelectricity]] give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, [[:en:Merz_&_McLellan|Merz & McLellan]], GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be [[:en:USD|$]]2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – [[:en:USD|$]] 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/funding.html}}</ref> == Benefits == De [[:en:Electrification|electrification]] level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 [[:en:KWh|kWh]] of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de [[:en:OECD|OECD]] average.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2021 |title=Africa :: Sudan — the World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020040/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan |archive-date=January 11, 2021}}</ref> De capital Khartoum den a few large [[:en:Plantations|plantations]] dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de [[:en:Power_grid|national grid]]. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired [[:en:Power_plant|thermal plants]]. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de [[:en:Sennar|Sennar]] (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de [[Blue Nile]] top, wey dem originally design am give [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] purposes rada dan [[:en:Power_generation|power production]]. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent [[:en:Power_outage|blackouts]] [[:en:Power_outage|den brownouts]] sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de [[:en:Manasir|Manasir]], [[:en:Hamadab|Hamadab]] den [[:en:Amri_people|Amri]] tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give [[:en:Beans|beans]] den [[:en:Millet|millet]] de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de [[:en:Date_Cultivation_in_Dar_al-Manasir|groves of date palms]] wey dey grow for de fertile [[:en:Silt|silt]] insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to [[:en:Wadi_Muqaddam|Wadi Muqaddam]] for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd.<ref name="Hafsass">{{cite journal |last=Hafsaas-Tsakos |first=Henriette |year=2011 |title=Ethical implications of salvage archaeology and dam building: The clash between archaeologists and local people in Dar al-Manasir, Sudan |journal=Journal of Social Archaeology |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=49–76 |doi=10.1177/1469605310388372 |s2cid=147240919}}</ref> At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den [[:en:Date_palm|date palms]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/payments.html}}</ref> Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before.<ref name="Hafsass" /> Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizer]] during de first two years after de resettlement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/new-hamdab.html}}</ref> After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de [[:en:Nubian_Desert|Nubian desert]] insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab.<ref name="dlc.dlib.indiana.edu">Terminski, Bogumil (2013). "Development-Induced Displacement and Resettlement: Theoretical Frameworks and Current Challenges", Indiana University, available at: http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/handle/10535/8833?show=full</ref> According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd,<ref>[http://www.irn.org/programs/merowe/index.php?id=050428merowe.html Irn.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060131191119/http://www.irn.org/programs/merowe/index.php?id=050428merowe.html|date=2006-01-31}}</ref> de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd.<ref name="dlc.dlib.indiana.edu" /> === Nomads === A significant fraction of de Manasir tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis nomadic population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of real estate purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma symbiotic partners. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == UN Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top Miloon Kothari issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den Kajbar. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk." Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today." Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." == Archaeology == De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. De section between de 4th den 5th cataract—a significant portion of wey dem go inundate am by de reservoir lake—already dey densely populated thru nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little archaeological work dem eva conduct am for dis particular region insyd. Recent surveys confirm de richness den diversity of traceable remains, from de Stone Age to de Islamic period. Several foreign institutions recently anaa dem currently involve am for salvage archaeology insyd for de region insyd under de umbrella Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP). Among dem be ACACIA project University of Cologne, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum Expedition (GAME), Polish Academy of Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, de Italian Institute give Africa den de Orient (IsIAO), de University College London, de Sudan Archaeological Research Society, de Hungarian Meroe Foundation, University of California at Santa Barbara - Arizona State University consortium, den de Oriental Institute Museum of de University of Chicago. Demma main problems be de shortness of de remaining time den limited funding. Unlike de large UNESCO campaign wey dem conduct for Egypt insyd before de completion of de Aswan High Dam, wen dem fi document more dan a thousand archaeological sites den dem move complete buildings to prevent dem from drowning for Lake Nasser ein floods insyd, dem much moe restrict work at de 4th cataract. Since 2006, de archaeologists wey dey work give de Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project becam accused by environmental den human rights activists as well as de representatives of de affected pippoe of facilitating de political legitimatization of de project. De archaeologists wey dey work give de dam project find demselves for an ethical dilemma insyd since dem dey undertake salvage excavations while de local pippoe dey for opposition insyd to de building of de dam dat dey necessitate both demma resettlement den de archaeological campaign. Historian Runoko Rashidi issue a statement for solidarity insyd plus Sudanese Nubians wey dey protest de dams den dem bell am give a halt to demma construction. == Political impact == === International === Dem fix usage rights to de waters of de Nile for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd, wey dem negotiate am by de British for 1959 insyd. E dey allot 82 percent of de water volume to Egypt, while dem grant Sudan de rights to de remaining 18 percent. None of de riparian countries further upstream for de Nile basin insyd—Ethiopia, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya den Tanzania—dem entitle am to any significant use of de water, be e give irrigation (of particular interest to Ethiopia den Kenya) anaa hydropower (Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda). As Sudan rydee dey push forward to make use of ein water allotment, dem countries begin to bell give a revision of de treaty, wey e argue say—plus de exception of Ethiopia—dem all already dey under colonial rule at de time de negotiations take place, den dem no already represent am for demma best interest insyd. Moreova, dem make de decision of distribution of water without any negotiations plus Ethiopia, wey reject de agreement den e be de source of 90% of de water den 96% of transported sediment of de Nile. === Domestic === While a peace treaty dey appear to already stop de fighting for Southern Sudan insyd after almost 20 years, der be no end for sight insyd yet give de civil war for Darfur insyd. More recently, unrest for Nubia insyd as a direct result of de dams den de forced permanent displacement of Nubians from demma homelands dey threaten to erupt into war. A group wey dey bell einself de Nubian Liberation Front dey threaten armed resistance in order to thwart de series of dams along de Nile, den particularly at Kajbar. During de Sudanese civil war (2023–present) for 13 January 2025 top, dem damage de dam ein power station RSF drones, wey e cause a fire at de facility den dey damage a key transformer. De attack sanso cause power outages as far as Shendi, Port Sudan, Atbara den Omdurman. == Environmental impact == === Health === De resettlement area be a vast area plus an expected 50,000–70,000 inhabitants wey go be be going thru a transitional period give a few years before de get acclimatised den dem psychologically adapt to demma new life. Governing by de two eminent health impact experiences of New Halfa resettlement projects den Aswan Dam for Egypt insyd, strategic health planning suppose go start early to foresee wat water born diseases den oda ecological health problems (such as bilharziasis, malaria) dey likely to prevail den to plan how to guard against dat. === Evaporation === De creation of de reservoir lake go increase de surface area of de Nile by about 700 km². Under de climatic conditions at de site, dem fi expect additional evaporation losses of up to 1,500,000,000 m³ per year. Dis dey correspond to about 8% of de total amount of water wey dem allocate to Sudan for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd. == References == d453aoynef1mh1pn6xw3si0mps6u1i8 103348 103347 2026-06-16T19:16:16Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103348 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]] project for [[Africa]] insyd. Dem situate am for de river [[Nile]] top, close to den dey inundate de 4th [[:en:Cataracts_of_the_Nile|Cataract]] wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of [[:en:Electricity|electricity]].<ref>[https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=46505&src=eorss-iotd Merowe Dam, Nile River, Republic of Sudan], NASA Earth Observatory</ref> == Technical details == De [[:en:Dam|dam]] get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings).<ref name="structure">{{cite web |title=Merowe Dam: Structure |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306175208/http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |archive-date=2017-03-06 |access-date=2012-11-16}}</ref> E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de [[:en:Bayudah_Desert|Bayudah Desert]] to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de [[:en:Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan|Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]] propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing [[:en:Cotton|cotton]] den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve [[:en:Independence|independence]] for [[:en:List_of_countries_by_date_of_nationhood|1956]] insyd, [[Egypt]] decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] den [[:en:Lake_Nasser|Nasser Lake]]. De Sudan military government under [[:en:Gaafar_Nimeiry|Presido Nimeiri]] revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing [[:en:Hydroelectricity|hydroelectricity]] give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, [[:en:Merz_&_McLellan|Merz & McLellan]], GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be [[:en:USD|$]]2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – [[:en:USD|$]] 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/funding.html}}</ref> == Benefits == De [[:en:Electrification|electrification]] level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 [[:en:KWh|kWh]] of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de [[:en:OECD|OECD]] average.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2021 |title=Africa :: Sudan — the World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020040/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan |archive-date=January 11, 2021}}</ref> De capital Khartoum den a few large [[:en:Plantations|plantations]] dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de [[:en:Power_grid|national grid]]. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired [[:en:Power_plant|thermal plants]]. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de [[:en:Sennar|Sennar]] (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de [[Blue Nile]] top, wey dem originally design am give [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] purposes rada dan [[:en:Power_generation|power production]]. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent [[:en:Power_outage|blackouts]] [[:en:Power_outage|den brownouts]] sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de [[:en:Manasir|Manasir]], [[:en:Hamadab|Hamadab]] den [[:en:Amri_people|Amri]] tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give [[:en:Beans|beans]] den [[:en:Millet|millet]] de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de [[:en:Date_Cultivation_in_Dar_al-Manasir|groves of date palms]] wey dey grow for de fertile [[:en:Silt|silt]] insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to [[:en:Wadi_Muqaddam|Wadi Muqaddam]] for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd.<ref name="Hafsass">{{cite journal |last=Hafsaas-Tsakos |first=Henriette |year=2011 |title=Ethical implications of salvage archaeology and dam building: The clash between archaeologists and local people in Dar al-Manasir, Sudan |journal=Journal of Social Archaeology |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=49–76 |doi=10.1177/1469605310388372 |s2cid=147240919}}</ref> At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den [[:en:Date_palm|date palms]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/payments.html}}</ref> Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before.<ref name="Hafsass" /> Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizer]] during de first two years after de resettlement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/new-hamdab.html}}</ref> After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de [[:en:Nubian_Desert|Nubian desert]] insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab.<ref name="dlc.dlib.indiana.edu">Terminski, Bogumil (2013). "Development-Induced Displacement and Resettlement: Theoretical Frameworks and Current Challenges", Indiana University, available at: http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/handle/10535/8833?show=full</ref> According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd,<ref>[http://www.irn.org/programs/merowe/index.php?id=050428merowe.html Irn.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060131191119/http://www.irn.org/programs/merowe/index.php?id=050428merowe.html|date=2006-01-31}}</ref> de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd.<ref name="dlc.dlib.indiana.edu" /> === Nomads === A significant fraction of de [[:en:Manasir|Manasir]] tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of [[:en:Real_estate|real estate]] purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma [[:en:Symbiosis|symbiotic partners]]. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == UN Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top Miloon Kothari issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den Kajbar. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk." Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today." Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." == Archaeology == De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. De section between de 4th den 5th cataract—a significant portion of wey dem go inundate am by de reservoir lake—already dey densely populated thru nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little archaeological work dem eva conduct am for dis particular region insyd. Recent surveys confirm de richness den diversity of traceable remains, from de Stone Age to de Islamic period. Several foreign institutions recently anaa dem currently involve am for salvage archaeology insyd for de region insyd under de umbrella Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP). Among dem be ACACIA project University of Cologne, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum Expedition (GAME), Polish Academy of Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, de Italian Institute give Africa den de Orient (IsIAO), de University College London, de Sudan Archaeological Research Society, de Hungarian Meroe Foundation, University of California at Santa Barbara - Arizona State University consortium, den de Oriental Institute Museum of de University of Chicago. Demma main problems be de shortness of de remaining time den limited funding. Unlike de large UNESCO campaign wey dem conduct for Egypt insyd before de completion of de Aswan High Dam, wen dem fi document more dan a thousand archaeological sites den dem move complete buildings to prevent dem from drowning for Lake Nasser ein floods insyd, dem much moe restrict work at de 4th cataract. Since 2006, de archaeologists wey dey work give de Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project becam accused by environmental den human rights activists as well as de representatives of de affected pippoe of facilitating de political legitimatization of de project. De archaeologists wey dey work give de dam project find demselves for an ethical dilemma insyd since dem dey undertake salvage excavations while de local pippoe dey for opposition insyd to de building of de dam dat dey necessitate both demma resettlement den de archaeological campaign. Historian Runoko Rashidi issue a statement for solidarity insyd plus Sudanese Nubians wey dey protest de dams den dem bell am give a halt to demma construction. == Political impact == === International === Dem fix usage rights to de waters of de Nile for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd, wey dem negotiate am by de British for 1959 insyd. E dey allot 82 percent of de water volume to Egypt, while dem grant Sudan de rights to de remaining 18 percent. None of de riparian countries further upstream for de Nile basin insyd—Ethiopia, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya den Tanzania—dem entitle am to any significant use of de water, be e give irrigation (of particular interest to Ethiopia den Kenya) anaa hydropower (Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda). As Sudan rydee dey push forward to make use of ein water allotment, dem countries begin to bell give a revision of de treaty, wey e argue say—plus de exception of Ethiopia—dem all already dey under colonial rule at de time de negotiations take place, den dem no already represent am for demma best interest insyd. Moreova, dem make de decision of distribution of water without any negotiations plus Ethiopia, wey reject de agreement den e be de source of 90% of de water den 96% of transported sediment of de Nile. === Domestic === While a peace treaty dey appear to already stop de fighting for Southern Sudan insyd after almost 20 years, der be no end for sight insyd yet give de civil war for Darfur insyd. More recently, unrest for Nubia insyd as a direct result of de dams den de forced permanent displacement of Nubians from demma homelands dey threaten to erupt into war. A group wey dey bell einself de Nubian Liberation Front dey threaten armed resistance in order to thwart de series of dams along de Nile, den particularly at Kajbar. During de Sudanese civil war (2023–present) for 13 January 2025 top, dem damage de dam ein power station RSF drones, wey e cause a fire at de facility den dey damage a key transformer. De attack sanso cause power outages as far as Shendi, Port Sudan, Atbara den Omdurman. == Environmental impact == === Health === De resettlement area be a vast area plus an expected 50,000–70,000 inhabitants wey go be be going thru a transitional period give a few years before de get acclimatised den dem psychologically adapt to demma new life. Governing by de two eminent health impact experiences of New Halfa resettlement projects den Aswan Dam for Egypt insyd, strategic health planning suppose go start early to foresee wat water born diseases den oda ecological health problems (such as bilharziasis, malaria) dey likely to prevail den to plan how to guard against dat. === Evaporation === De creation of de reservoir lake go increase de surface area of de Nile by about 700 km². Under de climatic conditions at de site, dem fi expect additional evaporation losses of up to 1,500,000,000 m³ per year. Dis dey correspond to about 8% of de total amount of water wey dem allocate to Sudan for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd. == References == arxyk90gnfq69ktw3vnsxwr1b39r9c6 103349 103348 2026-06-16T19:18:10Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103349 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]] project for [[Africa]] insyd. Dem situate am for de river [[Nile]] top, close to den dey inundate de 4th [[:en:Cataracts_of_the_Nile|Cataract]] wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of [[:en:Electricity|electricity]].<ref>[https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=46505&src=eorss-iotd Merowe Dam, Nile River, Republic of Sudan], NASA Earth Observatory</ref> == Technical details == De [[:en:Dam|dam]] get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings).<ref name="structure">{{cite web |title=Merowe Dam: Structure |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306175208/http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |archive-date=2017-03-06 |access-date=2012-11-16}}</ref> E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de [[:en:Bayudah_Desert|Bayudah Desert]] to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de [[:en:Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan|Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]] propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing [[:en:Cotton|cotton]] den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve [[:en:Independence|independence]] for [[:en:List_of_countries_by_date_of_nationhood|1956]] insyd, [[Egypt]] decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] den [[:en:Lake_Nasser|Nasser Lake]]. De Sudan military government under [[:en:Gaafar_Nimeiry|Presido Nimeiri]] revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing [[:en:Hydroelectricity|hydroelectricity]] give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, [[:en:Merz_&_McLellan|Merz & McLellan]], GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be [[:en:USD|$]]2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – [[:en:USD|$]] 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/funding.html}}</ref> == Benefits == De [[:en:Electrification|electrification]] level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 [[:en:KWh|kWh]] of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de [[:en:OECD|OECD]] average.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2021 |title=Africa :: Sudan — the World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020040/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan |archive-date=January 11, 2021}}</ref> De capital Khartoum den a few large [[:en:Plantations|plantations]] dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de [[:en:Power_grid|national grid]]. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired [[:en:Power_plant|thermal plants]]. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de [[:en:Sennar|Sennar]] (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de [[Blue Nile]] top, wey dem originally design am give [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] purposes rada dan [[:en:Power_generation|power production]]. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent [[:en:Power_outage|blackouts]] [[:en:Power_outage|den brownouts]] sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de [[:en:Manasir|Manasir]], [[:en:Hamadab|Hamadab]] den [[:en:Amri_people|Amri]] tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give [[:en:Beans|beans]] den [[:en:Millet|millet]] de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de [[:en:Date_Cultivation_in_Dar_al-Manasir|groves of date palms]] wey dey grow for de fertile [[:en:Silt|silt]] insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to [[:en:Wadi_Muqaddam|Wadi Muqaddam]] for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd.<ref name="Hafsass">{{cite journal |last=Hafsaas-Tsakos |first=Henriette |year=2011 |title=Ethical implications of salvage archaeology and dam building: The clash between archaeologists and local people in Dar al-Manasir, Sudan |journal=Journal of Social Archaeology |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=49–76 |doi=10.1177/1469605310388372 |s2cid=147240919}}</ref> At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den [[:en:Date_palm|date palms]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/payments.html}}</ref> Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before.<ref name="Hafsass" /> Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizer]] during de first two years after de resettlement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/new-hamdab.html}}</ref> After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de [[:en:Nubian_Desert|Nubian desert]] insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab.<ref name="dlc.dlib.indiana.edu">Terminski, Bogumil (2013). "Development-Induced Displacement and Resettlement: Theoretical Frameworks and Current Challenges", Indiana University, available at: http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/handle/10535/8833?show=full</ref> According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd,<ref>[http://www.irn.org/programs/merowe/index.php?id=050428merowe.html Irn.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060131191119/http://www.irn.org/programs/merowe/index.php?id=050428merowe.html|date=2006-01-31}}</ref> de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd.<ref name="dlc.dlib.indiana.edu" /> === Nomads === A significant fraction of de [[:en:Manasir|Manasir]] tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of [[:en:Real_estate|real estate]] purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma [[:en:Symbiosis|symbiotic partners]]. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == [[:en:United_Nations|UN]] Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top [[:en:Miloon_Kothari|Miloon Kothari]] issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den [[:en:Kajbar_Power_Station|Kajbar]]. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk."<ref name="unrights">{{cite web |date=September 9, 2007 |title=UN rights expert urges suspension to dam projects in northern Sudan |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=23617&Cr=sudan&Cr1 |publisher=[[UN News Centre]]}}</ref> Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today." Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." == Archaeology == De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. De section between de 4th den 5th cataract—a significant portion of wey dem go inundate am by de reservoir lake—already dey densely populated thru nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little archaeological work dem eva conduct am for dis particular region insyd. Recent surveys confirm de richness den diversity of traceable remains, from de Stone Age to de Islamic period. Several foreign institutions recently anaa dem currently involve am for salvage archaeology insyd for de region insyd under de umbrella Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP). Among dem be ACACIA project University of Cologne, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum Expedition (GAME), Polish Academy of Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, de Italian Institute give Africa den de Orient (IsIAO), de University College London, de Sudan Archaeological Research Society, de Hungarian Meroe Foundation, University of California at Santa Barbara - Arizona State University consortium, den de Oriental Institute Museum of de University of Chicago. Demma main problems be de shortness of de remaining time den limited funding. Unlike de large UNESCO campaign wey dem conduct for Egypt insyd before de completion of de Aswan High Dam, wen dem fi document more dan a thousand archaeological sites den dem move complete buildings to prevent dem from drowning for Lake Nasser ein floods insyd, dem much moe restrict work at de 4th cataract. Since 2006, de archaeologists wey dey work give de Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project becam accused by environmental den human rights activists as well as de representatives of de affected pippoe of facilitating de political legitimatization of de project. De archaeologists wey dey work give de dam project find demselves for an ethical dilemma insyd since dem dey undertake salvage excavations while de local pippoe dey for opposition insyd to de building of de dam dat dey necessitate both demma resettlement den de archaeological campaign. Historian Runoko Rashidi issue a statement for solidarity insyd plus Sudanese Nubians wey dey protest de dams den dem bell am give a halt to demma construction. == Political impact == === International === Dem fix usage rights to de waters of de Nile for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd, wey dem negotiate am by de British for 1959 insyd. E dey allot 82 percent of de water volume to Egypt, while dem grant Sudan de rights to de remaining 18 percent. None of de riparian countries further upstream for de Nile basin insyd—Ethiopia, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya den Tanzania—dem entitle am to any significant use of de water, be e give irrigation (of particular interest to Ethiopia den Kenya) anaa hydropower (Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda). As Sudan rydee dey push forward to make use of ein water allotment, dem countries begin to bell give a revision of de treaty, wey e argue say—plus de exception of Ethiopia—dem all already dey under colonial rule at de time de negotiations take place, den dem no already represent am for demma best interest insyd. Moreova, dem make de decision of distribution of water without any negotiations plus Ethiopia, wey reject de agreement den e be de source of 90% of de water den 96% of transported sediment of de Nile. === Domestic === While a peace treaty dey appear to already stop de fighting for Southern Sudan insyd after almost 20 years, der be no end for sight insyd yet give de civil war for Darfur insyd. More recently, unrest for Nubia insyd as a direct result of de dams den de forced permanent displacement of Nubians from demma homelands dey threaten to erupt into war. A group wey dey bell einself de Nubian Liberation Front dey threaten armed resistance in order to thwart de series of dams along de Nile, den particularly at Kajbar. During de Sudanese civil war (2023–present) for 13 January 2025 top, dem damage de dam ein power station RSF drones, wey e cause a fire at de facility den dey damage a key transformer. De attack sanso cause power outages as far as Shendi, Port Sudan, Atbara den Omdurman. == Environmental impact == === Health === De resettlement area be a vast area plus an expected 50,000–70,000 inhabitants wey go be be going thru a transitional period give a few years before de get acclimatised den dem psychologically adapt to demma new life. Governing by de two eminent health impact experiences of New Halfa resettlement projects den Aswan Dam for Egypt insyd, strategic health planning suppose go start early to foresee wat water born diseases den oda ecological health problems (such as bilharziasis, malaria) dey likely to prevail den to plan how to guard against dat. === Evaporation === De creation of de reservoir lake go increase de surface area of de Nile by about 700 km². Under de climatic conditions at de site, dem fi expect additional evaporation losses of up to 1,500,000,000 m³ per year. Dis dey correspond to about 8% of de total amount of water wey dem allocate to Sudan for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd. == References == g51xlktdcgjxhgg1oezlme4e0e7pzc6 103350 103349 2026-06-16T19:19:02Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103350 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]] project for [[Africa]] insyd. Dem situate am for de river [[Nile]] top, close to den dey inundate de 4th [[:en:Cataracts_of_the_Nile|Cataract]] wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of [[:en:Electricity|electricity]].<ref>[https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=46505&src=eorss-iotd Merowe Dam, Nile River, Republic of Sudan], NASA Earth Observatory</ref> == Technical details == De [[:en:Dam|dam]] get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings).<ref name="structure">{{cite web |title=Merowe Dam: Structure |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306175208/http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |archive-date=2017-03-06 |access-date=2012-11-16}}</ref> E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de [[:en:Bayudah_Desert|Bayudah Desert]] to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de [[:en:Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan|Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]] propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing [[:en:Cotton|cotton]] den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve [[:en:Independence|independence]] for [[:en:List_of_countries_by_date_of_nationhood|1956]] insyd, [[Egypt]] decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] den [[:en:Lake_Nasser|Nasser Lake]]. De Sudan military government under [[:en:Gaafar_Nimeiry|Presido Nimeiri]] revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing [[:en:Hydroelectricity|hydroelectricity]] give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, [[:en:Merz_&_McLellan|Merz & McLellan]], GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be [[:en:USD|$]]2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – [[:en:USD|$]] 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/funding.html}}</ref> == Benefits == De [[:en:Electrification|electrification]] level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 [[:en:KWh|kWh]] of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de [[:en:OECD|OECD]] average.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2021 |title=Africa :: Sudan — the World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020040/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan |archive-date=January 11, 2021}}</ref> De capital Khartoum den a few large [[:en:Plantations|plantations]] dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de [[:en:Power_grid|national grid]]. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired [[:en:Power_plant|thermal plants]]. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de [[:en:Sennar|Sennar]] (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de [[Blue Nile]] top, wey dem originally design am give [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] purposes rada dan [[:en:Power_generation|power production]]. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent [[:en:Power_outage|blackouts]] [[:en:Power_outage|den brownouts]] sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de [[:en:Manasir|Manasir]], [[:en:Hamadab|Hamadab]] den [[:en:Amri_people|Amri]] tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give [[:en:Beans|beans]] den [[:en:Millet|millet]] de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de [[:en:Date_Cultivation_in_Dar_al-Manasir|groves of date palms]] wey dey grow for de fertile [[:en:Silt|silt]] insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to [[:en:Wadi_Muqaddam|Wadi Muqaddam]] for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd.<ref name="Hafsass">{{cite journal |last=Hafsaas-Tsakos |first=Henriette |year=2011 |title=Ethical implications of salvage archaeology and dam building: The clash between archaeologists and local people in Dar al-Manasir, Sudan |journal=Journal of Social Archaeology |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=49–76 |doi=10.1177/1469605310388372 |s2cid=147240919}}</ref> At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den [[:en:Date_palm|date palms]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/payments.html}}</ref> Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before.<ref name="Hafsass" /> Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizer]] during de first two years after de resettlement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/new-hamdab.html}}</ref> After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de [[:en:Nubian_Desert|Nubian desert]] insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab.<ref name="dlc.dlib.indiana.edu">Terminski, Bogumil (2013). "Development-Induced Displacement and Resettlement: Theoretical Frameworks and Current Challenges", Indiana University, available at: http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/handle/10535/8833?show=full</ref> According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd,<ref>[http://www.irn.org/programs/merowe/index.php?id=050428merowe.html Irn.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060131191119/http://www.irn.org/programs/merowe/index.php?id=050428merowe.html|date=2006-01-31}}</ref> de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd.<ref name="dlc.dlib.indiana.edu" /> === Nomads === A significant fraction of de [[:en:Manasir|Manasir]] tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of [[:en:Real_estate|real estate]] purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma [[:en:Symbiosis|symbiotic partners]]. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == [[:en:United_Nations|UN]] Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top [[:en:Miloon_Kothari|Miloon Kothari]] issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den [[:en:Kajbar_Power_Station|Kajbar]]. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk."<ref name="unrights">{{cite web |date=September 9, 2007 |title=UN rights expert urges suspension to dam projects in northern Sudan |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=23617&Cr=sudan&Cr1 |publisher=[[UN News Centre]]}}</ref> Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today."<ref name="unrights" /> Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." == Archaeology == De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. De section between de 4th den 5th cataract—a significant portion of wey dem go inundate am by de reservoir lake—already dey densely populated thru nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little archaeological work dem eva conduct am for dis particular region insyd. Recent surveys confirm de richness den diversity of traceable remains, from de Stone Age to de Islamic period. Several foreign institutions recently anaa dem currently involve am for salvage archaeology insyd for de region insyd under de umbrella Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP). Among dem be ACACIA project University of Cologne, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum Expedition (GAME), Polish Academy of Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, de Italian Institute give Africa den de Orient (IsIAO), de University College London, de Sudan Archaeological Research Society, de Hungarian Meroe Foundation, University of California at Santa Barbara - Arizona State University consortium, den de Oriental Institute Museum of de University of Chicago. Demma main problems be de shortness of de remaining time den limited funding. Unlike de large UNESCO campaign wey dem conduct for Egypt insyd before de completion of de Aswan High Dam, wen dem fi document more dan a thousand archaeological sites den dem move complete buildings to prevent dem from drowning for Lake Nasser ein floods insyd, dem much moe restrict work at de 4th cataract. Since 2006, de archaeologists wey dey work give de Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project becam accused by environmental den human rights activists as well as de representatives of de affected pippoe of facilitating de political legitimatization of de project. De archaeologists wey dey work give de dam project find demselves for an ethical dilemma insyd since dem dey undertake salvage excavations while de local pippoe dey for opposition insyd to de building of de dam dat dey necessitate both demma resettlement den de archaeological campaign. Historian Runoko Rashidi issue a statement for solidarity insyd plus Sudanese Nubians wey dey protest de dams den dem bell am give a halt to demma construction. == Political impact == === International === Dem fix usage rights to de waters of de Nile for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd, wey dem negotiate am by de British for 1959 insyd. E dey allot 82 percent of de water volume to Egypt, while dem grant Sudan de rights to de remaining 18 percent. None of de riparian countries further upstream for de Nile basin insyd—Ethiopia, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya den Tanzania—dem entitle am to any significant use of de water, be e give irrigation (of particular interest to Ethiopia den Kenya) anaa hydropower (Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda). As Sudan rydee dey push forward to make use of ein water allotment, dem countries begin to bell give a revision of de treaty, wey e argue say—plus de exception of Ethiopia—dem all already dey under colonial rule at de time de negotiations take place, den dem no already represent am for demma best interest insyd. Moreova, dem make de decision of distribution of water without any negotiations plus Ethiopia, wey reject de agreement den e be de source of 90% of de water den 96% of transported sediment of de Nile. === Domestic === While a peace treaty dey appear to already stop de fighting for Southern Sudan insyd after almost 20 years, der be no end for sight insyd yet give de civil war for Darfur insyd. More recently, unrest for Nubia insyd as a direct result of de dams den de forced permanent displacement of Nubians from demma homelands dey threaten to erupt into war. A group wey dey bell einself de Nubian Liberation Front dey threaten armed resistance in order to thwart de series of dams along de Nile, den particularly at Kajbar. During de Sudanese civil war (2023–present) for 13 January 2025 top, dem damage de dam ein power station RSF drones, wey e cause a fire at de facility den dey damage a key transformer. De attack sanso cause power outages as far as Shendi, Port Sudan, Atbara den Omdurman. == Environmental impact == === Health === De resettlement area be a vast area plus an expected 50,000–70,000 inhabitants wey go be be going thru a transitional period give a few years before de get acclimatised den dem psychologically adapt to demma new life. Governing by de two eminent health impact experiences of New Halfa resettlement projects den Aswan Dam for Egypt insyd, strategic health planning suppose go start early to foresee wat water born diseases den oda ecological health problems (such as bilharziasis, malaria) dey likely to prevail den to plan how to guard against dat. === Evaporation === De creation of de reservoir lake go increase de surface area of de Nile by about 700 km². Under de climatic conditions at de site, dem fi expect additional evaporation losses of up to 1,500,000,000 m³ per year. Dis dey correspond to about 8% of de total amount of water wey dem allocate to Sudan for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd. == References == o28l2qql1v5thzqgnru17sble9ujg9t 103352 103350 2026-06-16T19:21:20Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103352 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]] project for [[Africa]] insyd. Dem situate am for de river [[Nile]] top, close to den dey inundate de 4th [[:en:Cataracts_of_the_Nile|Cataract]] wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of [[:en:Electricity|electricity]].<ref>[https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=46505&src=eorss-iotd Merowe Dam, Nile River, Republic of Sudan], NASA Earth Observatory</ref> == Technical details == De [[:en:Dam|dam]] get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings).<ref name="structure">{{cite web |title=Merowe Dam: Structure |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306175208/http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |archive-date=2017-03-06 |access-date=2012-11-16}}</ref> E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de [[:en:Bayudah_Desert|Bayudah Desert]] to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de [[:en:Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan|Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]] propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing [[:en:Cotton|cotton]] den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve [[:en:Independence|independence]] for [[:en:List_of_countries_by_date_of_nationhood|1956]] insyd, [[Egypt]] decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] den [[:en:Lake_Nasser|Nasser Lake]]. De Sudan military government under [[:en:Gaafar_Nimeiry|Presido Nimeiri]] revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing [[:en:Hydroelectricity|hydroelectricity]] give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, [[:en:Merz_&_McLellan|Merz & McLellan]], GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be [[:en:USD|$]]2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – [[:en:USD|$]] 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/funding.html}}</ref> == Benefits == De [[:en:Electrification|electrification]] level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 [[:en:KWh|kWh]] of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de [[:en:OECD|OECD]] average.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2021 |title=Africa :: Sudan — the World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020040/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan |archive-date=January 11, 2021}}</ref> De capital Khartoum den a few large [[:en:Plantations|plantations]] dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de [[:en:Power_grid|national grid]]. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired [[:en:Power_plant|thermal plants]]. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de [[:en:Sennar|Sennar]] (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de [[Blue Nile]] top, wey dem originally design am give [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] purposes rada dan [[:en:Power_generation|power production]]. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent [[:en:Power_outage|blackouts]] [[:en:Power_outage|den brownouts]] sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de [[:en:Manasir|Manasir]], [[:en:Hamadab|Hamadab]] den [[:en:Amri_people|Amri]] tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give [[:en:Beans|beans]] den [[:en:Millet|millet]] de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de [[:en:Date_Cultivation_in_Dar_al-Manasir|groves of date palms]] wey dey grow for de fertile [[:en:Silt|silt]] insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to [[:en:Wadi_Muqaddam|Wadi Muqaddam]] for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd.<ref name="Hafsass">{{cite journal |last=Hafsaas-Tsakos |first=Henriette |year=2011 |title=Ethical implications of salvage archaeology and dam building: The clash between archaeologists and local people in Dar al-Manasir, Sudan |journal=Journal of Social Archaeology |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=49–76 |doi=10.1177/1469605310388372 |s2cid=147240919}}</ref> At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den [[:en:Date_palm|date palms]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/payments.html}}</ref> Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before.<ref name="Hafsass" /> Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizer]] during de first two years after de resettlement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/new-hamdab.html}}</ref> After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de [[:en:Nubian_Desert|Nubian desert]] insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab.<ref name="dlc.dlib.indiana.edu">Terminski, Bogumil (2013). "Development-Induced Displacement and Resettlement: Theoretical Frameworks and Current Challenges", Indiana University, available at: http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/handle/10535/8833?show=full</ref> According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd,<ref>[http://www.irn.org/programs/merowe/index.php?id=050428merowe.html Irn.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060131191119/http://www.irn.org/programs/merowe/index.php?id=050428merowe.html|date=2006-01-31}}</ref> de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd.<ref name="dlc.dlib.indiana.edu" /> === Nomads === A significant fraction of de [[:en:Manasir|Manasir]] tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of [[:en:Real_estate|real estate]] purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma [[:en:Symbiosis|symbiotic partners]]. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == [[:en:United_Nations|UN]] Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top [[:en:Miloon_Kothari|Miloon Kothari]] issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den [[:en:Kajbar_Power_Station|Kajbar]]. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk."<ref name="unrights">{{cite web |date=September 9, 2007 |title=UN rights expert urges suspension to dam projects in northern Sudan |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=23617&Cr=sudan&Cr1 |publisher=[[UN News Centre]]}}</ref> Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today."<ref name="unrights" /> Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." == Archaeology == <blockquote>''Further information: [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kingdom of Kush]]'' </blockquote>De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. De section between de 4th den 5th cataract—a significant portion of wey dem go inundate am by de reservoir lake—already dey densely populated thru nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little archaeological work dem eva conduct am for dis particular region insyd. Recent surveys confirm de richness den diversity of traceable remains, from de Stone Age to de Islamic period. Several foreign institutions recently anaa dem currently involve am for salvage archaeology insyd for de region insyd under de umbrella Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP). Among dem be ACACIA project University of Cologne, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum Expedition (GAME), Polish Academy of Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, de Italian Institute give Africa den de Orient (IsIAO), de University College London, de Sudan Archaeological Research Society, de Hungarian Meroe Foundation, University of California at Santa Barbara - Arizona State University consortium, den de Oriental Institute Museum of de University of Chicago. Demma main problems be de shortness of de remaining time den limited funding. Unlike de large UNESCO campaign wey dem conduct for Egypt insyd before de completion of de Aswan High Dam, wen dem fi document more dan a thousand archaeological sites den dem move complete buildings to prevent dem from drowning for Lake Nasser ein floods insyd, dem much moe restrict work at de 4th cataract. Since 2006, de archaeologists wey dey work give de Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project becam accused by environmental den human rights activists as well as de representatives of de affected pippoe of facilitating de political legitimatization of de project. De archaeologists wey dey work give de dam project find demselves for an ethical dilemma insyd since dem dey undertake salvage excavations while de local pippoe dey for opposition insyd to de building of de dam dat dey necessitate both demma resettlement den de archaeological campaign. Historian Runoko Rashidi issue a statement for solidarity insyd plus Sudanese Nubians wey dey protest de dams den dem bell am give a halt to demma construction. == Political impact == === International === Dem fix usage rights to de waters of de Nile for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd, wey dem negotiate am by de British for 1959 insyd. E dey allot 82 percent of de water volume to Egypt, while dem grant Sudan de rights to de remaining 18 percent. None of de riparian countries further upstream for de Nile basin insyd—Ethiopia, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya den Tanzania—dem entitle am to any significant use of de water, be e give irrigation (of particular interest to Ethiopia den Kenya) anaa hydropower (Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda). As Sudan rydee dey push forward to make use of ein water allotment, dem countries begin to bell give a revision of de treaty, wey e argue say—plus de exception of Ethiopia—dem all already dey under colonial rule at de time de negotiations take place, den dem no already represent am for demma best interest insyd. Moreova, dem make de decision of distribution of water without any negotiations plus Ethiopia, wey reject de agreement den e be de source of 90% of de water den 96% of transported sediment of de Nile. === Domestic === While a peace treaty dey appear to already stop de fighting for Southern Sudan insyd after almost 20 years, der be no end for sight insyd yet give de civil war for Darfur insyd. More recently, unrest for Nubia insyd as a direct result of de dams den de forced permanent displacement of Nubians from demma homelands dey threaten to erupt into war. A group wey dey bell einself de Nubian Liberation Front dey threaten armed resistance in order to thwart de series of dams along de Nile, den particularly at Kajbar. During de Sudanese civil war (2023–present) for 13 January 2025 top, dem damage de dam ein power station RSF drones, wey e cause a fire at de facility den dey damage a key transformer. De attack sanso cause power outages as far as Shendi, Port Sudan, Atbara den Omdurman. == Environmental impact == === Health === De resettlement area be a vast area plus an expected 50,000–70,000 inhabitants wey go be be going thru a transitional period give a few years before de get acclimatised den dem psychologically adapt to demma new life. Governing by de two eminent health impact experiences of New Halfa resettlement projects den Aswan Dam for Egypt insyd, strategic health planning suppose go start early to foresee wat water born diseases den oda ecological health problems (such as bilharziasis, malaria) dey likely to prevail den to plan how to guard against dat. === Evaporation === De creation of de reservoir lake go increase de surface area of de Nile by about 700 km². Under de climatic conditions at de site, dem fi expect additional evaporation losses of up to 1,500,000,000 m³ per year. Dis dey correspond to about 8% of de total amount of water wey dem allocate to Sudan for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd. == References == kef4x1a5lpmjkqyu6gd919a29hbgkcw 103353 103352 2026-06-16T19:33:30Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103353 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]] project for [[Africa]] insyd. Dem situate am for de river [[Nile]] top, close to den dey inundate de 4th [[:en:Cataracts_of_the_Nile|Cataract]] wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of [[:en:Electricity|electricity]].<ref>[https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=46505&src=eorss-iotd Merowe Dam, Nile River, Republic of Sudan], NASA Earth Observatory</ref> == Technical details == De [[:en:Dam|dam]] get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings).<ref name="structure">{{cite web |title=Merowe Dam: Structure |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306175208/http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |archive-date=2017-03-06 |access-date=2012-11-16}}</ref> E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de [[:en:Bayudah_Desert|Bayudah Desert]] to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de [[:en:Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan|Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]] propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing [[:en:Cotton|cotton]] den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve [[:en:Independence|independence]] for [[:en:List_of_countries_by_date_of_nationhood|1956]] insyd, [[Egypt]] decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] den [[:en:Lake_Nasser|Nasser Lake]]. De Sudan military government under [[:en:Gaafar_Nimeiry|Presido Nimeiri]] revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing [[:en:Hydroelectricity|hydroelectricity]] give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, [[:en:Merz_&_McLellan|Merz & McLellan]], GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be [[:en:USD|$]]2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – [[:en:USD|$]] 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/funding.html}}</ref> == Benefits == De [[:en:Electrification|electrification]] level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 [[:en:KWh|kWh]] of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de [[:en:OECD|OECD]] average.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2021 |title=Africa :: Sudan — the World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020040/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan |archive-date=January 11, 2021}}</ref> De capital Khartoum den a few large [[:en:Plantations|plantations]] dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de [[:en:Power_grid|national grid]]. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired [[:en:Power_plant|thermal plants]]. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de [[:en:Sennar|Sennar]] (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de [[Blue Nile]] top, wey dem originally design am give [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] purposes rada dan [[:en:Power_generation|power production]]. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent [[:en:Power_outage|blackouts]] [[:en:Power_outage|den brownouts]] sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de [[:en:Manasir|Manasir]], [[:en:Hamadab|Hamadab]] den [[:en:Amri_people|Amri]] tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give [[:en:Beans|beans]] den [[:en:Millet|millet]] de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de [[:en:Date_Cultivation_in_Dar_al-Manasir|groves of date palms]] wey dey grow for de fertile [[:en:Silt|silt]] insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to [[:en:Wadi_Muqaddam|Wadi Muqaddam]] for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd.<ref name="Hafsass">{{cite journal |last=Hafsaas-Tsakos |first=Henriette |year=2011 |title=Ethical implications of salvage archaeology and dam building: The clash between archaeologists and local people in Dar al-Manasir, Sudan |journal=Journal of Social Archaeology |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=49–76 |doi=10.1177/1469605310388372 |s2cid=147240919}}</ref> At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den [[:en:Date_palm|date palms]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/payments.html}}</ref> Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before.<ref name="Hafsass" /> Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizer]] during de first two years after de resettlement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/new-hamdab.html}}</ref> After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de [[:en:Nubian_Desert|Nubian desert]] insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab.<ref name="dlc.dlib.indiana.edu">Terminski, Bogumil (2013). "Development-Induced Displacement and Resettlement: Theoretical Frameworks and Current Challenges", Indiana University, available at: http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/handle/10535/8833?show=full</ref> According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd,<ref>[http://www.irn.org/programs/merowe/index.php?id=050428merowe.html Irn.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060131191119/http://www.irn.org/programs/merowe/index.php?id=050428merowe.html|date=2006-01-31}}</ref> de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd.<ref name="dlc.dlib.indiana.edu" /> === Nomads === A significant fraction of de [[:en:Manasir|Manasir]] tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of [[:en:Real_estate|real estate]] purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma [[:en:Symbiosis|symbiotic partners]]. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == [[:en:United_Nations|UN]] Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top [[:en:Miloon_Kothari|Miloon Kothari]] issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den [[:en:Kajbar_Power_Station|Kajbar]]. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk."<ref name="unrights">{{cite web |date=September 9, 2007 |title=UN rights expert urges suspension to dam projects in northern Sudan |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=23617&Cr=sudan&Cr1 |publisher=[[UN News Centre]]}}</ref> Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today."<ref name="unrights" /> Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." == Archaeology == <blockquote>''Further information: [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kingdom of Kush]]'' </blockquote>De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. De section between de 4th den 5th cataract—a significant portion of wey dem go inundate am by de reservoir lake—already dey densely populated thru nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little [[:en:Archaeology|archaeological]] work dem eva conduct am for dis particular region insyd. Recent [[:en:Archaeological_survey|surveys]] confirm de richness den diversity of traceable remains, from de [[:en:Stone_Age|Stone Age]] to de [[:en:History_of_Islam|Islamic period]]. Several foreign institutions recently anaa dem currently involve am for salvage archaeology insyd for de region insyd under de umbrella Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP). Among dem be ACACIA project University of Cologne, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum Expedition (GAME), Polish Academy of Sciences, [[:en:H.U.N.E.|Humboldt University of Berlin]], de Italian Institute give Africa den de Orient (IsIAO), de University College London, de Sudan Archaeological Research Society, de Hungarian Meroe Foundation, University of California at Santa Barbara - Arizona State University consortium, den de Oriental Institute Museum of de University of Chicago. Demma main problems be de shortness of de remaining time den limited funding. Unlike de large [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] campaign wey dem conduct for Egypt insyd before de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_High_Dam|Aswan High Dam]], wen dem fi document more dan a thousand archaeological sites den [[:en:Abu_Simbel|dem move complete buildings]] to prevent dem from drowning for [[:en:Lake_Nasser|Lake Nasser]] [[:en:Lake_Nasser|ein]] floods insyd, dem much moe restrict work at de 4th cataract. Since 2006, de archaeologists wey dey work give de Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project becam accused by environmental den human rights activists as well as de representatives of de affected pippoe of facilitating de political legitimatization of de project. De archaeologists wey dey work give de dam project find demselves for an ethical dilemma insyd since dem dey undertake salvage excavations while de local pippoe dey for opposition insyd to de building of de dam dat dey necessitate both demma resettlement den de archaeological campaign. Historian [[:en:Runoko_Rashidi|Runoko Rashidi]] issue a statement for solidarity insyd plus Sudanese Nubians wey dey protest de dams den dem bell am give a halt to demma construction. == Political impact == === International === Dem fix usage rights to de waters of de Nile for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd, wey dem negotiate am by de British for 1959 insyd. E dey allot 82 percent of de water volume to Egypt, while dem grant Sudan de rights to de remaining 18 percent. None of de riparian countries further upstream for de Nile basin insyd—Ethiopia, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya den Tanzania—dem entitle am to any significant use of de water, be e give irrigation (of particular interest to Ethiopia den Kenya) anaa hydropower (Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda). As Sudan rydee dey push forward to make use of ein water allotment, dem countries begin to bell give a revision of de treaty, wey e argue say—plus de exception of Ethiopia—dem all already dey under colonial rule at de time de negotiations take place, den dem no already represent am for demma best interest insyd. Moreova, dem make de decision of distribution of water without any negotiations plus Ethiopia, wey reject de agreement den e be de source of 90% of de water den 96% of transported sediment of de Nile. === Domestic === While a peace treaty dey appear to already stop de fighting for Southern Sudan insyd after almost 20 years, der be no end for sight insyd yet give de civil war for Darfur insyd. More recently, unrest for Nubia insyd as a direct result of de dams den de forced permanent displacement of Nubians from demma homelands dey threaten to erupt into war. A group wey dey bell einself de Nubian Liberation Front dey threaten armed resistance in order to thwart de series of dams along de Nile, den particularly at Kajbar. During de Sudanese civil war (2023–present) for 13 January 2025 top, dem damage de dam ein power station RSF drones, wey e cause a fire at de facility den dey damage a key transformer. De attack sanso cause power outages as far as Shendi, Port Sudan, Atbara den Omdurman. == Environmental impact == === Health === De resettlement area be a vast area plus an expected 50,000–70,000 inhabitants wey go be be going thru a transitional period give a few years before de get acclimatised den dem psychologically adapt to demma new life. Governing by de two eminent health impact experiences of New Halfa resettlement projects den Aswan Dam for Egypt insyd, strategic health planning suppose go start early to foresee wat water born diseases den oda ecological health problems (such as bilharziasis, malaria) dey likely to prevail den to plan how to guard against dat. === Evaporation === De creation of de reservoir lake go increase de surface area of de Nile by about 700 km². Under de climatic conditions at de site, dem fi expect additional evaporation losses of up to 1,500,000,000 m³ per year. Dis dey correspond to about 8% of de total amount of water wey dem allocate to Sudan for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd. == References == 44scu5tswnrbsg22rcmm0608xrrheos 103354 103353 2026-06-16T19:34:09Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103354 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]] project for [[Africa]] insyd. Dem situate am for de river [[Nile]] top, close to den dey inundate de 4th [[:en:Cataracts_of_the_Nile|Cataract]] wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of [[:en:Electricity|electricity]].<ref>[https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=46505&src=eorss-iotd Merowe Dam, Nile River, Republic of Sudan], NASA Earth Observatory</ref> == Technical details == De [[:en:Dam|dam]] get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings).<ref name="structure">{{cite web |title=Merowe Dam: Structure |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306175208/http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |archive-date=2017-03-06 |access-date=2012-11-16}}</ref> E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de [[:en:Bayudah_Desert|Bayudah Desert]] to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de [[:en:Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan|Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]] propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing [[:en:Cotton|cotton]] den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve [[:en:Independence|independence]] for [[:en:List_of_countries_by_date_of_nationhood|1956]] insyd, [[Egypt]] decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] den [[:en:Lake_Nasser|Nasser Lake]]. De Sudan military government under [[:en:Gaafar_Nimeiry|Presido Nimeiri]] revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing [[:en:Hydroelectricity|hydroelectricity]] give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, [[:en:Merz_&_McLellan|Merz & McLellan]], GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be [[:en:USD|$]]2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – [[:en:USD|$]] 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/funding.html}}</ref> == Benefits == De [[:en:Electrification|electrification]] level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 [[:en:KWh|kWh]] of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de [[:en:OECD|OECD]] average.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2021 |title=Africa :: Sudan — the World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020040/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan |archive-date=January 11, 2021}}</ref> De capital Khartoum den a few large [[:en:Plantations|plantations]] dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de [[:en:Power_grid|national grid]]. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired [[:en:Power_plant|thermal plants]]. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de [[:en:Sennar|Sennar]] (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de [[Blue Nile]] top, wey dem originally design am give [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] purposes rada dan [[:en:Power_generation|power production]]. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent [[:en:Power_outage|blackouts]] [[:en:Power_outage|den brownouts]] sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de [[:en:Manasir|Manasir]], [[:en:Hamadab|Hamadab]] den [[:en:Amri_people|Amri]] tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give [[:en:Beans|beans]] den [[:en:Millet|millet]] de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de [[:en:Date_Cultivation_in_Dar_al-Manasir|groves of date palms]] wey dey grow for de fertile [[:en:Silt|silt]] insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to [[:en:Wadi_Muqaddam|Wadi Muqaddam]] for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd.<ref name="Hafsass">{{cite journal |last=Hafsaas-Tsakos |first=Henriette |year=2011 |title=Ethical implications of salvage archaeology and dam building: The clash between archaeologists and local people in Dar al-Manasir, Sudan |journal=Journal of Social Archaeology |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=49–76 |doi=10.1177/1469605310388372 |s2cid=147240919}}</ref> At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den [[:en:Date_palm|date palms]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/payments.html}}</ref> Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before.<ref name="Hafsass" /> Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizer]] during de first two years after de resettlement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/new-hamdab.html}}</ref> After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de [[:en:Nubian_Desert|Nubian desert]] insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab.<ref name="dlc.dlib.indiana.edu">Terminski, Bogumil (2013). "Development-Induced Displacement and Resettlement: Theoretical Frameworks and Current Challenges", Indiana University, available at: http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/handle/10535/8833?show=full</ref> According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd,<ref>[http://www.irn.org/programs/merowe/index.php?id=050428merowe.html Irn.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060131191119/http://www.irn.org/programs/merowe/index.php?id=050428merowe.html|date=2006-01-31}}</ref> de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd.<ref name="dlc.dlib.indiana.edu" /> === Nomads === A significant fraction of de [[:en:Manasir|Manasir]] tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of [[:en:Real_estate|real estate]] purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma [[:en:Symbiosis|symbiotic partners]]. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == [[:en:United_Nations|UN]] Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top [[:en:Miloon_Kothari|Miloon Kothari]] issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den [[:en:Kajbar_Power_Station|Kajbar]]. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk."<ref name="unrights">{{cite web |date=September 9, 2007 |title=UN rights expert urges suspension to dam projects in northern Sudan |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=23617&Cr=sudan&Cr1 |publisher=[[UN News Centre]]}}</ref> Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today."<ref name="unrights" /> Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." == Archaeology == <blockquote>''Further information: [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kingdom of Kush]]'' </blockquote>De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. De section between de 4th den 5th cataract—a significant portion of wey dem go inundate am by de reservoir lake—already dey densely populated thru nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little [[:en:Archaeology|archaeological]] work dem eva conduct am for dis particular region insyd. Recent [[:en:Archaeological_survey|surveys]] confirm de richness den diversity of traceable remains, from de [[:en:Stone_Age|Stone Age]] to de [[:en:History_of_Islam|Islamic period]]. Several foreign institutions recently anaa dem currently involve am for salvage archaeology insyd for de region insyd under de umbrella Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP). Among dem be ACACIA project University of Cologne, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum Expedition (GAME), Polish Academy of Sciences, [[:en:H.U.N.E.|Humboldt University of Berlin]], de Italian Institute give Africa den de Orient (IsIAO), de University College London, de Sudan Archaeological Research Society, de Hungarian Meroe Foundation, University of California at Santa Barbara - Arizona State University consortium, den de Oriental Institute Museum of de University of Chicago. Demma main problems be de shortness of de remaining time den limited funding. Unlike de large [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] campaign wey dem conduct for Egypt insyd before de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_High_Dam|Aswan High Dam]], wen dem fi document more dan a thousand archaeological sites den [[:en:Abu_Simbel|dem move complete buildings]] to prevent dem from drowning for [[:en:Lake_Nasser|Lake Nasser]] [[:en:Lake_Nasser|ein]] floods insyd, dem much moe restrict work at de 4th cataract. Since 2006, de archaeologists wey dey work give de Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project becam accused by environmental den human rights activists as well as de representatives of de affected pippoe of facilitating de political legitimatization of de project. De archaeologists wey dey work give de dam project find demselves for an ethical dilemma insyd since dem dey undertake salvage excavations while de local pippoe dey for opposition insyd to de building of de dam dat dey necessitate both demma resettlement den de archaeological campaign.<ref name="Hafsass" /> Historian [[:en:Runoko_Rashidi|Runoko Rashidi]] issue a statement for solidarity insyd plus Sudanese Nubians wey dey protest de dams den dem bell am give a halt to demma construction. == Political impact == === International === Dem fix usage rights to de waters of de Nile for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd, wey dem negotiate am by de British for 1959 insyd. E dey allot 82 percent of de water volume to Egypt, while dem grant Sudan de rights to de remaining 18 percent. None of de riparian countries further upstream for de Nile basin insyd—Ethiopia, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya den Tanzania—dem entitle am to any significant use of de water, be e give irrigation (of particular interest to Ethiopia den Kenya) anaa hydropower (Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda). As Sudan rydee dey push forward to make use of ein water allotment, dem countries begin to bell give a revision of de treaty, wey e argue say—plus de exception of Ethiopia—dem all already dey under colonial rule at de time de negotiations take place, den dem no already represent am for demma best interest insyd. Moreova, dem make de decision of distribution of water without any negotiations plus Ethiopia, wey reject de agreement den e be de source of 90% of de water den 96% of transported sediment of de Nile. === Domestic === While a peace treaty dey appear to already stop de fighting for Southern Sudan insyd after almost 20 years, der be no end for sight insyd yet give de civil war for Darfur insyd. More recently, unrest for Nubia insyd as a direct result of de dams den de forced permanent displacement of Nubians from demma homelands dey threaten to erupt into war. A group wey dey bell einself de Nubian Liberation Front dey threaten armed resistance in order to thwart de series of dams along de Nile, den particularly at Kajbar. During de Sudanese civil war (2023–present) for 13 January 2025 top, dem damage de dam ein power station RSF drones, wey e cause a fire at de facility den dey damage a key transformer. De attack sanso cause power outages as far as Shendi, Port Sudan, Atbara den Omdurman. == Environmental impact == === Health === De resettlement area be a vast area plus an expected 50,000–70,000 inhabitants wey go be be going thru a transitional period give a few years before de get acclimatised den dem psychologically adapt to demma new life. Governing by de two eminent health impact experiences of New Halfa resettlement projects den Aswan Dam for Egypt insyd, strategic health planning suppose go start early to foresee wat water born diseases den oda ecological health problems (such as bilharziasis, malaria) dey likely to prevail den to plan how to guard against dat. === Evaporation === De creation of de reservoir lake go increase de surface area of de Nile by about 700 km². Under de climatic conditions at de site, dem fi expect additional evaporation losses of up to 1,500,000,000 m³ per year. Dis dey correspond to about 8% of de total amount of water wey dem allocate to Sudan for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd. == References == m4g5u2k9z0pkyavdrw25hre19ngilop 103355 103354 2026-06-16T19:34:50Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103355 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]] project for [[Africa]] insyd. Dem situate am for de river [[Nile]] top, close to den dey inundate de 4th [[:en:Cataracts_of_the_Nile|Cataract]] wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of [[:en:Electricity|electricity]].<ref>[https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=46505&src=eorss-iotd Merowe Dam, Nile River, Republic of Sudan], NASA Earth Observatory</ref> == Technical details == De [[:en:Dam|dam]] get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings).<ref name="structure">{{cite web |title=Merowe Dam: Structure |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306175208/http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |archive-date=2017-03-06 |access-date=2012-11-16}}</ref> E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de [[:en:Bayudah_Desert|Bayudah Desert]] to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de [[:en:Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan|Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]] propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing [[:en:Cotton|cotton]] den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve [[:en:Independence|independence]] for [[:en:List_of_countries_by_date_of_nationhood|1956]] insyd, [[Egypt]] decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] den [[:en:Lake_Nasser|Nasser Lake]]. De Sudan military government under [[:en:Gaafar_Nimeiry|Presido Nimeiri]] revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing [[:en:Hydroelectricity|hydroelectricity]] give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, [[:en:Merz_&_McLellan|Merz & McLellan]], GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be [[:en:USD|$]]2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – [[:en:USD|$]] 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/funding.html}}</ref> == Benefits == De [[:en:Electrification|electrification]] level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 [[:en:KWh|kWh]] of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de [[:en:OECD|OECD]] average.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2021 |title=Africa :: Sudan — the World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020040/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan |archive-date=January 11, 2021}}</ref> De capital Khartoum den a few large [[:en:Plantations|plantations]] dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de [[:en:Power_grid|national grid]]. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired [[:en:Power_plant|thermal plants]]. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de [[:en:Sennar|Sennar]] (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de [[Blue Nile]] top, wey dem originally design am give [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] purposes rada dan [[:en:Power_generation|power production]]. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent [[:en:Power_outage|blackouts]] [[:en:Power_outage|den brownouts]] sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de [[:en:Manasir|Manasir]], [[:en:Hamadab|Hamadab]] den [[:en:Amri_people|Amri]] tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give [[:en:Beans|beans]] den [[:en:Millet|millet]] de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de [[:en:Date_Cultivation_in_Dar_al-Manasir|groves of date palms]] wey dey grow for de fertile [[:en:Silt|silt]] insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to [[:en:Wadi_Muqaddam|Wadi Muqaddam]] for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd.<ref name="Hafsass">{{cite journal |last=Hafsaas-Tsakos |first=Henriette |year=2011 |title=Ethical implications of salvage archaeology and dam building: The clash between archaeologists and local people in Dar al-Manasir, Sudan |journal=Journal of Social Archaeology |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=49–76 |doi=10.1177/1469605310388372 |s2cid=147240919}}</ref> At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den [[:en:Date_palm|date palms]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/payments.html}}</ref> Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before.<ref name="Hafsass" /> Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizer]] during de first two years after de resettlement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/new-hamdab.html}}</ref> After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de [[:en:Nubian_Desert|Nubian desert]] insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab.<ref name="dlc.dlib.indiana.edu">Terminski, Bogumil (2013). "Development-Induced Displacement and Resettlement: Theoretical Frameworks and Current Challenges", Indiana University, available at: http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/handle/10535/8833?show=full</ref> According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd,<ref>[http://www.irn.org/programs/merowe/index.php?id=050428merowe.html Irn.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060131191119/http://www.irn.org/programs/merowe/index.php?id=050428merowe.html|date=2006-01-31}}</ref> de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd.<ref name="dlc.dlib.indiana.edu" /> === Nomads === A significant fraction of de [[:en:Manasir|Manasir]] tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of [[:en:Real_estate|real estate]] purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma [[:en:Symbiosis|symbiotic partners]]. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == [[:en:United_Nations|UN]] Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top [[:en:Miloon_Kothari|Miloon Kothari]] issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den [[:en:Kajbar_Power_Station|Kajbar]]. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk."<ref name="unrights">{{cite web |date=September 9, 2007 |title=UN rights expert urges suspension to dam projects in northern Sudan |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=23617&Cr=sudan&Cr1 |publisher=[[UN News Centre]]}}</ref> Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today."<ref name="unrights" /> Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." == Archaeology == <blockquote>''Further information: [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kingdom of Kush]]'' </blockquote>De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. De section between de 4th den 5th cataract—a significant portion of wey dem go inundate am by de reservoir lake—already dey densely populated thru nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little [[:en:Archaeology|archaeological]] work dem eva conduct am for dis particular region insyd. Recent [[:en:Archaeological_survey|surveys]] confirm de richness den diversity of traceable remains, from de [[:en:Stone_Age|Stone Age]] to de [[:en:History_of_Islam|Islamic period]]. Several foreign institutions recently anaa dem currently involve am for salvage archaeology insyd for de region insyd under de umbrella Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP). Among dem be ACACIA project University of Cologne, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum Expedition (GAME), Polish Academy of Sciences, [[:en:H.U.N.E.|Humboldt University of Berlin]], de Italian Institute give Africa den de Orient (IsIAO), de University College London, de Sudan Archaeological Research Society, de Hungarian Meroe Foundation, University of California at Santa Barbara - Arizona State University consortium, den de Oriental Institute Museum of de University of Chicago. Demma main problems be de shortness of de remaining time den limited funding. Unlike de large [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] campaign wey dem conduct for Egypt insyd before de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_High_Dam|Aswan High Dam]], wen dem fi document more dan a thousand archaeological sites den [[:en:Abu_Simbel|dem move complete buildings]] to prevent dem from drowning for [[:en:Lake_Nasser|Lake Nasser]] [[:en:Lake_Nasser|ein]] floods insyd, dem much moe restrict work at de 4th cataract. Since 2006, de archaeologists wey dey work give de Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project becam accused by environmental den human rights activists as well as de representatives of de affected pippoe of facilitating de political legitimatization of de project.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sudan's Merowe requests to stop excavating reservoir area |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/Sudan-s-Merowe-requests-to-stop,20457 |work=Sudan Tribune}}</ref> De archaeologists wey dey work give de dam project find demselves for an ethical dilemma insyd since dem dey undertake salvage excavations while de local pippoe dey for opposition insyd to de building of de dam dat dey necessitate both demma resettlement den de archaeological campaign.<ref name="Hafsass" /> Historian [[:en:Runoko_Rashidi|Runoko Rashidi]] issue a statement for solidarity insyd plus Sudanese Nubians wey dey protest de dams den dem bell am give a halt to demma construction. == Political impact == === International === Dem fix usage rights to de waters of de Nile for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd, wey dem negotiate am by de British for 1959 insyd. E dey allot 82 percent of de water volume to Egypt, while dem grant Sudan de rights to de remaining 18 percent. None of de riparian countries further upstream for de Nile basin insyd—Ethiopia, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya den Tanzania—dem entitle am to any significant use of de water, be e give irrigation (of particular interest to Ethiopia den Kenya) anaa hydropower (Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda). As Sudan rydee dey push forward to make use of ein water allotment, dem countries begin to bell give a revision of de treaty, wey e argue say—plus de exception of Ethiopia—dem all already dey under colonial rule at de time de negotiations take place, den dem no already represent am for demma best interest insyd. Moreova, dem make de decision of distribution of water without any negotiations plus Ethiopia, wey reject de agreement den e be de source of 90% of de water den 96% of transported sediment of de Nile. === Domestic === While a peace treaty dey appear to already stop de fighting for Southern Sudan insyd after almost 20 years, der be no end for sight insyd yet give de civil war for Darfur insyd. More recently, unrest for Nubia insyd as a direct result of de dams den de forced permanent displacement of Nubians from demma homelands dey threaten to erupt into war. A group wey dey bell einself de Nubian Liberation Front dey threaten armed resistance in order to thwart de series of dams along de Nile, den particularly at Kajbar. During de Sudanese civil war (2023–present) for 13 January 2025 top, dem damage de dam ein power station RSF drones, wey e cause a fire at de facility den dey damage a key transformer. De attack sanso cause power outages as far as Shendi, Port Sudan, Atbara den Omdurman. == Environmental impact == === Health === De resettlement area be a vast area plus an expected 50,000–70,000 inhabitants wey go be be going thru a transitional period give a few years before de get acclimatised den dem psychologically adapt to demma new life. Governing by de two eminent health impact experiences of New Halfa resettlement projects den Aswan Dam for Egypt insyd, strategic health planning suppose go start early to foresee wat water born diseases den oda ecological health problems (such as bilharziasis, malaria) dey likely to prevail den to plan how to guard against dat. === Evaporation === De creation of de reservoir lake go increase de surface area of de Nile by about 700 km². Under de climatic conditions at de site, dem fi expect additional evaporation losses of up to 1,500,000,000 m³ per year. Dis dey correspond to about 8% of de total amount of water wey dem allocate to Sudan for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd. == References == pn88ffitt41emkgj7t3opyo5mz0jxia 103356 103355 2026-06-16T19:35:14Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103356 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]] project for [[Africa]] insyd. Dem situate am for de river [[Nile]] top, close to den dey inundate de 4th [[:en:Cataracts_of_the_Nile|Cataract]] wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of [[:en:Electricity|electricity]].<ref>[https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=46505&src=eorss-iotd Merowe Dam, Nile River, Republic of Sudan], NASA Earth Observatory</ref> == Technical details == De [[:en:Dam|dam]] get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings).<ref name="structure">{{cite web |title=Merowe Dam: Structure |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306175208/http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |archive-date=2017-03-06 |access-date=2012-11-16}}</ref> E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de [[:en:Bayudah_Desert|Bayudah Desert]] to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de [[:en:Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan|Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]] propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing [[:en:Cotton|cotton]] den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve [[:en:Independence|independence]] for [[:en:List_of_countries_by_date_of_nationhood|1956]] insyd, [[Egypt]] decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] den [[:en:Lake_Nasser|Nasser Lake]]. De Sudan military government under [[:en:Gaafar_Nimeiry|Presido Nimeiri]] revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing [[:en:Hydroelectricity|hydroelectricity]] give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, [[:en:Merz_&_McLellan|Merz & McLellan]], GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be [[:en:USD|$]]2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – [[:en:USD|$]] 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/funding.html}}</ref> == Benefits == De [[:en:Electrification|electrification]] level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 [[:en:KWh|kWh]] of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de [[:en:OECD|OECD]] average.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2021 |title=Africa :: Sudan — the World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020040/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan |archive-date=January 11, 2021}}</ref> De capital Khartoum den a few large [[:en:Plantations|plantations]] dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de [[:en:Power_grid|national grid]]. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired [[:en:Power_plant|thermal plants]]. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de [[:en:Sennar|Sennar]] (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de [[Blue Nile]] top, wey dem originally design am give [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] purposes rada dan [[:en:Power_generation|power production]]. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent [[:en:Power_outage|blackouts]] [[:en:Power_outage|den brownouts]] sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de [[:en:Manasir|Manasir]], [[:en:Hamadab|Hamadab]] den [[:en:Amri_people|Amri]] tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give [[:en:Beans|beans]] den [[:en:Millet|millet]] de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de [[:en:Date_Cultivation_in_Dar_al-Manasir|groves of date palms]] wey dey grow for de fertile [[:en:Silt|silt]] insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to [[:en:Wadi_Muqaddam|Wadi Muqaddam]] for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd.<ref name="Hafsass">{{cite journal |last=Hafsaas-Tsakos |first=Henriette |year=2011 |title=Ethical implications of salvage archaeology and dam building: The clash between archaeologists and local people in Dar al-Manasir, Sudan |journal=Journal of Social Archaeology |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=49–76 |doi=10.1177/1469605310388372 |s2cid=147240919}}</ref> At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den [[:en:Date_palm|date palms]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/payments.html}}</ref> Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before.<ref name="Hafsass" /> Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizer]] during de first two years after de resettlement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/new-hamdab.html}}</ref> After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de [[:en:Nubian_Desert|Nubian desert]] insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab.<ref name="dlc.dlib.indiana.edu">Terminski, Bogumil (2013). "Development-Induced Displacement and Resettlement: Theoretical Frameworks and Current Challenges", Indiana University, available at: http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/handle/10535/8833?show=full</ref> According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd,<ref>[http://www.irn.org/programs/merowe/index.php?id=050428merowe.html Irn.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060131191119/http://www.irn.org/programs/merowe/index.php?id=050428merowe.html|date=2006-01-31}}</ref> de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd.<ref name="dlc.dlib.indiana.edu" /> === Nomads === A significant fraction of de [[:en:Manasir|Manasir]] tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of [[:en:Real_estate|real estate]] purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma [[:en:Symbiosis|symbiotic partners]]. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == [[:en:United_Nations|UN]] Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top [[:en:Miloon_Kothari|Miloon Kothari]] issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den [[:en:Kajbar_Power_Station|Kajbar]]. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk."<ref name="unrights">{{cite web |date=September 9, 2007 |title=UN rights expert urges suspension to dam projects in northern Sudan |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=23617&Cr=sudan&Cr1 |publisher=[[UN News Centre]]}}</ref> Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today."<ref name="unrights" /> Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." == Archaeology == <blockquote>''Further information: [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kingdom of Kush]]'' </blockquote>De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. De section between de 4th den 5th cataract—a significant portion of wey dem go inundate am by de reservoir lake—already dey densely populated thru nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little [[:en:Archaeology|archaeological]] work dem eva conduct am for dis particular region insyd. Recent [[:en:Archaeological_survey|surveys]] confirm de richness den diversity of traceable remains, from de [[:en:Stone_Age|Stone Age]] to de [[:en:History_of_Islam|Islamic period]]. Several foreign institutions recently anaa dem currently involve am for salvage archaeology insyd for de region insyd under de umbrella Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP). Among dem be ACACIA project University of Cologne, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum Expedition (GAME), Polish Academy of Sciences, [[:en:H.U.N.E.|Humboldt University of Berlin]], de Italian Institute give Africa den de Orient (IsIAO), de University College London, de Sudan Archaeological Research Society, de Hungarian Meroe Foundation, University of California at Santa Barbara - Arizona State University consortium, den de Oriental Institute Museum of de University of Chicago. Demma main problems be de shortness of de remaining time den limited funding. Unlike de large [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] campaign wey dem conduct for Egypt insyd before de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_High_Dam|Aswan High Dam]], wen dem fi document more dan a thousand archaeological sites den [[:en:Abu_Simbel|dem move complete buildings]] to prevent dem from drowning for [[:en:Lake_Nasser|Lake Nasser]] [[:en:Lake_Nasser|ein]] floods insyd, dem much moe restrict work at de 4th cataract. Since 2006, de archaeologists wey dey work give de Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project becam accused by environmental den human rights activists as well as de representatives of de affected pippoe of facilitating de political legitimatization of de project.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sudan's Merowe requests to stop excavating reservoir area |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/Sudan-s-Merowe-requests-to-stop,20457 |work=Sudan Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ancient Gold Center Discovered on the Nile |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/06/070619-gold-nile_2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621203736/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/06/070619-gold-nile_2.html |archive-date=June 21, 2007 |work=National Geographic News}}</ref> De archaeologists wey dey work give de dam project find demselves for an ethical dilemma insyd since dem dey undertake salvage excavations while de local pippoe dey for opposition insyd to de building of de dam dat dey necessitate both demma resettlement den de archaeological campaign.<ref name="Hafsass" /> Historian [[:en:Runoko_Rashidi|Runoko Rashidi]] issue a statement for solidarity insyd plus Sudanese Nubians wey dey protest de dams den dem bell am give a halt to demma construction. == Political impact == === International === Dem fix usage rights to de waters of de Nile for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd, wey dem negotiate am by de British for 1959 insyd. E dey allot 82 percent of de water volume to Egypt, while dem grant Sudan de rights to de remaining 18 percent. None of de riparian countries further upstream for de Nile basin insyd—Ethiopia, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya den Tanzania—dem entitle am to any significant use of de water, be e give irrigation (of particular interest to Ethiopia den Kenya) anaa hydropower (Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda). As Sudan rydee dey push forward to make use of ein water allotment, dem countries begin to bell give a revision of de treaty, wey e argue say—plus de exception of Ethiopia—dem all already dey under colonial rule at de time de negotiations take place, den dem no already represent am for demma best interest insyd. Moreova, dem make de decision of distribution of water without any negotiations plus Ethiopia, wey reject de agreement den e be de source of 90% of de water den 96% of transported sediment of de Nile. === Domestic === While a peace treaty dey appear to already stop de fighting for Southern Sudan insyd after almost 20 years, der be no end for sight insyd yet give de civil war for Darfur insyd. More recently, unrest for Nubia insyd as a direct result of de dams den de forced permanent displacement of Nubians from demma homelands dey threaten to erupt into war. A group wey dey bell einself de Nubian Liberation Front dey threaten armed resistance in order to thwart de series of dams along de Nile, den particularly at Kajbar. During de Sudanese civil war (2023–present) for 13 January 2025 top, dem damage de dam ein power station RSF drones, wey e cause a fire at de facility den dey damage a key transformer. De attack sanso cause power outages as far as Shendi, Port Sudan, Atbara den Omdurman. == Environmental impact == === Health === De resettlement area be a vast area plus an expected 50,000–70,000 inhabitants wey go be be going thru a transitional period give a few years before de get acclimatised den dem psychologically adapt to demma new life. Governing by de two eminent health impact experiences of New Halfa resettlement projects den Aswan Dam for Egypt insyd, strategic health planning suppose go start early to foresee wat water born diseases den oda ecological health problems (such as bilharziasis, malaria) dey likely to prevail den to plan how to guard against dat. === Evaporation === De creation of de reservoir lake go increase de surface area of de Nile by about 700 km². Under de climatic conditions at de site, dem fi expect additional evaporation losses of up to 1,500,000,000 m³ per year. Dis dey correspond to about 8% of de total amount of water wey dem allocate to Sudan for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd. == References == 47na62ka2oy3m9e9k44jtk11p475813 103357 103356 2026-06-16T19:41:32Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103357 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]] project for [[Africa]] insyd. Dem situate am for de river [[Nile]] top, close to den dey inundate de 4th [[:en:Cataracts_of_the_Nile|Cataract]] wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of [[:en:Electricity|electricity]].<ref>[https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=46505&src=eorss-iotd Merowe Dam, Nile River, Republic of Sudan], NASA Earth Observatory</ref> == Technical details == De [[:en:Dam|dam]] get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings).<ref name="structure">{{cite web |title=Merowe Dam: Structure |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306175208/http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |archive-date=2017-03-06 |access-date=2012-11-16}}</ref> E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de [[:en:Bayudah_Desert|Bayudah Desert]] to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de [[:en:Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan|Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]] propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing [[:en:Cotton|cotton]] den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve [[:en:Independence|independence]] for [[:en:List_of_countries_by_date_of_nationhood|1956]] insyd, [[Egypt]] decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] den [[:en:Lake_Nasser|Nasser Lake]]. De Sudan military government under [[:en:Gaafar_Nimeiry|Presido Nimeiri]] revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing [[:en:Hydroelectricity|hydroelectricity]] give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, [[:en:Merz_&_McLellan|Merz & McLellan]], GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be [[:en:USD|$]]2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – [[:en:USD|$]] 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/funding.html}}</ref> == Benefits == De [[:en:Electrification|electrification]] level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 [[:en:KWh|kWh]] of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de [[:en:OECD|OECD]] average.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2021 |title=Africa :: Sudan — the World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020040/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan |archive-date=January 11, 2021}}</ref> De capital Khartoum den a few large [[:en:Plantations|plantations]] dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de [[:en:Power_grid|national grid]]. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired [[:en:Power_plant|thermal plants]]. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de [[:en:Sennar|Sennar]] (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de [[Blue Nile]] top, wey dem originally design am give [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] purposes rada dan [[:en:Power_generation|power production]]. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent [[:en:Power_outage|blackouts]] [[:en:Power_outage|den brownouts]] sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de [[:en:Manasir|Manasir]], [[:en:Hamadab|Hamadab]] den [[:en:Amri_people|Amri]] tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give [[:en:Beans|beans]] den [[:en:Millet|millet]] de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de [[:en:Date_Cultivation_in_Dar_al-Manasir|groves of date palms]] wey dey grow for de fertile [[:en:Silt|silt]] insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to [[:en:Wadi_Muqaddam|Wadi Muqaddam]] for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd.<ref name="Hafsass">{{cite journal |last=Hafsaas-Tsakos |first=Henriette |year=2011 |title=Ethical implications of salvage archaeology and dam building: The clash between archaeologists and local people in Dar al-Manasir, Sudan |journal=Journal of Social Archaeology |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=49–76 |doi=10.1177/1469605310388372 |s2cid=147240919}}</ref> At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den [[:en:Date_palm|date palms]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/payments.html}}</ref> Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before.<ref name="Hafsass" /> Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizer]] during de first two years after de resettlement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/new-hamdab.html}}</ref> After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de [[:en:Nubian_Desert|Nubian desert]] insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab.<ref name="dlc.dlib.indiana.edu">Terminski, Bogumil (2013). "Development-Induced Displacement and Resettlement: Theoretical Frameworks and Current Challenges", Indiana University, available at: http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/handle/10535/8833?show=full</ref> According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd,<ref>[http://www.irn.org/programs/merowe/index.php?id=050428merowe.html Irn.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060131191119/http://www.irn.org/programs/merowe/index.php?id=050428merowe.html|date=2006-01-31}}</ref> de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd.<ref name="dlc.dlib.indiana.edu" /> === Nomads === A significant fraction of de [[:en:Manasir|Manasir]] tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of [[:en:Real_estate|real estate]] purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma [[:en:Symbiosis|symbiotic partners]]. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == [[:en:United_Nations|UN]] Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top [[:en:Miloon_Kothari|Miloon Kothari]] issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den [[:en:Kajbar_Power_Station|Kajbar]]. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk."<ref name="unrights">{{cite web |date=September 9, 2007 |title=UN rights expert urges suspension to dam projects in northern Sudan |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=23617&Cr=sudan&Cr1 |publisher=[[UN News Centre]]}}</ref> Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today."<ref name="unrights" /> Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." == Archaeology == <blockquote>''Further information: [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kingdom of Kush]]'' </blockquote>De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. De section between de 4th den 5th cataract—a significant portion of wey dem go inundate am by de reservoir lake—already dey densely populated thru nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little [[:en:Archaeology|archaeological]] work dem eva conduct am for dis particular region insyd. Recent [[:en:Archaeological_survey|surveys]] confirm de richness den diversity of traceable remains, from de [[:en:Stone_Age|Stone Age]] to de [[:en:History_of_Islam|Islamic period]]. Several foreign institutions recently anaa dem currently involve am for salvage archaeology insyd for de region insyd under de umbrella Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP). Among dem be ACACIA project University of Cologne, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum Expedition (GAME), Polish Academy of Sciences, [[:en:H.U.N.E.|Humboldt University of Berlin]], de Italian Institute give Africa den de Orient (IsIAO), de University College London, de Sudan Archaeological Research Society, de Hungarian Meroe Foundation, University of California at Santa Barbara - Arizona State University consortium, den de Oriental Institute Museum of de University of Chicago. Demma main problems be de shortness of de remaining time den limited funding. Unlike de large [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] campaign wey dem conduct for Egypt insyd before de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_High_Dam|Aswan High Dam]], wen dem fi document more dan a thousand archaeological sites den [[:en:Abu_Simbel|dem move complete buildings]] to prevent dem from drowning for [[:en:Lake_Nasser|Lake Nasser]] [[:en:Lake_Nasser|ein]] floods insyd, dem much moe restrict work at de 4th cataract. Since 2006, de archaeologists wey dey work give de Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project becam accused by environmental den human rights activists as well as de representatives of de affected pippoe of facilitating de political legitimatization of de project.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sudan's Merowe requests to stop excavating reservoir area |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/Sudan-s-Merowe-requests-to-stop,20457 |work=Sudan Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ancient Gold Center Discovered on the Nile |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/06/070619-gold-nile_2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621203736/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/06/070619-gold-nile_2.html |archive-date=June 21, 2007 |work=National Geographic News}}</ref> De archaeologists wey dey work give de dam project find demselves for an ethical dilemma insyd since dem dey undertake salvage excavations while de local pippoe dey for opposition insyd to de building of de dam dat dey necessitate both demma resettlement den de archaeological campaign.<ref name="Hafsass" /> Historian [[:en:Runoko_Rashidi|Runoko Rashidi]] issue a statement for solidarity insyd plus Sudanese Nubians wey dey protest de dams den dem bell am give a halt to demma construction.{{Blockquote|We never forget de terrible tragedy wey e result from de Aswan High Dam for Egyptian Nubia insyd. De project for Sudanese Nubia insyd, wey we bell am de "damn dams", go perpetuate yet anoda tragedy, anoda atrocity, against African pippoe. Nubia be a treasure-house of artifacts dat dey attest to de ancient greatness of Africa. For dem to inundate am go cause irreparable harm to a noble heritage. We for organize to resist dis project. One of de great figures among Africans in America, Frederick Douglass, say dat "power dey concede nothing without demand. E never do, den e never go do."}} == Political impact == === International === Dem fix usage rights to de waters of de Nile for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd, wey dem negotiate am by de British for 1959 insyd. E dey allot 82 percent of de water volume to Egypt, while dem grant Sudan de rights to de remaining 18 percent. None of de riparian countries further upstream for de Nile basin insyd—Ethiopia, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya den Tanzania—dem entitle am to any significant use of de water, be e give irrigation (of particular interest to Ethiopia den Kenya) anaa hydropower (Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda). As Sudan rydee dey push forward to make use of ein water allotment, dem countries begin to bell give a revision of de treaty, wey e argue say—plus de exception of Ethiopia—dem all already dey under colonial rule at de time de negotiations take place, den dem no already represent am for demma best interest insyd. Moreova, dem make de decision of distribution of water without any negotiations plus Ethiopia, wey reject de agreement den e be de source of 90% of de water den 96% of transported sediment of de Nile. === Domestic === While a peace treaty dey appear to already stop de fighting for Southern Sudan insyd after almost 20 years, der be no end for sight insyd yet give de civil war for Darfur insyd. More recently, unrest for Nubia insyd as a direct result of de dams den de forced permanent displacement of Nubians from demma homelands dey threaten to erupt into war. A group wey dey bell einself de Nubian Liberation Front dey threaten armed resistance in order to thwart de series of dams along de Nile, den particularly at Kajbar. During de Sudanese civil war (2023–present) for 13 January 2025 top, dem damage de dam ein power station RSF drones, wey e cause a fire at de facility den dey damage a key transformer. De attack sanso cause power outages as far as Shendi, Port Sudan, Atbara den Omdurman. == Environmental impact == === Health === De resettlement area be a vast area plus an expected 50,000–70,000 inhabitants wey go be be going thru a transitional period give a few years before de get acclimatised den dem psychologically adapt to demma new life. Governing by de two eminent health impact experiences of New Halfa resettlement projects den Aswan Dam for Egypt insyd, strategic health planning suppose go start early to foresee wat water born diseases den oda ecological health problems (such as bilharziasis, malaria) dey likely to prevail den to plan how to guard against dat. === Evaporation === De creation of de reservoir lake go increase de surface area of de Nile by about 700 km². Under de climatic conditions at de site, dem fi expect additional evaporation losses of up to 1,500,000,000 m³ per year. Dis dey correspond to about 8% of de total amount of water wey dem allocate to Sudan for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd. == References == c6eu02ij0s9ptdx5qu973ck7bnenb0v 103358 103357 2026-06-16T19:43:06Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103358 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]] project for [[Africa]] insyd. Dem situate am for de river [[Nile]] top, close to den dey inundate de 4th [[:en:Cataracts_of_the_Nile|Cataract]] wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of [[:en:Electricity|electricity]].<ref>[https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=46505&src=eorss-iotd Merowe Dam, Nile River, Republic of Sudan], NASA Earth Observatory</ref> == Technical details == De [[:en:Dam|dam]] get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings).<ref name="structure">{{cite web |title=Merowe Dam: Structure |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306175208/http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |archive-date=2017-03-06 |access-date=2012-11-16}}</ref> E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de [[:en:Bayudah_Desert|Bayudah Desert]] to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de [[:en:Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan|Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]] propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing [[:en:Cotton|cotton]] den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve [[:en:Independence|independence]] for [[:en:List_of_countries_by_date_of_nationhood|1956]] insyd, [[Egypt]] decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] den [[:en:Lake_Nasser|Nasser Lake]]. De Sudan military government under [[:en:Gaafar_Nimeiry|Presido Nimeiri]] revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing [[:en:Hydroelectricity|hydroelectricity]] give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, [[:en:Merz_&_McLellan|Merz & McLellan]], GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be [[:en:USD|$]]2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – [[:en:USD|$]] 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/funding.html}}</ref> == Benefits == De [[:en:Electrification|electrification]] level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 [[:en:KWh|kWh]] of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de [[:en:OECD|OECD]] average.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2021 |title=Africa :: Sudan — the World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020040/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan |archive-date=January 11, 2021}}</ref> De capital Khartoum den a few large [[:en:Plantations|plantations]] dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de [[:en:Power_grid|national grid]]. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired [[:en:Power_plant|thermal plants]]. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de [[:en:Sennar|Sennar]] (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de [[Blue Nile]] top, wey dem originally design am give [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] purposes rada dan [[:en:Power_generation|power production]]. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent [[:en:Power_outage|blackouts]] [[:en:Power_outage|den brownouts]] sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de [[:en:Manasir|Manasir]], [[:en:Hamadab|Hamadab]] den [[:en:Amri_people|Amri]] tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give [[:en:Beans|beans]] den [[:en:Millet|millet]] de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de [[:en:Date_Cultivation_in_Dar_al-Manasir|groves of date palms]] wey dey grow for de fertile [[:en:Silt|silt]] insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to [[:en:Wadi_Muqaddam|Wadi Muqaddam]] for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd.<ref name="Hafsass">{{cite journal |last=Hafsaas-Tsakos |first=Henriette |year=2011 |title=Ethical implications of salvage archaeology and dam building: The clash between archaeologists and local people in Dar al-Manasir, Sudan |journal=Journal of Social Archaeology |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=49–76 |doi=10.1177/1469605310388372 |s2cid=147240919}}</ref> At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den [[:en:Date_palm|date palms]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/payments.html}}</ref> Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before.<ref name="Hafsass" /> Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizer]] during de first two years after de resettlement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/new-hamdab.html}}</ref> After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de [[:en:Nubian_Desert|Nubian desert]] insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab.<ref name="dlc.dlib.indiana.edu">Terminski, Bogumil (2013). "Development-Induced Displacement and Resettlement: Theoretical Frameworks and Current Challenges", Indiana University, available at: http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/handle/10535/8833?show=full</ref> According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd,<ref>[http://www.irn.org/programs/merowe/index.php?id=050428merowe.html Irn.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060131191119/http://www.irn.org/programs/merowe/index.php?id=050428merowe.html|date=2006-01-31}}</ref> de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd.<ref name="dlc.dlib.indiana.edu" /> === Nomads === A significant fraction of de [[:en:Manasir|Manasir]] tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of [[:en:Real_estate|real estate]] purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma [[:en:Symbiosis|symbiotic partners]]. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == [[:en:United_Nations|UN]] Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top [[:en:Miloon_Kothari|Miloon Kothari]] issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den [[:en:Kajbar_Power_Station|Kajbar]]. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk."<ref name="unrights">{{cite web |date=September 9, 2007 |title=UN rights expert urges suspension to dam projects in northern Sudan |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=23617&Cr=sudan&Cr1 |publisher=[[UN News Centre]]}}</ref> Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today."<ref name="unrights" /> Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." == Archaeology == <blockquote>''Further information: [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kingdom of Kush]]'' </blockquote>De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. De section between de 4th den 5th cataract—a significant portion of wey dem go inundate am by de reservoir lake—already dey densely populated thru nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little [[:en:Archaeology|archaeological]] work dem eva conduct am for dis particular region insyd. Recent [[:en:Archaeological_survey|surveys]] confirm de richness den diversity of traceable remains, from de [[:en:Stone_Age|Stone Age]] to de [[:en:History_of_Islam|Islamic period]]. Several foreign institutions recently anaa dem currently involve am for salvage archaeology insyd for de region insyd under de umbrella Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP). Among dem be ACACIA project University of Cologne, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum Expedition (GAME), Polish Academy of Sciences, [[:en:H.U.N.E.|Humboldt University of Berlin]], de Italian Institute give Africa den de Orient (IsIAO), de University College London, de Sudan Archaeological Research Society, de Hungarian Meroe Foundation, University of California at Santa Barbara - Arizona State University consortium, den de Oriental Institute Museum of de University of Chicago. Demma main problems be de shortness of de remaining time den limited funding. Unlike de large [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] campaign wey dem conduct for Egypt insyd before de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_High_Dam|Aswan High Dam]], wen dem fi document more dan a thousand archaeological sites den [[:en:Abu_Simbel|dem move complete buildings]] to prevent dem from drowning for [[:en:Lake_Nasser|Lake Nasser]] [[:en:Lake_Nasser|ein]] floods insyd, dem much moe restrict work at de 4th cataract. Since 2006, de archaeologists wey dey work give de Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project becam accused by environmental den human rights activists as well as de representatives of de affected pippoe of facilitating de political legitimatization of de project.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sudan's Merowe requests to stop excavating reservoir area |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/Sudan-s-Merowe-requests-to-stop,20457 |work=Sudan Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ancient Gold Center Discovered on the Nile |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/06/070619-gold-nile_2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621203736/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/06/070619-gold-nile_2.html |archive-date=June 21, 2007 |work=National Geographic News}}</ref> De archaeologists wey dey work give de dam project find demselves for an ethical dilemma insyd since dem dey undertake salvage excavations while de local pippoe dey for opposition insyd to de building of de dam dat dey necessitate both demma resettlement den de archaeological campaign.<ref name="Hafsass" /> Historian [[:en:Runoko_Rashidi|Runoko Rashidi]] issue a statement for solidarity insyd plus Sudanese Nubians wey dey protest de dams den dem bell am give a halt to demma construction.{{Blockquote|We never forget de terrible tragedy wey e result from de Aswan High Dam for Egyptian Nubia insyd. De project for Sudanese Nubia insyd, wey we bell am de "damn dams", go perpetuate yet anoda tragedy, anoda atrocity, against African pippoe. Nubia be a treasure-house of artifacts dat dey attest to de ancient greatness of Africa. For dem to inundate am go cause irreparable harm to a noble heritage. We for organize to resist dis project. One of de great figures among Africans in America, Frederick Douglass, say dat "power dey concede nothing without demand. E never do, den e never go do."}} == Political impact == === International === Dem fix usage rights to de waters of de Nile for de [[:en:Hydropolitics_in_the_Nile_Basin|Nile Waters Treaty]] insyd,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Nile Waters Agreement |url=http://www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/projects/casestudies/nile_agreement.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050905010029/http://www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/projects/casestudies/nile_agreement.html |archive-date=September 5, 2005 |access-date=July 15, 2005}}</ref> wey dem negotiate am by de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] for 1959 insyd. E dey allot 82 percent of de water volume to Egypt, while dem grant Sudan de rights to de remaining 18 percent. None of de riparian countries further upstream for de Nile basin insyd—[[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]], [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]], [[:en:Burundi|Burundi]], [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] den [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]]—dem entitle am to any significant use of de water, be e give irrigation (of particular interest to Ethiopia den Kenya) anaa hydropower (Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda). As Sudan rydee dey push forward to make use of ein water allotment, dem countries begin to bell give a revision of de treaty, wey e argue say—plus de exception of Ethiopia—dem all already dey under colonial rule at de time de negotiations take place, den dem no already represent am for demma best interest insyd. Moreova, dem make de decision of distribution of water without any negotiations plus Ethiopia, wey reject de agreement den e be de source of 90% of de water den 96% of transported sediment of de Nile. === Domestic === While a peace treaty dey appear to already stop de fighting for Southern Sudan insyd after almost 20 years, der be no end for sight insyd yet give de civil war for Darfur insyd. More recently, unrest for Nubia insyd as a direct result of de dams den de forced permanent displacement of Nubians from demma homelands dey threaten to erupt into war. A group wey dey bell einself de Nubian Liberation Front dey threaten armed resistance in order to thwart de series of dams along de Nile, den particularly at Kajbar. During de Sudanese civil war (2023–present) for 13 January 2025 top, dem damage de dam ein power station RSF drones, wey e cause a fire at de facility den dey damage a key transformer. De attack sanso cause power outages as far as Shendi, Port Sudan, Atbara den Omdurman. == Environmental impact == === Health === De resettlement area be a vast area plus an expected 50,000–70,000 inhabitants wey go be be going thru a transitional period give a few years before de get acclimatised den dem psychologically adapt to demma new life. Governing by de two eminent health impact experiences of New Halfa resettlement projects den Aswan Dam for Egypt insyd, strategic health planning suppose go start early to foresee wat water born diseases den oda ecological health problems (such as bilharziasis, malaria) dey likely to prevail den to plan how to guard against dat. === Evaporation === De creation of de reservoir lake go increase de surface area of de Nile by about 700 km². Under de climatic conditions at de site, dem fi expect additional evaporation losses of up to 1,500,000,000 m³ per year. Dis dey correspond to about 8% of de total amount of water wey dem allocate to Sudan for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd. == References == b5qsikf38yau85d75x6auje4pzx0v3g 103359 103358 2026-06-16T19:43:41Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103359 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]] project for [[Africa]] insyd. Dem situate am for de river [[Nile]] top, close to den dey inundate de 4th [[:en:Cataracts_of_the_Nile|Cataract]] wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of [[:en:Electricity|electricity]].<ref>[https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=46505&src=eorss-iotd Merowe Dam, Nile River, Republic of Sudan], NASA Earth Observatory</ref> == Technical details == De [[:en:Dam|dam]] get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings).<ref name="structure">{{cite web |title=Merowe Dam: Structure |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306175208/http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |archive-date=2017-03-06 |access-date=2012-11-16}}</ref> E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de [[:en:Bayudah_Desert|Bayudah Desert]] to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de [[:en:Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan|Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]] propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing [[:en:Cotton|cotton]] den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve [[:en:Independence|independence]] for [[:en:List_of_countries_by_date_of_nationhood|1956]] insyd, [[Egypt]] decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] den [[:en:Lake_Nasser|Nasser Lake]]. De Sudan military government under [[:en:Gaafar_Nimeiry|Presido Nimeiri]] revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing [[:en:Hydroelectricity|hydroelectricity]] give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, [[:en:Merz_&_McLellan|Merz & McLellan]], GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be [[:en:USD|$]]2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – [[:en:USD|$]] 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/funding.html}}</ref> == Benefits == De [[:en:Electrification|electrification]] level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 [[:en:KWh|kWh]] of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de [[:en:OECD|OECD]] average.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2021 |title=Africa :: Sudan — the World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020040/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan |archive-date=January 11, 2021}}</ref> De capital Khartoum den a few large [[:en:Plantations|plantations]] dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de [[:en:Power_grid|national grid]]. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired [[:en:Power_plant|thermal plants]]. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de [[:en:Sennar|Sennar]] (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de [[Blue Nile]] top, wey dem originally design am give [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] purposes rada dan [[:en:Power_generation|power production]]. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent [[:en:Power_outage|blackouts]] [[:en:Power_outage|den brownouts]] sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de [[:en:Manasir|Manasir]], [[:en:Hamadab|Hamadab]] den [[:en:Amri_people|Amri]] tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give [[:en:Beans|beans]] den [[:en:Millet|millet]] de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de [[:en:Date_Cultivation_in_Dar_al-Manasir|groves of date palms]] wey dey grow for de fertile [[:en:Silt|silt]] insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to [[:en:Wadi_Muqaddam|Wadi Muqaddam]] for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd.<ref name="Hafsass">{{cite journal |last=Hafsaas-Tsakos |first=Henriette |year=2011 |title=Ethical implications of salvage archaeology and dam building: The clash between archaeologists and local people in Dar al-Manasir, Sudan |journal=Journal of Social Archaeology |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=49–76 |doi=10.1177/1469605310388372 |s2cid=147240919}}</ref> At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den [[:en:Date_palm|date palms]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/payments.html}}</ref> Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before.<ref name="Hafsass" /> Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizer]] during de first two years after de resettlement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/new-hamdab.html}}</ref> After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de [[:en:Nubian_Desert|Nubian desert]] insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab.<ref name="dlc.dlib.indiana.edu">Terminski, Bogumil (2013). "Development-Induced Displacement and Resettlement: Theoretical Frameworks and Current Challenges", Indiana University, available at: http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/handle/10535/8833?show=full</ref> According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd,<ref>[http://www.irn.org/programs/merowe/index.php?id=050428merowe.html Irn.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060131191119/http://www.irn.org/programs/merowe/index.php?id=050428merowe.html|date=2006-01-31}}</ref> de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd.<ref name="dlc.dlib.indiana.edu" /> === Nomads === A significant fraction of de [[:en:Manasir|Manasir]] tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of [[:en:Real_estate|real estate]] purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma [[:en:Symbiosis|symbiotic partners]]. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == [[:en:United_Nations|UN]] Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top [[:en:Miloon_Kothari|Miloon Kothari]] issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den [[:en:Kajbar_Power_Station|Kajbar]]. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk."<ref name="unrights">{{cite web |date=September 9, 2007 |title=UN rights expert urges suspension to dam projects in northern Sudan |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=23617&Cr=sudan&Cr1 |publisher=[[UN News Centre]]}}</ref> Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today."<ref name="unrights" /> Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." == Archaeology == <blockquote>''Further information: [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kingdom of Kush]]'' </blockquote>De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. De section between de 4th den 5th cataract—a significant portion of wey dem go inundate am by de reservoir lake—already dey densely populated thru nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little [[:en:Archaeology|archaeological]] work dem eva conduct am for dis particular region insyd. Recent [[:en:Archaeological_survey|surveys]] confirm de richness den diversity of traceable remains, from de [[:en:Stone_Age|Stone Age]] to de [[:en:History_of_Islam|Islamic period]]. Several foreign institutions recently anaa dem currently involve am for salvage archaeology insyd for de region insyd under de umbrella Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP). Among dem be ACACIA project University of Cologne, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum Expedition (GAME), Polish Academy of Sciences, [[:en:H.U.N.E.|Humboldt University of Berlin]], de Italian Institute give Africa den de Orient (IsIAO), de University College London, de Sudan Archaeological Research Society, de Hungarian Meroe Foundation, University of California at Santa Barbara - Arizona State University consortium, den de Oriental Institute Museum of de University of Chicago. Demma main problems be de shortness of de remaining time den limited funding. Unlike de large [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] campaign wey dem conduct for Egypt insyd before de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_High_Dam|Aswan High Dam]], wen dem fi document more dan a thousand archaeological sites den [[:en:Abu_Simbel|dem move complete buildings]] to prevent dem from drowning for [[:en:Lake_Nasser|Lake Nasser]] [[:en:Lake_Nasser|ein]] floods insyd, dem much moe restrict work at de 4th cataract. Since 2006, de archaeologists wey dey work give de Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project becam accused by environmental den human rights activists as well as de representatives of de affected pippoe of facilitating de political legitimatization of de project.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sudan's Merowe requests to stop excavating reservoir area |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/Sudan-s-Merowe-requests-to-stop,20457 |work=Sudan Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ancient Gold Center Discovered on the Nile |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/06/070619-gold-nile_2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621203736/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/06/070619-gold-nile_2.html |archive-date=June 21, 2007 |work=National Geographic News}}</ref> De archaeologists wey dey work give de dam project find demselves for an ethical dilemma insyd since dem dey undertake salvage excavations while de local pippoe dey for opposition insyd to de building of de dam dat dey necessitate both demma resettlement den de archaeological campaign.<ref name="Hafsass" /> Historian [[:en:Runoko_Rashidi|Runoko Rashidi]] issue a statement for solidarity insyd plus Sudanese Nubians wey dey protest de dams den dem bell am give a halt to demma construction.{{Blockquote|We never forget de terrible tragedy wey e result from de Aswan High Dam for Egyptian Nubia insyd. De project for Sudanese Nubia insyd, wey we bell am de "damn dams", go perpetuate yet anoda tragedy, anoda atrocity, against African pippoe. Nubia be a treasure-house of artifacts dat dey attest to de ancient greatness of Africa. For dem to inundate am go cause irreparable harm to a noble heritage. We for organize to resist dis project. One of de great figures among Africans in America, Frederick Douglass, say dat "power dey concede nothing without demand. E never do, den e never go do."}} == Political impact == === International === Dem fix usage rights to de waters of de Nile for de [[:en:Hydropolitics_in_the_Nile_Basin|Nile Waters Treaty]] insyd,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Nile Waters Agreement |url=http://www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/projects/casestudies/nile_agreement.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050905010029/http://www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/projects/casestudies/nile_agreement.html |archive-date=September 5, 2005 |access-date=July 15, 2005}}</ref> wey dem negotiate am by de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] for 1959 insyd. E dey allot 82 percent of de water volume to Egypt, while dem grant Sudan de rights to de remaining 18 percent. None of de riparian countries further upstream for de Nile basin insyd—[[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]], [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]], [[:en:Burundi|Burundi]], [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] den [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]]—dem entitle am to any significant use of de water, be e give irrigation (of particular interest to Ethiopia den Kenya) anaa hydropower (Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda). As Sudan rydee dey push forward to make use of ein water allotment, dem countries begin to bell give a revision of de treaty, wey e argue say—plus de exception of Ethiopia—dem all already dey under colonial rule at de time de negotiations take place, den dem no already represent am for demma best interest insyd. Moreova, dem make de decision of distribution of water without any negotiations plus Ethiopia, wey reject de agreement den e be de source of 90% of de water den 96% of transported sediment of de Nile.<ref>Marshall et al., {{cite web |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene environmental and climatic change from Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.holivar2006.org/abstracts/pdf/T1-026.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060928124412/http://www.holivar2006.org/abstracts/pdf/T1-026.pdf |archive-date=2006-09-28 |access-date=2006-10-09}}&nbsp;{{small|(247&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]])}}, 2006</ref> === Domestic === While a peace treaty dey appear to already stop de fighting for Southern Sudan insyd after almost 20 years, der be no end for sight insyd yet give de civil war for Darfur insyd. More recently, unrest for Nubia insyd as a direct result of de dams den de forced permanent displacement of Nubians from demma homelands dey threaten to erupt into war. A group wey dey bell einself de Nubian Liberation Front dey threaten armed resistance in order to thwart de series of dams along de Nile, den particularly at Kajbar. During de Sudanese civil war (2023–present) for 13 January 2025 top, dem damage de dam ein power station RSF drones, wey e cause a fire at de facility den dey damage a key transformer. De attack sanso cause power outages as far as Shendi, Port Sudan, Atbara den Omdurman. == Environmental impact == === Health === De resettlement area be a vast area plus an expected 50,000–70,000 inhabitants wey go be be going thru a transitional period give a few years before de get acclimatised den dem psychologically adapt to demma new life. Governing by de two eminent health impact experiences of New Halfa resettlement projects den Aswan Dam for Egypt insyd, strategic health planning suppose go start early to foresee wat water born diseases den oda ecological health problems (such as bilharziasis, malaria) dey likely to prevail den to plan how to guard against dat. === Evaporation === De creation of de reservoir lake go increase de surface area of de Nile by about 700 km². Under de climatic conditions at de site, dem fi expect additional evaporation losses of up to 1,500,000,000 m³ per year. Dis dey correspond to about 8% of de total amount of water wey dem allocate to Sudan for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd. == References == 5bszx9fwqme9sf9l32ygdecb8xl41ui 103360 103359 2026-06-16T19:44:26Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103360 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]] project for [[Africa]] insyd. Dem situate am for de river [[Nile]] top, close to den dey inundate de 4th [[:en:Cataracts_of_the_Nile|Cataract]] wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of [[:en:Electricity|electricity]].<ref>[https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=46505&src=eorss-iotd Merowe Dam, Nile River, Republic of Sudan], NASA Earth Observatory</ref> == Technical details == De [[:en:Dam|dam]] get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings).<ref name="structure">{{cite web |title=Merowe Dam: Structure |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306175208/http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |archive-date=2017-03-06 |access-date=2012-11-16}}</ref> E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de [[:en:Bayudah_Desert|Bayudah Desert]] to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de [[:en:Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan|Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]] propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing [[:en:Cotton|cotton]] den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve [[:en:Independence|independence]] for [[:en:List_of_countries_by_date_of_nationhood|1956]] insyd, [[Egypt]] decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] den [[:en:Lake_Nasser|Nasser Lake]]. De Sudan military government under [[:en:Gaafar_Nimeiry|Presido Nimeiri]] revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing [[:en:Hydroelectricity|hydroelectricity]] give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, [[:en:Merz_&_McLellan|Merz & McLellan]], GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be [[:en:USD|$]]2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – [[:en:USD|$]] 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/funding.html}}</ref> == Benefits == De [[:en:Electrification|electrification]] level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 [[:en:KWh|kWh]] of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de [[:en:OECD|OECD]] average.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2021 |title=Africa :: Sudan — the World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020040/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan |archive-date=January 11, 2021}}</ref> De capital Khartoum den a few large [[:en:Plantations|plantations]] dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de [[:en:Power_grid|national grid]]. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired [[:en:Power_plant|thermal plants]]. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de [[:en:Sennar|Sennar]] (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de [[Blue Nile]] top, wey dem originally design am give [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] purposes rada dan [[:en:Power_generation|power production]]. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent [[:en:Power_outage|blackouts]] [[:en:Power_outage|den brownouts]] sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de [[:en:Manasir|Manasir]], [[:en:Hamadab|Hamadab]] den [[:en:Amri_people|Amri]] tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give [[:en:Beans|beans]] den [[:en:Millet|millet]] de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de [[:en:Date_Cultivation_in_Dar_al-Manasir|groves of date palms]] wey dey grow for de fertile [[:en:Silt|silt]] insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to [[:en:Wadi_Muqaddam|Wadi Muqaddam]] for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd.<ref name="Hafsass">{{cite journal |last=Hafsaas-Tsakos |first=Henriette |year=2011 |title=Ethical implications of salvage archaeology and dam building: The clash between archaeologists and local people in Dar al-Manasir, Sudan |journal=Journal of Social Archaeology |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=49–76 |doi=10.1177/1469605310388372 |s2cid=147240919}}</ref> At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den [[:en:Date_palm|date palms]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/payments.html}}</ref> Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before.<ref name="Hafsass" /> Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizer]] during de first two years after de resettlement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/new-hamdab.html}}</ref> After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de [[:en:Nubian_Desert|Nubian desert]] insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab.<ref name="dlc.dlib.indiana.edu">Terminski, Bogumil (2013). "Development-Induced Displacement and Resettlement: Theoretical Frameworks and Current Challenges", Indiana University, available at: http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/handle/10535/8833?show=full</ref> According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd,<ref>[http://www.irn.org/programs/merowe/index.php?id=050428merowe.html Irn.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060131191119/http://www.irn.org/programs/merowe/index.php?id=050428merowe.html|date=2006-01-31}}</ref> de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd.<ref name="dlc.dlib.indiana.edu" /> === Nomads === A significant fraction of de [[:en:Manasir|Manasir]] tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of [[:en:Real_estate|real estate]] purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma [[:en:Symbiosis|symbiotic partners]]. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == [[:en:United_Nations|UN]] Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top [[:en:Miloon_Kothari|Miloon Kothari]] issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den [[:en:Kajbar_Power_Station|Kajbar]]. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk."<ref name="unrights">{{cite web |date=September 9, 2007 |title=UN rights expert urges suspension to dam projects in northern Sudan |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=23617&Cr=sudan&Cr1 |publisher=[[UN News Centre]]}}</ref> Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today."<ref name="unrights" /> Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." == Archaeology == <blockquote>''Further information: [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kingdom of Kush]]'' </blockquote>De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. De section between de 4th den 5th cataract—a significant portion of wey dem go inundate am by de reservoir lake—already dey densely populated thru nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little [[:en:Archaeology|archaeological]] work dem eva conduct am for dis particular region insyd. Recent [[:en:Archaeological_survey|surveys]] confirm de richness den diversity of traceable remains, from de [[:en:Stone_Age|Stone Age]] to de [[:en:History_of_Islam|Islamic period]]. Several foreign institutions recently anaa dem currently involve am for salvage archaeology insyd for de region insyd under de umbrella Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP). Among dem be ACACIA project University of Cologne, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum Expedition (GAME), Polish Academy of Sciences, [[:en:H.U.N.E.|Humboldt University of Berlin]], de Italian Institute give Africa den de Orient (IsIAO), de University College London, de Sudan Archaeological Research Society, de Hungarian Meroe Foundation, University of California at Santa Barbara - Arizona State University consortium, den de Oriental Institute Museum of de University of Chicago. Demma main problems be de shortness of de remaining time den limited funding. Unlike de large [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] campaign wey dem conduct for Egypt insyd before de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_High_Dam|Aswan High Dam]], wen dem fi document more dan a thousand archaeological sites den [[:en:Abu_Simbel|dem move complete buildings]] to prevent dem from drowning for [[:en:Lake_Nasser|Lake Nasser]] [[:en:Lake_Nasser|ein]] floods insyd, dem much moe restrict work at de 4th cataract. Since 2006, de archaeologists wey dey work give de Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project becam accused by environmental den human rights activists as well as de representatives of de affected pippoe of facilitating de political legitimatization of de project.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sudan's Merowe requests to stop excavating reservoir area |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/Sudan-s-Merowe-requests-to-stop,20457 |work=Sudan Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ancient Gold Center Discovered on the Nile |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/06/070619-gold-nile_2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621203736/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/06/070619-gold-nile_2.html |archive-date=June 21, 2007 |work=National Geographic News}}</ref> De archaeologists wey dey work give de dam project find demselves for an ethical dilemma insyd since dem dey undertake salvage excavations while de local pippoe dey for opposition insyd to de building of de dam dat dey necessitate both demma resettlement den de archaeological campaign.<ref name="Hafsass" /> Historian [[:en:Runoko_Rashidi|Runoko Rashidi]] issue a statement for solidarity insyd plus Sudanese Nubians wey dey protest de dams den dem bell am give a halt to demma construction.{{Blockquote|We never forget de terrible tragedy wey e result from de Aswan High Dam for Egyptian Nubia insyd. De project for Sudanese Nubia insyd, wey we bell am de "damn dams", go perpetuate yet anoda tragedy, anoda atrocity, against African pippoe. Nubia be a treasure-house of artifacts dat dey attest to de ancient greatness of Africa. For dem to inundate am go cause irreparable harm to a noble heritage. We for organize to resist dis project. One of de great figures among Africans in America, Frederick Douglass, say dat "power dey concede nothing without demand. E never do, den e never go do."}} == Political impact == === International === Dem fix usage rights to de waters of de Nile for de [[:en:Hydropolitics_in_the_Nile_Basin|Nile Waters Treaty]] insyd,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Nile Waters Agreement |url=http://www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/projects/casestudies/nile_agreement.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050905010029/http://www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/projects/casestudies/nile_agreement.html |archive-date=September 5, 2005 |access-date=July 15, 2005}}</ref> wey dem negotiate am by de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] for 1959 insyd. E dey allot 82 percent of de water volume to Egypt, while dem grant Sudan de rights to de remaining 18 percent. None of de riparian countries further upstream for de Nile basin insyd—[[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]], [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]], [[:en:Burundi|Burundi]], [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] den [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]]—dem entitle am to any significant use of de water, be e give irrigation (of particular interest to Ethiopia den Kenya) anaa hydropower (Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda). As Sudan rydee dey push forward to make use of ein water allotment, dem countries begin to bell give a revision of de treaty, wey e argue say—plus de exception of Ethiopia—dem all already dey under colonial rule at de time de negotiations take place, den dem no already represent am for demma best interest insyd. Moreova, dem make de decision of distribution of water without any negotiations plus Ethiopia, wey reject de agreement den e be de source of 90% of de water den 96% of transported sediment of de Nile.<ref>Marshall et al., {{cite web |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene environmental and climatic change from Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.holivar2006.org/abstracts/pdf/T1-026.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060928124412/http://www.holivar2006.org/abstracts/pdf/T1-026.pdf |archive-date=2006-09-28 |access-date=2006-10-09}}&nbsp;{{small|(247&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]])}}, 2006</ref><ref>Daniel Kendie, ''The Five Dimensions of the Eritrean Conflict 1941–2004: Deciphering the Geo-Political Puzzle''. United States of America: Signature Book Printing, Inc., 2005, pp.198.</ref> === Domestic === While a peace treaty dey appear to already stop de fighting for Southern Sudan insyd after almost 20 years, der be no end for sight insyd yet give de civil war for Darfur insyd. More recently, unrest for Nubia insyd as a direct result of de dams den de forced permanent displacement of Nubians from demma homelands dey threaten to erupt into war. A group wey dey bell einself de Nubian Liberation Front dey threaten armed resistance in order to thwart de series of dams along de Nile, den particularly at Kajbar. During de Sudanese civil war (2023–present) for 13 January 2025 top, dem damage de dam ein power station RSF drones, wey e cause a fire at de facility den dey damage a key transformer. De attack sanso cause power outages as far as Shendi, Port Sudan, Atbara den Omdurman. == Environmental impact == === Health === De resettlement area be a vast area plus an expected 50,000–70,000 inhabitants wey go be be going thru a transitional period give a few years before de get acclimatised den dem psychologically adapt to demma new life. Governing by de two eminent health impact experiences of New Halfa resettlement projects den Aswan Dam for Egypt insyd, strategic health planning suppose go start early to foresee wat water born diseases den oda ecological health problems (such as bilharziasis, malaria) dey likely to prevail den to plan how to guard against dat. === Evaporation === De creation of de reservoir lake go increase de surface area of de Nile by about 700 km². Under de climatic conditions at de site, dem fi expect additional evaporation losses of up to 1,500,000,000 m³ per year. Dis dey correspond to about 8% of de total amount of water wey dem allocate to Sudan for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd. == References == o0tg63c1dbzl2gpcdiuzrmaipercvh0 103361 103360 2026-06-16T19:48:43Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103361 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]] project for [[Africa]] insyd. Dem situate am for de river [[Nile]] top, close to den dey inundate de 4th [[:en:Cataracts_of_the_Nile|Cataract]] wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of [[:en:Electricity|electricity]].<ref>[https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=46505&src=eorss-iotd Merowe Dam, Nile River, Republic of Sudan], NASA Earth Observatory</ref> == Technical details == De [[:en:Dam|dam]] get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings).<ref name="structure">{{cite web |title=Merowe Dam: Structure |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306175208/http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |archive-date=2017-03-06 |access-date=2012-11-16}}</ref> E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de [[:en:Bayudah_Desert|Bayudah Desert]] to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de [[:en:Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan|Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]] propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing [[:en:Cotton|cotton]] den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve [[:en:Independence|independence]] for [[:en:List_of_countries_by_date_of_nationhood|1956]] insyd, [[Egypt]] decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] den [[:en:Lake_Nasser|Nasser Lake]]. De Sudan military government under [[:en:Gaafar_Nimeiry|Presido Nimeiri]] revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing [[:en:Hydroelectricity|hydroelectricity]] give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, [[:en:Merz_&_McLellan|Merz & McLellan]], GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be [[:en:USD|$]]2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – [[:en:USD|$]] 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/funding.html}}</ref> == Benefits == De [[:en:Electrification|electrification]] level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 [[:en:KWh|kWh]] of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de [[:en:OECD|OECD]] average.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2021 |title=Africa :: Sudan — the World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020040/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan |archive-date=January 11, 2021}}</ref> De capital Khartoum den a few large [[:en:Plantations|plantations]] dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de [[:en:Power_grid|national grid]]. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired [[:en:Power_plant|thermal plants]]. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de [[:en:Sennar|Sennar]] (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de [[Blue Nile]] top, wey dem originally design am give [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] purposes rada dan [[:en:Power_generation|power production]]. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent [[:en:Power_outage|blackouts]] [[:en:Power_outage|den brownouts]] sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de [[:en:Manasir|Manasir]], [[:en:Hamadab|Hamadab]] den [[:en:Amri_people|Amri]] tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give [[:en:Beans|beans]] den [[:en:Millet|millet]] de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de [[:en:Date_Cultivation_in_Dar_al-Manasir|groves of date palms]] wey dey grow for de fertile [[:en:Silt|silt]] insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to [[:en:Wadi_Muqaddam|Wadi Muqaddam]] for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd.<ref name="Hafsass">{{cite journal |last=Hafsaas-Tsakos |first=Henriette |year=2011 |title=Ethical implications of salvage archaeology and dam building: The clash between archaeologists and local people in Dar al-Manasir, Sudan |journal=Journal of Social Archaeology |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=49–76 |doi=10.1177/1469605310388372 |s2cid=147240919}}</ref> At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den [[:en:Date_palm|date palms]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/payments.html}}</ref> Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before.<ref name="Hafsass" /> Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizer]] during de first two years after de resettlement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/new-hamdab.html}}</ref> After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de [[:en:Nubian_Desert|Nubian desert]] insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab.<ref name="dlc.dlib.indiana.edu">Terminski, Bogumil (2013). "Development-Induced Displacement and Resettlement: Theoretical Frameworks and Current Challenges", Indiana University, available at: http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/handle/10535/8833?show=full</ref> According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd,<ref>[http://www.irn.org/programs/merowe/index.php?id=050428merowe.html Irn.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060131191119/http://www.irn.org/programs/merowe/index.php?id=050428merowe.html|date=2006-01-31}}</ref> de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd.<ref name="dlc.dlib.indiana.edu" /> === Nomads === A significant fraction of de [[:en:Manasir|Manasir]] tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of [[:en:Real_estate|real estate]] purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma [[:en:Symbiosis|symbiotic partners]]. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == [[:en:United_Nations|UN]] Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top [[:en:Miloon_Kothari|Miloon Kothari]] issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den [[:en:Kajbar_Power_Station|Kajbar]]. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk."<ref name="unrights">{{cite web |date=September 9, 2007 |title=UN rights expert urges suspension to dam projects in northern Sudan |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=23617&Cr=sudan&Cr1 |publisher=[[UN News Centre]]}}</ref> Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today."<ref name="unrights" /> Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." == Archaeology == <blockquote>''Further information: [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kingdom of Kush]]'' </blockquote>De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. De section between de 4th den 5th cataract—a significant portion of wey dem go inundate am by de reservoir lake—already dey densely populated thru nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little [[:en:Archaeology|archaeological]] work dem eva conduct am for dis particular region insyd. Recent [[:en:Archaeological_survey|surveys]] confirm de richness den diversity of traceable remains, from de [[:en:Stone_Age|Stone Age]] to de [[:en:History_of_Islam|Islamic period]]. Several foreign institutions recently anaa dem currently involve am for salvage archaeology insyd for de region insyd under de umbrella Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP). Among dem be ACACIA project University of Cologne, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum Expedition (GAME), Polish Academy of Sciences, [[:en:H.U.N.E.|Humboldt University of Berlin]], de Italian Institute give Africa den de Orient (IsIAO), de University College London, de Sudan Archaeological Research Society, de Hungarian Meroe Foundation, University of California at Santa Barbara - Arizona State University consortium, den de Oriental Institute Museum of de University of Chicago. Demma main problems be de shortness of de remaining time den limited funding. Unlike de large [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] campaign wey dem conduct for Egypt insyd before de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_High_Dam|Aswan High Dam]], wen dem fi document more dan a thousand archaeological sites den [[:en:Abu_Simbel|dem move complete buildings]] to prevent dem from drowning for [[:en:Lake_Nasser|Lake Nasser]] [[:en:Lake_Nasser|ein]] floods insyd, dem much moe restrict work at de 4th cataract. Since 2006, de archaeologists wey dey work give de Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project becam accused by environmental den human rights activists as well as de representatives of de affected pippoe of facilitating de political legitimatization of de project.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sudan's Merowe requests to stop excavating reservoir area |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/Sudan-s-Merowe-requests-to-stop,20457 |work=Sudan Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ancient Gold Center Discovered on the Nile |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/06/070619-gold-nile_2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621203736/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/06/070619-gold-nile_2.html |archive-date=June 21, 2007 |work=National Geographic News}}</ref> De archaeologists wey dey work give de dam project find demselves for an ethical dilemma insyd since dem dey undertake salvage excavations while de local pippoe dey for opposition insyd to de building of de dam dat dey necessitate both demma resettlement den de archaeological campaign.<ref name="Hafsass" /> Historian [[:en:Runoko_Rashidi|Runoko Rashidi]] issue a statement for solidarity insyd plus Sudanese Nubians wey dey protest de dams den dem bell am give a halt to demma construction.{{Blockquote|We never forget de terrible tragedy wey e result from de Aswan High Dam for Egyptian Nubia insyd. De project for Sudanese Nubia insyd, wey we bell am de "damn dams", go perpetuate yet anoda tragedy, anoda atrocity, against African pippoe. Nubia be a treasure-house of artifacts dat dey attest to de ancient greatness of Africa. For dem to inundate am go cause irreparable harm to a noble heritage. We for organize to resist dis project. One of de great figures among Africans in America, Frederick Douglass, say dat "power dey concede nothing without demand. E never do, den e never go do."}} == Political impact == === International === Dem fix usage rights to de waters of de Nile for de [[:en:Hydropolitics_in_the_Nile_Basin|Nile Waters Treaty]] insyd,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Nile Waters Agreement |url=http://www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/projects/casestudies/nile_agreement.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050905010029/http://www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/projects/casestudies/nile_agreement.html |archive-date=September 5, 2005 |access-date=July 15, 2005}}</ref> wey dem negotiate am by de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] for 1959 insyd. E dey allot 82 percent of de water volume to Egypt, while dem grant Sudan de rights to de remaining 18 percent. None of de riparian countries further upstream for de Nile basin insyd—[[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]], [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]], [[:en:Burundi|Burundi]], [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] den [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]]—dem entitle am to any significant use of de water, be e give irrigation (of particular interest to Ethiopia den Kenya) anaa hydropower (Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda). As Sudan rydee dey push forward to make use of ein water allotment, dem countries begin to bell give a revision of de treaty, wey e argue say—plus de exception of Ethiopia—dem all already dey under colonial rule at de time de negotiations take place, den dem no already represent am for demma best interest insyd. Moreova, dem make de decision of distribution of water without any negotiations plus Ethiopia, wey reject de agreement den e be de source of 90% of de water den 96% of transported sediment of de Nile.<ref>Marshall et al., {{cite web |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene environmental and climatic change from Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.holivar2006.org/abstracts/pdf/T1-026.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060928124412/http://www.holivar2006.org/abstracts/pdf/T1-026.pdf |archive-date=2006-09-28 |access-date=2006-10-09}}&nbsp;{{small|(247&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]])}}, 2006</ref><ref>Daniel Kendie, ''The Five Dimensions of the Eritrean Conflict 1941–2004: Deciphering the Geo-Political Puzzle''. United States of America: Signature Book Printing, Inc., 2005, pp.198.</ref> === Domestic === While [[:en:Comprehensive_Peace_Agreement|a peace treaty]] dey appear to already stop [[:en:Second_Sudanese_Civil_War|de fighting]] for [[:en:South_Sudan|Southern Sudan]] insyd after almost 20 years, der be no end for sight insyd yet give de [[:en:Darfur_conflict|civil war]] [[:en:Darfur_conflict|for Darfur insyd]]. More recently, unrest for Nubia insyd as a direct result of de dams den de forced permanent displacement of Nubians from demma homelands dey threaten to erupt into war. A group wey dey bell einself de Nubian Liberation Front dey threaten armed resistance in order to thwart de series of dams along de Nile, den particularly at [[:en:Kajbar_Power_Station|Kajbar]]. During de [[:en:Sudanese_civil_war_(2023–present)|Sudanese civil war (2023–present)]] for 13 January 2025 top, dem damage de dam ein power station RSF drones, wey e cause a fire at de facility den dey damage a key transformer. De attack sanso cause power outages as far as Shendi, Port Sudan, Atbara den Omdurman. == Environmental impact == === Health === De resettlement area be a vast area plus an expected 50,000–70,000 inhabitants wey go be be going thru a transitional period give a few years before de get acclimatised den dem psychologically adapt to demma new life. Governing by de two eminent health impact experiences of New Halfa resettlement projects den Aswan Dam for Egypt insyd, strategic health planning suppose go start early to foresee wat water born diseases den oda ecological health problems (such as bilharziasis, malaria) dey likely to prevail den to plan how to guard against dat. === Evaporation === De creation of de reservoir lake go increase de surface area of de Nile by about 700 km². Under de climatic conditions at de site, dem fi expect additional evaporation losses of up to 1,500,000,000 m³ per year. Dis dey correspond to about 8% of de total amount of water wey dem allocate to Sudan for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd. == References == bvvdyr2xji8mjvnlkfub2z32cxrshov 103362 103361 2026-06-16T19:49:15Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103362 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]] project for [[Africa]] insyd. Dem situate am for de river [[Nile]] top, close to den dey inundate de 4th [[:en:Cataracts_of_the_Nile|Cataract]] wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of [[:en:Electricity|electricity]].<ref>[https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=46505&src=eorss-iotd Merowe Dam, Nile River, Republic of Sudan], NASA Earth Observatory</ref> == Technical details == De [[:en:Dam|dam]] get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings).<ref name="structure">{{cite web |title=Merowe Dam: Structure |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306175208/http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |archive-date=2017-03-06 |access-date=2012-11-16}}</ref> E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de [[:en:Bayudah_Desert|Bayudah Desert]] to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de [[:en:Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan|Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]] propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing [[:en:Cotton|cotton]] den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve [[:en:Independence|independence]] for [[:en:List_of_countries_by_date_of_nationhood|1956]] insyd, [[Egypt]] decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] den [[:en:Lake_Nasser|Nasser Lake]]. De Sudan military government under [[:en:Gaafar_Nimeiry|Presido Nimeiri]] revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing [[:en:Hydroelectricity|hydroelectricity]] give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, [[:en:Merz_&_McLellan|Merz & McLellan]], GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be [[:en:USD|$]]2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – [[:en:USD|$]] 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/funding.html}}</ref> == Benefits == De [[:en:Electrification|electrification]] level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 [[:en:KWh|kWh]] of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de [[:en:OECD|OECD]] average.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2021 |title=Africa :: Sudan — the World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020040/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan |archive-date=January 11, 2021}}</ref> De capital Khartoum den a few large [[:en:Plantations|plantations]] dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de [[:en:Power_grid|national grid]]. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired [[:en:Power_plant|thermal plants]]. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de [[:en:Sennar|Sennar]] (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de [[Blue Nile]] top, wey dem originally design am give [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] purposes rada dan [[:en:Power_generation|power production]]. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent [[:en:Power_outage|blackouts]] [[:en:Power_outage|den brownouts]] sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de [[:en:Manasir|Manasir]], [[:en:Hamadab|Hamadab]] den [[:en:Amri_people|Amri]] tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give [[:en:Beans|beans]] den [[:en:Millet|millet]] de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de [[:en:Date_Cultivation_in_Dar_al-Manasir|groves of date palms]] wey dey grow for de fertile [[:en:Silt|silt]] insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to [[:en:Wadi_Muqaddam|Wadi Muqaddam]] for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd.<ref name="Hafsass">{{cite journal |last=Hafsaas-Tsakos |first=Henriette |year=2011 |title=Ethical implications of salvage archaeology and dam building: The clash between archaeologists and local people in Dar al-Manasir, Sudan |journal=Journal of Social Archaeology |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=49–76 |doi=10.1177/1469605310388372 |s2cid=147240919}}</ref> At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den [[:en:Date_palm|date palms]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/payments.html}}</ref> Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before.<ref name="Hafsass" /> Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizer]] during de first two years after de resettlement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/new-hamdab.html}}</ref> After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de [[:en:Nubian_Desert|Nubian desert]] insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab.<ref name="dlc.dlib.indiana.edu">Terminski, Bogumil (2013). "Development-Induced Displacement and Resettlement: Theoretical Frameworks and Current Challenges", Indiana University, available at: http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/handle/10535/8833?show=full</ref> According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd,<ref>[http://www.irn.org/programs/merowe/index.php?id=050428merowe.html Irn.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060131191119/http://www.irn.org/programs/merowe/index.php?id=050428merowe.html|date=2006-01-31}}</ref> de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd.<ref name="dlc.dlib.indiana.edu" /> === Nomads === A significant fraction of de [[:en:Manasir|Manasir]] tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of [[:en:Real_estate|real estate]] purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma [[:en:Symbiosis|symbiotic partners]]. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == [[:en:United_Nations|UN]] Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top [[:en:Miloon_Kothari|Miloon Kothari]] issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den [[:en:Kajbar_Power_Station|Kajbar]]. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk."<ref name="unrights">{{cite web |date=September 9, 2007 |title=UN rights expert urges suspension to dam projects in northern Sudan |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=23617&Cr=sudan&Cr1 |publisher=[[UN News Centre]]}}</ref> Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today."<ref name="unrights" /> Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." == Archaeology == <blockquote>''Further information: [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kingdom of Kush]]'' </blockquote>De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. De section between de 4th den 5th cataract—a significant portion of wey dem go inundate am by de reservoir lake—already dey densely populated thru nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little [[:en:Archaeology|archaeological]] work dem eva conduct am for dis particular region insyd. Recent [[:en:Archaeological_survey|surveys]] confirm de richness den diversity of traceable remains, from de [[:en:Stone_Age|Stone Age]] to de [[:en:History_of_Islam|Islamic period]]. Several foreign institutions recently anaa dem currently involve am for salvage archaeology insyd for de region insyd under de umbrella Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP). Among dem be ACACIA project University of Cologne, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum Expedition (GAME), Polish Academy of Sciences, [[:en:H.U.N.E.|Humboldt University of Berlin]], de Italian Institute give Africa den de Orient (IsIAO), de University College London, de Sudan Archaeological Research Society, de Hungarian Meroe Foundation, University of California at Santa Barbara - Arizona State University consortium, den de Oriental Institute Museum of de University of Chicago. Demma main problems be de shortness of de remaining time den limited funding. Unlike de large [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] campaign wey dem conduct for Egypt insyd before de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_High_Dam|Aswan High Dam]], wen dem fi document more dan a thousand archaeological sites den [[:en:Abu_Simbel|dem move complete buildings]] to prevent dem from drowning for [[:en:Lake_Nasser|Lake Nasser]] [[:en:Lake_Nasser|ein]] floods insyd, dem much moe restrict work at de 4th cataract. Since 2006, de archaeologists wey dey work give de Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project becam accused by environmental den human rights activists as well as de representatives of de affected pippoe of facilitating de political legitimatization of de project.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sudan's Merowe requests to stop excavating reservoir area |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/Sudan-s-Merowe-requests-to-stop,20457 |work=Sudan Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ancient Gold Center Discovered on the Nile |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/06/070619-gold-nile_2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621203736/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/06/070619-gold-nile_2.html |archive-date=June 21, 2007 |work=National Geographic News}}</ref> De archaeologists wey dey work give de dam project find demselves for an ethical dilemma insyd since dem dey undertake salvage excavations while de local pippoe dey for opposition insyd to de building of de dam dat dey necessitate both demma resettlement den de archaeological campaign.<ref name="Hafsass" /> Historian [[:en:Runoko_Rashidi|Runoko Rashidi]] issue a statement for solidarity insyd plus Sudanese Nubians wey dey protest de dams den dem bell am give a halt to demma construction.{{Blockquote|We never forget de terrible tragedy wey e result from de Aswan High Dam for Egyptian Nubia insyd. De project for Sudanese Nubia insyd, wey we bell am de "damn dams", go perpetuate yet anoda tragedy, anoda atrocity, against African pippoe. Nubia be a treasure-house of artifacts dat dey attest to de ancient greatness of Africa. For dem to inundate am go cause irreparable harm to a noble heritage. We for organize to resist dis project. One of de great figures among Africans in America, Frederick Douglass, say dat "power dey concede nothing without demand. E never do, den e never go do."}} == Political impact == === International === Dem fix usage rights to de waters of de Nile for de [[:en:Hydropolitics_in_the_Nile_Basin|Nile Waters Treaty]] insyd,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Nile Waters Agreement |url=http://www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/projects/casestudies/nile_agreement.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050905010029/http://www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/projects/casestudies/nile_agreement.html |archive-date=September 5, 2005 |access-date=July 15, 2005}}</ref> wey dem negotiate am by de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] for 1959 insyd. E dey allot 82 percent of de water volume to Egypt, while dem grant Sudan de rights to de remaining 18 percent. None of de riparian countries further upstream for de Nile basin insyd—[[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]], [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]], [[:en:Burundi|Burundi]], [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] den [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]]—dem entitle am to any significant use of de water, be e give irrigation (of particular interest to Ethiopia den Kenya) anaa hydropower (Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda). As Sudan rydee dey push forward to make use of ein water allotment, dem countries begin to bell give a revision of de treaty, wey e argue say—plus de exception of Ethiopia—dem all already dey under colonial rule at de time de negotiations take place, den dem no already represent am for demma best interest insyd. Moreova, dem make de decision of distribution of water without any negotiations plus Ethiopia, wey reject de agreement den e be de source of 90% of de water den 96% of transported sediment of de Nile.<ref>Marshall et al., {{cite web |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene environmental and climatic change from Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.holivar2006.org/abstracts/pdf/T1-026.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060928124412/http://www.holivar2006.org/abstracts/pdf/T1-026.pdf |archive-date=2006-09-28 |access-date=2006-10-09}}&nbsp;{{small|(247&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]])}}, 2006</ref><ref>Daniel Kendie, ''The Five Dimensions of the Eritrean Conflict 1941–2004: Deciphering the Geo-Political Puzzle''. United States of America: Signature Book Printing, Inc., 2005, pp.198.</ref> === Domestic === While [[:en:Comprehensive_Peace_Agreement|a peace treaty]] dey appear to already stop [[:en:Second_Sudanese_Civil_War|de fighting]] for [[:en:South_Sudan|Southern Sudan]] insyd after almost 20 years, der be no end for sight insyd yet give de [[:en:Darfur_conflict|civil war]] [[:en:Darfur_conflict|for Darfur insyd]]. More recently, unrest for Nubia insyd as a direct result of de dams den de forced permanent displacement of Nubians from demma homelands dey threaten to erupt into war. A group wey dey bell einself de Nubian Liberation Front dey threaten armed resistance in order to thwart de series of dams along de Nile, den particularly at [[:en:Kajbar_Power_Station|Kajbar]]. During de [[:en:Sudanese_civil_war_(2023–present)|Sudanese civil war (2023–present)]] for 13 January 2025 top, dem damage de dam ein power station RSF drones, wey e cause a fire at de facility den dey damage a key transformer. De attack sanso cause power outages as far as [[:en:Shendi|Shendi]], [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]], [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] den [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2025-01-13|title=Drone attack on Merowe dam power station disrupts electricity supply|url=https://sudantribune.com/article295881/|work=Sudan Tribune}}</ref> == Environmental impact == === Health === De resettlement area be a vast area plus an expected 50,000–70,000 inhabitants wey go be be going thru a transitional period give a few years before de get acclimatised den dem psychologically adapt to demma new life. Governing by de two eminent health impact experiences of New Halfa resettlement projects den Aswan Dam for Egypt insyd, strategic health planning suppose go start early to foresee wat water born diseases den oda ecological health problems (such as bilharziasis, malaria) dey likely to prevail den to plan how to guard against dat. === Evaporation === De creation of de reservoir lake go increase de surface area of de Nile by about 700 km². Under de climatic conditions at de site, dem fi expect additional evaporation losses of up to 1,500,000,000 m³ per year. Dis dey correspond to about 8% of de total amount of water wey dem allocate to Sudan for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd. == References == plb5o26xhi0fjo6llr9osi7wagleeg1 103363 103362 2026-06-16T19:51:02Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103363 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]] project for [[Africa]] insyd. Dem situate am for de river [[Nile]] top, close to den dey inundate de 4th [[:en:Cataracts_of_the_Nile|Cataract]] wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of [[:en:Electricity|electricity]].<ref>[https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=46505&src=eorss-iotd Merowe Dam, Nile River, Republic of Sudan], NASA Earth Observatory</ref> == Technical details == De [[:en:Dam|dam]] get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings).<ref name="structure">{{cite web |title=Merowe Dam: Structure |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306175208/http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |archive-date=2017-03-06 |access-date=2012-11-16}}</ref> E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de [[:en:Bayudah_Desert|Bayudah Desert]] to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de [[:en:Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan|Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]] propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing [[:en:Cotton|cotton]] den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve [[:en:Independence|independence]] for [[:en:List_of_countries_by_date_of_nationhood|1956]] insyd, [[Egypt]] decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] den [[:en:Lake_Nasser|Nasser Lake]]. De Sudan military government under [[:en:Gaafar_Nimeiry|Presido Nimeiri]] revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing [[:en:Hydroelectricity|hydroelectricity]] give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, [[:en:Merz_&_McLellan|Merz & McLellan]], GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be [[:en:USD|$]]2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – [[:en:USD|$]] 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/funding.html}}</ref> == Benefits == De [[:en:Electrification|electrification]] level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 [[:en:KWh|kWh]] of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de [[:en:OECD|OECD]] average.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2021 |title=Africa :: Sudan — the World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020040/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan |archive-date=January 11, 2021}}</ref> De capital Khartoum den a few large [[:en:Plantations|plantations]] dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de [[:en:Power_grid|national grid]]. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired [[:en:Power_plant|thermal plants]]. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de [[:en:Sennar|Sennar]] (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de [[Blue Nile]] top, wey dem originally design am give [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] purposes rada dan [[:en:Power_generation|power production]]. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent [[:en:Power_outage|blackouts]] [[:en:Power_outage|den brownouts]] sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de [[:en:Manasir|Manasir]], [[:en:Hamadab|Hamadab]] den [[:en:Amri_people|Amri]] tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give [[:en:Beans|beans]] den [[:en:Millet|millet]] de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de [[:en:Date_Cultivation_in_Dar_al-Manasir|groves of date palms]] wey dey grow for de fertile [[:en:Silt|silt]] insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to [[:en:Wadi_Muqaddam|Wadi Muqaddam]] for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd.<ref name="Hafsass">{{cite journal |last=Hafsaas-Tsakos |first=Henriette |year=2011 |title=Ethical implications of salvage archaeology and dam building: The clash between archaeologists and local people in Dar al-Manasir, Sudan |journal=Journal of Social Archaeology |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=49–76 |doi=10.1177/1469605310388372 |s2cid=147240919}}</ref> At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den [[:en:Date_palm|date palms]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/payments.html}}</ref> Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before.<ref name="Hafsass" /> Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizer]] during de first two years after de resettlement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/new-hamdab.html}}</ref> After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de [[:en:Nubian_Desert|Nubian desert]] insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab.<ref name="dlc.dlib.indiana.edu">Terminski, Bogumil (2013). "Development-Induced Displacement and Resettlement: Theoretical Frameworks and Current Challenges", Indiana University, available at: http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/handle/10535/8833?show=full</ref> According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd,<ref>[http://www.irn.org/programs/merowe/index.php?id=050428merowe.html Irn.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060131191119/http://www.irn.org/programs/merowe/index.php?id=050428merowe.html|date=2006-01-31}}</ref> de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd.<ref name="dlc.dlib.indiana.edu" /> === Nomads === A significant fraction of de [[:en:Manasir|Manasir]] tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of [[:en:Real_estate|real estate]] purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma [[:en:Symbiosis|symbiotic partners]]. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == [[:en:United_Nations|UN]] Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top [[:en:Miloon_Kothari|Miloon Kothari]] issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den [[:en:Kajbar_Power_Station|Kajbar]]. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk."<ref name="unrights">{{cite web |date=September 9, 2007 |title=UN rights expert urges suspension to dam projects in northern Sudan |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=23617&Cr=sudan&Cr1 |publisher=[[UN News Centre]]}}</ref> Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today."<ref name="unrights" /> Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." == Archaeology == <blockquote>''Further information: [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kingdom of Kush]]'' </blockquote>De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. De section between de 4th den 5th cataract—a significant portion of wey dem go inundate am by de reservoir lake—already dey densely populated thru nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little [[:en:Archaeology|archaeological]] work dem eva conduct am for dis particular region insyd. Recent [[:en:Archaeological_survey|surveys]] confirm de richness den diversity of traceable remains, from de [[:en:Stone_Age|Stone Age]] to de [[:en:History_of_Islam|Islamic period]]. Several foreign institutions recently anaa dem currently involve am for salvage archaeology insyd for de region insyd under de umbrella Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP). Among dem be ACACIA project University of Cologne, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum Expedition (GAME), Polish Academy of Sciences, [[:en:H.U.N.E.|Humboldt University of Berlin]], de Italian Institute give Africa den de Orient (IsIAO), de University College London, de Sudan Archaeological Research Society, de Hungarian Meroe Foundation, University of California at Santa Barbara - Arizona State University consortium, den de Oriental Institute Museum of de University of Chicago. Demma main problems be de shortness of de remaining time den limited funding. Unlike de large [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] campaign wey dem conduct for Egypt insyd before de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_High_Dam|Aswan High Dam]], wen dem fi document more dan a thousand archaeological sites den [[:en:Abu_Simbel|dem move complete buildings]] to prevent dem from drowning for [[:en:Lake_Nasser|Lake Nasser]] [[:en:Lake_Nasser|ein]] floods insyd, dem much moe restrict work at de 4th cataract. Since 2006, de archaeologists wey dey work give de Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project becam accused by environmental den human rights activists as well as de representatives of de affected pippoe of facilitating de political legitimatization of de project.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sudan's Merowe requests to stop excavating reservoir area |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/Sudan-s-Merowe-requests-to-stop,20457 |work=Sudan Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ancient Gold Center Discovered on the Nile |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/06/070619-gold-nile_2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621203736/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/06/070619-gold-nile_2.html |archive-date=June 21, 2007 |work=National Geographic News}}</ref> De archaeologists wey dey work give de dam project find demselves for an ethical dilemma insyd since dem dey undertake salvage excavations while de local pippoe dey for opposition insyd to de building of de dam dat dey necessitate both demma resettlement den de archaeological campaign.<ref name="Hafsass" /> Historian [[:en:Runoko_Rashidi|Runoko Rashidi]] issue a statement for solidarity insyd plus Sudanese Nubians wey dey protest de dams den dem bell am give a halt to demma construction.{{Blockquote|We never forget de terrible tragedy wey e result from de Aswan High Dam for Egyptian Nubia insyd. De project for Sudanese Nubia insyd, wey we bell am de "damn dams", go perpetuate yet anoda tragedy, anoda atrocity, against African pippoe. Nubia be a treasure-house of artifacts dat dey attest to de ancient greatness of Africa. For dem to inundate am go cause irreparable harm to a noble heritage. We for organize to resist dis project. One of de great figures among Africans in America, Frederick Douglass, say dat "power dey concede nothing without demand. E never do, den e never go do."}} == Political impact == === International === Dem fix usage rights to de waters of de Nile for de [[:en:Hydropolitics_in_the_Nile_Basin|Nile Waters Treaty]] insyd,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Nile Waters Agreement |url=http://www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/projects/casestudies/nile_agreement.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050905010029/http://www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/projects/casestudies/nile_agreement.html |archive-date=September 5, 2005 |access-date=July 15, 2005}}</ref> wey dem negotiate am by de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] for 1959 insyd. E dey allot 82 percent of de water volume to Egypt, while dem grant Sudan de rights to de remaining 18 percent. None of de riparian countries further upstream for de Nile basin insyd—[[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]], [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]], [[:en:Burundi|Burundi]], [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] den [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]]—dem entitle am to any significant use of de water, be e give irrigation (of particular interest to Ethiopia den Kenya) anaa hydropower (Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda). As Sudan rydee dey push forward to make use of ein water allotment, dem countries begin to bell give a revision of de treaty, wey e argue say—plus de exception of Ethiopia—dem all already dey under colonial rule at de time de negotiations take place, den dem no already represent am for demma best interest insyd. Moreova, dem make de decision of distribution of water without any negotiations plus Ethiopia, wey reject de agreement den e be de source of 90% of de water den 96% of transported sediment of de Nile.<ref>Marshall et al., {{cite web |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene environmental and climatic change from Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.holivar2006.org/abstracts/pdf/T1-026.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060928124412/http://www.holivar2006.org/abstracts/pdf/T1-026.pdf |archive-date=2006-09-28 |access-date=2006-10-09}}&nbsp;{{small|(247&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]])}}, 2006</ref><ref>Daniel Kendie, ''The Five Dimensions of the Eritrean Conflict 1941–2004: Deciphering the Geo-Political Puzzle''. United States of America: Signature Book Printing, Inc., 2005, pp.198.</ref> === Domestic === While [[:en:Comprehensive_Peace_Agreement|a peace treaty]] dey appear to already stop [[:en:Second_Sudanese_Civil_War|de fighting]] for [[:en:South_Sudan|Southern Sudan]] insyd after almost 20 years, der be no end for sight insyd yet give de [[:en:Darfur_conflict|civil war]] [[:en:Darfur_conflict|for Darfur insyd]]. More recently, unrest for Nubia insyd as a direct result of de dams den de forced permanent displacement of Nubians from demma homelands dey threaten to erupt into war. A group wey dey bell einself de Nubian Liberation Front dey threaten armed resistance in order to thwart de series of dams along de Nile, den particularly at [[:en:Kajbar_Power_Station|Kajbar]]. During de [[:en:Sudanese_civil_war_(2023–present)|Sudanese civil war (2023–present)]] for 13 January 2025 top, dem damage de dam ein power station RSF drones, wey e cause a fire at de facility den dey damage a key transformer. De attack sanso cause power outages as far as [[:en:Shendi|Shendi]], [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]], [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] den [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2025-01-13|title=Drone attack on Merowe dam power station disrupts electricity supply|url=https://sudantribune.com/article295881/|work=Sudan Tribune}}</ref> == Environmental impact == === Health === De resettlement area be a vast area plus an expected 50,000–70,000 inhabitants wey go be be going thru a transitional period give a few years before de get acclimatised den dem psychologically adapt to demma new life. Governing by de two eminent health impact experiences of [[:en:New_Halfa_Scheme|New Halfa resettlement projects]] den Aswan Dam for Egypt insyd, strategic health planning suppose go start early to foresee wat water born diseases den oda ecological health problems (such as [[:en:Bilharziasis|bilharziasis]], [[:en:Malaria|malaria]]) dey likely to prevail den to plan how to guard against dat. === Evaporation === De creation of de reservoir lake go increase de surface area of de Nile by about 700 km². Under de climatic conditions at de site, dem fi expect additional evaporation losses of up to 1,500,000,000 m³ per year. Dis dey correspond to about 8% of de total amount of water wey dem allocate to Sudan for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd. == References == 3v6fstiypwimupv54zrrtnzihrmzaf7 103364 103363 2026-06-16T19:52:04Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103364 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]] project for [[Africa]] insyd. Dem situate am for de river [[Nile]] top, close to den dey inundate de 4th [[:en:Cataracts_of_the_Nile|Cataract]] wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of [[:en:Electricity|electricity]].<ref>[https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=46505&src=eorss-iotd Merowe Dam, Nile River, Republic of Sudan], NASA Earth Observatory</ref> == Technical details == De [[:en:Dam|dam]] get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings).<ref name="structure">{{cite web |title=Merowe Dam: Structure |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306175208/http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |archive-date=2017-03-06 |access-date=2012-11-16}}</ref> E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de [[:en:Bayudah_Desert|Bayudah Desert]] to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de [[:en:Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan|Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]] propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing [[:en:Cotton|cotton]] den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve [[:en:Independence|independence]] for [[:en:List_of_countries_by_date_of_nationhood|1956]] insyd, [[Egypt]] decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] den [[:en:Lake_Nasser|Nasser Lake]]. De Sudan military government under [[:en:Gaafar_Nimeiry|Presido Nimeiri]] revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing [[:en:Hydroelectricity|hydroelectricity]] give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, [[:en:Merz_&_McLellan|Merz & McLellan]], GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be [[:en:USD|$]]2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – [[:en:USD|$]] 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/funding.html}}</ref> == Benefits == De [[:en:Electrification|electrification]] level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 [[:en:KWh|kWh]] of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de [[:en:OECD|OECD]] average.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2021 |title=Africa :: Sudan — the World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020040/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan |archive-date=January 11, 2021}}</ref> De capital Khartoum den a few large [[:en:Plantations|plantations]] dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de [[:en:Power_grid|national grid]]. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired [[:en:Power_plant|thermal plants]]. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de [[:en:Sennar|Sennar]] (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de [[Blue Nile]] top, wey dem originally design am give [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] purposes rada dan [[:en:Power_generation|power production]]. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent [[:en:Power_outage|blackouts]] [[:en:Power_outage|den brownouts]] sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de [[:en:Manasir|Manasir]], [[:en:Hamadab|Hamadab]] den [[:en:Amri_people|Amri]] tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give [[:en:Beans|beans]] den [[:en:Millet|millet]] de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de [[:en:Date_Cultivation_in_Dar_al-Manasir|groves of date palms]] wey dey grow for de fertile [[:en:Silt|silt]] insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to [[:en:Wadi_Muqaddam|Wadi Muqaddam]] for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd.<ref name="Hafsass">{{cite journal |last=Hafsaas-Tsakos |first=Henriette |year=2011 |title=Ethical implications of salvage archaeology and dam building: The clash between archaeologists and local people in Dar al-Manasir, Sudan |journal=Journal of Social Archaeology |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=49–76 |doi=10.1177/1469605310388372 |s2cid=147240919}}</ref> At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den [[:en:Date_palm|date palms]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/payments.html}}</ref> Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before.<ref name="Hafsass" /> Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizer]] during de first two years after de resettlement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/new-hamdab.html}}</ref> After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de [[:en:Nubian_Desert|Nubian desert]] insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab.<ref name="dlc.dlib.indiana.edu">Terminski, Bogumil (2013). "Development-Induced Displacement and Resettlement: Theoretical Frameworks and Current Challenges", Indiana University, available at: http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/handle/10535/8833?show=full</ref> According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd,<ref>[http://www.irn.org/programs/merowe/index.php?id=050428merowe.html Irn.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060131191119/http://www.irn.org/programs/merowe/index.php?id=050428merowe.html|date=2006-01-31}}</ref> de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd.<ref name="dlc.dlib.indiana.edu" /> === Nomads === A significant fraction of de [[:en:Manasir|Manasir]] tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of [[:en:Real_estate|real estate]] purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma [[:en:Symbiosis|symbiotic partners]]. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == [[:en:United_Nations|UN]] Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top [[:en:Miloon_Kothari|Miloon Kothari]] issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den [[:en:Kajbar_Power_Station|Kajbar]]. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk."<ref name="unrights">{{cite web |date=September 9, 2007 |title=UN rights expert urges suspension to dam projects in northern Sudan |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=23617&Cr=sudan&Cr1 |publisher=[[UN News Centre]]}}</ref> Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today."<ref name="unrights" /> Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." == Archaeology == <blockquote>''Further information: [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kingdom of Kush]]'' </blockquote>De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. De section between de 4th den 5th cataract—a significant portion of wey dem go inundate am by de reservoir lake—already dey densely populated thru nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little [[:en:Archaeology|archaeological]] work dem eva conduct am for dis particular region insyd. Recent [[:en:Archaeological_survey|surveys]] confirm de richness den diversity of traceable remains, from de [[:en:Stone_Age|Stone Age]] to de [[:en:History_of_Islam|Islamic period]]. Several foreign institutions recently anaa dem currently involve am for salvage archaeology insyd for de region insyd under de umbrella Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP). Among dem be ACACIA project University of Cologne, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum Expedition (GAME), Polish Academy of Sciences, [[:en:H.U.N.E.|Humboldt University of Berlin]], de Italian Institute give Africa den de Orient (IsIAO), de University College London, de Sudan Archaeological Research Society, de Hungarian Meroe Foundation, University of California at Santa Barbara - Arizona State University consortium, den de Oriental Institute Museum of de University of Chicago. Demma main problems be de shortness of de remaining time den limited funding. Unlike de large [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] campaign wey dem conduct for Egypt insyd before de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_High_Dam|Aswan High Dam]], wen dem fi document more dan a thousand archaeological sites den [[:en:Abu_Simbel|dem move complete buildings]] to prevent dem from drowning for [[:en:Lake_Nasser|Lake Nasser]] [[:en:Lake_Nasser|ein]] floods insyd, dem much moe restrict work at de 4th cataract. Since 2006, de archaeologists wey dey work give de Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project becam accused by environmental den human rights activists as well as de representatives of de affected pippoe of facilitating de political legitimatization of de project.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sudan's Merowe requests to stop excavating reservoir area |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/Sudan-s-Merowe-requests-to-stop,20457 |work=Sudan Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ancient Gold Center Discovered on the Nile |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/06/070619-gold-nile_2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621203736/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/06/070619-gold-nile_2.html |archive-date=June 21, 2007 |work=National Geographic News}}</ref> De archaeologists wey dey work give de dam project find demselves for an ethical dilemma insyd since dem dey undertake salvage excavations while de local pippoe dey for opposition insyd to de building of de dam dat dey necessitate both demma resettlement den de archaeological campaign.<ref name="Hafsass" /> Historian [[:en:Runoko_Rashidi|Runoko Rashidi]] issue a statement for solidarity insyd plus Sudanese Nubians wey dey protest de dams den dem bell am give a halt to demma construction.{{Blockquote|We never forget de terrible tragedy wey e result from de Aswan High Dam for Egyptian Nubia insyd. De project for Sudanese Nubia insyd, wey we bell am de "damn dams", go perpetuate yet anoda tragedy, anoda atrocity, against African pippoe. Nubia be a treasure-house of artifacts dat dey attest to de ancient greatness of Africa. For dem to inundate am go cause irreparable harm to a noble heritage. We for organize to resist dis project. One of de great figures among Africans in America, Frederick Douglass, say dat "power dey concede nothing without demand. E never do, den e never go do."}} == Political impact == === International === Dem fix usage rights to de waters of de Nile for de [[:en:Hydropolitics_in_the_Nile_Basin|Nile Waters Treaty]] insyd,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Nile Waters Agreement |url=http://www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/projects/casestudies/nile_agreement.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050905010029/http://www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/projects/casestudies/nile_agreement.html |archive-date=September 5, 2005 |access-date=July 15, 2005}}</ref> wey dem negotiate am by de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] for 1959 insyd. E dey allot 82 percent of de water volume to Egypt, while dem grant Sudan de rights to de remaining 18 percent. None of de riparian countries further upstream for de Nile basin insyd—[[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]], [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]], [[:en:Burundi|Burundi]], [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] den [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]]—dem entitle am to any significant use of de water, be e give irrigation (of particular interest to Ethiopia den Kenya) anaa hydropower (Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda). As Sudan rydee dey push forward to make use of ein water allotment, dem countries begin to bell give a revision of de treaty, wey e argue say—plus de exception of Ethiopia—dem all already dey under colonial rule at de time de negotiations take place, den dem no already represent am for demma best interest insyd. Moreova, dem make de decision of distribution of water without any negotiations plus Ethiopia, wey reject de agreement den e be de source of 90% of de water den 96% of transported sediment of de Nile.<ref>Marshall et al., {{cite web |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene environmental and climatic change from Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.holivar2006.org/abstracts/pdf/T1-026.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060928124412/http://www.holivar2006.org/abstracts/pdf/T1-026.pdf |archive-date=2006-09-28 |access-date=2006-10-09}}&nbsp;{{small|(247&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]])}}, 2006</ref><ref>Daniel Kendie, ''The Five Dimensions of the Eritrean Conflict 1941–2004: Deciphering the Geo-Political Puzzle''. United States of America: Signature Book Printing, Inc., 2005, pp.198.</ref> === Domestic === While [[:en:Comprehensive_Peace_Agreement|a peace treaty]] dey appear to already stop [[:en:Second_Sudanese_Civil_War|de fighting]] for [[:en:South_Sudan|Southern Sudan]] insyd after almost 20 years, der be no end for sight insyd yet give de [[:en:Darfur_conflict|civil war]] [[:en:Darfur_conflict|for Darfur insyd]]. More recently, unrest for Nubia insyd as a direct result of de dams den de forced permanent displacement of Nubians from demma homelands dey threaten to erupt into war. A group wey dey bell einself de Nubian Liberation Front dey threaten armed resistance in order to thwart de series of dams along de Nile, den particularly at [[:en:Kajbar_Power_Station|Kajbar]]. During de [[:en:Sudanese_civil_war_(2023–present)|Sudanese civil war (2023–present)]] for 13 January 2025 top, dem damage de dam ein power station RSF drones, wey e cause a fire at de facility den dey damage a key transformer. De attack sanso cause power outages as far as [[:en:Shendi|Shendi]], [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]], [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] den [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2025-01-13|title=Drone attack on Merowe dam power station disrupts electricity supply|url=https://sudantribune.com/article295881/|work=Sudan Tribune}}</ref> == Environmental impact == === Health === De resettlement area be a vast area plus an expected 50,000–70,000 inhabitants wey go be be going thru a transitional period give a few years before de get acclimatised den dem psychologically adapt to demma new life. Governing by de two eminent health impact experiences of [[:en:New_Halfa_Scheme|New Halfa resettlement projects]] den Aswan Dam for Egypt insyd, strategic health planning suppose go start early to foresee wat water born diseases den oda ecological health problems (such as [[:en:Bilharziasis|bilharziasis]], [[:en:Malaria|malaria]]) dey likely to prevail den to plan how to guard against dat. === Evaporation === De creation of de reservoir lake go increase de surface area of de Nile by about 700 km². Under de climatic conditions at de site, dem fi expect additional evaporation losses of up to 1,500,000,000 m³ per year. Dis dey correspond to about 8% of de total amount of water wey dem allocate to Sudan for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd. == Make you sanso see == == References == fq47m82xn0e53ox7sz0ezxrgqbzkodb 103365 103364 2026-06-16T19:53:04Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103365 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]] project for [[Africa]] insyd. Dem situate am for de river [[Nile]] top, close to den dey inundate de 4th [[:en:Cataracts_of_the_Nile|Cataract]] wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of [[:en:Electricity|electricity]].<ref>[https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=46505&src=eorss-iotd Merowe Dam, Nile River, Republic of Sudan], NASA Earth Observatory</ref> == Technical details == De [[:en:Dam|dam]] get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings).<ref name="structure">{{cite web |title=Merowe Dam: Structure |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306175208/http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |archive-date=2017-03-06 |access-date=2012-11-16}}</ref> E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de [[:en:Bayudah_Desert|Bayudah Desert]] to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de [[:en:Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan|Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]] propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing [[:en:Cotton|cotton]] den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve [[:en:Independence|independence]] for [[:en:List_of_countries_by_date_of_nationhood|1956]] insyd, [[Egypt]] decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] den [[:en:Lake_Nasser|Nasser Lake]]. De Sudan military government under [[:en:Gaafar_Nimeiry|Presido Nimeiri]] revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing [[:en:Hydroelectricity|hydroelectricity]] give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, [[:en:Merz_&_McLellan|Merz & McLellan]], GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be [[:en:USD|$]]2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – [[:en:USD|$]] 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/funding.html}}</ref> == Benefits == De [[:en:Electrification|electrification]] level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 [[:en:KWh|kWh]] of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de [[:en:OECD|OECD]] average.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2021 |title=Africa :: Sudan — the World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020040/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan |archive-date=January 11, 2021}}</ref> De capital Khartoum den a few large [[:en:Plantations|plantations]] dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de [[:en:Power_grid|national grid]]. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired [[:en:Power_plant|thermal plants]]. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de [[:en:Sennar|Sennar]] (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de [[Blue Nile]] top, wey dem originally design am give [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] purposes rada dan [[:en:Power_generation|power production]]. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent [[:en:Power_outage|blackouts]] [[:en:Power_outage|den brownouts]] sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de [[:en:Manasir|Manasir]], [[:en:Hamadab|Hamadab]] den [[:en:Amri_people|Amri]] tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give [[:en:Beans|beans]] den [[:en:Millet|millet]] de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de [[:en:Date_Cultivation_in_Dar_al-Manasir|groves of date palms]] wey dey grow for de fertile [[:en:Silt|silt]] insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to [[:en:Wadi_Muqaddam|Wadi Muqaddam]] for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd.<ref name="Hafsass">{{cite journal |last=Hafsaas-Tsakos |first=Henriette |year=2011 |title=Ethical implications of salvage archaeology and dam building: The clash between archaeologists and local people in Dar al-Manasir, Sudan |journal=Journal of Social Archaeology |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=49–76 |doi=10.1177/1469605310388372 |s2cid=147240919}}</ref> At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den [[:en:Date_palm|date palms]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/payments.html}}</ref> Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before.<ref name="Hafsass" /> Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizer]] during de first two years after de resettlement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/new-hamdab.html}}</ref> After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de [[:en:Nubian_Desert|Nubian desert]] insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab.<ref name="dlc.dlib.indiana.edu">Terminski, Bogumil (2013). "Development-Induced Displacement and Resettlement: Theoretical Frameworks and Current Challenges", Indiana University, available at: http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/handle/10535/8833?show=full</ref> According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd,<ref>[http://www.irn.org/programs/merowe/index.php?id=050428merowe.html Irn.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060131191119/http://www.irn.org/programs/merowe/index.php?id=050428merowe.html|date=2006-01-31}}</ref> de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd.<ref name="dlc.dlib.indiana.edu" /> === Nomads === A significant fraction of de [[:en:Manasir|Manasir]] tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of [[:en:Real_estate|real estate]] purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma [[:en:Symbiosis|symbiotic partners]]. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == [[:en:United_Nations|UN]] Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top [[:en:Miloon_Kothari|Miloon Kothari]] issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den [[:en:Kajbar_Power_Station|Kajbar]]. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk."<ref name="unrights">{{cite web |date=September 9, 2007 |title=UN rights expert urges suspension to dam projects in northern Sudan |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=23617&Cr=sudan&Cr1 |publisher=[[UN News Centre]]}}</ref> Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today."<ref name="unrights" /> Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." == Archaeology == <blockquote>''Further information: [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kingdom of Kush]]'' </blockquote>De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. De section between de 4th den 5th cataract—a significant portion of wey dem go inundate am by de reservoir lake—already dey densely populated thru nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little [[:en:Archaeology|archaeological]] work dem eva conduct am for dis particular region insyd. Recent [[:en:Archaeological_survey|surveys]] confirm de richness den diversity of traceable remains, from de [[:en:Stone_Age|Stone Age]] to de [[:en:History_of_Islam|Islamic period]]. Several foreign institutions recently anaa dem currently involve am for salvage archaeology insyd for de region insyd under de umbrella Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP). Among dem be ACACIA project University of Cologne, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum Expedition (GAME), Polish Academy of Sciences, [[:en:H.U.N.E.|Humboldt University of Berlin]], de Italian Institute give Africa den de Orient (IsIAO), de University College London, de Sudan Archaeological Research Society, de Hungarian Meroe Foundation, University of California at Santa Barbara - Arizona State University consortium, den de Oriental Institute Museum of de University of Chicago. Demma main problems be de shortness of de remaining time den limited funding. Unlike de large [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] campaign wey dem conduct for Egypt insyd before de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_High_Dam|Aswan High Dam]], wen dem fi document more dan a thousand archaeological sites den [[:en:Abu_Simbel|dem move complete buildings]] to prevent dem from drowning for [[:en:Lake_Nasser|Lake Nasser]] [[:en:Lake_Nasser|ein]] floods insyd, dem much moe restrict work at de 4th cataract. Since 2006, de archaeologists wey dey work give de Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project becam accused by environmental den human rights activists as well as de representatives of de affected pippoe of facilitating de political legitimatization of de project.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sudan's Merowe requests to stop excavating reservoir area |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/Sudan-s-Merowe-requests-to-stop,20457 |work=Sudan Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ancient Gold Center Discovered on the Nile |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/06/070619-gold-nile_2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621203736/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/06/070619-gold-nile_2.html |archive-date=June 21, 2007 |work=National Geographic News}}</ref> De archaeologists wey dey work give de dam project find demselves for an ethical dilemma insyd since dem dey undertake salvage excavations while de local pippoe dey for opposition insyd to de building of de dam dat dey necessitate both demma resettlement den de archaeological campaign.<ref name="Hafsass" /> Historian [[:en:Runoko_Rashidi|Runoko Rashidi]] issue a statement for solidarity insyd plus Sudanese Nubians wey dey protest de dams den dem bell am give a halt to demma construction.{{Blockquote|We never forget de terrible tragedy wey e result from de Aswan High Dam for Egyptian Nubia insyd. De project for Sudanese Nubia insyd, wey we bell am de "damn dams", go perpetuate yet anoda tragedy, anoda atrocity, against African pippoe. Nubia be a treasure-house of artifacts dat dey attest to de ancient greatness of Africa. For dem to inundate am go cause irreparable harm to a noble heritage. We for organize to resist dis project. One of de great figures among Africans in America, Frederick Douglass, say dat "power dey concede nothing without demand. E never do, den e never go do."}} == Political impact == === International === Dem fix usage rights to de waters of de Nile for de [[:en:Hydropolitics_in_the_Nile_Basin|Nile Waters Treaty]] insyd,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Nile Waters Agreement |url=http://www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/projects/casestudies/nile_agreement.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050905010029/http://www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/projects/casestudies/nile_agreement.html |archive-date=September 5, 2005 |access-date=July 15, 2005}}</ref> wey dem negotiate am by de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] for 1959 insyd. E dey allot 82 percent of de water volume to Egypt, while dem grant Sudan de rights to de remaining 18 percent. None of de riparian countries further upstream for de Nile basin insyd—[[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]], [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]], [[:en:Burundi|Burundi]], [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] den [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]]—dem entitle am to any significant use of de water, be e give irrigation (of particular interest to Ethiopia den Kenya) anaa hydropower (Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda). As Sudan rydee dey push forward to make use of ein water allotment, dem countries begin to bell give a revision of de treaty, wey e argue say—plus de exception of Ethiopia—dem all already dey under colonial rule at de time de negotiations take place, den dem no already represent am for demma best interest insyd. Moreova, dem make de decision of distribution of water without any negotiations plus Ethiopia, wey reject de agreement den e be de source of 90% of de water den 96% of transported sediment of de Nile.<ref>Marshall et al., {{cite web |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene environmental and climatic change from Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.holivar2006.org/abstracts/pdf/T1-026.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060928124412/http://www.holivar2006.org/abstracts/pdf/T1-026.pdf |archive-date=2006-09-28 |access-date=2006-10-09}}&nbsp;{{small|(247&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]])}}, 2006</ref><ref>Daniel Kendie, ''The Five Dimensions of the Eritrean Conflict 1941–2004: Deciphering the Geo-Political Puzzle''. United States of America: Signature Book Printing, Inc., 2005, pp.198.</ref> === Domestic === While [[:en:Comprehensive_Peace_Agreement|a peace treaty]] dey appear to already stop [[:en:Second_Sudanese_Civil_War|de fighting]] for [[:en:South_Sudan|Southern Sudan]] insyd after almost 20 years, der be no end for sight insyd yet give de [[:en:Darfur_conflict|civil war]] [[:en:Darfur_conflict|for Darfur insyd]]. More recently, unrest for Nubia insyd as a direct result of de dams den de forced permanent displacement of Nubians from demma homelands dey threaten to erupt into war. A group wey dey bell einself de Nubian Liberation Front dey threaten armed resistance in order to thwart de series of dams along de Nile, den particularly at [[:en:Kajbar_Power_Station|Kajbar]]. During de [[:en:Sudanese_civil_war_(2023–present)|Sudanese civil war (2023–present)]] for 13 January 2025 top, dem damage de dam ein power station RSF drones, wey e cause a fire at de facility den dey damage a key transformer. De attack sanso cause power outages as far as [[:en:Shendi|Shendi]], [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]], [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] den [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2025-01-13|title=Drone attack on Merowe dam power station disrupts electricity supply|url=https://sudantribune.com/article295881/|work=Sudan Tribune}}</ref> == Environmental impact == === Health === De resettlement area be a vast area plus an expected 50,000–70,000 inhabitants wey go be be going thru a transitional period give a few years before de get acclimatised den dem psychologically adapt to demma new life. Governing by de two eminent health impact experiences of [[:en:New_Halfa_Scheme|New Halfa resettlement projects]] den Aswan Dam for Egypt insyd, strategic health planning suppose go start early to foresee wat water born diseases den oda ecological health problems (such as [[:en:Bilharziasis|bilharziasis]], [[:en:Malaria|malaria]]) dey likely to prevail den to plan how to guard against dat. === Evaporation === De creation of de reservoir lake go increase de surface area of de Nile by about 700 km². Under de climatic conditions at de site, dem fi expect additional evaporation losses of up to 1,500,000,000 m³ per year. Dis dey correspond to about 8% of de total amount of water wey dem allocate to Sudan for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd. == Make you sanso see == * [[:en:List_of_conventional_hydroelectric_power_stations|List of conventional hydroelectric power stations]] * == References == q6bzmb2fc6tei3kdlk57dxrvk39grbt 103366 103365 2026-06-16T19:53:42Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103366 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]] project for [[Africa]] insyd. Dem situate am for de river [[Nile]] top, close to den dey inundate de 4th [[:en:Cataracts_of_the_Nile|Cataract]] wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of [[:en:Electricity|electricity]].<ref>[https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=46505&src=eorss-iotd Merowe Dam, Nile River, Republic of Sudan], NASA Earth Observatory</ref> == Technical details == De [[:en:Dam|dam]] get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings).<ref name="structure">{{cite web |title=Merowe Dam: Structure |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306175208/http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |archive-date=2017-03-06 |access-date=2012-11-16}}</ref> E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de [[:en:Bayudah_Desert|Bayudah Desert]] to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de [[:en:Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan|Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]] propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing [[:en:Cotton|cotton]] den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve [[:en:Independence|independence]] for [[:en:List_of_countries_by_date_of_nationhood|1956]] insyd, [[Egypt]] decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] den [[:en:Lake_Nasser|Nasser Lake]]. De Sudan military government under [[:en:Gaafar_Nimeiry|Presido Nimeiri]] revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing [[:en:Hydroelectricity|hydroelectricity]] give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, [[:en:Merz_&_McLellan|Merz & McLellan]], GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be [[:en:USD|$]]2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – [[:en:USD|$]] 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/funding.html}}</ref> == Benefits == De [[:en:Electrification|electrification]] level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 [[:en:KWh|kWh]] of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de [[:en:OECD|OECD]] average.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2021 |title=Africa :: Sudan — the World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020040/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan |archive-date=January 11, 2021}}</ref> De capital Khartoum den a few large [[:en:Plantations|plantations]] dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de [[:en:Power_grid|national grid]]. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired [[:en:Power_plant|thermal plants]]. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de [[:en:Sennar|Sennar]] (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de [[Blue Nile]] top, wey dem originally design am give [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] purposes rada dan [[:en:Power_generation|power production]]. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent [[:en:Power_outage|blackouts]] [[:en:Power_outage|den brownouts]] sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de [[:en:Manasir|Manasir]], [[:en:Hamadab|Hamadab]] den [[:en:Amri_people|Amri]] tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give [[:en:Beans|beans]] den [[:en:Millet|millet]] de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de [[:en:Date_Cultivation_in_Dar_al-Manasir|groves of date palms]] wey dey grow for de fertile [[:en:Silt|silt]] insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to [[:en:Wadi_Muqaddam|Wadi Muqaddam]] for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd.<ref name="Hafsass">{{cite journal |last=Hafsaas-Tsakos |first=Henriette |year=2011 |title=Ethical implications of salvage archaeology and dam building: The clash between archaeologists and local people in Dar al-Manasir, Sudan |journal=Journal of Social Archaeology |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=49–76 |doi=10.1177/1469605310388372 |s2cid=147240919}}</ref> At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den [[:en:Date_palm|date palms]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/payments.html}}</ref> Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before.<ref name="Hafsass" /> Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizer]] during de first two years after de resettlement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/new-hamdab.html}}</ref> After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de [[:en:Nubian_Desert|Nubian desert]] insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab.<ref name="dlc.dlib.indiana.edu">Terminski, Bogumil (2013). "Development-Induced Displacement and Resettlement: Theoretical Frameworks and Current Challenges", Indiana University, available at: http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/handle/10535/8833?show=full</ref> According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd,<ref>[http://www.irn.org/programs/merowe/index.php?id=050428merowe.html Irn.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060131191119/http://www.irn.org/programs/merowe/index.php?id=050428merowe.html|date=2006-01-31}}</ref> de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd.<ref name="dlc.dlib.indiana.edu" /> === Nomads === A significant fraction of de [[:en:Manasir|Manasir]] tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of [[:en:Real_estate|real estate]] purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma [[:en:Symbiosis|symbiotic partners]]. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == [[:en:United_Nations|UN]] Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top [[:en:Miloon_Kothari|Miloon Kothari]] issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den [[:en:Kajbar_Power_Station|Kajbar]]. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk."<ref name="unrights">{{cite web |date=September 9, 2007 |title=UN rights expert urges suspension to dam projects in northern Sudan |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=23617&Cr=sudan&Cr1 |publisher=[[UN News Centre]]}}</ref> Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today."<ref name="unrights" /> Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." == Archaeology == <blockquote>''Further information: [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kingdom of Kush]]'' </blockquote>De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. De section between de 4th den 5th cataract—a significant portion of wey dem go inundate am by de reservoir lake—already dey densely populated thru nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little [[:en:Archaeology|archaeological]] work dem eva conduct am for dis particular region insyd. Recent [[:en:Archaeological_survey|surveys]] confirm de richness den diversity of traceable remains, from de [[:en:Stone_Age|Stone Age]] to de [[:en:History_of_Islam|Islamic period]]. Several foreign institutions recently anaa dem currently involve am for salvage archaeology insyd for de region insyd under de umbrella Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP). Among dem be ACACIA project University of Cologne, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum Expedition (GAME), Polish Academy of Sciences, [[:en:H.U.N.E.|Humboldt University of Berlin]], de Italian Institute give Africa den de Orient (IsIAO), de University College London, de Sudan Archaeological Research Society, de Hungarian Meroe Foundation, University of California at Santa Barbara - Arizona State University consortium, den de Oriental Institute Museum of de University of Chicago. Demma main problems be de shortness of de remaining time den limited funding. Unlike de large [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] campaign wey dem conduct for Egypt insyd before de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_High_Dam|Aswan High Dam]], wen dem fi document more dan a thousand archaeological sites den [[:en:Abu_Simbel|dem move complete buildings]] to prevent dem from drowning for [[:en:Lake_Nasser|Lake Nasser]] [[:en:Lake_Nasser|ein]] floods insyd, dem much moe restrict work at de 4th cataract. Since 2006, de archaeologists wey dey work give de Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project becam accused by environmental den human rights activists as well as de representatives of de affected pippoe of facilitating de political legitimatization of de project.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sudan's Merowe requests to stop excavating reservoir area |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/Sudan-s-Merowe-requests-to-stop,20457 |work=Sudan Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ancient Gold Center Discovered on the Nile |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/06/070619-gold-nile_2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621203736/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/06/070619-gold-nile_2.html |archive-date=June 21, 2007 |work=National Geographic News}}</ref> De archaeologists wey dey work give de dam project find demselves for an ethical dilemma insyd since dem dey undertake salvage excavations while de local pippoe dey for opposition insyd to de building of de dam dat dey necessitate both demma resettlement den de archaeological campaign.<ref name="Hafsass" /> Historian [[:en:Runoko_Rashidi|Runoko Rashidi]] issue a statement for solidarity insyd plus Sudanese Nubians wey dey protest de dams den dem bell am give a halt to demma construction.{{Blockquote|We never forget de terrible tragedy wey e result from de Aswan High Dam for Egyptian Nubia insyd. De project for Sudanese Nubia insyd, wey we bell am de "damn dams", go perpetuate yet anoda tragedy, anoda atrocity, against African pippoe. Nubia be a treasure-house of artifacts dat dey attest to de ancient greatness of Africa. For dem to inundate am go cause irreparable harm to a noble heritage. We for organize to resist dis project. One of de great figures among Africans in America, Frederick Douglass, say dat "power dey concede nothing without demand. E never do, den e never go do."}} == Political impact == === International === Dem fix usage rights to de waters of de Nile for de [[:en:Hydropolitics_in_the_Nile_Basin|Nile Waters Treaty]] insyd,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Nile Waters Agreement |url=http://www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/projects/casestudies/nile_agreement.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050905010029/http://www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/projects/casestudies/nile_agreement.html |archive-date=September 5, 2005 |access-date=July 15, 2005}}</ref> wey dem negotiate am by de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] for 1959 insyd. E dey allot 82 percent of de water volume to Egypt, while dem grant Sudan de rights to de remaining 18 percent. None of de riparian countries further upstream for de Nile basin insyd—[[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]], [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]], [[:en:Burundi|Burundi]], [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] den [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]]—dem entitle am to any significant use of de water, be e give irrigation (of particular interest to Ethiopia den Kenya) anaa hydropower (Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda). As Sudan rydee dey push forward to make use of ein water allotment, dem countries begin to bell give a revision of de treaty, wey e argue say—plus de exception of Ethiopia—dem all already dey under colonial rule at de time de negotiations take place, den dem no already represent am for demma best interest insyd. Moreova, dem make de decision of distribution of water without any negotiations plus Ethiopia, wey reject de agreement den e be de source of 90% of de water den 96% of transported sediment of de Nile.<ref>Marshall et al., {{cite web |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene environmental and climatic change from Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.holivar2006.org/abstracts/pdf/T1-026.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060928124412/http://www.holivar2006.org/abstracts/pdf/T1-026.pdf |archive-date=2006-09-28 |access-date=2006-10-09}}&nbsp;{{small|(247&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]])}}, 2006</ref><ref>Daniel Kendie, ''The Five Dimensions of the Eritrean Conflict 1941–2004: Deciphering the Geo-Political Puzzle''. United States of America: Signature Book Printing, Inc., 2005, pp.198.</ref> === Domestic === While [[:en:Comprehensive_Peace_Agreement|a peace treaty]] dey appear to already stop [[:en:Second_Sudanese_Civil_War|de fighting]] for [[:en:South_Sudan|Southern Sudan]] insyd after almost 20 years, der be no end for sight insyd yet give de [[:en:Darfur_conflict|civil war]] [[:en:Darfur_conflict|for Darfur insyd]]. More recently, unrest for Nubia insyd as a direct result of de dams den de forced permanent displacement of Nubians from demma homelands dey threaten to erupt into war. A group wey dey bell einself de Nubian Liberation Front dey threaten armed resistance in order to thwart de series of dams along de Nile, den particularly at [[:en:Kajbar_Power_Station|Kajbar]]. During de [[:en:Sudanese_civil_war_(2023–present)|Sudanese civil war (2023–present)]] for 13 January 2025 top, dem damage de dam ein power station RSF drones, wey e cause a fire at de facility den dey damage a key transformer. De attack sanso cause power outages as far as [[:en:Shendi|Shendi]], [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]], [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] den [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2025-01-13|title=Drone attack on Merowe dam power station disrupts electricity supply|url=https://sudantribune.com/article295881/|work=Sudan Tribune}}</ref> == Environmental impact == === Health === De resettlement area be a vast area plus an expected 50,000–70,000 inhabitants wey go be be going thru a transitional period give a few years before de get acclimatised den dem psychologically adapt to demma new life. Governing by de two eminent health impact experiences of [[:en:New_Halfa_Scheme|New Halfa resettlement projects]] den Aswan Dam for Egypt insyd, strategic health planning suppose go start early to foresee wat water born diseases den oda ecological health problems (such as [[:en:Bilharziasis|bilharziasis]], [[:en:Malaria|malaria]]) dey likely to prevail den to plan how to guard against dat. === Evaporation === De creation of de reservoir lake go increase de surface area of de Nile by about 700 km². Under de climatic conditions at de site, dem fi expect additional evaporation losses of up to 1,500,000,000 m³ per year. Dis dey correspond to about 8% of de total amount of water wey dem allocate to Sudan for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd. == Make you sanso see == * [[:en:List_of_conventional_hydroelectric_power_stations|List of conventional hydroelectric power stations]] *[[:en:List_of_power_stations_in_Sudan|List of power stations]] [[:en:List_of_power_stations_in_Sudan|for Sudan insyd]] == References == 40uanek1to6367t7hlv2bebgazh1mjq 103367 103366 2026-06-16T19:54:47Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103367 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]] project for [[Africa]] insyd. Dem situate am for de river [[Nile]] top, close to den dey inundate de 4th [[:en:Cataracts_of_the_Nile|Cataract]] wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of [[:en:Electricity|electricity]].<ref>[https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=46505&src=eorss-iotd Merowe Dam, Nile River, Republic of Sudan], NASA Earth Observatory</ref> == Technical details == De [[:en:Dam|dam]] get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings).<ref name="structure">{{cite web |title=Merowe Dam: Structure |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306175208/http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |archive-date=2017-03-06 |access-date=2012-11-16}}</ref> E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de [[:en:Bayudah_Desert|Bayudah Desert]] to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de [[:en:Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan|Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]] propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing [[:en:Cotton|cotton]] den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve [[:en:Independence|independence]] for [[:en:List_of_countries_by_date_of_nationhood|1956]] insyd, [[Egypt]] decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] den [[:en:Lake_Nasser|Nasser Lake]]. De Sudan military government under [[:en:Gaafar_Nimeiry|Presido Nimeiri]] revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing [[:en:Hydroelectricity|hydroelectricity]] give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, [[:en:Merz_&_McLellan|Merz & McLellan]], GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be [[:en:USD|$]]2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – [[:en:USD|$]] 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/funding.html}}</ref> == Benefits == De [[:en:Electrification|electrification]] level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 [[:en:KWh|kWh]] of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de [[:en:OECD|OECD]] average.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2021 |title=Africa :: Sudan — the World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020040/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan |archive-date=January 11, 2021}}</ref> De capital Khartoum den a few large [[:en:Plantations|plantations]] dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de [[:en:Power_grid|national grid]]. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired [[:en:Power_plant|thermal plants]]. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de [[:en:Sennar|Sennar]] (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de [[Blue Nile]] top, wey dem originally design am give [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] purposes rada dan [[:en:Power_generation|power production]]. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent [[:en:Power_outage|blackouts]] [[:en:Power_outage|den brownouts]] sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de [[:en:Manasir|Manasir]], [[:en:Hamadab|Hamadab]] den [[:en:Amri_people|Amri]] tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give [[:en:Beans|beans]] den [[:en:Millet|millet]] de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de [[:en:Date_Cultivation_in_Dar_al-Manasir|groves of date palms]] wey dey grow for de fertile [[:en:Silt|silt]] insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to [[:en:Wadi_Muqaddam|Wadi Muqaddam]] for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd.<ref name="Hafsass">{{cite journal |last=Hafsaas-Tsakos |first=Henriette |year=2011 |title=Ethical implications of salvage archaeology and dam building: The clash between archaeologists and local people in Dar al-Manasir, Sudan |journal=Journal of Social Archaeology |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=49–76 |doi=10.1177/1469605310388372 |s2cid=147240919}}</ref> At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den [[:en:Date_palm|date palms]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/payments.html}}</ref> Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before.<ref name="Hafsass" /> Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizer]] during de first two years after de resettlement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/new-hamdab.html}}</ref> After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de [[:en:Nubian_Desert|Nubian desert]] insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab.<ref name="dlc.dlib.indiana.edu">Terminski, Bogumil (2013). "Development-Induced Displacement and Resettlement: Theoretical Frameworks and Current Challenges", Indiana University, available at: http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/handle/10535/8833?show=full</ref> According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd,<ref>[http://www.irn.org/programs/merowe/index.php?id=050428merowe.html Irn.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060131191119/http://www.irn.org/programs/merowe/index.php?id=050428merowe.html|date=2006-01-31}}</ref> de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd.<ref name="dlc.dlib.indiana.edu" /> === Nomads === A significant fraction of de [[:en:Manasir|Manasir]] tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of [[:en:Real_estate|real estate]] purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma [[:en:Symbiosis|symbiotic partners]]. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == [[:en:United_Nations|UN]] Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top [[:en:Miloon_Kothari|Miloon Kothari]] issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den [[:en:Kajbar_Power_Station|Kajbar]]. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk."<ref name="unrights">{{cite web |date=September 9, 2007 |title=UN rights expert urges suspension to dam projects in northern Sudan |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=23617&Cr=sudan&Cr1 |publisher=[[UN News Centre]]}}</ref> Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today."<ref name="unrights" /> Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." == Archaeology == <blockquote>''Further information: [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kingdom of Kush]]'' </blockquote>De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. De section between de 4th den 5th cataract—a significant portion of wey dem go inundate am by de reservoir lake—already dey densely populated thru nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little [[:en:Archaeology|archaeological]] work dem eva conduct am for dis particular region insyd. Recent [[:en:Archaeological_survey|surveys]] confirm de richness den diversity of traceable remains, from de [[:en:Stone_Age|Stone Age]] to de [[:en:History_of_Islam|Islamic period]]. Several foreign institutions recently anaa dem currently involve am for salvage archaeology insyd for de region insyd under de umbrella Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP). Among dem be ACACIA project University of Cologne, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum Expedition (GAME), Polish Academy of Sciences, [[:en:H.U.N.E.|Humboldt University of Berlin]], de Italian Institute give Africa den de Orient (IsIAO), de University College London, de Sudan Archaeological Research Society, de Hungarian Meroe Foundation, University of California at Santa Barbara - Arizona State University consortium, den de Oriental Institute Museum of de University of Chicago. Demma main problems be de shortness of de remaining time den limited funding. Unlike de large [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] campaign wey dem conduct for Egypt insyd before de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_High_Dam|Aswan High Dam]], wen dem fi document more dan a thousand archaeological sites den [[:en:Abu_Simbel|dem move complete buildings]] to prevent dem from drowning for [[:en:Lake_Nasser|Lake Nasser]] [[:en:Lake_Nasser|ein]] floods insyd, dem much moe restrict work at de 4th cataract. Since 2006, de archaeologists wey dey work give de Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project becam accused by environmental den human rights activists as well as de representatives of de affected pippoe of facilitating de political legitimatization of de project.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sudan's Merowe requests to stop excavating reservoir area |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/Sudan-s-Merowe-requests-to-stop,20457 |work=Sudan Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ancient Gold Center Discovered on the Nile |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/06/070619-gold-nile_2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621203736/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/06/070619-gold-nile_2.html |archive-date=June 21, 2007 |work=National Geographic News}}</ref> De archaeologists wey dey work give de dam project find demselves for an ethical dilemma insyd since dem dey undertake salvage excavations while de local pippoe dey for opposition insyd to de building of de dam dat dey necessitate both demma resettlement den de archaeological campaign.<ref name="Hafsass" /> Historian [[:en:Runoko_Rashidi|Runoko Rashidi]] issue a statement for solidarity insyd plus Sudanese Nubians wey dey protest de dams den dem bell am give a halt to demma construction.{{Blockquote|We never forget de terrible tragedy wey e result from de Aswan High Dam for Egyptian Nubia insyd. De project for Sudanese Nubia insyd, wey we bell am de "damn dams", go perpetuate yet anoda tragedy, anoda atrocity, against African pippoe. Nubia be a treasure-house of artifacts dat dey attest to de ancient greatness of Africa. For dem to inundate am go cause irreparable harm to a noble heritage. We for organize to resist dis project. One of de great figures among Africans in America, Frederick Douglass, say dat "power dey concede nothing without demand. E never do, den e never go do."}} == Political impact == === International === Dem fix usage rights to de waters of de Nile for de [[:en:Hydropolitics_in_the_Nile_Basin|Nile Waters Treaty]] insyd,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Nile Waters Agreement |url=http://www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/projects/casestudies/nile_agreement.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050905010029/http://www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/projects/casestudies/nile_agreement.html |archive-date=September 5, 2005 |access-date=July 15, 2005}}</ref> wey dem negotiate am by de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] for 1959 insyd. E dey allot 82 percent of de water volume to Egypt, while dem grant Sudan de rights to de remaining 18 percent. None of de riparian countries further upstream for de Nile basin insyd—[[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]], [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]], [[:en:Burundi|Burundi]], [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] den [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]]—dem entitle am to any significant use of de water, be e give irrigation (of particular interest to Ethiopia den Kenya) anaa hydropower (Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda). As Sudan rydee dey push forward to make use of ein water allotment, dem countries begin to bell give a revision of de treaty, wey e argue say—plus de exception of Ethiopia—dem all already dey under colonial rule at de time de negotiations take place, den dem no already represent am for demma best interest insyd. Moreova, dem make de decision of distribution of water without any negotiations plus Ethiopia, wey reject de agreement den e be de source of 90% of de water den 96% of transported sediment of de Nile.<ref>Marshall et al., {{cite web |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene environmental and climatic change from Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.holivar2006.org/abstracts/pdf/T1-026.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060928124412/http://www.holivar2006.org/abstracts/pdf/T1-026.pdf |archive-date=2006-09-28 |access-date=2006-10-09}}&nbsp;{{small|(247&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]])}}, 2006</ref><ref>Daniel Kendie, ''The Five Dimensions of the Eritrean Conflict 1941–2004: Deciphering the Geo-Political Puzzle''. United States of America: Signature Book Printing, Inc., 2005, pp.198.</ref> === Domestic === While [[:en:Comprehensive_Peace_Agreement|a peace treaty]] dey appear to already stop [[:en:Second_Sudanese_Civil_War|de fighting]] for [[:en:South_Sudan|Southern Sudan]] insyd after almost 20 years, der be no end for sight insyd yet give de [[:en:Darfur_conflict|civil war]] [[:en:Darfur_conflict|for Darfur insyd]]. More recently, unrest for Nubia insyd as a direct result of de dams den de forced permanent displacement of Nubians from demma homelands dey threaten to erupt into war. A group wey dey bell einself de Nubian Liberation Front dey threaten armed resistance in order to thwart de series of dams along de Nile, den particularly at [[:en:Kajbar_Power_Station|Kajbar]]. During de [[:en:Sudanese_civil_war_(2023–present)|Sudanese civil war (2023–present)]] for 13 January 2025 top, dem damage de dam ein power station RSF drones, wey e cause a fire at de facility den dey damage a key transformer. De attack sanso cause power outages as far as [[:en:Shendi|Shendi]], [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]], [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] den [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2025-01-13|title=Drone attack on Merowe dam power station disrupts electricity supply|url=https://sudantribune.com/article295881/|work=Sudan Tribune}}</ref> == Environmental impact == === Health === De resettlement area be a vast area plus an expected 50,000–70,000 inhabitants wey go be be going thru a transitional period give a few years before de get acclimatised den dem psychologically adapt to demma new life. Governing by de two eminent health impact experiences of [[:en:New_Halfa_Scheme|New Halfa resettlement projects]] den Aswan Dam for Egypt insyd, strategic health planning suppose go start early to foresee wat water born diseases den oda ecological health problems (such as [[:en:Bilharziasis|bilharziasis]], [[:en:Malaria|malaria]]) dey likely to prevail den to plan how to guard against dat. === Evaporation === De creation of de reservoir lake go increase de surface area of de Nile by about 700 km². Under de climatic conditions at de site, dem fi expect additional evaporation losses of up to 1,500,000,000 m³ per year. Dis dey correspond to about 8% of de total amount of water wey dem allocate to Sudan for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd. == Make you sanso see == * [[:en:List_of_conventional_hydroelectric_power_stations|List of conventional hydroelectric power stations]] *[[:en:List_of_power_stations_in_Sudan|List of power stations]] [[:en:List_of_power_stations_in_Sudan|for Sudan insyd]] == References == <references /> == External links == gg4151nfi89imq15h7jx7nlh84wvasx 103368 103367 2026-06-16T20:00:06Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103368 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]] project for [[Africa]] insyd. Dem situate am for de river [[Nile]] top, close to den dey inundate de 4th [[:en:Cataracts_of_the_Nile|Cataract]] wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of [[:en:Electricity|electricity]].<ref>[https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=46505&src=eorss-iotd Merowe Dam, Nile River, Republic of Sudan], NASA Earth Observatory</ref> == Technical details == De [[:en:Dam|dam]] get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings).<ref name="structure">{{cite web |title=Merowe Dam: Structure |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306175208/http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |archive-date=2017-03-06 |access-date=2012-11-16}}</ref> E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de [[:en:Bayudah_Desert|Bayudah Desert]] to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de [[:en:Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan|Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]] propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing [[:en:Cotton|cotton]] den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve [[:en:Independence|independence]] for [[:en:List_of_countries_by_date_of_nationhood|1956]] insyd, [[Egypt]] decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] den [[:en:Lake_Nasser|Nasser Lake]]. De Sudan military government under [[:en:Gaafar_Nimeiry|Presido Nimeiri]] revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing [[:en:Hydroelectricity|hydroelectricity]] give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, [[:en:Merz_&_McLellan|Merz & McLellan]], GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be [[:en:USD|$]]2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – [[:en:USD|$]] 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/funding.html}}</ref> == Benefits == De [[:en:Electrification|electrification]] level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 [[:en:KWh|kWh]] of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de [[:en:OECD|OECD]] average.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2021 |title=Africa :: Sudan — the World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020040/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan |archive-date=January 11, 2021}}</ref> De capital Khartoum den a few large [[:en:Plantations|plantations]] dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de [[:en:Power_grid|national grid]]. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired [[:en:Power_plant|thermal plants]]. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de [[:en:Sennar|Sennar]] (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de [[Blue Nile]] top, wey dem originally design am give [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] purposes rada dan [[:en:Power_generation|power production]]. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent [[:en:Power_outage|blackouts]] [[:en:Power_outage|den brownouts]] sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de [[:en:Manasir|Manasir]], [[:en:Hamadab|Hamadab]] den [[:en:Amri_people|Amri]] tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give [[:en:Beans|beans]] den [[:en:Millet|millet]] de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de [[:en:Date_Cultivation_in_Dar_al-Manasir|groves of date palms]] wey dey grow for de fertile [[:en:Silt|silt]] insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to [[:en:Wadi_Muqaddam|Wadi Muqaddam]] for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd.<ref name="Hafsass">{{cite journal |last=Hafsaas-Tsakos |first=Henriette |year=2011 |title=Ethical implications of salvage archaeology and dam building: The clash between archaeologists and local people in Dar al-Manasir, Sudan |journal=Journal of Social Archaeology |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=49–76 |doi=10.1177/1469605310388372 |s2cid=147240919}}</ref> At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den [[:en:Date_palm|date palms]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/payments.html}}</ref> Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before.<ref name="Hafsass" /> Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizer]] during de first two years after de resettlement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/new-hamdab.html}}</ref> After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de [[:en:Nubian_Desert|Nubian desert]] insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab.<ref name="dlc.dlib.indiana.edu">Terminski, Bogumil (2013). "Development-Induced Displacement and Resettlement: Theoretical Frameworks and Current Challenges", Indiana University, available at: http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/handle/10535/8833?show=full</ref> According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd,<ref>[http://www.irn.org/programs/merowe/index.php?id=050428merowe.html Irn.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060131191119/http://www.irn.org/programs/merowe/index.php?id=050428merowe.html|date=2006-01-31}}</ref> de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd.<ref name="dlc.dlib.indiana.edu" /> === Nomads === A significant fraction of de [[:en:Manasir|Manasir]] tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of [[:en:Real_estate|real estate]] purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma [[:en:Symbiosis|symbiotic partners]]. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == [[:en:United_Nations|UN]] Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top [[:en:Miloon_Kothari|Miloon Kothari]] issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den [[:en:Kajbar_Power_Station|Kajbar]]. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk."<ref name="unrights">{{cite web |date=September 9, 2007 |title=UN rights expert urges suspension to dam projects in northern Sudan |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=23617&Cr=sudan&Cr1 |publisher=[[UN News Centre]]}}</ref> Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today."<ref name="unrights" /> Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." == Archaeology == <blockquote>''Further information: [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kingdom of Kush]]'' </blockquote>De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. De section between de 4th den 5th cataract—a significant portion of wey dem go inundate am by de reservoir lake—already dey densely populated thru nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little [[:en:Archaeology|archaeological]] work dem eva conduct am for dis particular region insyd. Recent [[:en:Archaeological_survey|surveys]] confirm de richness den diversity of traceable remains, from de [[:en:Stone_Age|Stone Age]] to de [[:en:History_of_Islam|Islamic period]]. Several foreign institutions recently anaa dem currently involve am for salvage archaeology insyd for de region insyd under de umbrella Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP). Among dem be ACACIA project University of Cologne, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum Expedition (GAME), Polish Academy of Sciences, [[:en:H.U.N.E.|Humboldt University of Berlin]], de Italian Institute give Africa den de Orient (IsIAO), de University College London, de Sudan Archaeological Research Society, de Hungarian Meroe Foundation, University of California at Santa Barbara - Arizona State University consortium, den de Oriental Institute Museum of de University of Chicago. Demma main problems be de shortness of de remaining time den limited funding. Unlike de large [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] campaign wey dem conduct for Egypt insyd before de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_High_Dam|Aswan High Dam]], wen dem fi document more dan a thousand archaeological sites den [[:en:Abu_Simbel|dem move complete buildings]] to prevent dem from drowning for [[:en:Lake_Nasser|Lake Nasser]] [[:en:Lake_Nasser|ein]] floods insyd, dem much moe restrict work at de 4th cataract. Since 2006, de archaeologists wey dey work give de Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project becam accused by environmental den human rights activists as well as de representatives of de affected pippoe of facilitating de political legitimatization of de project.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sudan's Merowe requests to stop excavating reservoir area |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/Sudan-s-Merowe-requests-to-stop,20457 |work=Sudan Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ancient Gold Center Discovered on the Nile |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/06/070619-gold-nile_2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621203736/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/06/070619-gold-nile_2.html |archive-date=June 21, 2007 |work=National Geographic News}}</ref> De archaeologists wey dey work give de dam project find demselves for an ethical dilemma insyd since dem dey undertake salvage excavations while de local pippoe dey for opposition insyd to de building of de dam dat dey necessitate both demma resettlement den de archaeological campaign.<ref name="Hafsass" /> Historian [[:en:Runoko_Rashidi|Runoko Rashidi]] issue a statement for solidarity insyd plus Sudanese Nubians wey dey protest de dams den dem bell am give a halt to demma construction.{{Blockquote|We never forget de terrible tragedy wey e result from de Aswan High Dam for Egyptian Nubia insyd. De project for Sudanese Nubia insyd, wey we bell am de "damn dams", go perpetuate yet anoda tragedy, anoda atrocity, against African pippoe. Nubia be a treasure-house of artifacts dat dey attest to de ancient greatness of Africa. For dem to inundate am go cause irreparable harm to a noble heritage. We for organize to resist dis project. One of de great figures among Africans in America, Frederick Douglass, say dat "power dey concede nothing without demand. E never do, den e never go do."}} == Political impact == === International === Dem fix usage rights to de waters of de Nile for de [[:en:Hydropolitics_in_the_Nile_Basin|Nile Waters Treaty]] insyd,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Nile Waters Agreement |url=http://www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/projects/casestudies/nile_agreement.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050905010029/http://www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/projects/casestudies/nile_agreement.html |archive-date=September 5, 2005 |access-date=July 15, 2005}}</ref> wey dem negotiate am by de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] for 1959 insyd. E dey allot 82 percent of de water volume to Egypt, while dem grant Sudan de rights to de remaining 18 percent. None of de riparian countries further upstream for de Nile basin insyd—[[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]], [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]], [[:en:Burundi|Burundi]], [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] den [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]]—dem entitle am to any significant use of de water, be e give irrigation (of particular interest to Ethiopia den Kenya) anaa hydropower (Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda). As Sudan rydee dey push forward to make use of ein water allotment, dem countries begin to bell give a revision of de treaty, wey e argue say—plus de exception of Ethiopia—dem all already dey under colonial rule at de time de negotiations take place, den dem no already represent am for demma best interest insyd. Moreova, dem make de decision of distribution of water without any negotiations plus Ethiopia, wey reject de agreement den e be de source of 90% of de water den 96% of transported sediment of de Nile.<ref>Marshall et al., {{cite web |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene environmental and climatic change from Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.holivar2006.org/abstracts/pdf/T1-026.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060928124412/http://www.holivar2006.org/abstracts/pdf/T1-026.pdf |archive-date=2006-09-28 |access-date=2006-10-09}}&nbsp;{{small|(247&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]])}}, 2006</ref><ref>Daniel Kendie, ''The Five Dimensions of the Eritrean Conflict 1941–2004: Deciphering the Geo-Political Puzzle''. United States of America: Signature Book Printing, Inc., 2005, pp.198.</ref> === Domestic === While [[:en:Comprehensive_Peace_Agreement|a peace treaty]] dey appear to already stop [[:en:Second_Sudanese_Civil_War|de fighting]] for [[:en:South_Sudan|Southern Sudan]] insyd after almost 20 years, der be no end for sight insyd yet give de [[:en:Darfur_conflict|civil war]] [[:en:Darfur_conflict|for Darfur insyd]]. More recently, unrest for Nubia insyd as a direct result of de dams den de forced permanent displacement of Nubians from demma homelands dey threaten to erupt into war. A group wey dey bell einself de Nubian Liberation Front dey threaten armed resistance in order to thwart de series of dams along de Nile, den particularly at [[:en:Kajbar_Power_Station|Kajbar]]. During de [[:en:Sudanese_civil_war_(2023–present)|Sudanese civil war (2023–present)]] for 13 January 2025 top, dem damage de dam ein power station RSF drones, wey e cause a fire at de facility den dey damage a key transformer. De attack sanso cause power outages as far as [[:en:Shendi|Shendi]], [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]], [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] den [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2025-01-13|title=Drone attack on Merowe dam power station disrupts electricity supply|url=https://sudantribune.com/article295881/|work=Sudan Tribune}}</ref> == Environmental impact == === Health === De resettlement area be a vast area plus an expected 50,000–70,000 inhabitants wey go be be going thru a transitional period give a few years before de get acclimatised den dem psychologically adapt to demma new life. Governing by de two eminent health impact experiences of [[:en:New_Halfa_Scheme|New Halfa resettlement projects]] den Aswan Dam for Egypt insyd, strategic health planning suppose go start early to foresee wat water born diseases den oda ecological health problems (such as [[:en:Bilharziasis|bilharziasis]], [[:en:Malaria|malaria]]) dey likely to prevail den to plan how to guard against dat. === Evaporation === De creation of de reservoir lake go increase de surface area of de Nile by about 700 km². Under de climatic conditions at de site, dem fi expect additional evaporation losses of up to 1,500,000,000 m³ per year. Dis dey correspond to about 8% of de total amount of water wey dem allocate to Sudan for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd. == Make you sanso see == * [[:en:List_of_conventional_hydroelectric_power_stations|List of conventional hydroelectric power stations]] *[[:en:List_of_power_stations_in_Sudan|List of power stations]] [[:en:List_of_power_stations_in_Sudan|for Sudan insyd]] == References == <references /> == External links == * [http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/ Official website] * 90znk1ibikwstv4cttt26bh8tk2ts38 103369 103368 2026-06-16T20:01:58Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103369 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]] project for [[Africa]] insyd. Dem situate am for de river [[Nile]] top, close to den dey inundate de 4th [[:en:Cataracts_of_the_Nile|Cataract]] wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of [[:en:Electricity|electricity]].<ref>[https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=46505&src=eorss-iotd Merowe Dam, Nile River, Republic of Sudan], NASA Earth Observatory</ref> == Technical details == De [[:en:Dam|dam]] get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings).<ref name="structure">{{cite web |title=Merowe Dam: Structure |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306175208/http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |archive-date=2017-03-06 |access-date=2012-11-16}}</ref> E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de [[:en:Bayudah_Desert|Bayudah Desert]] to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de [[:en:Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan|Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]] propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing [[:en:Cotton|cotton]] den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve [[:en:Independence|independence]] for [[:en:List_of_countries_by_date_of_nationhood|1956]] insyd, [[Egypt]] decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] den [[:en:Lake_Nasser|Nasser Lake]]. De Sudan military government under [[:en:Gaafar_Nimeiry|Presido Nimeiri]] revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing [[:en:Hydroelectricity|hydroelectricity]] give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, [[:en:Merz_&_McLellan|Merz & McLellan]], GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be [[:en:USD|$]]2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – [[:en:USD|$]] 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/funding.html}}</ref> == Benefits == De [[:en:Electrification|electrification]] level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 [[:en:KWh|kWh]] of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de [[:en:OECD|OECD]] average.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2021 |title=Africa :: Sudan — the World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020040/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan |archive-date=January 11, 2021}}</ref> De capital Khartoum den a few large [[:en:Plantations|plantations]] dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de [[:en:Power_grid|national grid]]. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired [[:en:Power_plant|thermal plants]]. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de [[:en:Sennar|Sennar]] (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de [[Blue Nile]] top, wey dem originally design am give [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] purposes rada dan [[:en:Power_generation|power production]]. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent [[:en:Power_outage|blackouts]] [[:en:Power_outage|den brownouts]] sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de [[:en:Manasir|Manasir]], [[:en:Hamadab|Hamadab]] den [[:en:Amri_people|Amri]] tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give [[:en:Beans|beans]] den [[:en:Millet|millet]] de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de [[:en:Date_Cultivation_in_Dar_al-Manasir|groves of date palms]] wey dey grow for de fertile [[:en:Silt|silt]] insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to [[:en:Wadi_Muqaddam|Wadi Muqaddam]] for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd.<ref name="Hafsass">{{cite journal |last=Hafsaas-Tsakos |first=Henriette |year=2011 |title=Ethical implications of salvage archaeology and dam building: The clash between archaeologists and local people in Dar al-Manasir, Sudan |journal=Journal of Social Archaeology |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=49–76 |doi=10.1177/1469605310388372 |s2cid=147240919}}</ref> At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den [[:en:Date_palm|date palms]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/payments.html}}</ref> Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before.<ref name="Hafsass" /> Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizer]] during de first two years after de resettlement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/new-hamdab.html}}</ref> After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de [[:en:Nubian_Desert|Nubian desert]] insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab.<ref name="dlc.dlib.indiana.edu">Terminski, Bogumil (2013). "Development-Induced Displacement and Resettlement: Theoretical Frameworks and Current Challenges", Indiana University, available at: http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/handle/10535/8833?show=full</ref> According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd,<ref>[http://www.irn.org/programs/merowe/index.php?id=050428merowe.html Irn.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060131191119/http://www.irn.org/programs/merowe/index.php?id=050428merowe.html|date=2006-01-31}}</ref> de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd.<ref name="dlc.dlib.indiana.edu" /> === Nomads === A significant fraction of de [[:en:Manasir|Manasir]] tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of [[:en:Real_estate|real estate]] purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma [[:en:Symbiosis|symbiotic partners]]. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == [[:en:United_Nations|UN]] Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top [[:en:Miloon_Kothari|Miloon Kothari]] issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den [[:en:Kajbar_Power_Station|Kajbar]]. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk."<ref name="unrights">{{cite web |date=September 9, 2007 |title=UN rights expert urges suspension to dam projects in northern Sudan |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=23617&Cr=sudan&Cr1 |publisher=[[UN News Centre]]}}</ref> Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today."<ref name="unrights" /> Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." == Archaeology == <blockquote>''Further information: [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kingdom of Kush]]'' </blockquote>De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. De section between de 4th den 5th cataract—a significant portion of wey dem go inundate am by de reservoir lake—already dey densely populated thru nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little [[:en:Archaeology|archaeological]] work dem eva conduct am for dis particular region insyd. Recent [[:en:Archaeological_survey|surveys]] confirm de richness den diversity of traceable remains, from de [[:en:Stone_Age|Stone Age]] to de [[:en:History_of_Islam|Islamic period]]. Several foreign institutions recently anaa dem currently involve am for salvage archaeology insyd for de region insyd under de umbrella Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP). Among dem be ACACIA project University of Cologne, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum Expedition (GAME), Polish Academy of Sciences, [[:en:H.U.N.E.|Humboldt University of Berlin]], de Italian Institute give Africa den de Orient (IsIAO), de University College London, de Sudan Archaeological Research Society, de Hungarian Meroe Foundation, University of California at Santa Barbara - Arizona State University consortium, den de Oriental Institute Museum of de University of Chicago. Demma main problems be de shortness of de remaining time den limited funding. Unlike de large [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] campaign wey dem conduct for Egypt insyd before de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_High_Dam|Aswan High Dam]], wen dem fi document more dan a thousand archaeological sites den [[:en:Abu_Simbel|dem move complete buildings]] to prevent dem from drowning for [[:en:Lake_Nasser|Lake Nasser]] [[:en:Lake_Nasser|ein]] floods insyd, dem much moe restrict work at de 4th cataract. Since 2006, de archaeologists wey dey work give de Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project becam accused by environmental den human rights activists as well as de representatives of de affected pippoe of facilitating de political legitimatization of de project.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sudan's Merowe requests to stop excavating reservoir area |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/Sudan-s-Merowe-requests-to-stop,20457 |work=Sudan Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ancient Gold Center Discovered on the Nile |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/06/070619-gold-nile_2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621203736/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/06/070619-gold-nile_2.html |archive-date=June 21, 2007 |work=National Geographic News}}</ref> De archaeologists wey dey work give de dam project find demselves for an ethical dilemma insyd since dem dey undertake salvage excavations while de local pippoe dey for opposition insyd to de building of de dam dat dey necessitate both demma resettlement den de archaeological campaign.<ref name="Hafsass" /> Historian [[:en:Runoko_Rashidi|Runoko Rashidi]] issue a statement for solidarity insyd plus Sudanese Nubians wey dey protest de dams den dem bell am give a halt to demma construction.{{Blockquote|We never forget de terrible tragedy wey e result from de Aswan High Dam for Egyptian Nubia insyd. De project for Sudanese Nubia insyd, wey we bell am de "damn dams", go perpetuate yet anoda tragedy, anoda atrocity, against African pippoe. Nubia be a treasure-house of artifacts dat dey attest to de ancient greatness of Africa. For dem to inundate am go cause irreparable harm to a noble heritage. We for organize to resist dis project. One of de great figures among Africans in America, Frederick Douglass, say dat "power dey concede nothing without demand. E never do, den e never go do."}} == Political impact == === International === Dem fix usage rights to de waters of de Nile for de [[:en:Hydropolitics_in_the_Nile_Basin|Nile Waters Treaty]] insyd,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Nile Waters Agreement |url=http://www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/projects/casestudies/nile_agreement.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050905010029/http://www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/projects/casestudies/nile_agreement.html |archive-date=September 5, 2005 |access-date=July 15, 2005}}</ref> wey dem negotiate am by de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] for 1959 insyd. E dey allot 82 percent of de water volume to Egypt, while dem grant Sudan de rights to de remaining 18 percent. None of de riparian countries further upstream for de Nile basin insyd—[[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]], [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]], [[:en:Burundi|Burundi]], [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] den [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]]—dem entitle am to any significant use of de water, be e give irrigation (of particular interest to Ethiopia den Kenya) anaa hydropower (Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda). As Sudan rydee dey push forward to make use of ein water allotment, dem countries begin to bell give a revision of de treaty, wey e argue say—plus de exception of Ethiopia—dem all already dey under colonial rule at de time de negotiations take place, den dem no already represent am for demma best interest insyd. Moreova, dem make de decision of distribution of water without any negotiations plus Ethiopia, wey reject de agreement den e be de source of 90% of de water den 96% of transported sediment of de Nile.<ref>Marshall et al., {{cite web |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene environmental and climatic change from Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.holivar2006.org/abstracts/pdf/T1-026.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060928124412/http://www.holivar2006.org/abstracts/pdf/T1-026.pdf |archive-date=2006-09-28 |access-date=2006-10-09}}&nbsp;{{small|(247&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]])}}, 2006</ref><ref>Daniel Kendie, ''The Five Dimensions of the Eritrean Conflict 1941–2004: Deciphering the Geo-Political Puzzle''. United States of America: Signature Book Printing, Inc., 2005, pp.198.</ref> === Domestic === While [[:en:Comprehensive_Peace_Agreement|a peace treaty]] dey appear to already stop [[:en:Second_Sudanese_Civil_War|de fighting]] for [[:en:South_Sudan|Southern Sudan]] insyd after almost 20 years, der be no end for sight insyd yet give de [[:en:Darfur_conflict|civil war]] [[:en:Darfur_conflict|for Darfur insyd]]. More recently, unrest for Nubia insyd as a direct result of de dams den de forced permanent displacement of Nubians from demma homelands dey threaten to erupt into war. A group wey dey bell einself de Nubian Liberation Front dey threaten armed resistance in order to thwart de series of dams along de Nile, den particularly at [[:en:Kajbar_Power_Station|Kajbar]]. During de [[:en:Sudanese_civil_war_(2023–present)|Sudanese civil war (2023–present)]] for 13 January 2025 top, dem damage de dam ein power station RSF drones, wey e cause a fire at de facility den dey damage a key transformer. De attack sanso cause power outages as far as [[:en:Shendi|Shendi]], [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]], [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] den [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2025-01-13|title=Drone attack on Merowe dam power station disrupts electricity supply|url=https://sudantribune.com/article295881/|work=Sudan Tribune}}</ref> == Environmental impact == === Health === De resettlement area be a vast area plus an expected 50,000–70,000 inhabitants wey go be be going thru a transitional period give a few years before de get acclimatised den dem psychologically adapt to demma new life. Governing by de two eminent health impact experiences of [[:en:New_Halfa_Scheme|New Halfa resettlement projects]] den Aswan Dam for Egypt insyd, strategic health planning suppose go start early to foresee wat water born diseases den oda ecological health problems (such as [[:en:Bilharziasis|bilharziasis]], [[:en:Malaria|malaria]]) dey likely to prevail den to plan how to guard against dat. === Evaporation === De creation of de reservoir lake go increase de surface area of de Nile by about 700 km². Under de climatic conditions at de site, dem fi expect additional evaporation losses of up to 1,500,000,000 m³ per year. Dis dey correspond to about 8% of de total amount of water wey dem allocate to Sudan for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd. == Make you sanso see == * [[:en:List_of_conventional_hydroelectric_power_stations|List of conventional hydroelectric power stations]] *[[:en:List_of_power_stations_in_Sudan|List of power stations]] [[:en:List_of_power_stations_in_Sudan|for Sudan insyd]] == References == <references /> == External links == * [http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/ Official website] * [http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/africa/merowe-dam-sudan International Rivers ein critique of project] * 17e06ll67ae33y7nrx0gf8binmct4lz 103370 103369 2026-06-16T20:03:44Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 103370 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]] project for [[Africa]] insyd. Dem situate am for de river [[Nile]] top, close to den dey inundate de 4th [[:en:Cataracts_of_the_Nile|Cataract]] wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of [[:en:Electricity|electricity]].<ref>[https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=46505&src=eorss-iotd Merowe Dam, Nile River, Republic of Sudan], NASA Earth Observatory</ref> == Technical details == De [[:en:Dam|dam]] get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings).<ref name="structure">{{cite web |title=Merowe Dam: Structure |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306175208/http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |archive-date=2017-03-06 |access-date=2012-11-16}}</ref> E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de [[:en:Bayudah_Desert|Bayudah Desert]] to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de [[:en:Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan|Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]] propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing [[:en:Cotton|cotton]] den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve [[:en:Independence|independence]] for [[:en:List_of_countries_by_date_of_nationhood|1956]] insyd, [[Egypt]] decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] den [[:en:Lake_Nasser|Nasser Lake]]. De Sudan military government under [[:en:Gaafar_Nimeiry|Presido Nimeiri]] revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing [[:en:Hydroelectricity|hydroelectricity]] give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, [[:en:Merz_&_McLellan|Merz & McLellan]], GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be [[:en:USD|$]]2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – [[:en:USD|$]] 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/funding.html}}</ref> == Benefits == De [[:en:Electrification|electrification]] level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 [[:en:KWh|kWh]] of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de [[:en:OECD|OECD]] average.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2021 |title=Africa :: Sudan — the World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020040/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan |archive-date=January 11, 2021}}</ref> De capital Khartoum den a few large [[:en:Plantations|plantations]] dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de [[:en:Power_grid|national grid]]. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired [[:en:Power_plant|thermal plants]]. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de [[:en:Sennar|Sennar]] (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de [[Blue Nile]] top, wey dem originally design am give [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] purposes rada dan [[:en:Power_generation|power production]]. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent [[:en:Power_outage|blackouts]] [[:en:Power_outage|den brownouts]] sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de [[:en:Manasir|Manasir]], [[:en:Hamadab|Hamadab]] den [[:en:Amri_people|Amri]] tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give [[:en:Beans|beans]] den [[:en:Millet|millet]] de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de [[:en:Date_Cultivation_in_Dar_al-Manasir|groves of date palms]] wey dey grow for de fertile [[:en:Silt|silt]] insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to [[:en:Wadi_Muqaddam|Wadi Muqaddam]] for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd.<ref name="Hafsass">{{cite journal |last=Hafsaas-Tsakos |first=Henriette |year=2011 |title=Ethical implications of salvage archaeology and dam building: The clash between archaeologists and local people in Dar al-Manasir, Sudan |journal=Journal of Social Archaeology |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=49–76 |doi=10.1177/1469605310388372 |s2cid=147240919}}</ref> At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den [[:en:Date_palm|date palms]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/payments.html}}</ref> Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before.<ref name="Hafsass" /> Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizer]] during de first two years after de resettlement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/new-hamdab.html}}</ref> After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de [[:en:Nubian_Desert|Nubian desert]] insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab.<ref name="dlc.dlib.indiana.edu">Terminski, Bogumil (2013). "Development-Induced Displacement and Resettlement: Theoretical Frameworks and Current Challenges", Indiana University, available at: http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/handle/10535/8833?show=full</ref> According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd,<ref>[http://www.irn.org/programs/merowe/index.php?id=050428merowe.html Irn.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060131191119/http://www.irn.org/programs/merowe/index.php?id=050428merowe.html|date=2006-01-31}}</ref> de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd.<ref name="dlc.dlib.indiana.edu" /> === Nomads === A significant fraction of de [[:en:Manasir|Manasir]] tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of [[:en:Real_estate|real estate]] purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma [[:en:Symbiosis|symbiotic partners]]. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == [[:en:United_Nations|UN]] Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top [[:en:Miloon_Kothari|Miloon Kothari]] issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den [[:en:Kajbar_Power_Station|Kajbar]]. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk."<ref name="unrights">{{cite web |date=September 9, 2007 |title=UN rights expert urges suspension to dam projects in northern Sudan |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=23617&Cr=sudan&Cr1 |publisher=[[UN News Centre]]}}</ref> Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today."<ref name="unrights" /> Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." == Archaeology == <blockquote>''Further information: [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kingdom of Kush]]'' </blockquote>De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. De section between de 4th den 5th cataract—a significant portion of wey dem go inundate am by de reservoir lake—already dey densely populated thru nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little [[:en:Archaeology|archaeological]] work dem eva conduct am for dis particular region insyd. Recent [[:en:Archaeological_survey|surveys]] confirm de richness den diversity of traceable remains, from de [[:en:Stone_Age|Stone Age]] to de [[:en:History_of_Islam|Islamic period]]. Several foreign institutions recently anaa dem currently involve am for salvage archaeology insyd for de region insyd under de umbrella Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP). Among dem be ACACIA project University of Cologne, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum Expedition (GAME), Polish Academy of Sciences, [[:en:H.U.N.E.|Humboldt University of Berlin]], de Italian Institute give Africa den de Orient (IsIAO), de University College London, de Sudan Archaeological Research Society, de Hungarian Meroe Foundation, University of California at Santa Barbara - Arizona State University consortium, den de Oriental Institute Museum of de University of Chicago. Demma main problems be de shortness of de remaining time den limited funding. Unlike de large [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] campaign wey dem conduct for Egypt insyd before de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_High_Dam|Aswan High Dam]], wen dem fi document more dan a thousand archaeological sites den [[:en:Abu_Simbel|dem move complete buildings]] to prevent dem from drowning for [[:en:Lake_Nasser|Lake Nasser]] [[:en:Lake_Nasser|ein]] floods insyd, dem much moe restrict work at de 4th cataract. Since 2006, de archaeologists wey dey work give de Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project becam accused by environmental den human rights activists as well as de representatives of de affected pippoe of facilitating de political legitimatization of de project.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sudan's Merowe requests to stop excavating reservoir area |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/Sudan-s-Merowe-requests-to-stop,20457 |work=Sudan Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ancient Gold Center Discovered on the Nile |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/06/070619-gold-nile_2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621203736/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/06/070619-gold-nile_2.html |archive-date=June 21, 2007 |work=National Geographic News}}</ref> De archaeologists wey dey work give de dam project find demselves for an ethical dilemma insyd since dem dey undertake salvage excavations while de local pippoe dey for opposition insyd to de building of de dam dat dey necessitate both demma resettlement den de archaeological campaign.<ref name="Hafsass" /> Historian [[:en:Runoko_Rashidi|Runoko Rashidi]] issue a statement for solidarity insyd plus Sudanese Nubians wey dey protest de dams den dem bell am give a halt to demma construction.{{Blockquote|We never forget de terrible tragedy wey e result from de Aswan High Dam for Egyptian Nubia insyd. De project for Sudanese Nubia insyd, wey we bell am de "damn dams", go perpetuate yet anoda tragedy, anoda atrocity, against African pippoe. Nubia be a treasure-house of artifacts dat dey attest to de ancient greatness of Africa. For dem to inundate am go cause irreparable harm to a noble heritage. We for organize to resist dis project. One of de great figures among Africans in America, Frederick Douglass, say dat "power dey concede nothing without demand. E never do, den e never go do."}} == Political impact == === International === Dem fix usage rights to de waters of de Nile for de [[:en:Hydropolitics_in_the_Nile_Basin|Nile Waters Treaty]] insyd,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Nile Waters Agreement |url=http://www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/projects/casestudies/nile_agreement.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050905010029/http://www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/projects/casestudies/nile_agreement.html |archive-date=September 5, 2005 |access-date=July 15, 2005}}</ref> wey dem negotiate am by de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] for 1959 insyd. E dey allot 82 percent of de water volume to Egypt, while dem grant Sudan de rights to de remaining 18 percent. None of de riparian countries further upstream for de Nile basin insyd—[[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]], [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]], [[:en:Burundi|Burundi]], [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] den [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]]—dem entitle am to any significant use of de water, be e give irrigation (of particular interest to Ethiopia den Kenya) anaa hydropower (Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda). As Sudan rydee dey push forward to make use of ein water allotment, dem countries begin to bell give a revision of de treaty, wey e argue say—plus de exception of Ethiopia—dem all already dey under colonial rule at de time de negotiations take place, den dem no already represent am for demma best interest insyd. Moreova, dem make de decision of distribution of water without any negotiations plus Ethiopia, wey reject de agreement den e be de source of 90% of de water den 96% of transported sediment of de Nile.<ref>Marshall et al., {{cite web |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene environmental and climatic change from Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.holivar2006.org/abstracts/pdf/T1-026.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060928124412/http://www.holivar2006.org/abstracts/pdf/T1-026.pdf |archive-date=2006-09-28 |access-date=2006-10-09}}&nbsp;{{small|(247&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]])}}, 2006</ref><ref>Daniel Kendie, ''The Five Dimensions of the Eritrean Conflict 1941–2004: Deciphering the Geo-Political Puzzle''. United States of America: Signature Book Printing, Inc., 2005, pp.198.</ref> === Domestic === While [[:en:Comprehensive_Peace_Agreement|a peace treaty]] dey appear to already stop [[:en:Second_Sudanese_Civil_War|de fighting]] for [[:en:South_Sudan|Southern Sudan]] insyd after almost 20 years, der be no end for sight insyd yet give de [[:en:Darfur_conflict|civil war]] [[:en:Darfur_conflict|for Darfur insyd]]. More recently, unrest for Nubia insyd as a direct result of de dams den de forced permanent displacement of Nubians from demma homelands dey threaten to erupt into war. A group wey dey bell einself de Nubian Liberation Front dey threaten armed resistance in order to thwart de series of dams along de Nile, den particularly at [[:en:Kajbar_Power_Station|Kajbar]]. During de [[:en:Sudanese_civil_war_(2023–present)|Sudanese civil war (2023–present)]] for 13 January 2025 top, dem damage de dam ein power station RSF drones, wey e cause a fire at de facility den dey damage a key transformer. De attack sanso cause power outages as far as [[:en:Shendi|Shendi]], [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]], [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] den [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2025-01-13|title=Drone attack on Merowe dam power station disrupts electricity supply|url=https://sudantribune.com/article295881/|work=Sudan Tribune}}</ref> == Environmental impact == === Health === De resettlement area be a vast area plus an expected 50,000–70,000 inhabitants wey go be be going thru a transitional period give a few years before de get acclimatised den dem psychologically adapt to demma new life. Governing by de two eminent health impact experiences of [[:en:New_Halfa_Scheme|New Halfa resettlement projects]] den Aswan Dam for Egypt insyd, strategic health planning suppose go start early to foresee wat water born diseases den oda ecological health problems (such as [[:en:Bilharziasis|bilharziasis]], [[:en:Malaria|malaria]]) dey likely to prevail den to plan how to guard against dat. === Evaporation === De creation of de reservoir lake go increase de surface area of de Nile by about 700 km². Under de climatic conditions at de site, dem fi expect additional evaporation losses of up to 1,500,000,000 m³ per year. Dis dey correspond to about 8% of de total amount of water wey dem allocate to Sudan for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd. == Make you sanso see == * [[:en:List_of_conventional_hydroelectric_power_stations|List of conventional hydroelectric power stations]] *[[:en:List_of_power_stations_in_Sudan|List of power stations]] [[:en:List_of_power_stations_in_Sudan|for Sudan insyd]] == References == <references /> == External links == * [http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/ Official website] * [http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/africa/merowe-dam-sudan International Rivers ein critique of project] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20081113154158/http://sudaninside.net/merowe-dam/ Photos of Merowe dam] plj8npwmiuu6y6u77zvt093fnzdmn02 14 27600 103169 2026-06-16T14:34:28Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 103169 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27601 103260 2026-06-16T16:58:10Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 103260 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27602 103276 2026-06-16T17:11:56Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 103276 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27603 103278 2026-06-16T17:12:05Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 103278 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27604 103299 2026-06-16T17:41:58Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 103299 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27605 103300 2026-06-16T17:42:09Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 103300 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27606 103338 2026-06-16T19:03:06Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 103338 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27607 103340 2026-06-16T19:05:37Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 103340 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27608 103376 2026-06-16T23:17:11Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 103376 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27609 103377 2026-06-16T23:18:18Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 103377 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 27610 103378 2026-06-16T23:25:38Z Kofiarkohbaidoo 2561 translated a page #AWC2026 103378 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi''' ('''RWESCK''') be research den postgraduate training centre for [[Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology]] (KNUST) for [[Kumasi]], [[Ghana]]. De centre dey de Department of Civil Engineering for de College of Engineering, den e dey specialise for postgraduate programmes, professional development courses den applied research for water den sanitation.<ref name="wascal-fellows">"Call for Applications: Centre Fellows" (https://wascal.org/call-for-applications-centre-fellows/). WASCAL. Retrieved 10 June 2026.</ref> De centre be part of de Africa Centres of Excellence initiative, World Bank-supported programme wey dem design make e strengthen postgraduate training, applied research den regional capacity for selected development fields.<ref name="worldbank-financial">Africa Centres of Excellence Project on Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi (RWESCK, KNUST): Audited Financial Statement (https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/550231634567043229/pdf/Ghana-AFRICA-WEST-P126974-Africa-Higher-Education-Centers-of-Excellence-Project-Audited-Financial-Statement.pdf) (PDF) (Report). World Bank. 26 July 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2026.</ref> Ein work dey cover water resources, climate change, water treatment den supply, waste management, environmental sanitation, den water, sanitation and hygiene governance.<ref name="worldbank-overview">Overview of RWESCK KNUST, Kumasi-Ghana (https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/515221567581272314-0090022019/render/0903194KofiAkodwaaBoadiRWESCK.pdf) (PDF) (Report). World Bank. Retrieved 10 June 2026.</ref> ==History== RWESCK come from earlier water den sanitation capacity-building work for KNUST. De centre trace ein beginning to de Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Project, wey start for 1996 with money support from de Government of de Netherlands.<ref name="brief-history">"Brief History of RWESCK" (https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/brief-history-rwesck). Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST. Retrieved 10 June 2026.</ref> Dem revise de project for 2004 den rename am Water Resources and Environmental Sanitation Project.<ref name="brief-history" /> For 2016, ''Graphic Online'' report say de World Bank dey provide US$8 million to support de establishment of de Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre for Kumasi. De report say dem go locate de centre for KNUST campus, den e go scale up research, training den capacity building for students and other stakeholders for de water den sanitation sectors.<ref name="graphic-worldbank">Kenu, Daniel (2 April 2016). "World Bank supports establishment of water, sanitation centre in Kumasi" (https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/world-bank-supports-establishment-of-water-sanitation-centre-in-kumasi.html). ''Graphic Online''. Retrieved 10 June 2026.</ref> World Bank audited financial statement identify RWESCK as Africa Centres of Excellence project wey KNUST implement, with de International Development Association as project financier.<ref name="worldbank-financial" /> De 2016 ''Graphic Online'' report san state say de centre be collaboration among de centre, de World Bank den de Government of Ghana.<ref name="graphic-worldbank" /> ==Aim den focus areas== Dem establish RWESCK to support postgraduate training, research den capacity development for water den environmental sanitation.<ref name="graphic-worldbank" /> WASCAL describe de centre as regional centre of excellence for de Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, KNUST, wey dey specialise for postgraduate programmes at MSc den PhD levels, plus professional development courses for water den sanitation.<ref name="wascal-fellows" /> De centre ein focus areas include water resources, climate change, water treatment den supply, waste management, environmental sanitation den WASH governance.<ref name="worldbank-overview" /> WASCAL list ein thematic areas as innovative water treatment technology, innovative water distribution den smart technology, environmental sanitation and waste management technology, climate resilience and water resources management, den water and sanitation governance.<ref name="wascal-fellows" /> RWESCK ein official mission statement describe ein purpose as to provide environment for teaching, research den mentorship training in water and sanitation science and technology for industrial and socio-economic development.<ref name="mission">"Mission, Vision and Values" (https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/about/mission-vision-and-values). Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST. Retrieved 10 June 2026.</ref> ==Academic programmes== RWESCK dey offer postgraduate programmes through KNUST ein Department of Civil Engineering. Ein MSc programmes include Environmental Sanitation and Waste Management, Water Supply Engineering and Management, Water Engineering with water resources focus, den Disaster Prevention and Management.<ref name="msc">"MSc Programme" (https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/msc-programme). Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST. Retrieved 10 June 2026.</ref> De centre san dey offer doctoral programmes in Water Supply and Treatment Technology, Water Resources Management, den Environmental Sanitation and Waste Management.<ref name="doctorate">"Doctorate Programme" (https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/doctorate-programme). Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST. Retrieved 10 June 2026.</ref> Ein doctoral programme structure include coursework, proposal development, internship, research den thesis work.<ref name="doctorate" /> Applications dey open to candidates from Ghana den other African countries. De centre state say candidates from non-Anglophone countries must show evidence say dem fit communicate in English.<ref name="how-apply">"How To Apply For MSc/MPhil/PhD/Short Course" (https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/education/how-apply-mscmphilphdshort-course). Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST. Retrieved 10 June 2026.</ref> ==Professional training den short courses== RWESCK dey run professional short courses for water den sanitation. De centre describe ein short-course methods as lectures, group exercises, case-study analysis, hands-on sessions den field trips.<ref name="short-courses">"Short Courses" (https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/short-courses-0). Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST. Retrieved 10 June 2026.</ref> De courses wey dem list include sustainable onsite sanitation and faecal sludge management, integrated municipal solid waste management, climate-resilient urban drainage, water and sanitation master planning, borehole drilling and construction, GIS applications in water resources management, drinking-water safety planning, advanced water treatment membrane technology, water instrumentation and automation, machine learning and artificial intelligence applications in water and sanitation management, den water and sanitation infrastructure governance.<ref name="short-courses" /> For 2025, de NEPAD Water Centres of Excellence network report say RWESCK host delegation from Nigeria ein National Water Resources Institute as part of collaboration wey link to water resources management training. De report say de delegation visit RWESCK ein water quality laboratories, hydraulic laboratories den water resources engineering laboratories.<ref name="nepad-nwri">"Kwame Nkrumah University for Science and Technology (KNUST), Ghana, partners with the Nigeria National Water Resources Institute (NWRI), to strengthen water resource management in the region" (https://nepadwatercoe.org/2025/10/24/kwame-nkrumah-university-for-sciences-and-technology-ghana-partners-with-the-nigeria-national-water-resources-institute-nwri-kaduna-to-strengthen-water-resource-management-in-the-region/). NEPAD Water Centres of Excellence. 24 October 2025. Retrieved 10 June 2026.</ref> ==Research== RWESCK dey organise ein research around water, sanitation den environmental systems. Ein research groups include de Water Resources Research Group, Water Supply Research Group, Environmental Sanitation Research Group, den WASH Governance and Policy Research Group.<ref name="research-groups">"Research Groups & Themes" (https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/research/research-groups-themes). Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST. Retrieved 10 June 2026.</ref> De Water Resources Research Group dey focus on areas such as climate change, integrated water resources management, transboundary basins, irrigation development, scientific computing den modelling.<ref name="research-groups" /> De Water Supply Research Group dey work on water treatment den water-supply service delivery in relation to de Sustainable Development Goals.<ref name="research-groups" /> De Environmental Sanitation Research Group dey cover environmental protection, environmental health, waste treatment, composting, nutrient recovery, bio-waste-to-energy den modelling of development impacts.<ref name="research-groups" /> De WASH Governance and Policy Research Group dey focus on infrastructure development, financing, governance, settlement upgrading, women empowerment den behavioural-change communication.<ref name="research-groups" /> De centre list publications by affiliated researchers for areas such as water supply, sachet-water quality, rainwater harvesting, water services for de urban poor, small-town water service delivery, faecal sludge den latrine use, solid-waste services, groundwater, irrigation-water quality den hydrological modelling.<ref name="publications">"Publications" (https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/research/publications). Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST. Retrieved 10 June 2026.</ref> ==Applied research den innovation== RWESCK don involve itself for applied research on sanitation, wastewater treatment den resource recovery. For 2023, MyJoyOnline report say RWESCK and Sewerage Systems Ghana Limited use activated charcoal wey dem derive from faecal sludge to purify wastewater.<ref name="myjoy-charcoal">Mohammed, Barkisu (3 March 2023). "RWESCK-KNUST, Sewerage Systems Ghana are using faecal activated charcoal to purify wastewater" (https://www.myjoyonline.com/rwesck-knust-sewerage-systems-ghana-are-using-faecal-activated-charcoal-to-purify-wastewater/). ''MyJoyOnline''. Retrieved 10 June 2026.</ref> De report state say de work evaluate faecal sludge-derived activated charcoal for wastewater pollutant removal, den say de results appear for ''Advances in Materials Science and Engineering''.<ref name="myjoy-charcoal" /> De Africa Higher Education Centres of Excellence programme report for 2024 say RWESCK undertake digital-skills development activities in artificial intelligence, machine learning, de Internet of Things, GIS data analytics den digital literacy for de water den sanitation sector.<ref name="ace-digital">"RWESCK Pioneers Digital Transformation and Sustainable Solutions in Water and Environmental Sanitation" (https://ace.aau.org/rwesck-pioneers-digital-transformation-and-sustainable-solutions-in-water-and-environmental-sanitation/). Africa Higher Education Centres of Excellence. 24 June 2024. Retrieved 10 June 2026.</ref> De same report say de centre dey work with de Ghana Standards Authority toward ISO/IEC 17025:2017 certification for ein laboratory facilities.<ref name="ace-digital" /> Another Africa Higher Education Centres of Excellence report describe RWESCK projects for non-intrusive water-leakage detection den unmanned aerial vehicle surveillance of illegal mining.<ref name="ace-innovations">"Pioneering Innovations in Water Management, Environmental Protection, and Sustainable Development (RWESCK, KNUST)" (https://ace.aau.org/pioneering-innovations-in-water-management-environmental-protection-and-sustainable-development-rwesck-knust/). Africa Higher Education Centres of Excellence. 1 October 2024. Retrieved 10 June 2026.</ref> De report say de leakage-detection work use passive acoustic sensing, machine learning den signal processing, den dem dey develop am with de Community Water and Sanitation Agency.<ref name="ace-innovations" /> ==Digital water den sanitation training== RWESCK don work on digitalisation for de water den sanitation sector. For 2023, MyJoyOnline report say RWESCK, in collaboration with AgroParisTech, identify digital skills gaps for application of digitalisation innovations den smart circular economy for water and sanitation utilities management.<ref name="myjoy-digital">Mohammed, Barkisu (26 January 2023). "Digitalisation of water and sanitation sector won't make people jobless - Director, RWESCK-KNUST" (https://www.myjoyonline.com/digitalisation-of-water-and-sanitation-sector-wont-make-people-jobless-director-rwesck-knust/). ''MyJoyOnline''. Retrieved 10 June 2026.</ref> De same report say RWESCK organise national workshop on digital transformation skills development for de water and sanitation sector for Accra. E san report say de Nyansapo Project, wey de French Embassy in Ghana fund, be intended to introduce digital transformation skills into water and sanitation education for graduate training, research den internships.<ref name="myjoy-digital" /> ==Conferences den sector engagement== RWESCK don participate for sector conferences den knowledge-exchange activities on climate change, water security den environmental sanitation. For 2017, ''Graphic Online'' report say climate change den sanitation experts, together with early career scientists working in Africa, meet for Accra to discuss research on water insecurity, climate change, flooding den sanitation issues wey dey affect Ghana den other parts of de continent.<ref name="graphic-scientists">Bokpe, Seth J. (29 August 2017). "Scientists confer on research works on climate change, water insecurity" (https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/scientists-confer-on-research-works-on-climate-change-water-insecurity.html). ''Graphic Online''. Retrieved 10 June 2026.</ref> De report describe de event as de first regional conference and school for West Africa dedicated to water, climate change den environmental sanitation. E state say de event be jointly organised by KNUST, de Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences den de World Bank.<ref name="graphic-scientists" /> De thematic areas include climate change, climatic systems, resilient WASH systems, integrated water resources management, hydrology, hydrogeology, water security, vulnerability den early warning systems.<ref name="graphic-scientists" /> ==Community outreach== RWESCK san involve for hygiene education den school-based WASH outreach. For 2023, MyJoyOnline report on RWESCK ein handwashing education activities for rural communities, including education for pupils on proper handwashing den donation of tissue, liquid soap den handwashing stations to schools.<ref name="myjoy-handwashing">Mohammed, Barkisu (11 January 2023). "Taking handwashing to rural communities - the RWESCK experience" (https://www.myjoyonline.com/taking-handwashing-to-rural-communities-the-rwesck-experience/). ''MyJoyOnline''. Retrieved 10 June 2026.</ref> De report name Ampabame, Odaho den Kwaso M/A primary schools among de schools wey de activities reach.<ref name="myjoy-handwashing" /> ==Laboratories den facilities== RWESCK develop laboratory den teaching facilities to support research den postgraduate training. De centre state say one of ein objectives be to build laboratory and lecture facilities for postgraduate education in water, environment den sanitation.<ref name="centre-excellence">"Centre of Excellence" (https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/about/centre-excellence). Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST. Retrieved 10 June 2026.</ref> For 2024, de centre publicise laboratory characterisation services including X-ray diffraction analysis den scanning electron microscopy. De centre describe de X-ray diffraction facility as portable desktop instrument for powder diffraction applications, den de scanning electron microscope as tool for morphology den elemental analysis across research den quality-control applications.<ref name="lab-services">"Explore RWESCK Laboratories Advanced Characterization Services" (https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/news/general/explore-rwesck-laboratories-advanced-characterization-services). Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST. 3 May 2024. Retrieved 10 June 2026.</ref> De NEPAD Water Centres of Excellence network report for 2025 say visiting delegation from Nigeria ein National Water Resources Institute tour RWESCK facilities including water quality laboratories, hydraulic laboratories den water resources engineering laboratories.<ref name="nepad-nwri" /> ==Partnerships== RWESCK dey work with academic, public-sector den industry partners. De centre list regional academic partners including de National Water Resources Institute den de University of Benin for Nigeria, plus Cheikh Anta Diop University for Senegal.<ref name="partnership">"Partnership" (https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/partnership). Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST. Retrieved 10 June 2026.</ref> Ein national partners include de Water Resources Commission, Ghana Water Company Limited, Community Water and Sanitation Agency, Ghana Irrigation Development Authority, CSIR Water Research Institute, den de Environmental Protection Agency.<ref name="partnership" /> WASCAL san describe RWESCK as centre with local academic and industrial partners plus international relations with universities outside Ghana.<ref name="wascal-fellows" /> ==Role for water den sanitation education== RWESCK be part of Ghana ein water den sanitation education and research infrastructure. Ein activities relate to drinking-water treatment, water resources management, faecal sludge management, municipal solid waste, urban drainage, water-safety planning, climate resilience den WASH governance.<ref name="short-courses" /><ref name="research-groups" /> De centre ein regional role connect to de need for trained engineers, researchers den practitioners wey fit work on water access, sanitation services, waste management, environmental health, climate-related water risks den governance of WASH infrastructure.<ref name="wascal-fellows" /><ref name="graphic-scientists" /> ==External links== * [https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/ Official website] == References == kwvk0wyvc4bn5b3768iailn9ac3at7p 103379 103378 2026-06-16T23:26:41Z Kofiarkohbaidoo 2561 103379 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:RWESCK Building 1.jpg|thumb|302x302px|RWESCK Building for KNUST Campus insyd]] '''Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi''' ('''RWESCK''') be research den postgraduate training centre for [[Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology]] (KNUST) for [[Kumasi]], [[Ghana]]. De centre dey de Department of Civil Engineering for de College of Engineering, den e dey specialise for postgraduate programmes, professional development courses den applied research for water den sanitation.<ref name="wascal-fellows">"Call for Applications: Centre Fellows" (https://wascal.org/call-for-applications-centre-fellows/). WASCAL. Retrieved 10 June 2026.</ref> De centre be part of de Africa Centres of Excellence initiative, World Bank-supported programme wey dem design make e strengthen postgraduate training, applied research den regional capacity for selected development fields.<ref name="worldbank-financial">Africa Centres of Excellence Project on Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi (RWESCK, KNUST): Audited Financial Statement (https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/550231634567043229/pdf/Ghana-AFRICA-WEST-P126974-Africa-Higher-Education-Centers-of-Excellence-Project-Audited-Financial-Statement.pdf) (PDF) (Report). World Bank. 26 July 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2026.</ref> Ein work dey cover water resources, climate change, water treatment den supply, waste management, environmental sanitation, den water, sanitation and hygiene governance.<ref name="worldbank-overview">Overview of RWESCK KNUST, Kumasi-Ghana (https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/515221567581272314-0090022019/render/0903194KofiAkodwaaBoadiRWESCK.pdf) (PDF) (Report). World Bank. Retrieved 10 June 2026.</ref> ==History== RWESCK come from earlier water den sanitation capacity-building work for KNUST. De centre trace ein beginning to de Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Project, wey start for 1996 with money support from de Government of de Netherlands.<ref name="brief-history">"Brief History of RWESCK" (https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/brief-history-rwesck). Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST. Retrieved 10 June 2026.</ref> Dem revise de project for 2004 den rename am Water Resources and Environmental Sanitation Project.<ref name="brief-history" /> For 2016, ''Graphic Online'' report say de World Bank dey provide US$8 million to support de establishment of de Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre for Kumasi. De report say dem go locate de centre for KNUST campus, den e go scale up research, training den capacity building for students and other stakeholders for de water den sanitation sectors.<ref name="graphic-worldbank">Kenu, Daniel (2 April 2016). "World Bank supports establishment of water, sanitation centre in Kumasi" (https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/world-bank-supports-establishment-of-water-sanitation-centre-in-kumasi.html). ''Graphic Online''. Retrieved 10 June 2026.</ref> World Bank audited financial statement identify RWESCK as Africa Centres of Excellence project wey KNUST implement, with de International Development Association as project financier.<ref name="worldbank-financial" /> De 2016 ''Graphic Online'' report san state say de centre be collaboration among de centre, de World Bank den de Government of Ghana.<ref name="graphic-worldbank" /> ==Aim den focus areas== Dem establish RWESCK to support postgraduate training, research den capacity development for water den environmental sanitation.<ref name="graphic-worldbank" /> WASCAL describe de centre as regional centre of excellence for de Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, KNUST, wey dey specialise for postgraduate programmes at MSc den PhD levels, plus professional development courses for water den sanitation.<ref name="wascal-fellows" /> De centre ein focus areas include water resources, climate change, water treatment den supply, waste management, environmental sanitation den WASH governance.<ref name="worldbank-overview" /> WASCAL list ein thematic areas as innovative water treatment technology, innovative water distribution den smart technology, environmental sanitation and waste management technology, climate resilience and water resources management, den water and sanitation governance.<ref name="wascal-fellows" /> RWESCK ein official mission statement describe ein purpose as to provide environment for teaching, research den mentorship training in water and sanitation science and technology for industrial and socio-economic development.<ref name="mission">"Mission, Vision and Values" (https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/about/mission-vision-and-values). Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST. Retrieved 10 June 2026.</ref> ==Academic programmes== RWESCK dey offer postgraduate programmes through KNUST ein Department of Civil Engineering. Ein MSc programmes include Environmental Sanitation and Waste Management, Water Supply Engineering and Management, Water Engineering with water resources focus, den Disaster Prevention and Management.<ref name="msc">"MSc Programme" (https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/msc-programme). Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST. Retrieved 10 June 2026.</ref> De centre san dey offer doctoral programmes in Water Supply and Treatment Technology, Water Resources Management, den Environmental Sanitation and Waste Management.<ref name="doctorate">"Doctorate Programme" (https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/doctorate-programme). Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST. Retrieved 10 June 2026.</ref> Ein doctoral programme structure include coursework, proposal development, internship, research den thesis work.<ref name="doctorate" /> Applications dey open to candidates from Ghana den other African countries. De centre state say candidates from non-Anglophone countries must show evidence say dem fit communicate in English.<ref name="how-apply">"How To Apply For MSc/MPhil/PhD/Short Course" (https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/education/how-apply-mscmphilphdshort-course). Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST. Retrieved 10 June 2026.</ref> ==Professional training den short courses== RWESCK dey run professional short courses for water den sanitation. De centre describe ein short-course methods as lectures, group exercises, case-study analysis, hands-on sessions den field trips.<ref name="short-courses">"Short Courses" (https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/short-courses-0). Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST. Retrieved 10 June 2026.</ref> De courses wey dem list include sustainable onsite sanitation and faecal sludge management, integrated municipal solid waste management, climate-resilient urban drainage, water and sanitation master planning, borehole drilling and construction, GIS applications in water resources management, drinking-water safety planning, advanced water treatment membrane technology, water instrumentation and automation, machine learning and artificial intelligence applications in water and sanitation management, den water and sanitation infrastructure governance.<ref name="short-courses" /> For 2025, de NEPAD Water Centres of Excellence network report say RWESCK host delegation from Nigeria ein National Water Resources Institute as part of collaboration wey link to water resources management training. De report say de delegation visit RWESCK ein water quality laboratories, hydraulic laboratories den water resources engineering laboratories.<ref name="nepad-nwri">"Kwame Nkrumah University for Science and Technology (KNUST), Ghana, partners with the Nigeria National Water Resources Institute (NWRI), to strengthen water resource management in the region" (https://nepadwatercoe.org/2025/10/24/kwame-nkrumah-university-for-sciences-and-technology-ghana-partners-with-the-nigeria-national-water-resources-institute-nwri-kaduna-to-strengthen-water-resource-management-in-the-region/). NEPAD Water Centres of Excellence. 24 October 2025. Retrieved 10 June 2026.</ref> ==Research== RWESCK dey organise ein research around water, sanitation den environmental systems. Ein research groups include de Water Resources Research Group, Water Supply Research Group, Environmental Sanitation Research Group, den WASH Governance and Policy Research Group.<ref name="research-groups">"Research Groups & Themes" (https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/research/research-groups-themes). Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST. Retrieved 10 June 2026.</ref> De Water Resources Research Group dey focus on areas such as climate change, integrated water resources management, transboundary basins, irrigation development, scientific computing den modelling.<ref name="research-groups" /> De Water Supply Research Group dey work on water treatment den water-supply service delivery in relation to de Sustainable Development Goals.<ref name="research-groups" /> De Environmental Sanitation Research Group dey cover environmental protection, environmental health, waste treatment, composting, nutrient recovery, bio-waste-to-energy den modelling of development impacts.<ref name="research-groups" /> De WASH Governance and Policy Research Group dey focus on infrastructure development, financing, governance, settlement upgrading, women empowerment den behavioural-change communication.<ref name="research-groups" /> De centre list publications by affiliated researchers for areas such as water supply, sachet-water quality, rainwater harvesting, water services for de urban poor, small-town water service delivery, faecal sludge den latrine use, solid-waste services, groundwater, irrigation-water quality den hydrological modelling.<ref name="publications">"Publications" (https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/research/publications). Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST. Retrieved 10 June 2026.</ref> ==Applied research den innovation== RWESCK don involve itself for applied research on sanitation, wastewater treatment den resource recovery. For 2023, MyJoyOnline report say RWESCK and Sewerage Systems Ghana Limited use activated charcoal wey dem derive from faecal sludge to purify wastewater.<ref name="myjoy-charcoal">Mohammed, Barkisu (3 March 2023). "RWESCK-KNUST, Sewerage Systems Ghana are using faecal activated charcoal to purify wastewater" (https://www.myjoyonline.com/rwesck-knust-sewerage-systems-ghana-are-using-faecal-activated-charcoal-to-purify-wastewater/). ''MyJoyOnline''. Retrieved 10 June 2026.</ref> De report state say de work evaluate faecal sludge-derived activated charcoal for wastewater pollutant removal, den say de results appear for ''Advances in Materials Science and Engineering''.<ref name="myjoy-charcoal" /> De Africa Higher Education Centres of Excellence programme report for 2024 say RWESCK undertake digital-skills development activities in artificial intelligence, machine learning, de Internet of Things, GIS data analytics den digital literacy for de water den sanitation sector.<ref name="ace-digital">"RWESCK Pioneers Digital Transformation and Sustainable Solutions in Water and Environmental Sanitation" (https://ace.aau.org/rwesck-pioneers-digital-transformation-and-sustainable-solutions-in-water-and-environmental-sanitation/). Africa Higher Education Centres of Excellence. 24 June 2024. Retrieved 10 June 2026.</ref> De same report say de centre dey work with de Ghana Standards Authority toward ISO/IEC 17025:2017 certification for ein laboratory facilities.<ref name="ace-digital" /> Another Africa Higher Education Centres of Excellence report describe RWESCK projects for non-intrusive water-leakage detection den unmanned aerial vehicle surveillance of illegal mining.<ref name="ace-innovations">"Pioneering Innovations in Water Management, Environmental Protection, and Sustainable Development (RWESCK, KNUST)" (https://ace.aau.org/pioneering-innovations-in-water-management-environmental-protection-and-sustainable-development-rwesck-knust/). Africa Higher Education Centres of Excellence. 1 October 2024. Retrieved 10 June 2026.</ref> De report say de leakage-detection work use passive acoustic sensing, machine learning den signal processing, den dem dey develop am with de Community Water and Sanitation Agency.<ref name="ace-innovations" /> ==Digital water den sanitation training== RWESCK don work on digitalisation for de water den sanitation sector. For 2023, MyJoyOnline report say RWESCK, in collaboration with AgroParisTech, identify digital skills gaps for application of digitalisation innovations den smart circular economy for water and sanitation utilities management.<ref name="myjoy-digital">Mohammed, Barkisu (26 January 2023). "Digitalisation of water and sanitation sector won't make people jobless - Director, RWESCK-KNUST" (https://www.myjoyonline.com/digitalisation-of-water-and-sanitation-sector-wont-make-people-jobless-director-rwesck-knust/). ''MyJoyOnline''. Retrieved 10 June 2026.</ref> De same report say RWESCK organise national workshop on digital transformation skills development for de water and sanitation sector for Accra. E san report say de Nyansapo Project, wey de French Embassy in Ghana fund, be intended to introduce digital transformation skills into water and sanitation education for graduate training, research den internships.<ref name="myjoy-digital" /> ==Conferences den sector engagement== RWESCK don participate for sector conferences den knowledge-exchange activities on climate change, water security den environmental sanitation. For 2017, ''Graphic Online'' report say climate change den sanitation experts, together with early career scientists working in Africa, meet for Accra to discuss research on water insecurity, climate change, flooding den sanitation issues wey dey affect Ghana den other parts of de continent.<ref name="graphic-scientists">Bokpe, Seth J. (29 August 2017). "Scientists confer on research works on climate change, water insecurity" (https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/scientists-confer-on-research-works-on-climate-change-water-insecurity.html). ''Graphic Online''. Retrieved 10 June 2026.</ref> De report describe de event as de first regional conference and school for West Africa dedicated to water, climate change den environmental sanitation. E state say de event be jointly organised by KNUST, de Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences den de World Bank.<ref name="graphic-scientists" /> De thematic areas include climate change, climatic systems, resilient WASH systems, integrated water resources management, hydrology, hydrogeology, water security, vulnerability den early warning systems.<ref name="graphic-scientists" /> ==Community outreach== RWESCK san involve for hygiene education den school-based WASH outreach. For 2023, MyJoyOnline report on RWESCK ein handwashing education activities for rural communities, including education for pupils on proper handwashing den donation of tissue, liquid soap den handwashing stations to schools.<ref name="myjoy-handwashing">Mohammed, Barkisu (11 January 2023). "Taking handwashing to rural communities - the RWESCK experience" (https://www.myjoyonline.com/taking-handwashing-to-rural-communities-the-rwesck-experience/). ''MyJoyOnline''. Retrieved 10 June 2026.</ref> De report name Ampabame, Odaho den Kwaso M/A primary schools among de schools wey de activities reach.<ref name="myjoy-handwashing" /> ==Laboratories den facilities== RWESCK develop laboratory den teaching facilities to support research den postgraduate training. De centre state say one of ein objectives be to build laboratory and lecture facilities for postgraduate education in water, environment den sanitation.<ref name="centre-excellence">"Centre of Excellence" (https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/about/centre-excellence). Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST. Retrieved 10 June 2026.</ref> For 2024, de centre publicise laboratory characterisation services including X-ray diffraction analysis den scanning electron microscopy. De centre describe de X-ray diffraction facility as portable desktop instrument for powder diffraction applications, den de scanning electron microscope as tool for morphology den elemental analysis across research den quality-control applications.<ref name="lab-services">"Explore RWESCK Laboratories Advanced Characterization Services" (https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/news/general/explore-rwesck-laboratories-advanced-characterization-services). Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST. 3 May 2024. Retrieved 10 June 2026.</ref> De NEPAD Water Centres of Excellence network report for 2025 say visiting delegation from Nigeria ein National Water Resources Institute tour RWESCK facilities including water quality laboratories, hydraulic laboratories den water resources engineering laboratories.<ref name="nepad-nwri" /> ==Partnerships== RWESCK dey work with academic, public-sector den industry partners. De centre list regional academic partners including de National Water Resources Institute den de University of Benin for Nigeria, plus Cheikh Anta Diop University for Senegal.<ref name="partnership">"Partnership" (https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/partnership). Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST. Retrieved 10 June 2026.</ref> Ein national partners include de Water Resources Commission, Ghana Water Company Limited, Community Water and Sanitation Agency, Ghana Irrigation Development Authority, CSIR Water Research Institute, den de Environmental Protection Agency.<ref name="partnership" /> WASCAL san describe RWESCK as centre with local academic and industrial partners plus international relations with universities outside Ghana.<ref name="wascal-fellows" /> ==Role for water den sanitation education== RWESCK be part of Ghana ein water den sanitation education and research infrastructure. Ein activities relate to drinking-water treatment, water resources management, faecal sludge management, municipal solid waste, urban drainage, water-safety planning, climate resilience den WASH governance.<ref name="short-courses" /><ref name="research-groups" /> De centre ein regional role connect to de need for trained engineers, researchers den practitioners wey fit work on water access, sanitation services, waste management, environmental health, climate-related water risks den governance of WASH infrastructure.<ref name="wascal-fellows" /><ref name="graphic-scientists" /> ==External links== * [https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/ Official website] == References == gsg7pnpx7n9bv22w0ncu69sz2undug5 0 27611 103380 2026-06-16T23:42:47Z Kofiarkohbaidoo 2561 translated a page #AWC2026 103380 wikitext text/x-wiki The Akaki be river for central Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. E be right-side tributary of de Awash River. The Akaki River be also de biggest river for Addis Ababa, Ethiopia ein capital. But plenty people no dey notice am sake of de thick forest cover wey dey hide am, den sake of how people no too dey show interest for am again, since e no get de normal river animals, den de plants for there mostly be weeds for de edges or trees for de riverbank. Two smaller rivers join de Akaki for de Aba-Samuel reservoir.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=AKAKI RIVER: OROMIA - ENVIRONMENT IN PERIL |url=http://www.gadaa.com/AkakiRiver.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225074400/http://www.gadaa.com/AkakiRiver.html |archive-date=2020-02-25 |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=www.gadaa.com}}</ref> These two rivers be de Little Akaki den de Great Akaki; de Little Akaki dey de western side of de Akaki, while de Great Akaki dey de eastern side. == Pollution == De city of Addis Ababa make de Akaki ein waste disposal site. Dis dey put de rural population wey dey live for de edges of de city for risk, because de Akaki be source of drinking water give dem. == Avifauna == De Akaki be very important give plenty bird species. BirdLife International identify de Akaki–Aba-Samuel wetlands as important staging ground for winter migratory bird species. De wetlands be known say e fit support as many as 20,000 water birds.<ref name=":0" /> == References == <references /> ooix5krfqd7tokeltp9b4ol3sw3huyw 103381 103380 2026-06-16T23:43:10Z Kofiarkohbaidoo 2561 103381 wikitext text/x-wiki The Akaki be river for central Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. E be right-side tributary of de Awash River. The Akaki River be also de biggest river for Addis Ababa, [[Ethiopia]] ein capital. But plenty people no dey notice am sake of de thick forest cover wey dey hide am, den sake of how people no too dey show interest for am again, since e no get de normal river animals, den de plants for there mostly be weeds for de edges or trees for de riverbank. Two smaller rivers join de Akaki for de Aba-Samuel reservoir.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=AKAKI RIVER: OROMIA - ENVIRONMENT IN PERIL |url=http://www.gadaa.com/AkakiRiver.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225074400/http://www.gadaa.com/AkakiRiver.html |archive-date=2020-02-25 |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=www.gadaa.com}}</ref> These two rivers be de Little Akaki den de Great Akaki; de Little Akaki dey de western side of de Akaki, while de Great Akaki dey de eastern side. == Pollution == De city of Addis Ababa make de Akaki ein waste disposal site. Dis dey put de rural population wey dey live for de edges of de city for risk, because de Akaki be source of drinking water give dem. == Avifauna == De Akaki be very important give plenty bird species. BirdLife International identify de Akaki–Aba-Samuel wetlands as important staging ground for winter migratory bird species. De wetlands be known say e fit support as many as 20,000 water birds.<ref name=":0" /> == References == <references /> 5x9uv2y04dvfuh62if6z43s6wr730jy